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Lectures Registration
1. Information and Communication

2. Mediums of communication
1. Differences between Broadcasting, Social and Personal Media
2. Terminologies related to web media
1. Web services
 2. Difference between XML, HTTP and HTML 
3. Web Services Technologies Click here for TEST SERI
iesgeneralstudies.com/communication/ 1/31
4. Service Oriented Architecture

5. RSS
6. Social Media Related Terms 
3. Communication Technologies
YouTube Channel
1. Satellite Communication
2. Navigation systems
 Group
3. Telephones
4. Mobile phones
1. Cellular system concept  Page
2. Multiplexing
3. Communication Standards
4. Technologies – GPRS and 5G
Recent Posts
5. Internet
1. Internet Protocols June
8,2019
2. World Wide Web 0
 June 9,
3. Types of Networks 2019
6. Quantum communication
Quiz 6. June 2019
7. Molecular Communication 0
 June 8, 2019
8. Machine to Machine(M2M) Communication
Quiz 5. June 2019
1. Internet of Things 0
 June 8, 2019
4. Methods of transmission
Quiz 3&4 June 2019
1. Wired
0
 June 8, 2019
2. Wireless
1. Global Internet Connectivity Projects June
7,2019
5. Miscellaneous 0
 June 8,
1. Ham Radio 2019
2. Podcasting
6. FAQs
1. What is a broadband?
About Engineering Servic
1. Information and Communication

Collection and use of information is an essential process in human civilisation.
Information is nothing but “organised data” Important dates for

ESE
 Data is simply a collection of facts. 
Mains exam 2019
The understanding of information is “knowledge”
Date: 30-06-19
Now a days the the knowledge economy makes up a large share of Preliminary exam 2020
all economic activity in many economies.
Noti cation – September
Information Revolution 2019
Even though the technological developments started in 1800s, the recent information Last date to apply- October
revolution is result of the development of technologies (such as computers, digital 2019
communication, microchips) in the second half of the 20th century. Exam – January 2020
Information revolution has led to dramatic reduction in the cost of obtaining,

processing, storing, and transmitting information in all forms (text, graphics,
audio, video).
When to start
The main feature of the information revolution is the growing economic, social preparation?
and technological role of information.
[embedyt]
Communication https://www.youtube.com/watch
v=ZBOjHoo-4D8[/embedyt]
Communication is the transmission of information. It can be achieved through
various methods, mediums and technologies.
2. The mediums of communication Sample Videos from

the Course
A medium is a channel or system of communication. It can be broadly classi ed as
[embedyt]
1. Broadcasting Media https://www.youtube.com/embe
2. Social Media listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
3. Personal Communication [embedyt]

https://www.youtube.com/embe
2.1 The differences between different mediums of listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
communication 7_dOH0c4pBD&v=hEUncCGpwvs
[embedyt]
Medium Characteristics Examples
listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
Television
Message is distributed ntnOeHWOXH6g5&v=e8QTyBEaw
Broadcasting Typically electromagnetic Satellite broadcasting

[embedyt]
Spectrum is used
Webcasting https://www.youtube.com/embe
[embedyt]
Facebook
Twitter listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
Are interactive Google+ [embedyt]

Social Media Mainly internet based Wikipedia listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
Has user generated contents LinkedIn [embedyt]
Pinterest
 listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4

Myspace lWc&v=WeOIcNtqhGg[/embedyt]
Personal Only the message senders and E-mail [embedyt]

the message receivers https://www.youtube.com/embe
WhatsApp
understand the message even listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
though it may be transmitted over SMS

[embedyt]
the same medium used for
broadcasting Telephone
Mobile phone 4vbN5cH&v=2OAYo11bj7g[/emb
[embedyt]
2.2 Terminologies related to Web Media https://www.youtube.com/embe

2.2.1 Web Services

There are various software applications written in various programming languages
and running on various platforms. The interoperability between the languages and
platforms are essential for those applications to be a part of the internet. Web
services are used to exchange data over computer networks. IES-GS Paper1
strategy
A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the
internet and uses a standardized messaging system.
How to cra…
cra…
They are not tied to any one operating system or programming language.
They are built on top of open standards such as TCP/IP, HTTP, Java, HTML, and
XML.
Using web services, Java can talk with Perl; Windows applications can talk with
Unix applications. The interoperability is due to the use of open standards.
The basic web services platform is XML + HTTP.

Motivational lecture
2.2.2 What is the difference between XML, HTTP and HTML?
Extensible Markup Language (XML) Motivation…
Motivation…
Is used to describe data

Is a exible way to create information formats and electronically share structured
data via the public Internet
XML is used to encode all communications to a web service
encodes documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-
readable.
An example of XML code is
<conversation>
<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>
<response>Hello </response>
</conversation>
 
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP)
Is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web
It de nes how messages are formatted and transmitted

It de nes what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to
various commands
Example of a HTTP code
GET /IES.htm HTTP/1.1

User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE5.01; Windows NT)
Host: www.iesgeneralstudies.com
Accept-Language: en-us
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: Keep-Alive
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.
Covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed
An example for HTML code
<head>
<title>Home Page</title>
</head>
<body>
Here are the Dynamic and Static Subjects
</body>
</html>
2.2.3 Web Services Technologies(WST)

A collection of XML technology standards that work together to provide Web
Services
Are primarily an integration or interfacing technology, not an application
development technology
It can be used to implement the interfaces and messages for a Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA)
The examples of WSTs are,
XML Technologies (Extensible Markup Language) – standards for documents
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) – provides a simple way to send
documents
WSDL(Web Services Description Language) – de nes all details about a
service
 
UDDI(Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)– is a way to advertise
and discover services
2.2.4 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Is a style of software design
Is essentially a collection of services
Examples of services are – producing data, validating a customer, providing
simple analytical services
These services operate independently and can interact with each other
Are independent of vendors, products and technologies
2.2.5 RSS
Is used for distributing Web content in feeds as opted by users.
Feeds allow the users to have new content delivered to a computer or mobile
device as soon as it is published.
An RSS aggregator or RSS reader provides the feeds.
Instead of visiting multiple Web pages to check for new content, the user can look
at the summaries and choose which sites to visit for the full versions
News discussion forum excerpts, software announcements, blog posts, podcasts
and any form of content retrievable with a URL can be included in RSS feeds
Is XML(Extensible Markup Language) based standard
RSS is an abbreviation for describing one of three different
standards, which include:
RDF Site Summary (RSS .9 and 1.0) (RDF- Resource
Description Framework)
Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91 and 1.0)
Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)
2.2.6 Social Media Related Terms

Social media analytics – gathering data from blogs and social media websites
and analyzing that data to make business decisions.
Social media marketing – uses social networking to increase brand exposure and
broaden customer reach. Social media optimization is done by
Using RSS feeds and sharing buttons
Through social media posts
Social CRM (customer relationship marketing) – is powerful business tool using
social media to create better customer relations. It is a venue for communication,
marketing and networking and feedbacks.
Crowdsourcing – usually involves doing business or projects with inputs from
 
internal and external actors, including inputs from customers and or the general
public. “Wikipedia” is the most famous example of crowd sourcing.
Image from: http://www.optimizationgroup.com/
3. Communication Technologies
Is the infrastructure and components that enable the communications. Some of the
technologies are
1. Satellite Communication
2. Navigation systems
3. Telephones
4. Mobile phones
5. Internet
6. Quantum communication
7. Molecular Communication
8. Machine to Machine Communication
3.1 Satellite Communication

Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on
the Earth.
The antennas then capture those signals and process the information coming
from those signals, via a transponder thus creating a communication channel
with ground stations.
What are radio waves?
The basic building block of radio communications is a radio wave.

Like waves on a pond, a radio wave is a series of repeating peaks and valleys.
A radio wave is generated by a transmitter and then detected by a receiver.
An antenna allows a radio transmitter to send energy into space and a receiver to
pick up energy from space.
Applications: 
Used for such diverse applications like Television, DTH Broadcasting,

DSNG( digital satellite news gathering) , VSAT(very small aperture terminal )
communication, Positioning services and satellite phones
Satellites use different, higher radio frequencies as follows
Image source: http://www.esa.int/
Frequency
Characteristics Applications
Bands
Useful for mobile applications such

L-band
as maritime and aeronautical uses Used in GPS, satellite
(1-2 GHz) phones

Capable of supporting high data Radar applications

S-band
rates
Communications with
(2-4 GHz)
Has higher power space stations
Reach over wide geographic areas
perform better under adverse Full-time satellite TV

C-band
weather conditions networks
(4-8 GHz)
Requires larger ground equipments Satellite feeds
Has low power
Helpful for weather monitoring, air

X Band
 tra c control, maritime vessel Primarily used for military 
(8-12 GHz) tra c control, and vehicle speed applications
detection
Ku-band Higher transmission power Direct broadcast satellite

services
(12-18 GHz) Requires smaller ground
equipments
Reach over only smaller geographic

areas
Higher transmission speed
Signi cant information transfer

Ka-band
Communications
Requires smaller ground
(26-40 GHz) satellites
equipments
High-resolution
3.2 Navigation systems

Navigation is the science of nding a way from one place to another. The present
navigation systems typically uses a satellite navigation device .The navigation
systems existing at present are,
Navigation
Whose? Characteristics
Systems
Operational since 1978 and globally available since

1994, GPS is currently the world’s most utilized
GPS USA satellite navigation system
Uses up to 32 satellites
Has global coverage

GLONASS Russia
Uses 24 satellites
Regional network
BeiDou China To be expanded into the whole globe as BeiDou-2

with 35 satellites
GALILEO EU Is expected to be in full service in 2020
Regional network using 7 satellites

NAVIC India
Expected to be fully operational soon
 
Regional network under development using 3
QZSS Japan
satellites
How Position is determined?
Trilateration Method
Image source: http://gisgeography.com/
The time taken by signals from three satellites to reach the location is used
The required location is where three spheres created by distance from each of
three satellites as radius, overlap.
A fourth satellite is used to double-check the location
In contrast to triangulation, it does not involve the measurement of angles
3.4 Mobile phones

Any radio telephone capable of operating while moving at any speed, and small
enough to be carried by a person comes under the mobile communication systems.
Mobile phone system was the commercially introduced in 1983. Since then mobile
communication systems have witnessed an explosive growth.
3.4.1 Cellular System Concept
 
Image source: http://people.seas.harvard.edu/
The service area is covered by geographic cells.

The frequency spectrum is divided into discrete channels and assigned in groups
to these geographic cells
The discrete channels are capable of being reused in different cells
The adjacent cells operate on different frequencies to avoid interference.
3.4.2 Multiplexing
Multiplexing (or muxing) is a way of sending multiple signals or streams of
information over a communications link at the same time in the form of a single,
complex signal. The receiver recovers the separate signals, a process called
demultiplexing (or demuxing).
So, this is a technique used to send multiple signals over a single channel. It can be
carried out in three dimensions: Time (TDMA), frequency (FDMA, OFDMA) and code
(CDMA).
 
Need for multiplexing
To make it possible for any network device to talk to any other network device
without having to dedicate a connection for each pair. This requires shared media
To make a scarce or expensive resource stretch further — e.g., to send many
signals down each cable or ber strand running between major metropolitan
areas, or across one satellite uplink.
TDMA
Mechanism:
It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal
into different time slots.
The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own
time slot.
This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio
frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity.
Uses:
It is commonly used in digital transmission such as Global System for Mobile

communication(GSM).
The multiple signals are carried over the same channel in alternating time slots.
A disadvantage of TDMA systems is that they create interference at a frequency

which is directly connected to the time slot length. 
FDMA
Commonly used in analog transmission.

Communications link is divided into sub channels of different frequency widths,
each carrying a signal at the same time.
It is particularly used in satellite communication
CDMA
Mechanism:
Audio input is rst digitized into binary elements.

The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a
de ned pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose
frequency response is programmed with the same code
So the receiver can follow exactly the transmitter frequency as per the code.
Advantages:
There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhances

privacy and makes cloning di cult.
Multiple communications can be sent over the same channel
3.4.3 Communication Standards

GSM
Global system for mobile communications (GSM) was developed by the Groupe
Special Mobile in 1991
Originally it was 2G standard
Initially based on TDMA
3G version of GSM uses CDMA technology also
LTE
Stands for Long Term Evolution

Increases bandwidth available for voice and data communications
Comes with a number of network improvements
It’s the upgrade path for both GSM and CDMA based networks
LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE
AWS
Advanced Wireless Services

Also referred to as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) band IV
Uses microwave frequencies in two segments: from 1710 to 1755 MHz for uplink,
and from 2110 to 2155 MHz for downlink
 
1G to 5G
Image from: www.slideshare.net
Characteristics Uses
Released in 1990 to be used

1G Analog technology
in GSM
Digital
Uses encryption Enables text and multi

2G
media messages
There were GSM and CDMA versions
 
2.5G Combined with GPRS Users can take part in video
technology(a packet- conferences and interact
based wireless communication service) with multimedia web sites
Supports simultaneous
voice and data
Can handle complex data

3G Introduced higher transfer rates such as video
Faster communication and

web streaming
Mobile broadband internet services

provided to external systems, such as
laptops, wireless modems, etc
Any kind of service at
4G Additional features such as IP telephony, anytime anywhere as per
ultrabroadband Internet access, gaming user requirements
services and HDTV streamed multimedia
100Mbps to 1Gbps speed
Can support
WWWW(wireless world wide
High speed(download speeds of 20 web)
GBs/second)
Address network
5G High capacity congestion, energy
HD video quality e ciency, cost, reliability,
and connection to billions of
people and devices
VoLTE
stands for voice over LTE

It’s voice calls over a 4G LTE network
call quality is superior to 3G or 2G connections as far more data can be
transferred over 4G
can make and receive video calls from anyone else with VoLTE, rather than relying
on separate accounts like skype
3.4.4 Technologies – GPRS and 5G

 
GPRS technology
GPRS was one of the rst technologies that enabled a cell network to connect
with Internet Protocol (IP) networks
Enabled Web browsing from a phone
Uses packet switching for data transmission
Is gradually being phased out in favour of newer 3G/4G installations
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) technology was the enhanced
version of GPRS
5G Technology
Image source: IEEE
The 5G is a technology that will run the next wave of fast mobile broadband networks
in possibly two years from now. The different techniques under development are,
a. Millimetre-Wave technologies
Airwaves in the 3500 MHz band are considered ideal for the rst wave of 5G
5G networks can run on the 3400 MHz, 3500 MHz and 3600 MHz spectrum
bands.
A key challenge is the possibility of millimetre waves being blocked by buildings
and losing their intensity over longer distances, can also be absorbed by foliage
and rain
b. Small Cell Networks
Thousands of low power mini base stations

can take advantage of another new technology called massive MIMO
c. Massive MIMO
Multiple input to multiple output to handle more tra c means use two or more
 transmitters and receivers to send and receive more data at once 
5G base stations can support about a hundred ports, which means many more
antennas can t on a single array
d. Beam Forming
is a tra c-signaling system to identify the most e cient data-delivery route to a
particular user
rather than broadcasting in many directions at once, this approach can
strengthen the signal’s chances of arriving intact and reduce interference
e. Full Duplex
a transceiver will be able to transmit and receive data at the same time, on the
same frequency
silicon transistors that act like high-speed switches enables transmission and
reception of signals on the same frequency at once
3.4 Telephones
Transmits signals converted from audio data through physical media, such as
wire or bre optic cable
Two basic types are corded and cordless
With advances in mobile communications, users now rely solely upon cellular
phone service, resulting in a sharp reduction in the numbers of landline
subscribers
3.5 Internet
Internet is essentially a network of computers.
Internet uses the same public telecommunication networks. But the difference is,
Internet uses of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol).
3.5.1 Internet Protocols

TCP and IP are two distinct protocols (A protocol means an agreed-upon set of
procedures and rules)
When two computers follow the same protocols, they can understand each other
and exchange data
TCP/IP functionality is divided into four layers, each with its own set of agreed-
upon protocols
Layers Protocols Functions
Operate on a link that
Ethernet and
The Datalink Layer interconnects nodes or hosts
ARP
in the network
Connects independent
The Internet or Networking layer IP and ICMP. networks to transport the
 
packets containing the data
The Transport layer TCP and UDP Handles communications

between hosts, ow control,

multiplexing
HTTP, FTP,
Data exchange for
The Application layer POP3, SMTP,
applications
and SNMP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP governs how to divide a message or le into packets that are transmitted over
the internet and then how they are reassembled when they reach their destination.
IP(The Internet Protocol)
Internet Protocol is responsible for the address of each packet.

Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identi es it from all other computers on the Internet.
Each packets contains both the sender’s Internet address and the receiver’s
address.
The most widely used version of IP today is Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
having 32 bits address
IPv6 is designed to anticipate enormous future expansion in the number of
available IP addresses
IPv6 provides for much longer addresses (128 bits)
IPv6 also supports auto-con guration to help correct most of the shortcomings in
version 4, and it has integrated security and mobility features.
Ethernet
Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network (LAN) technology.
Describe how networked devices can format data for transmission to other
network devices and how to put that data out on the network connection.
It touches both Layer 1 (the physical layer) and Layer 2 (the data link layer) on the
OSI network protocol model.
Ethernet de nes two units of transmission, packet and frame.
Each frame is wrapped in a packet.
3.5.2 World Wide Web

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web
Hypertext was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web
Hypertext is a method of instant cross-referencing.
It is the organization of information units into connected associations that a

user can choose to make. 
Example, is a link or hypertext link.
So internet is nothing but an enormous amount of information content,

connected by an enormous number of hypertext links
Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which
are Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer.
3.5.3 Types of networks

As per the size, capability and geographical coverage, the networks are
a. LAN – within a o ce building or home

b. MAN – spans a city or large campus
c. WAN – can cover even whole of the world
d. PAN – within a room
3.6 Quantum communication

Quantum communication uses properties of quantum particles for a secure and fast
communication system. The Quantum cryptography is one of its applications.
Quantum Cryptography
Is used to make a secure communication using QKD(quantum key distribution)

Uses the quantum properties of the photons to detect eavesdropping
The photons generated by a single photon source are encoded into binary
values(qubits) and transmitted to the receiver . The receiver then decodes the
state of photons.
The presence of an eavesdropper is revealed by the imperfect correlation
between the two lists of bits obtained after the transmission of qubits between
the emitter and the receiver.
Quantum Teleportation
Teleportation is the theoretical transfer of matter or energy from one point to

another without traversing the physical space between them.
 Quantum teleportation is possible using a process called ‘Quantum 
Entanglement’
The particles share their

‘quantum states’ — such as
energy, motion and magnetic
eld — regardless of the
distance separating them.
If one particle changes, its co
particle in the other location
also changes
It can be the basis of futuristic
quantum internet, quantum
information technology, quantum computing etc
Micius is the the world’s rst quantum-enabled satellite launched by China in
2016
Chinese researchers successfully teleporting a photon from an instrument on the
Tibetan plateau to Micius in 2017
3.7 Molecular Communication

Is a Nano network design strategy where a transmitter emits information
molecules .
Takes inspiration from some existing communication mechanisms between
biological entities.
Bio-nanomachines (e.g., arti cial cells, genetically engineered cells) are used .
Biological molecules acts both as carriers and as information.
Examples of applications are drug delivery system (DDS), bio-hybrid implants, and
lab-on-a-chip (LoC) systems.
3.8 Machine to machine (M2M) communication

Refers to direct communication between devices using any communications
channel, including wired and wireless
Key components of an M2M system include sensors, RFID, a Wi-Fi or cellular
communications link and autonomic computing software
The devices have ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-
to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The most well-known type of M2M communication is telemetry(transmission of
performance measurements from monitoring instruments in remote locations)
Products built with M2M communication capabilities are often marketed as
“Smart”
It forms the basis for the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT)
3.8.1 Internet of Things(IOT)

 
Image source: Wikipedia
The Internet of Things is about connecting internet-enabled devices to cloud-

based applications and to each other.
The devices can be anything from mobile phones, fridges, washing machines to
wearables, medical equipment or jet engines.
IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS), micro services and the internet.
IoT use the web and unique identi ers such as RFID tags or processors in order
to be part of the internet.
IPv6’s huge increase in address space, which could provide unique address for
each device, is an important factor in the development of the Internet of Things.
The devices have ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-
to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
IOT Applications
Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in various systems to the internet.
Thus they can be controlled from anywhere. This connectivity helps to capture more
data from more places, and helps in increasing e ciency and improving safety &
security. Some of the applications are,
Business
Power utilities, oil & gas, insurance, manufacturing, transportation, infrastructure

 and retail sectors etc can reap the bene ts of IoT by making more informed 
decisions
can help organizations reduce cost through improved process e ciency, asset
utilization and productivity
can bene t from real-time insights and analytics, which would help them make
smarter decisions
Smart Homes
with connected devices which can be controlled from mobile phones

better security
Health Care
smart mointors, remote monitoring

smart implants
smart beds
Smart Wearables
smart watches
smart clothes
Smart City
Includes a wide variety of uses, from tra c management to water distribution, to

waste management, urban security and environmental monitoring.
Promise to alleviate the urban problems.
Can help make cities safer.
Smart Grids
promises to use information about the behaviors of electricity suppliers and

consumers in an automated fashion to improve the e ciency, reliability, and
economics of electricity
Automobiles
driverless cars
connected cars
Smart farming
Due to the remoteness of farming operations and the large number of livestock
that could be monitored the Internet of Things could revolutionize the way
farmers work.
4. Methods of Transmission
There are mainly two types of transmission – one using a physical structure and
another using electromagnetic waves as carriers
 
4.1 Wired
Wired connected uses different types of cables. The different types are,
a. Cable-Modem
Modem provides bidirectional data communication from the cables.

Coaxial cable is the kind of copper cable used by cable TV companies.
b.DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Is a technology for bringing high- bandwidth information over ordinary copper

telephone lines.
xDSL refers to different variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL.
Twisted pair cable is used.
c. Optical Fibre
It contains strands of glass bers inside an insulated casing.

The center of each strand is called the core, which provides the pathway for light
to travel.
The core is surrounded by a layer of glass called cladding that re ects light
inward to avoid loss of signal and allow the light to pass through bends in the
cable(Total Internal Re ection).
Can support ultrafast broadband communication .
Single mode ber networks often use Wave Division Multiplexing
(WDM) techniques to increase the amount of data tra c
WDM allows light at multiple different wavelengths to be combined (multiplexed)
in a single light pulse.
4.2 Wireless
Uses electromagnetic waves. Satellite communications and mobile communications
were discussed above. The other methods include,
a. Wi-Fi
Low power wireless communication

Uses radio waves in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz)
Uses wireless network standards known as the 802.11 family
b. Bluetooth Technology
Permits connection to various electronic devices to a system

Used for the transferring of data
Uses short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz
c. WiMax
Is a technology standard for long-range wireless networking, for both mobile and
 xed connections. 
WiMAX was once envisioned to be a leading form of internet communication as

an alternative to cable and DSL, but its adoption has been limited
d. RFID
Uses electromagnetic elds to automatically identify and track tags attached to

objects.
The tags contain electronically stored information.
Uses radio waves
Serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip
e. NFC(Near Field Communication)
Evolved from radio frequency identi cation (RFID) technology

Enable two electronic devices, to establish communication by bringing them
within 4 cm of each other
Now a days used in digital transactions as contactless payment system
f. Li-
Use the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit

information at very high speeds
Can use common household LED (light emitting diodes) light bulbs and supports
speed to 224 gigabits per second
Electricity supplied to an LED light bulb can be dipped and dimmed, up and down
at extremely high speeds, without being visible to the human eye.
Li-Fi signals cannot pass through walls
4.2.1 Global Internet Connectivity Projects

Microsoft’s White- Project
Use the TV unused spectrum, or TV white space

It creates wireless local area network (WLAN) in TV white space spectrum in the
ultra-high frequency (UHF) band between 470 MHz to 700 MHz
Microsoft is working with the government to make White-Fi a viable technology
for the Indian landscape
 
Google’s Project Loon
Uses High altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about

18 km
These balloons are used to create an aerial wireless network
Can support speeds up to 4G-LTE standards
Project being developed by Google to provide Internet access to rural and remote
areas
Google claims that, with an accurate enough model of wind speeds and
directions, it is possible to effectively direct the balloons simply by raising or
lowering their altitude to ensure they blow in the desired direction.
Project Loon was rst tested in New Zealand in 2013
Face Book’s Solar Drones
Drones are used to provide wireless connections

Facebook‘s solar drone is named ‘Aquila’
Is a lightweight but wide, solar-powered aircraft which able to y without landing
for three months at a time
Uses a laser to beam data to a base station on the ground.
 
5. Miscellaneous
5.1 Ham Radio
Amateur radio (also called ham radio) describes the use of radio
frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of
messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private
recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communication. The term
“amateur” is used to specify “a duly authorised person interested in radioelectric
practice with a purely personal aim and without pecuniary interest
Licence
The amateur radio service (amateur service and amateur-satellite service) is

established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through the
International Telecommunication Regulations. National governments regulate
technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual
stations licenses with an identifying call sign.
What can I do with it?
Ham radio is basically a social hobby — whether you’re talking around town, around
the world, at club meetings or conventions, you’ll be getting to know some pretty darn
nice people!
Talking around the world without wires.

Talking locally through repeaters.
Emergency communications.
Public service communications, etc
5.2 Pod Casting

Podcasting is the preparation and distribution of audio les using RSS to the
computers of subscribed users.
 
A podcast can be easily created from a digital audio le(mp3)
The MP3 le gets its own URL, when it is uploaded to the Web site of a service
provider
The URL is inserted into an RSS XML document, which can be subscribed by
users
Similar to subscription-based interactive television service that lets viewers
program and control which television shows they watch, and when.
Advantages
allows users to listen to their selected podcasts whenever they like

because of the portability of the player devices, users can listen to audio les
from the Internet as they go about their daily activities
is an inexpensive and user-friendly new distribution channel that has the potential
to reach a large audience
musicians and bloggers are the early adopters, now mainstream media
organizations are beginning to venture into podcasting
6. FAQs
What is a broad band?
In general, broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of
frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies
is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies
or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be
transmitted in a given amount of time.
IES GS
Related posts
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ICT- Applications and

October 1, 2017
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Digital Payments Information –

 Read more
 Processing, Storage, 
 Read more Security
 Read more
15 Comments
sandeep says: Reply
August 8, 2017 at 8:38 am
bhai iske alawa or kuch bhi h kya ict k static part me?
IES GS says: Reply
There are more topics. This is the rst article in ICT series.
sushant says: Reply
August 17, 2017 at 6:58 am
PLZ add more topics related to this.
IES GS says: Reply
August 18, 2017 at 5:19 am
One more added –

http://iesgeneralstudies.com/information-processing-
storage-security/
ashish says: Reply
very helpful sir

Thank You
Rajesh Sahu says: Reply
September 17, 2017 at 6:23 pm
unbelieveable step taken by u sir….it means a lot to the aspirants to get so many
information at one place sitting t home….thank u a lot sir…
plz do help us by provideing the valuable study materials…
 
Tinku Sharma says: Reply
September 29, 2017 at 5:53 am
remarkable effort by you sir

sir can you provide the pdf for the above content it will be very bene cial …..as it strains
the eyes reading on laptop
Ankit says: Reply
October 9, 2017 at 8:55 am
Sir ,Outstanding amount of work done by you

Where is the quiz for this article?
Quizzes help to digest the article completely.
Please upload sir.
faizan says: Reply
October 9, 2017 at 4:19 pm
great effort ….may ALMIGHTY bless you
SUMAN KUMAR says: Reply
October 10, 2017 at 6:53 am
Quiz nahi sir…
NAGA says: Reply
November 8, 2017 at 5:23 pm
Great effort sir.
Sneha says: Reply
November 24, 2017 at 9:00 am
Sir, quiz on the chapter isn’t there.

Thank you for the website. It’s a great one.
TRINAYAN BORAH says: Reply
December 3, 2017 at 10:10 am
it is asuch a pleasure to read the passages….supurb work sir
 
abhishek rawat says: Reply
January 2, 2018 at 5:08 pm
i think the material provide is not su cient for ies ,,, so plz provide better data
Harsh says: Reply
January 3, 2018 at 4:56 pm
Thank You Sir !
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6/10/2019 Communication Technologies – General Studies Material for UPSC ESE Paper1 by

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 58 Published by  IES GS at  August 6, 2017 Tags  Categories 

222 Registered student’s

Click Here For Video

1. Information and Communication

 2. Difference between XML, HTTP and HTML 

3. Web Services Technologies Click here for TEST SERI

4. Service Oriented Architecture

1. Information and Communication

Information is nothing but “organised data” Important dates for

revolution is result of the development of technologies (such as computers, digital 2019

Information revolution has led to dramatic reduction in the cost of obtaining,

2. The mediums of communication Sample Videos from

3. Personal Communication [embedyt]

Broadcasting Typically electromagnetic Satellite broadcasting

Are interactive Google+ [embedyt]

Personal Only the message senders and E-mail [embedyt]

though it may be transmitted over SMS

2.2 Terminologies related to Web Media https://www.youtube.com/embe

The basic web services platform is XML + HTTP.

Is used to describe data

Is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web

It de nes how messages are formatted and transmitted

GET /IES.htm HTTP/1.1

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Here are the Dynamic and Static Subjects

2.2.3 Web Services Technologies(WST)

2.2.4 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

2.2.6 Social Media Related Terms

Image from: http://www.optimizationgroup.com/

3.1 Satellite Communication

What are radio waves?

The basic building block of radio communications is a radio wave.

Used for such diverse applications like Television, DTH Broadcasting,

communication, Positioning services and satellite phones

Satellites use different, higher radio frequencies as follows

Image source: http://www.esa.int/

Useful for mobile applications such

Capable of supporting high data Radar applications

Reach over wide geographic areas

perform better under adverse Full-time satellite TV

Has low power

Helpful for weather monitoring, air

Ku-band Higher transmission power Direct broadcast satellite

Reach over only smaller geographic

Higher transmission speed

Signi cant information transfer

3.2 Navigation systems

Operational since 1978 and globally available since

Has global coverage

BeiDou China To be expanded into the whole globe as BeiDou-2

GALILEO EU Is expected to be in full service in 2020

Regional network using 7 satellites

How Position is determined?

Image source: http://gisgeography.com/

3.4 Mobile phones

3.4.1 Cellular System Concept

Image source: http://people.seas.harvard.edu/

The service area is covered by geographic cells.

Need for multiplexing

It is commonly used in digital transmission such as Global System for Mobile