Appendix 1.

1 Heating Stream Piping Calculations

A1.1.1. Optimum Diameter formula (Peters & Timmerhaus, 2005):

Table 1. Optimum diameter calculations of the piping in the process streams

Pipe No. Optimum

(Refer to Substitution Diameter, (𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 )
Figure 7.14) (mm)
0.2778 0.45
P1 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (910)0.13 0.0231
910
0.2694 0.45
P2 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (910)0.13 0.0227
910
0.2245 0.45
P3 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (910)0.13 0.0209
910
0.0677 0.45
P4 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (786.1982)0.13 0.0127
786.1982
0.2792 0.45
P5 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (734.7596)0.13 0.0254
734.7596
0.2792 0.45
P6 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (869.829)0.13 0.0234
869.8295
0.0776 0.45
P7 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (736.4476)0.13 0.0139
736.4476
0.9100 0.45
P8 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (869.0284)0.13 0.0399
869.0284
0.0062 0.45
P9 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (844.7905)0.13 0.0043
844.7905
0.0012 0.45
P10 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (997.05)0.13 0.0020
997.05
1.0830 0.45
P11 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (829.4276)0.13 0.0438
829.4276
0.0848 0.45
P12 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (786.1982)0.13 0.0142
786.1982
0.0254 0.45
P13 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (736.4496)0.13 0.0084
736.4496
0.2995 0.45
P14 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (972.6712)0.13 0.0233
972.6712

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 0.2754 0.45
P15 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (975.6203)0.13 0.0225
975.6203
0.0240 0.45
P16 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (1146.751)0.13 0.0071
1146.751
0.0457 0.45
P17 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (1146.751)0.13 0.0095
1146.751
0.2716 0.45
P18 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (1146.751)0.13 0.0212
1146.751
0.2706 0.45
P19 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (1250.756)0.13 0.0206
1250.756
0.0011 0.45
P20 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (748.0431)0.13 0.0020
748.0431
0.0011 0.45
P21 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (958.37)0.13 0.0019
958.37
0.0172 0.45
P22 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (997.05)0.13 0.0064
997.05
0.0150 0.45
P23 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (904.0765)0.13 0.0062
904.0765
0.0010 0.45
P24 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (972.87)0.13 0.0018
972.87
0.0218 0.45
P25 𝐷𝑖,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.363 ( ) (903.7314)0.13 0.0074
903.7314

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A1.1.2. Reynolds Number Formula (Geankoplis, 2015)

Table 2. Reynold's Number calculations of the piping in the process streams

Pipe No. Reynolds

(Refer to Substitution Number.
Figure 7.14) (NRe)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2778 𝑠 )
P1 46,322
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0230) (0.00033 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2694 𝑠 )
P2 45,552
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0228) (0.00033 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2245 )
P3 𝑠 41,206
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0210) (0.00033 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0677 𝑠 )
P4 12,313
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0128) (0.000547 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2973 𝑠 )
P5 59,258
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0255) (0.000251 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2792 𝑠 )
P6 47,992
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0234)(0.000316 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0776 𝑠 )
P7 24,772
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0139)(0.000287 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.9100 𝑠 )
P8 91,893
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0399)(0.000316 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0062 𝑠 )
P9 2,449
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0043)(0.000287 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0012 𝑠 )
P10 901
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0020) (0.000316 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (1.0830 𝑠 )
P11 186
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0438) (0.00754 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0848 𝑠 )
P12 13,940
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0142) (0.00891 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)

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 𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0254 𝑠 )
P13 13,412
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0084) (0.000287𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2995 𝑠 )
P14 44
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0233) (0.3690 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2754 𝑠 )
P15 40
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0225) (0.3863 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0240 𝑠 )
P16 6
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0071) (0.6623 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0457 )
P17 𝑠 9
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0095) (0.6623 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2716 𝑠 )
P18 24
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0212) (0.6623 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.2706 𝑠 )
P19 18
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0206) (0.9298 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0011 𝑠 )
P20 1247
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0020) (0.000547 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0011 𝑠 )
P21 2701
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0019) (0.00028 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0172 𝑠 )
P22 3849
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0064) (0.00889 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0150 𝑠 )
P23 9356
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0062) (0.000329 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0010 𝑠 )
P24 1917
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0018) (0.000362 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔
4 (0.0218 𝑠 )
P25 11519
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 (0.0074) (0.000328 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)

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A1.1.3. Fanning Friction Factor Formula (Perry & Green, 2008):

Table 3. Fanning Friction Factor calculations of the piping in the process streams

Pipe No. Substitution (Inside the log function) Substitution to find f

2 Friction Factor
(Refer to 0.27 ∈ 7 0.9 Inside Value 1
Figure 7.14) +( ) 𝑓=( ) (𝑓)
𝐷𝑖 𝑁𝑅𝑒 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P1 +( ) 0.0009 𝑓=( ) 0.0067
0.0231 𝑚 46,322 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0008995]

0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P2 +( ) 0.0009 𝑓=( ) 0.0068
0.0227 𝑚 45,552 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0009125]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P3 +( ) 0.001 𝑓=( ) 0.0069
0.0209 𝑚 41,206 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0009938]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P4 + ( ) 0.0022 𝑓=( ) 0.0088
0.0127 𝑚 12,313 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0021645]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P5 + ( ) 0.0008 𝑓=( ) 0.0065
0.0254 𝑚 59,258 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0007767]

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 0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P6 + ( ) 0.0009 𝑓=( ) 0.0067
0.0234 𝑚 47,992 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0008792]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P7 + ( ) 0.0015 𝑓=( ) 0.0079
0.0139 𝑚 24,772 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0015279]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P8 + ( ) 0.0005 𝑓=( ) 0.0058
0.0399𝑚 91,893 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0005059]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P9 + ( ) 0.008 𝑓=( ) 0.0142
0.0043 𝑚 2,449 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.008031]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P10 + ( ) 0.0189 𝑓=( ) 0.0211
0.0020 𝑚 901 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0189207]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P11 + ( ) 0.0523 𝑓=( ) 0.0381
0.0438 𝑚 186 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0523256]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P12 + ( ) 0.0019 𝑓=( ) 0.0085
0.0142 𝑚 13,940 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0019445]
0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P13 + ( ) 0.0026 𝑓=( ) 0.0093
0.0084 𝑚 13,412 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0025784]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P14 +( ) 0.1907 𝑓=( ) 0.1207
0.0233 𝑚 44 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.190664]

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 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P15 +( ) 0.2069 𝑓=( ) 0.1335
0.0225 𝑚 40 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.2069191]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P16 +( ) 1.0715 𝑓=( ) 0.0064
0.0071 𝑚 6 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[1.0714782]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P17 +( ) 0.7794 𝑓=( ) 0.0065
0.0095 𝑚 9 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.7793686]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P18 +( ) 0.3228 𝑓=( ) 0.0063
0.0212 𝑚 24 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.3227757]

2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P19 +( ) 0.4278 𝑓=( ) 0.0083
0.0206 𝑚 18 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.4277651]

2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P20 +( ) 0.0155 𝑓=( ) 0.0081
0.0020 𝑚 1247 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0155165]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P21 +( ) 0.0111 𝑓=( ) 0.0104
0.0019 𝑚 2701 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.01115]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P22 +( ) 0.0053 𝑓=( ) 0.0109
0.0064 𝑚 3849 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0053446]
2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P23 +( ) 0.0035 𝑓=( ) 0.0084
0.0062 𝑚 9356 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0035216]

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 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 0.9 1
P24 +( ) 0.0134 𝑓=( ) 0.0200
0.0018 𝑚 1917 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.013411]

0.9 2
0.27 (4.57 x 10 − 5 m ) 7 1
P25 +( ) 0.003 𝑓=( ) 0.0215
0.0074 𝑚 11519 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔[0.0029525]

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A1.1.4. Loss factor of valves and fittings formula (Perry et al., 2008):

𝑲𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 (𝟒𝟓° 𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐨𝐰) + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝟗𝟎° 𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐨𝐰) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 (𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐯𝐞) + (𝐭𝐞𝐞)

Table 4. Loss factor of valves and fittings calculations in the heating streams

Pipe No. Loss factor of valves

(Refer to Substitution and fittings
Figure 7.14) (𝐾𝑓 )

P1 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P2 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

P3 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P4 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P5 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (4) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.17

P6 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (4) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.17

P7 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (2) + 0.17 (1) + (1) 2.67

P8 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P9 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (4) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.17

P10 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (4) + 0.17 (2) + (1) 5.17

P11 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (2) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 1.67

P12 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P13 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (1) + (1) 3.42

P14 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

P15 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 3.92

P16 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

332 | P a g e
P17 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

P18 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (2) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 1.67

P19 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(1) + 0.75 (5) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.77

P20 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (6) + 0.17 (2) + (1) 6.67

P21 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (6) + 0.17 (2) + (2) 6.84

P22 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

P23 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (3) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.42

P24 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(1) + 0.75 (2) + 0.17 (0) + (1) 2.02

P25 𝐾𝑓 = 0.35(0) + 0.75 (6) + 0.17 (0) + (2) 4.84

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