JOURNAL ANALYSIS

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety and Pain

in Patients With Breast and Lung Cancer

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JOURNAL ANALYSIS

A. CITATION
 Author : Nancy L.N. Stephenson, PhD, RN, CS, Sally P. Weinrich, RN,
PhD, FAAN, and Abbas S. Tavakoli, DrPH
 Title :. The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety and Pain in Patients With

Breast and Lung Cancer

 Year : January/February 2000

 Volume : , Volume 27, Number 1
 ISSN/ISBN : none
 Page : 20-28
 Journal Name/ Publisher : Oncology Nursing Forum

B. BACKGROUND
Besarnya angka kejadian kanker pertahun menurut WHO dan besarnya angka kenaikan
kanker paru terutama di negara maju mendorong peneliti untuk melihat fenomena tersebut .
ditambah lagi dengan efek dari hipoksia jaringan yang sering berakibat fatal pada penderita
kanker paru. Banyaknya masalah yang muncul pada pasein kanker baik sebelum di
kemotherapi atau pun sesudahnya menyebabkan banyak pasien mencoba theraoy alternative
untuk sekedar mengurangi kecemasan atau gejala yang muncul.
Many patients living with cancer experience anxiety, and 75% of patients with advanced
cancer experience pain (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Patients must
manage their anxiety and pain as chronic problems. Patients with cancer often try alternative
therapies (e.g., massage, reflexology, therapeutic touch, herbs, special diets) (Dossey, Keegan,
Guzzetta, & Kolkmeier, 1995; Montbriand, 1994). However, patients often make these choices
based on limited information about the efficacy of the therapies (Montbriand, 1995). Healthcare
providers must conduct more research about these therapies if they are to help patients make
wise choices about them (Montbriand, 1993.
AIM:
To test the effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients with breast and lung
cancer.
 DESIGN:
Quasy experimental study, pre/post, crossover.

SETTING:
A medical/oncology unit in a 314-bed hospital in the southeastern United States.
POPULATION:
Twenty-three inpatients with breast or lung cancer. The majority of the sample were
female, Caucasian, and 65 years or older; had 12 or fewer years of education and an annual inc
ome of $20,000 or more; and were receiving regularly scheduled opioids and adjuvant medicati
ons on the control and intervention day
Of the total sample of 23 patients, 13 (56.5%) had breast cancer and 10 (43.5%) had
lung cancer (see Table 1). Of the 13 patients with breast cancer, 10 had metastases. Of the 10 p
atients with lung cancer, 5 had metastases
Pasien berusia 65 tahun ke atas wanita, pedidikan minimal SMA, berpenghasilan $20.000 perta
hun, dan mendapatkan therapy opioid dan adjuvant secara regular dan terkontrol.

C. METHODS

Procedures included an intervention condition (foot reflexology to both feet for 30

minutes total by a certified reflexologist) and a control condition for each patient (with at lea
st a two-day break). No changes were made in patients' regular schedule or medications.

Medications given to the sample on control and intervention days were not significan
tly different. On the control and intervention days, 14 patients (61%) received opioids. On the
control day, six patients (26%) received nonopioid analgesics, and, on the intervention day,
seven patients (30%) received nonopioid analgesics.

Pasein tetap meminum obat dan mendapatkan program therapinya secara regular dise
rtai dengan pemberian therapy refleksi kaki selama 30 menit selama 1 minggu.

D. RESULT
Patients with breast and lung cancer experienced significantly decreased anxiety following
reflexology. Patients with lung cancer experienced the greatest decrease in anxiety. Because the
majority of these patients were male, gender was a confounder with cancer type.

.
E. DISCUSSION / SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

The findings of this study are consistent with the literature regarding reflexology (Oleson &
Flocco, 1993; Omura, 1994). Reflexology can be used to decrease anxiety and pain in patients
with cancer. Despite the fact that the patients in this study were taking drugs to manage pain, 6
1% reported pain at some time during the study. Reflexology also can be an avenue for increasi
ng human touch, which is a basic human need. Reflexology can be performed anywhere, requir
es no special equipment, is noninvasive, and does not interfere with patients' privacy. Some pati
ents in this study were concerned that their feet might have an odor. Washing patients' feet first

Banyak literature yang sudah meneliti tentang efektivitas reflexiologi baik untuk kesehatan
dan pengobatan. Refleksi kaki pada pasien kankee terbukti mampu menurunkan nyeri dan kece
masan pada pasien. Reflexi juga dapat meningkatkan kenyamanan dan rasa aman karena meng
hadirkan sentuhan manusia sebagai bagian dari kebutuhan dasar.

F. CONCLUSIONS
 Future research studies are needed to compare reflexology with other
complementary/alternative therapies (e.g., massage, healing touch, relaxation response).
 Research to ensure that the best non pharmacologic
 methods are matched with different types of pain will contribute to the expanding
knowledge of pain.
 Penelitian mendatang sangat diperlukan untuk melihat perbandingan antara refleksi kaki
dengan komplementer yang lain sperti pijat, relaksasi, healing touch.

G. DEFICIENCY

Limitations of this study were the small sample size (considering that only two of the patients
with lung cancer reported pain during the measurement) and the unusually high representation
of males with lung cancer.
Jumlah sample terlalu sedikit dan hanya dari gender wanita saja

H. ADVANTAGES

The journal gives complete resultof the test

The journal gives possibity to apply it to the patient
I. IMPLICATION

 Replication with a larger sample of a single cancer type is necessary to limit the type of
pain.
 Studies testing nonpharmacologic interventions for anxiety and pain continue to be a challe
nge but will provide vital information for healthcare providers to manage symptoms of pati
ents with cancer.
 Reflexology can be performed anywhere, requires no special equipment, is noninvasive, an
d does not interfere with patients' privacy.