DISTER READINESS AND RISK
REDUCTION
Geological Hazards
Geological Hazard- is one of several types of
adverse conditions of the earth, which is
capable of causing damage or loss of
property and life
Landslides (induced by rainfall)- are cause
by the build up of water pressure into the
ground
Landslides in the PH:
 The Cherry Hill Subdivision
Landslide- it took place on the night
of August 3,1999 in Antipolo City,
Rizal following heavy rains from the
approaching typhoon Olga.
 The fate of Mountain Village in
Guinsaugon- occurred after ten days
of heavy rainfall which dumped 27
inches of rain and it was followed with
a minor earthquake with a magnitude
of 2.3 inches of rain.
 Landslide at the Compostela
Valley- The first major landslide in
the country that happened on
January 5, 2012 during rainfall at
about 3 am struct at least 50
dwellings with up to 100 people
reported missing.
How to avoid damage to life and
properties in cases of Landslide
 Relocation
 Contruction of retaining walls
 Shorelines and Streams can be
protected against erosion using
revetments and riprap
 Dynamic compaction, injection of
grout or concrete and mechanically
stabilizing the ground or surfaces
 The government may provide
regulations in prohibiting constructions
near hazard prone areas
Sinkholes
 is a depression or hole in the
ground caused by some form of
collapse of the surface layer.
 1 to 600 m both in diameter and
depth
 Occurs when there’s not enough
solid stuff left underneath to
support what is left of the loose
stuff above
It can be: Natural, Manmade tunnel or
Caves Collapse
Fire Hazards
Fire- is an event that is natural when it
occurs as the elements are present and
combine in the right mixture
Fire Triangle or Combustion Triangle-
is a simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fire
1. Heat- is responsible for the initial
ignition of fire, and heat is also
needed to maintain the fire and permit
it to spread.
2. Fuel- is any kind of combustible
material, and is characterized by its
moisture content, size and shape,
quantity, and the arrangement in
which it spread over the landscape
3. Oxygen- Air contains about 21%
oxygen, and most fires require at least
16% oxygen content to burn. When
fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen from
 the surrounding air releasing heat and
gen-erating combustion products.
Fire Tetrahedron- represents an
additional component, the chemical
reaction.
The base of the pyramid represents the
chemical chain reaction that occurs when
three other elements are present in
appropriate proportions.
Vapors and gases are realeased during
the burning process and are carried into
the flame. The heat from the flame drive
the chemical reaction.
Combustion- is the chemical reaction
that feeds fire more heat and allows it to
continue
Certain fire incidents where watter cannot
be used to put out fire:
a. Electrocution hazard- Fires
where live electricity is present
because water conducts electricity.
b. Hydrocarbon fires or pool fires-
using water will only spread the
fire because of the difference in
density
c. Metal fires- these fires produce
huge amounts of energy and water
can also create violent chemical
reactions with burning metal
d. Oil fires- as vapour will carry and
spread burning oil. ( water and oil
do not mix at all)
The Stages of Fire
1. Incipient- first stage begins when the
three elements combine and have a
chemical reaction resulting in fire
2. Growth- is where the structures fire
load and oxygen are used as fuel for
the fire.
3. Flashover- is the transition between
the growth and the fully developed fire
stages
4. Fully Developed- hottest phase of
fire and the most dangerous
5. Decay- longest stage of fire, and is
characterized by a significant decrease
in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to
the fire
Classifications of Fires and their
Estinguishment
o Class A Fires- ordinary combustible
materials, such as wood, cloth, paper,
rubber, and many plastics
o Class B Fires- flammable liquids,
greases and gases
o Class C Fires- energized electrical
equipment
o Class D Fires- combustible metals,
such as magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium and potassium
o Class K Fires- combustible cooking
fuels such as vegetable or animal fats
Causes of Fires:
1. Faulty Electrical Wiring
2. Open Flames ( burning candles
and kerosene lamps )
3. Smoking
4. Fireworks
5. Arson (illegal burning of houses)
RACE METHOD
R- Rescue
A- Alarm
C- Contain
E- Estinguish
P.A.S.S
P-Pull the pin in the handle
A-Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
S- Squeeze the lever slowly
S- Sweep from side to side
Hydeometeorological Hazards
Hydrometeorological Hazards – include
tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, floods,
storm surges etc.
Typhoons- an intense area of atmospheric
pressure
Public Storm Signals ( Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration)
o Signal #1- Classes for Preschool are
cancelled
o Signal #2 – Elementary and
Highschool Classes and below are
cancelled
o Signal #3 and 4–Classes for Colleges
and Universities and below are
cancelled
Deadliest Philippine Typhoons
1. September 1881 Typhoon
2. Haiyan/ Yolanda (2013,November 7-8)
3. Bopha/Pablo (2012,December 2-9)
Costliest Philippine Typhoons
1. Haiyan/ Yolanda (89.6 billion)
2. Bopha, Pablo (42.2 billion)
3. Parma/ Pepeng (27.3 billion)
Thunderstorm- is a storm with lightning
and thunder and produced by a
cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing
gusty winds, heavy
rain and sometimes hail
Lightning- it is the occurrence of a natural
electrical discharge of very short duration
and high voltage between a cloud and the
ground or within a cloud
Flashflood- is a rapid flooding of
geomorphic low-lying areas; washes, rivers,
dry lakes and basins
Flashflood and Flood distinctions
Flashflood- is an event that occurs
within 6 hours following the end of the
causative event
Flood- is an event occurs after 6
hours following the end of the
causative event
Stormsurge- is an abnormal arise of the
ocean generated by a weather disturbance
such as tropical cyclone, over and above the
predicted trade mask
Storm Tide- defined as the water level rise
due to the combination of storm surge and
astronomical tide
El Nino phenomenon- has a 3-month
average warming of at least 0.5 C which
anomaly happens at irregular intervals of 2
to 7 years
La Nina ( began in 1993) – typically lasts
approximately 9 to 12 months, though some
episodes may persist for as long as 2 years.