Master In Metallurgy And Materials Science

TALLER N°2
Name : Ricardo Alfonso Paredes Roa

1. 1 kg of iron saturated with nitrogen at 1800°C and 1 bar. While solidifying

in ferrite phase, a nitrogen desorption takes place. If ferrite remains
saturated at 1666 K (6x10-4 K-1), ¿how much is the volume of N produced?

2N (desorption)  N2 (gas)
R=8,314 J/mol K

𝑃 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100000𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 100000 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑚 𝑠 2

𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉=
𝑃
2
(1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (8,314 𝐾𝑔 𝑚 ⁄ 2 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 ) (1666 𝐾)
𝑠
𝑉=
100000 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑚 𝑠 2

𝑉 = 0,1385 𝑚3

2. The following pseudobinary diagram of the system Fe-18Cr-8Ni-C (wt.-%)

is presented, useful for 304 stainless steel. If the steel has a carbon
content of 0.15 wt.-%, which temperature range is adequate to perform a
solution annealing in order to avoid austenite decomposition to ferrite or
M23C6?
 Annealing should be carried out between the temperatures of 1280˚K and
1570˚K in order to avoid the decomposition of austenite into ferrite or
M23C6.

3. The following pseudobinary phase diagram of the system Fe-18Cr-0.05C-

Ni is presented. Specify appropriate compositions to:
 a) Produce a duplex stainless steel (ferrite+austenite), stable at
1400K.

to produce a duplex stainless steel (ferrite+austenite) on contents

of Fe-18Cr-0.05C- stable at 1400˚k the nitrogen content has to be
between 0,03 and 0,05

b) Produce an austenitic stainless steel having ferritic solidification

and annealing at 1300K.

to produce an austenitic stainless steel with ferritic solidification with

Fe - 18Cr - 0.05C contents and annealed to 1300K tenemmos to
have nitrogen content between (0.01 and 0.04)

c) Produce an austenitic stainless steel having austenitic solidification

and annealing at 1200K.

to produce austenitic stainless steel with austenitic solidification

containing Fe - 18Cr - 0.05C annealed at 1200K the nitrogen
content must be between (0.04 and 0.20).

4. The TTT diagram (Transformation-Time-Temperature) of a Fe-17Cr-13Ni-

-5Mo-C-N Steel is presented. If the steel has a nitrogen content of
0.069%N, indicate the minimum time and corresponding temperature for
the precipitation of M23C6 to takes place. At the same temperature, how
does the time shift if the steel as a nitrogen content of 0.247 %N? ¿Is the
precipitation kinetic delayed of accelerated?
 having a Fe-17Cr-13Ni--5Mo-C steel with a nitrogen content of 0.069%N,
the minimum precipitate time is 0.085 hours at a corresponding
temperature of 870°C for M23C6 precipitation to occur.

when at the same temperature, precipitate time increases but precipitate

is M6C when steel has a nitrogen content of 0.247 %N with delayed kinetic
precipitation

5. Indicate the maximum nitrogen content for the following steel in order to
avoid gas desorption from the phases liquid and fcc (austenite)

the maximum nitrogen content preventing gas desorption of the liquid and
fcc (austenite) phases is 0.13N

6. The following phase diagrams correspond to different chemical variations

of duplex steels. For each system indicate:
 The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present.
 The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite.
 The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase.
 The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
 Based on the previous information, how do nitrogen and carbon
affect the stability of the different phases?
O. Smuk, P. Nenonen, H. H¨anninen, and J. Liimatainen, “Microstructures
of a powder metallurgy-hot-isostaticall pressed super duplex stainless
steel forming in industrial heat treatments,” Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions A, vol.35, no. 7, pp. 2103–2109, 2004.

a. Original Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present, is present

to 1220°C until 1490c °C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite is 1080°C
The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase. 760 - 1020°C
 The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
12% 600°C

b. Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3MoFe-22Cr-5.5Ni

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present. 1150-

1490°C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite. 850°C
The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase. 860-1150°C
The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
25% 800°C

c. Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-1.7MnFe-22Cr-5.5Ni

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present. 1100 -

1490°C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite 890°C
The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase 890 - 1100°C
The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
27% 780°C

d. Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-1.7Mn-0.4Si

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present. 1180 -

1490°C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite 860°C
The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase 860 - 1180°C
The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
25% 800°C

e. Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-1.7Mn-0.4Si-0.14N

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present. 1300 -

1390°C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite 1090°C
 The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase 1150 - 1300°C
The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
20% 650°C

f. Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-1.7Mn-0.4Si-0.14N-0,24C

The temperature range at which 100% ferrite is present. 1300 -

1390°C
The temperature at which the molar phase distribution is 50% ferrite
50% austenite 1100°C
The temperature range where austenite and ferrite coexist without
any third phase 1100 - 1300°C
The maximum sigma content and its corresponding temperatura.
18% 630°C

• According to the previous information, how do nitrogen and carbon affect

the stability of the different phases?

When the nitrogen content is increased, the area of the austenitic zone
grows, making it more stable, and nitrides such as M2N are precipitated.
when we increase the carbon content, carbides such as M23C6 are
precipitated.