FEASIBILITY OF PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS CEMENTING MATERIAL

Eggs have many uses. Some people use them for cooking meals, while

others use them as moisturizer or cleanser. In addition to that, according to

Philippine Statistics Authority (2019), an average Filipino families annual income was

approximately fifty-two thousand (52,000) per year or one hundred forty-two pesos

(142) per day and due to this small income an egg as a cheaper food is a good

option to sustain temporarily the needs in meal of a Filipino families.

According to Nelz (2018), an average person was estimated to consume one

hundred fifty (150) to two hundred (200) eggs a year. However, nothing happens to

the eggshells. Most people typically throw eggshell in the garbage because they

consider it as waste. Based on the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2011), the

Philippines produced four point twenty four (4.24) million metric tons of chicken and

duck eggs in 2010 which only contributed in pollution. Therefore, the researchers

have decided to think of a safe and environment-friendly way to utilize the increasing

number of shell wastes and convert them into a usable product.

Cement is widely used in different aspects specifically in construction industry.

It is very known for its ability to hold structure together and for this reason, cement

is one of the most essential construction ingredients among others (Mugabi, 2010).

Moreover, as stated by Mogato (2019) based on the interview conducted with

Pronove Tai, a local cement industry, revealed that they cannot match the

Philippines' annual demand for cement which result to a thirty percent (30%) delay in

building completion for the first quarter of 2019.

 Eggshells are made of calcium carbonate, together with small amount of

protein and other organic compounds (Arnarson,2017). Furthermore, Eggshell

consists of ninety-five percent (95%) of calcium carbonate weighing five point five

(5.5) grams.

Many studies focus only on the feasibility of Egg Shell Powder as Partial

Replacement with Cement in Bricks. Therefore, the researchers aim to test the

feasibility of the Egg Shell as Cementing material in concrete blocks.

Concrete Block production uses natural resources, the process is relatively

simple, and the investment cost for the production is comparatively low. Hence, this

study entitled “Feasibility of Pulverized Eggshells as Cementing Material” will be

conducted.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to produce Concrete Blocks out of Pulverized

Eggshells.

Specifically, this study sought to answer to following questions:

1. What are the physical properties of the produced Concrete Blocks out of

Pulverized Eggshells in terms of the following?

a. Color

b. Texture

2. What are the mechanical properties of the produced Concrete Blocks out of

Pulverized Eggshells in terms of the compressive strength?

3. Are there any significant differences among the physical and mechanical

properties of the produced Concrete Blocks out of Pulverized Eggshells and the

commercial Concrete Blocks?

 Feasibility of Coffee Chaff (Coffea) for Fireboard Production

Coffee is a brewed drink from roasted coffee beans from the seeds of berries

in certain Coffee plants. It is one of the world's most popular drinks with over 400

billion cups thought to be consumed every year. (Nordqvist J., 2017) In order to bring

out the real and desired flavor, dried coffee beans undergo the process of roasting.

During the roasting process, dried coffee beans are subjected to varying degrees of

heat, depending on the desired flavor. Also, during this process, the dried skin of

coffee beans come off and this is called the coffee bean chaff.

Coffee bean chaff is a byproduct waste from the roasting process of coffee

beans. The chaff is the dried skin on a coffee bean, also known as the husk, that

come off in different ways depending upon the type of roasting process used. Chaff

is usually considered a problem to be dealt with because of its lightness that makes

it go everywhere, but can also be used for good once it is removed from the roasted

coffee beans. Organic gardeners have discovered the coffee bean chaffs' benefit in

their gardens and have been using it for years because of its help in making soils

healthy. (Crowder A., 2019)

Since there are numerous coffee shops here in the Philippines, there are lots

of coffee bean chaff that are being discarded after the roasting process. Even with its

use as a supplement to compost, there are still plenty of coffee chaff left for

nothing.These agricultural byproducts are burnt on the field or dumped in land and

rivers which may block water absorption in soil and plants if dumped in large

numbers. In addition, aside from its use in composting and as a coop litter for

chickens, the coffee bean chaff has limited or no other uses.

 As a kind of natural fiber composite, fiberboards are produced from wood or

some non-wood fiber materials. Natural fiber composites with various outstanding

performances, such as fiberboards, are widely used for construction. However, due

to some defects such as poor aesthetics, poor corrosion resistance and low water

resistance, these unprocessed composites cannot be directly used in the

construction industry. Development of various decorative methids were done to

improve the surface quality and performance of natural fiber composites and to

extend its application fields. (Budakci et al. as cited in Cao P. and Li R., 2011).

Fiberboards, nowadays are used for furniture industry such as in floor preparation for

tiles. It provides excellent and structural integrity. Fiberboard is far cheaper than

plywood and can save thousands of money when used in place of plywood. (Amparo

et al., 2018)

Coffee bean chaff contains a great amount of cellulose and hemicellulose

which makes them similar to wood, which is the one of the raw materials in

fiberboard production (Bekalo, S.A. & Reinhardt H., 2009) Due to coffee bean chaffs'

similar properties to wood and its limited uses aside from composting and gardening,

the researchers have come up with a way to let these agricultural byproduct, coffee

bean chaffs be beneficial by using it as an alternative raw material to wood on

fiberboard production. The fiberboard production out of Coffee bean chaff uses

agricultural waste as the primary raw material, the process is relatively simple, and

the investment cost for the production is comparatively low. Hence, this study

entitled "Feasibility of Coffee Bean Chaff as Fiberboard" will be conducted.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the study will be conducted to determine the possibility of

producing fiberboard from coffee bean chaff.

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristics of the produced fiberboard in terms of the following

physical properties?

a. Thickness swelling

b. Water absorption

2. What is the characteristic of the produced fiberboard in terms of its mechanical

property specifically, modular of rupture?

3. What are the differences between the produced fiberboard from coffee bean chaff

and commercial fiberboard in terms of their physical and mechanical properties?

 Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Flesh as Light Ice Cream for People with

Elevated Blood Sugar Level

Ice cream is a frozen mixture of a combination of components of milk,

sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and flavoring. It is available in many forms,

flavors and packages. (Goff H.D., Hartel R.W., Marshall R.T.)

Light ice cream which is a type of ice cream is a frozen dessert that contains

at least 50 percent less total fat or 33 percent fewer calories than the average of

leading regional or national brands. (International Dairy Foods Association, 2019)

Even with a kind of ice cream like light ice cream that contains fewer calories

and total fat, still, there are people that avoid this frozen food. These are commonly

the people with elevated blood sugar and those who are very conscious in their diet

or those who are advised to take-in less sugar.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) which is a large fruit that is packed with water

and nutrients, contains very few calories and is also a good dietary source of both

citrulline and lycopene, two very powerful plant compounds. Eating watermelon or

drinking watermelon juice may have several health benefits such as improved insulin

sensitivity. Watermelon consists mostly of water (91%) and carbs (7.5%). It contains

almost no protein or fat, and is very low in calories. Watermelon contains 7.5 grams

of carbohydrates in 100 grams, or 12 grams of carbohydrates per cup. The

carbohydrates are mostly simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. The

glycemic index (GI) of watermelons ranges from 72-80, which is high. It is a measure

of how quickly foods raise blood sugar levels after meals. However, each serving of
watermelon is relatively low in carbohydrates, so eating it should not have a major

effect on blood sugar levels.(Bjarnadottir A., 2015) The glycemic load of watermelon

per 100 gram serving is only 2. The gylcemic load (GL) which is the combination of

the GI and the actual carbohydrate content in a typical serving of food is argued to

give a more real-world value of a how specific food can affect blood sugar. (Gordon

J.P., 2019)

With these facts, even without any research directly connecting watermelon

consumption and blood sugar management, the researchers have thought of the

potential of watermelon as flavoring of light ice cream that can also help in satisfying

the cravings of people with elevated blood sugar levels and those conscious in their

diet without much affecting their blood sugar.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the study will be conducted to determine the possibility of

producing watermelon as light ice cream for people with elevated blood sugar levels

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristics of the produced light ice cream in terms of the

following?

a. Taste

b. Texture

c. Color
2. What are the characteristics of the commercial ice cream in terms of the

following?

a. Taste

b. Texture

c. Color

3. Is there a significant difference between the produced light ice cream and the

commercial ice cream in terms of their characteristics?

4. What is the blood sugar level of the respondents before eating the produced light

ice cream?

5. What is the blood sugar level of the respondents after eating the produced light ice

cream?

6. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level before and after eating the

produced light ice cream?

7. What is the blood sugar level of the respondents before eating the commercial ice

cream?

8. What is the blood sugar level of the respondents after eating the commercial ice

cream?

9. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level before and after eating the

commercial ice cream?

10. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level among the different

treatments?
 REFERENCES

A. BOOKS

Labuguen, (2011). Selected statistics on agriculture 2013. Journal of Bureau of

Agricultural Statistics, pp. 7. Quezon City, Philippines.

B. WORLD WIDE WEB

Arnarson, (2017). The Benefits and Risks of Eating Eggshells. Retrieved fro

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/eggshells-benefits-and-risks

Bjarnadottir, A. (2019). Watermelon 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits.

Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods/watermelon

Crowder, (2019). What to Do With Coffee Bean Chaff. Retrieved from

https://www.ehow.com/way_5232478_do-coffee-bean-chaff.html

Goff, H. D., & Hartel, R. W. (2013). Ice cream (6th ed.). New York: Springer.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0163-3

Gordon, J. P. (2016, September 27). Diabetes and Watermelon: Is It Safe to Eat?

Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/watermelon-and-diabetes

Ice Cream Labeling. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.idfa.org/news-views/media-kits/ice-cream/ice-cream-labeling
Mapa,(2019). Income and Expenditure. Retrieved from

https://psa.gov.ph/survey/annual-poverty-indicator

Mogato,(2019). Cement shortage seen to delay construction projects – Pronove Tai.

Retrieved from

https://www.rappler.com/business/227862-pronove-tai-says-cement-shortage-

will-delay-construction-projects

Nelz,(2017). Effective Uses Of Eggshells In The Garden.

Retrieved from

https://philnews.ph/2017/01/12/effective-uses-eggshells-garden

Nordqvist,(2017). Health benefits and risks of drinking coffee.

Retrieved from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/270202.php