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GeologicalCharacteristics
andEnvironmentof Some
PorphyryCopper Occurrences in the
Southwestern Pacific
S. R. TITLEY
Abstract
• • x• • NEW
BRITAIN
• C O R A L SEA
QU[ •'• AND
FiG. 1. Index map to portionof southwesternPacific discussed.Map showslocationof some
principalprospects,
developments,and producers.
• ErrsbergK-Ar date from a quartz diorite, part of a compositeintrusion,and collectednear the Tramway Terminal. Radio-
metric age probablyrepresentsa maximumage of the skarn mineralization.Data kindly providedby B. J. Skinner,Yale Uni-
versity, and publishedwith his permissionand the permissionof D. Flint of Freeport Exploration.
EXPLANATION
KILOMETERS •) Parphyrycopperoccurrence
0 ioo •oo •oo 400 mmmm•m Frontal arc
,
•" Subdiwmonboundary
FIG. 2. Map of the New Guinea-SolomonsIslands region. Shown is a synthesisof the various tectonic
subdivisionsrecognizedby various workers as well as the positionsof the present-dayfrontal arcs and the
positionsof some older arc systems. Data modified from Fisher (1957), Denham (1969), and Karig
(1972). Porphyry copperoccurrences, this paper.
Regionaltectonics
The dominanttectonicgrain within this part of
the southwestern Pacific is northwest. From the
east, the pronouncednorthwestmorphologictrend
of the Solomon Islands, and the structureswithin
them, are paralleledacrossthe regionby structures port •
in New Britain and New Guinea (Fig. 4). Thomp- •r•by
sonand Fisher (1965, p. 144) have interpretedthe
origin of this structural trend in New Guinea as
relatedto the "northwesterly movementof theoceanic Fro. 3. Miocene-Pliocene paleogeographyof a part of
crust of the Pacific Ocean relative to the Australian New Guinea. Interposed between the Mobile Belt to the
north and the Australian Block to the south is the Papuan
Continent." On New Guinea these structures have Basin of Jenkins (1974). The Aure Fold Belt, of other
affecteda thick sequence
of Cenozoicand Mesozoic workers, consistsof those blocks detachedand moved from
the north side of the basin after uplift in the mid-Pliocene.
rocks of the North Coast and Central Highlands Compare with Figure 2, in which are shown the tectonic
Orogenic Belts. Dow and Dekker (1964) have subdivisions recognized today. The position of known
recognizedright lateral movementand probabledif- porphyry copper occurrencesis superimposed. Data modi-
fied from Jenkins, 1974; Dow et al., 1972, Page and Mc-
ferentialuplift alongpersistentnorthweststructures Dougall, 1972a,b.
in parts of the Western Highlands,and McMillan
and Malone (1960) have documentednorthwest- Incompletelystudiedin the other islandregions,
trendingaxes of major foldsin the Paleozoicof the this northwest"grain" foundin the SolomonIslands
East CentralHighlands. Thesepartsof New Guinea and New Britain has affected most of the column
lie north of the Aure Tectonic Zone and reflect a dif- of volcanicrocksand is probablyof the sameorigin.
ferent tectonicstyle than that reflectedin that zone. Transcurrentmovementhasnot yet beenrecognized
FIG. 4. Generalized tectonic map of the New Guinea-SolomonsIsland region. The data are
generalized from Luyendyk and others, (1973), Johnsonand Molnar (1972), and from the
Geological Map of Papua New Guinea (Bur. Mineral Resources Australia, 1972) and the
GeologicalMap of the British Solomon Islands (1969).
504 S. R. TITLEY
in the SolomonIslands, but left lateral movementis tionis raisedregardingwhetheror not the apparently
offsetting the Gazelle Peninsula of eastern New different geologicalhistoriesof the remnant arcs of
Britain. On Bougainville,the northwesttrend is Karig (1972), whichincludethe prospects of Manus
expressedby both the alignmentof the island and Island and Misima Island, may be reflectedin dif-
the alignmentof the main erruptivecentersin the ferent intrusivehistoriesfrom thoseof the presently
middleof the island(Blake andMiezitis,1967). In active and more complexparts of the arc system
central New Britain, the occurrenceof two aligned where producersand developeddepositsare known
beltsof intrusionsalongthe northwestdirectionsug- to occur. The older,lesscomplex,intrusivecenters
gests a control of igneousactivity related to that seembarren of economicconcentrations of copper;
structuralgrain. the centersof protracted igneoushistoriestend to
The strong northwest alignmentin the Mobile show, in most instances,higher concentrationsof
Belt of New Guinea, and in the islands,is not re- copper.
flected in the deformed belt of central New Guinea. 3. On the islandsother than New Guinea,the close
The structureof the centralpart of the Papuan association of volcanicrockswith the copper-bearing
Trough (Aure Tectonic Zone of Thompsonand intrusionscanbe shownto exist--bothin a temporal,
Fisher,1965) is that of intenseandcomplexfolding preoresenseand in spatialrelationships.Suchas-
and overthrust faulting. The trend varies from sociation can be especially well documentedfor
northwest to west at various locations within the Pangunawhereandesiticrockshavebeeninvadedby
Zone. Although the northweststructureof terrain the ore-relatedporphyries. This characteristic is the
north of the belt can be inferred in some instances same one that has been noted for some southwestern
to haveinfluenced eraplacement of porphyrycopper North Americanporphyriesin which there is a dose
systems,the d•collement and related tectonicsof the implied genetictie betweenvolcanicprocesses and
Aure TectonicZone appearfor the most part to be porphyrycopperformation(Skinner, 1969; Titley,
shallowand of little potentialimportanceas controls 1972a). The close spatial associationof volcanic
of primary mineralization. Such an interpretation, rocks with these depositsin New Guinea is less
however,does not precludethe possibilityof oc- clear. Uplift has been so rapid that pre-existing
currenceof copperbodiesin theZonerelatedto more volcanicrocks,if present,havebeenerodedfrom the
deepseatedandfundamental structuresnot yet recog- immediatearea of the deposits. Nonetheless,there
nized. exist youngpyroclasticrockssouthand west of the
Mount Fubilan deposit (Davies, 1971, cited by
Summary of regional characteristics Bamford,1972), andthe belt of depositson the north
1. In the part of the Pacificconsideredin this dis- sideof the PapuanBasinoccursin the belt of island
cussion, the known or inferred evidence from the arc volcanicsdescribedby Dow and others (1972).
basementrocksof the islandsindicatesTertiary pre-
Mioceneas the time duringwhichthe first materials CenozoicGeotectonicHistory
composing the larger islands,otherthan New Guinea, All of the occurrences considered in this paperare
were evolved. Deformation of these early rocks, situatedon islandswhichcanbe shownt.ohavenow,
chieflyvolcanics,and someearly intrusiveactivity or to have had in the past, evolutionaryhistories
took place. It was not, however,until at least the associated with plate interactions.Someare clearly
Miocene,and certainlythe Pliocene,that significant related to island arcs while others, such as in New
evolutionand eraplacement of the copper-associatedGuinea,are relatedto morecomplexinteractions in-
magmastookplace. Older, presumablypre-Miocene, volvingcontinental and oceanicplates. All deposits
intrusionsare not yet known to be productiveof lie on islandsor parts of islandswhich are above
copper. None, to my knowledge,which have been zones of present-dayplate interactions (Benloft
prospected have yieldedsufficientgrade or tonnage Zones), or they lie on islandsconsidered to be parts
to be considered economic at this time. of dormantarc systems.Their youthfulage (Table
2. The suggestionfollows,therefore,that, as in 1) allowsconsideration of their genesiswithin the
the AmericanSouthwest(Titley, 1972a), theremay contextof activeplate and arc dynamics.
be a specificrange of time during which copper The locationand boundaries of a complexset of
bodiesin given regionsmay be formed. At Ray, platesin the southwestern
Pacifichavebeensuggested
Arizona,for example(Banks and others,1972), a by Johnson andMolnar (1972) andby Curtis(1973)
10 million-yearpremineralization intrusionhistory (Fi•. 5A). The boundariesand senseof movement
hasbeendocumented.Similarbut longerand more of theseplateshave beeninferredfrom interpreta-
pulselikehistoriesare suggested by the radiometric
tions of seismicactivityand from present-daydis-
agedatafrom deposits in the Sierritaand Patagonia
tributionof volcaniccenters. Althoughinterpreta-
Mountainsof Arizona. In thisconnection
the ques- tionsby variousworkersdiffer in detail,the general
ENVIRONMENT OF SOME PORPHYRY COPPER OCCURRENCES 505
2. Betweenabout20 m.y. ,P. and 9 m.y. ,v., two ary (WeisselandHayes,1971). Furthermore,
right
spreadingcenterswere active in the east-central lateraltranscurrent
faultingalongnorthwest-trending
Pacific (Herron, 1972, p. 1683). The older age breaks in the New Guinea Mobile Belt is consistent
corresponds to the onsetof spreadingof the East with the possibility
of rapidnorthwardmovement of
PacificRidge, the youngerage corresponds to cessa- the AustralianPlate againstthe Pacificsinceabout
tion of spreadingof the fossilNortheastPacificRidge. 10 m.y. ago.
During this periodof time Moberly (1972, p. 49) Thosetimesof porphyrycopperevolutionin these
suggests the long axis of New Guineawas oriented islandregionsappearat this first approximation
to
more northerly than it is now. Intrusionson the coincide with at least some of the times of initial
increasein ratesof convergence
north end of New Britain, the Bismarck Mountains of the Australianand
of New Guinea,and the copperdepositat Freida Pacific Plates. Such instancesare the change in
River were evolved between about 16 and 12 m.y. directionand rate of spreading at ca. 25 m.y., the
B.P. possibleincreasein rate at sometime or timesbe-
3. As a result of his study of the Fiji Plateau, tween ca. 20 m.y. and 10 m.y. from the effectsof
Chase (1971) suggestsan increaseof the rate of initiation of anotherspreadingcenter in the east-
motion in a westerlydirectionabout 10 m.y. ,v. central Pacific,the near doublingof the rate at ca.
The long axis of New Guineamay still have been 10 m.y., and the possiblelocalincreases in net con-
orientedto the northwest. Porphyrycoppermin- vergencerate on the north edge of the Australian
eralizationof about7 m.y. age is presentin the Bis- Platefromback-arcspreading in theWoodlarkBasin
marck Mountains at Yanderra and Kainantu. since ca. 3 m.y.
4. From theirstudyof thehistoryof theWoodlark Laramideporphyrycopperdeposits
of the south-
Basin,Luyendyket al. (1973) havesuggested that western U.S. have evolved under conditions of ex-
the LouisiadeSphenochasm, which openedinitially tension(Rehrig and Heidrick, 1972), and at least
at about20 m.y.,reopened with resumptionof rifting three depositsof the islands,Yanderra,Plesyumi,
at about3 m.y. ,v. Mineralizationof about3.4 m.y. andYau Yau (Titley, unpub.data), haveapparently
at Pangunaoccursin slightlyolder intrusions,and evolved under similar circumstances. Le Pichon
the age of intrusionsat Ertsbergis 3.1 m.y. (1968, p. 3694) has suggested
that low rates of
5. A shift in orientationof the directionof rifting convergence producecompressional
featuresat the
of the Woodlark Basin structures at about 1 m.y. surfacebut that high rates of convergenceproduce
(Luyendyket al., 1973) correspondsin time to the tensionalphenomenain surfacerocks. Recently,
age of mineralizationon Guadalcanaland at Mount Karig (1974) has shownthat extensionis closely
Fubilan. relatedto volcanicactivityin the PhilippineSeaand
has inferred from correlationsthat it corresponds
to
Discussion times of rapid subduction. It is tentativelysug-
gested,therefore,that high ratesof convergence may
Cause-and-effect relationships betweenthe forma- haveresultedin uplift in this regionwith attendant
tion of copperorebodies of this regionand sea-floor extensionproducingdeeplypenetratingchannelsof
spreading,if they exist, cannotbe demonstratedpermeability and access to the surfacefor magmatic
with a highdegreeof certainty. This is particularly systems.In only one casehas time of uplift been
so in the casesof coevalmineralizationat suchwidely documented, that of the uplift of the northern side
separated locationsas Guadalcanal and MountFubi- of the PapuanBasinwhichoccurredin the mid-Plio-
lan, or Bougainville andWest Irian. However,the cene. This time corresponds broadlyto the time of
correspondence of the chronology of the eventson mineralization at Kainantu, Yanderra, and to the
the oceanfloor, describedabove, with those events times of some intrusions at Mount Fubilan, and to
relatedto porphyrycopperformation,evenif not intrusion at Errsberg.
directly relatableto specificdeposits,suggestssome The evolutionof coppersystemsin this.regionis
fundamentalrelationships whosemanifestations may episodic
ratherthancontinuous. it is furthersug-
not have yet been recognized,or are hidden. gested,therefore,that in thispart of the southwestern
Determinationof the rate of convergenceof the Pacific, where vectorsof convergenceof the north
Australian Plate with the Pacific Plate in the upper
edgeof the AustralianPlate with the PacificPlate
Tertiary andQuaternaryis complicatedby asymmet-
are tangentialratherthannormal,initiallyhighcon-
ric spreading
onthecenterssouthof Australia(Weis-
seland Hayes,1971). Nonetheless,the total spread- vergence ratesbroughtaboutby suddenshiftsin the
ing rate from the centerssouthof Australiais signif- trend of eventsare slowedeitherby rotationof the
icantlygreaterduringthe past 10 millionyearsthan island massesin responseto the movementor by
those rates determined for earlier times in the Terti- intermittentratesof spreadingat spreadingcenters.
ENVIRONMENT OF SOME PORPHYRY COPPER OCCURRENCES 507
Resolutionof the detail of spreading,and its his- standard.againstwhich comparisons may be made,
tory, has been documented only for the Woodlark extremecautionis advisableat the presentstageof
Basin. Clearly more detailedwork is required to knowledgein assessingfavorabilityor unfavorability
test the suggestionsmade here. If, however,high of westernPacifictypesby suchcomparisons.
convergence ratescan be established duringthe in- In the discussions and tabulations which follow it
tervalof about19 to 15 m.y. •.1,. and at about8 to 5 will beapparentthat comparisons
are madeof copper
m.y.n.y.,thecasefor rapidconvergence, asa trigger- producers,copper developments, and copper pros-
ing mechanism for the volcanismand attendantin- pects. In all of the copperoccurrencesdiscussed
trusion and copperbody formation,would be con- and comparedbelow,however,the two commonfea-
siderablystrengthened. tures of intrusiveporyhyriticrock type and copper
concentration presentare considered at this stageof
Geologyof CopperOccurrences
understanding to be sufficientbasisfor meaningful
The characteristicsof the porphyrycopperoccur- comparison. A further substantivebasis for this
rencesin t.hesouthwestern Pacificare fully as diverse comparison is the fact that, althoughnot presently
as thosecharacteristicsof porphyrycopperdeposits economic, the low concentration of hypogenecopper
known in other parts of the PacificBasin. Those in large volumesof rock in someof the prospects
featureswhich relate them geneticallyare the pres- corresponds to the samevolumesandvalueof copper
enceof calc-alkaline
porphyriticintrusionsof mid- to in the "protores"of many North,and South Ameri-
late-Tertiaryage whichare associated with anomal- can deposits. It seemsa reasonable suggestion that
ousconcentrations of copperin large sulfidesystems. had many of these depositsevolvedin the western
It may be that as otherorebodies are discovered and hemisphere duringthe Laramideor early Tertiary,
studiedadditionalfeaturesmay be revealedwhi.ch and undergonethe samesubsequent historiesof oxi-
will establisha broaderbasisof similaritythan that dationand enrichment,they might well be now in-
which can now be recognized. Further, notwith- distinguishablefrom them.
standingthe porphyrycopperdepositmodelswhich
havebeensuggested on the basisof a studyof west- Grosscharacteristics and rock types
ernhemisphere deposits (LowellandGullbert,1970), Most copperoccurrences whichhavebeenreported
sufficient differences in detail and characteristics from the southwestPacificregion are either Com-
exist amongthose depositsto questionthe wide- positeor Wall Rocktypesin the contextof descrip-
spreadapplicabilityof the criteriaor featureswhich tion which has beenpreviouslysuggested(Titley,
are considered typical. Althoughthe westernhemi- 1972c). Rocktypesandothersignificant-character-
sphereporphyry copper types provide a useful isticsof somedepositsare summarizedin Table 2.
TABLE2. PorphyryCopperOrebodyand RockTypes,SouthwestPacificArea
Intrusive Wall
Deposit Type• Min'l. Type Seq? Alter. Rock Alter. Ref.
Ertsberg Wall Rock Hypogene Gd Unknown Carbonate skarn Flint, 1972
Ok Tedi Composite Hypogene-3- Di-Mo-Qlp q-ser, K Carbonate skarn Bamford, 1972
Supergene
Frieda River Composite Unknown And.-Di prop. arg. Volcanics prop. arg. Page and Mc-
Dougall, 1972a
Yanderra Intrusion
Hypogene-3- Gd-Dap-Mo prop, q-ser,
Supergene -Qlp K
Manus Prospects Composite Hypogene-3- Di-Qdi-Gd q-ser, prop. Volcanics q-ser, Titley, unpub.
Supergene prop.
Yau Yau Composite Hypogene Qdi-biGd-Dap q-ser,prop. Volcanics q-ser, Titley, unpub.
prop.
Plesyumi Wall Rock Hypogene-3- Qdi-Gd-Dap- prop. q-ser Volcanics q-ser, K Titley and Bell, 1974
Supergene Qlp prop.
Quortz
MODAL QUARTZ,ORTHOCLASE•
AND
PLAGIOCLASE OF ROCKS FROM SOME
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC PORPHYRY
COPPER OCCURRENCES.
ß Ponguno
(2) Manus I$1ond
• P/esyuml(NewBrita/n]
ß Pelopuno
(N,8.)
h, YouYou(iV.
8.)
are rocksstratigraphically
olderthan rocksapparently
related to the higher grade hypogenecopperconcen- --'
-, ::.::':'.'.:.?'3_'•::',•'.'::.':::'
....::...• .•.....?-;.-ß ... ß
in this region.
Silicatealterationand zoning
Fro. 8. Surfacemap of the Plesyumiprospectin central
Alteration types recognizedand reported in this New Britain. Capping covers an extensivevolcaniclastic
complexwhich has beeninvadedand mineralizedby por-
region are generallythe sametypeswhich occurin phyries (Titley, unpub.data).
Kilometere
0 0.5 1.0
i I i
Fro. 9. Surface map of a part of the prospectnear Uasilau and Yau Yau, east-
central New Britain. A complex of coarse-grained intrusions has evolved copper
mineralization in invaded older volcanicsof New Britain (Titley, unpub. data).
lets, both alteration types, in turn, unstablewith contentin thoserocksinvolved. Thus, weak phyllic
respectto later, crosscutting veinsof quartz-sericite. alterationis superimposed upon rockspropylitically
Other departures exist. In the moredioriticrocks altered,indicatingfurther the separationin time of
of the region orthoclaseveining is commonlyat- the alterationtypes.
tendedby epidote,possiblythe result of potassic Interpretation of the significanceof these tele-
alteration of the more basic rock, or of sodium meta- scopedalteration assemblages cannot yet be made
somatism. In North America this alteration assem- with too muchassurance, but oneexplanationis sug-
blageisknown at Sierrita.Another alteration
type, gested. In the southwesternNorth American case
not widely reportedfrom westernhemisphereoccur- the alterationtypes,althoughconsideredin many in-
rences,is that of widespreadcarbonatealteration stancesas coeval,do not reflectsharpboundariesbut
whichaccompanies somechalcopyrite mineralization. rather appearto be encroachmentof zonesupon each
Althougha commonproductof propyliticalteration, other, and are thus locally telescoped. The close
calci.tealterationin someof the Pacificsystemsseems telescoping of severalalterationtypesor stagesin at
a moreimportantalterationtype than hasbeenpre- least a few copper systems of the southwestern
viouslyconsidered elsewhere.It is morewidespread, Pacificmay be either the resultof the shallowlevels
seemscloselyassociated in time with at least some at which we may be viewingtheseyouthfulsystems
significantcopperoccurrences, and seemsmore a or a result of shallowlevelsof emplacement. If either
manifestation of more "intense"typesof alteration situationis correct,it is noteworthythat the altera-
attendingcopperdeposition in the southwestern U.S. tion typeswhich are viewedas central, or core, types
In intrusions consideredto be older, on New Bri- in the westernhemisphereare revealedat the surface
tain andManusIsland,very weakcoppermineraliza- in the southwesternPacific systems.
tion is presentin quartz dioritesand, in somein-
stances,in volcanicrockswhichthey have intruded. Metallizationand mineralzoning
The alterationof thesesystems, as they are presently Insufficient data are available to describe min-
known, is weakly to moderatelypropyliticbut the eralizationin more than a few depositsor prospects.
alterationis commonly associatedwith coppervalues At Panguna(Macnamara,1968) chalcopyriteis the
of up to 0.1 percentwith 2 percentor greaterpyrite dominantcoppermineral and occurswith bornite,
in large sulfidesystems. Locally, where andesites minor molybdenite,and silver values. Gold ap-
have been invadedand mineralizedby theseintru- parently varies directly with copper content. Re-
sions,the andesitesrevealwidespread and pervasive ported productionfrom Panguna indicates,for the
propyliticalteration,dispersed pyrite,and fracture- first two quarters of operation,recoverygrade of
localized alteration.This veining,ap- 0.72 percentcopper,about0.63 gram per ton of gold,
quartz-sericite
parentlylater,resultsin a twofoldincrease in copper and2.03 gramsper ton of silver (AustralianMiner,
ENVIRONMENT OF SOME PORPHYRY COPPER OCCURRENCES 511
PROPYLITIC ALTERATION
QZ.-SER.-CARB.
Ag 4. Pb + Zn
Rain Forest
.oH I- 5
$oproHte $-
GENERALIZED CHARACTERISTICS
"SINGLECYCLE"OXIDATIONAND ENRICHMENT
PAPUA, NEW GUINEA REGION
Fro. 10. Profile of characteristicsof soil, capping, enriched, and pratore zones
of pyritic disseminated copper deposits beneath present-day rain forest environ-
ments.
512 S. R. TITLEY
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