UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman

Faculty Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and

Science
Department: Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering
Unit Code and Name UEET2553 Communication Electronics
Experiment No.: 2
Title of Experiment: Oscillator Design
Laboratory Room No. and Name: KB516
Experiment Duration (hour): 3 hours
Number of Student per Group 2 students

Objectives:
1. To design, build and test a crystal oscillator delivering 0.5 mW to a load of 2582 .
2. To verify the design through laboratory tests.

Equipment and Materials

Item Description
Variable DC Power Supply
Breadboard
Capacitors 820 pF, 47 pF
Capacitors 150 pF
Capacitors 330 pF, 0.1 F
Resistors 3.33.3k, 12k, 50, 1k,
15k, 82k, 270k, 1.2k.
Transistor 2N2222A
Crystal 15 MHz
100 MHz Oscilloscope with x10 probes
BNC-to-BNC coaxial cable
Function Generator
Quantity estimation
*Item category (e.g. per set/group of student)
E 1 per group
C 1 per group
C 1 set per group
C 3 per group
C 2 sets per group
C 1 set per group
C 1 per group
C 1 per group
E 1 per group
C 1 per group
E 1 per group

*Item category
SP Sample or specimen
C Consumable
CH Chemical
W Labware, glassware, tool, and
components
E Equipment
S Software

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of the experiment, students should be able to
  Repeat the design process to meet similar specifications. 
 Exercise ways to conduct laboratory tests experimentally. 
 Design Guidelines

• Note that firstly, C1 should be as large as possible so that XC1 << r.
• Secondly, C1 and C2 should be much larger than the transistor output capacitances so that the
transistor base-to-emitter and collector-to-emitter capacitances have a negligible effect on the
circuit’s performance.
• However, the maximum value of capacitances is limited to
g
m G
r  2 C C  2C C where G is the maximum value of gm.
1 2 1 2

The design procedure is to calculate:

(a) The peak-to-peak voltage swing at the collector.
(Assume a maximum swing of <1 volt across RE, and that (Vce)min is equal to 0.5 volt)
(b) The rms ac voltage VL at the collector.
(c) Once VL is known, the resistance which must appear in the collector circuit to give the required
power must be calculated. RL is found from 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿 2 /(1000𝑃𝐿 ) . Often, RL computed is
too large and cannot be physically realized at the operating frequency f. A way of fixing 𝑅𝐿 is
as stated here:
10,000
𝑅𝐿 = Ω
√𝑓
If this value of 𝑅𝐿 is substituted above,
𝑉𝐿 = √(107 𝑃𝐿 )/√𝑓
where 𝑃𝐿 is in mW, VL in mV, and f in MHz.
(d) The rms current in the collector circuit.
(e) The peak-to-peak current that this represents.
(f) The value of RE so that the peak-to-peak swing across it is of the correct magnitude.
(g) The standing collector current, Ist, required to sustain this peak-to-peak current.
(h) The values of rb1, rb2 and r2 using the minimum value of  for the transistor.
(i) The number of turns, nN, required for LN in a ferrite core giving an inductance of 7.9 mH for
1000 turns of wire is available. (FT-23-67 toroidal core). Select the nearest integral number of turns
and recalculate the inductance. (N.B. Inductance varies as n2).
(j) The capacitances C1 and C2 needed to tune Le of the quartz crystal to the required frequency.
(k) The voltage gain from base to collector of the transistor, given that its input resistance (between
base and earth) is approximately, Rin = (re + RE)(1 + ), where re = 25mV/IE.
(l) A satisfactory minimum value of Cr2. (To ensure that the resistance r2 is adequately decoupled to
earth, i.e. its impedance must be low compared with the resistance re + RE)
(m) The power dissipated in the transistor. (To ensure that the maximum is not exceeded).
Pierce Oscillator
Testing the Oscillator

(i) Using Lyssajous figures, measure the frequency of the oscillator. Measure this with the full
load connected. Measure the frequency of the oscillator with reduced load connection. Hence
obtain an indication of the frequency stability with respect to load variations.
(ii) Measure the r.m.s. voltage across the load and calculate the power delivered.
(iii) Compare this with the design value.
(iv) Draw conclusion.
(v) Remove the crystal to stop the oscillation.
(vi) Measure VE, then calculate IE, IC and IB.
(vii) In standing condition, determine gm.

Component Values
RE 56  C'N 47p + probe pF
r2 1 k LN 7 H
rb2 15 k C1 150p series 820p pF
rb1 (82k)//(270k) k Cr2 (330p)//(330p) pF
C'L 150p series 150p pF

Lyssajous figure

0.5

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-0.5

-1

X-input is half the frequency of Y-input