CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

‘Progress is impossible without change,

and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything’

-George Bernard Shaw

Solid waste management is a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world due to

rapid increase in human population. With regards to this problem, laws and ordinances are

formulated by the government to handle this problem. The Republic Act 9003 or Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 is one of those laws. The law was crafted in response to

the looming garbage in the country, which is concern in adopting a systematic, comprehensive

and ecological waste program that ensures the protection of public health and the environment

and the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste.

Barangay Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte is one of those Barangay’s who adopted the

Solid Waste Management plan. These inspire researchers to conduct a study on how to assess

the implementation of Republic Act 9003 in the said barangay. It is hoped that the findings of
this topic would make the residence of Barangay Pualas more conscious and aware on

environmental issues.

Statement of the problem

This study will aim to assess the Solid Waste Management within the vicinity of Purok 2,

Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte.

Specifically, this study wished to answer the following questions;

1. What are the respondents’ knowledge about Republic Act 9003?

2. What are the solid waste management practices of the residence in Purok 2, Barangay

Pualas, Tubod Lanao Del Norte?

3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents regarding solid waste disposal?

4. What type of waste generated in the Purok 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod Lanao Del Norte?

5. What are the suggested ways to improve the solid waste disposal in Purok 2, Barangay

Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte?

Significance of the Study

The destruction to our environment cause by the improper solid waste management has

awaken every individual’s attention, and everyone cannot just let it happen. People must do

some actions in order to inform and educate people from the destruction of our environment

about the improper solid waste management. By this, the researchers had decided to make an
assessment study on solid waste management in Purok 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del

Norte.

Furthermore, the outcome of this study would widen the Barangay council’s idea on how

to implement.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study on the assessment on Solid Waste Management by conducting a survey on the

residents in Prk 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod Lanao del Norte. It is limited on the resident’s

knowledge about Solid Waste Management, their practices of disposing Solid Waste, problems

encountered and actions taken by the respondents and the barangay council in the response to

the environmental problem that we are facing which is related to solid waste.

Operational Definition of Terms

Biodegradable waste - Capable of being broken down especially into innocuous products by the

action of living things (such as microorganisms)

Non-biodegradable waste - not capable of being broken down by action of living organism.

Collection - it is a process of picking o waste at home, business and other location, leading into

a collection vehicles and handling item for final disposal.

Composting – a mixture of various decaying organic substances, as dead leaves or manure,

used for fertilizing soil.

Segregation – the act or practice of segregating; a setting apart or separation of people or

things from others or from the main body or group.

Disposal – an act or instance of disposing arrangement.

Recycling – is the process of converting waste materials into reusable objects to prevent waste

of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials energy, usage,

air pollution and water pollution by decreasing the need for “conventional” waste disposal and

lowering greenhouse gas emissions compared to plastic production.

Solid Waste Management – refers to the ways of how the people in Purok 2, Barangay Pualas,

Tubod Lanao del Norte handle and manage their solid waste materials.

Residual wastes – these are the remaining garbage after taking out the biodegradable and

recyclable wastes. They cannot be turned into compost as they are biodegradable. Instead, they

are hauled off to the dumpsite for disposal.

Knowledge – it refers to the idea of the respondents.

Ecological Solid Waste Management – it is a way of handling waste to reduce its amount to the

barest minimum and recovering discarded materials for reuse, recycling or composting.

Residents – these refer to the people living in Purok 2, Barangay Pualas.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter shows related, literature and study on the availability of literature resources

regarding assessment on solid waste management.

Globally, millions of tons of municipal solid waste are generated every day. Urban waste

management is drawing increasing attention, as it can easily be observed that too much

garbage is lying uncollected in the streets, causing inconvenience, environmental pollution, and

posing a public health risk. (Ramatta Massa Yoada D. C., 2014)

What is Solid-waste management? Solid waste management is the collecting, treating,

and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no

longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and

these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-

borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste

management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of

administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solve. (Nathanson,

Solid Waste Management , 2007)

Solid waste management has become one of a major concern in environmental issues

(Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). This is particularly true to urban areas where population is rapidly

growing and amount of waste generated is increasing like never before (Kathiravale & Mohd

Yunus, 2008). Rapid economic growth and population boom are considered as the reasons
behind environmental degradation by William Barron, he said, "It is the only high Income place

in the world that is acquiring a third world environment" (Barron, 2000). Current earth’s

population is 6.8 billion and it is estimated that almost half of this population lives in urban

areas (Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United

Nations Secretariat, 2009). Waste generation increase proportionally to this population number

and income, creating the needs of effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008).

Urbanization and industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behaviour which also affects

waste composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that last longer such as plastics

and other packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). E-waste that barely existed before was

generated as much as 20-50 metric tons a year (UNEP, 2006).

Municipal solid waste represents a major crisis for rural communities because of the lack of

awareness of the effects of people dumping their waste in the water canals causing water

pollution as well as visual pollution. The municipal solid waste consist of organic waste, waste

paper, plastic waste, tin cans, aluminum cans, textile, glass, etc. The municipal of solid waste is

an inevitable by-product of human activity. In nature, there is no such things as waste, because

nature is able to “recycle” the elements in the ecosystem. (www.sciencedirect.com)

In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes

generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster,

such as general domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human

faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging

from other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by

the natural disaster; and allen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications.
Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry,

will also need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World

Health Organization, 2011).

Improper Waste Disposal is a Deadly Practice

Soil, water and air pollution can all be a result of improper waste disposal and occurs

when either of them becomes contaminated with hazardous materials. Not only does this

contribute to the creation of a greenhouse gas effects but also causes significant harm to

marine and wildlife. Apart from this improper waste disposal can also have adverse health

effects on humans as over the years it has been responsible for causing several diseases and in

some cases even death. For instance when water is contaminated with foreign substances, like

harmful pathogens, toxic chemicals or medical waste its chemical composition changes making

it harmful to use. Diseases like Cholera, Dysentery and leptospirosis are known to be spread

through contaminated water and can cause serious health epidemics in a population.

(www.junk-king.com)

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management

also known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.”The ordinance prohibits dumping of

garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of

unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility; discharging of human

faeces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as

roads, sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable

wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid
wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay

material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable

materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility, while

hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned government

agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for collecting

reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery

facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material

recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from

households and the community, are the serious health hazard and lead to the spread of

infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats and other creatures that

in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor.

This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to arise in the health problems.

(edugreen.teri.res.in)

Solid Waste Disposal

Information on waste generation is important to determine the most suitable waste disposal

options. Improper waste disposal may cause pollution. The main purpose in implementing best

practice for solid waste management is to prevent pollution. Pollution is a threat to human and

other living organism (Morra et al., 2009; Liu & Morton, 1998). It may also damage the

ecosystem and disrupt the natural cycle and climate on earth (Raga et al., 2001). There are

many disposal options available to suit the nature of waste and a country’s preference and

interest.
3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for

managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed

for final disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid

waste. Don't create waste in the first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid

heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy

the largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE is the better way to

manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely worn out.

RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking something old and making

it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family home can

recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums

can drop off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic

bottles, green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be

recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and

very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural

resources (Seminole County Government, 2012).

Segregation is one of the most important activities that we need to promote and enforce

for effective waste management in urban area and to make landfills reduce in size gradually

and finally come to no landfills in four-five decades from now. (Dubey, 2018)

Manage garbage more effectively. No segregation, no collection. Have more education

campaigns and create more responsible residents who will manage their waste more
conscientiously. As we keep on repeating, garbage can be traced to people, to you, to me, to us

all. (Ballescas, 2016)

The Earth and its ecosystems are our home. In order to achieve a just balance among the

economic, social, and environmental needs of present and future generations, it is necessary to

promote harmony with nature and the earth. (www.un.org)

Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental issues here in the Philippines.

It caused bigger problems that affect not only the environment but also the health and life of

the people. This problem may be resolve or it will remain problem to the country in the next

few years. Mismanagement of the waste disposal has a serious effect on ground and surface

water contamination, flooding, air pollution, water pollution etc. People will suffer in the next

years of existence if we continue this kind of activity. Health security maybe not secured or

guarded when it comes to drinking contaminated water because of the improper disposal of

the waste.

RA 9003 was passed by the Philippine Congress on December 20, 2000 and was

subsequently approved by the Office of the President on January 26, 2001. This law was crafted

response to the growing rate of garbage problems in the country. Although there is a law about

mismanagement of waste disposal Philippines ranked the 3rd top source of plastic leaking into

oceans in a February 2015 study. The country generates 2.7 million metric tons of plastic

garbage each year, 20% or 521,000 tons of which ends up in the ocean. Based on interviews

with local government officials and environmental groups, the study found that waste leakage
in the Philippines often happens while the garbage is transported from the collection site

specifically from households, village material recovery facilities to the dump sites. The country’s

open dump sites are one of the major reasons why waste product or waste materials leaked to

the waterways that’s why water became affected and get contaminated. Usually, improper

waste disposal occurs in urban cities like country’s capital city Manila. Metro Manila produces a

fourth of Philippine garbage. According to Department of Environment and National Resources

(DENR) “Residents are responsible for one-fourth of the country’s daily solid waste.” A single

resident can produce an average of 0.7 kilogram waste per day which can affect the cities

garbage rate. Half of the garbage from Metro Manila is biodegradable waste such as food

scraps, leftovers, and animal carcasses. About 17 percent are paper while 16 percent are

plastics. The rest are discarded metal, ceramics, rubber, and leather.

Uncollected trash that clog waterways and drainage systems is one of the major causes

of floods and disease outbreaks whose effects could be felt beyond the capital. Government

should have time to make a study in this country’s problem, they must have plans and actions

to make sure that people, animals and our environment is safe and guarded all through out.

People are also responsible for their own trash to put it in proper waste for their own sake.

(Published by: Khylle Tumala) http://thisismekhy.blogspot.com/

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the locale of the study, subject of the study, research design,

methods of research used, data gathering procedure, instrument used and statistical used in

gathering the data.

Locale of the Study

Figure 1 shows the map of Barangay Pualas, Tubod Lanao Del Norte. The encircle part

shows the picture of Purok 2 of the Barangay where the researcher conducted their study.
Subject of the Study

The subject of the study is the residents of Purok 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod

Lanao Del Norte. Out of the total household of the area, the researchers selected 30 residents

as the respondents of the research.

Research Design Used

 To determine the respondents, researchers used the descriptive research design with

the random sampling method. Researchers randomly selected 50 respondents from the total

households of Purok 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte.

Methods of Research Used

This study used the descriptive research design with random sampling method to

determine the respondents. The researcher randomly selected 30 respondents from the 156

households of Purok 2, Barangay Pualas. Every households would have the equal chance to be a

respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher first asked permission through a letter to Barangay Captain and Purok

leader to conduct the study among the residents of Purok 2, Barangay Pualas. Also, The

researcher asked about the implementation of the Republic Act 9003 in the Barangay. Then ask

the permission of the respective Purok President as a respect to them and also for their

awareness. In Addition, the researchers prepare the questionnaire to be given to the respective

respondents. A survey questionnaire was the given to each respondents the during the

interview as well. The following day, the researcher went back to collect the answered
questionnaire. The data were gathered and the researcher statistically measured, analyzed and

interpreted the result of the given data.

Instrument Used

To gather and obtain data in this study, the researchers used a survey-questionnaire

which is adapted from the study “Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Brgy. Maria

Cristina (Upper Land Area)” by Alindongan and Conejos (2011). However, not all the parts of the

questionnaire were used.

The questionnaire has four parts. First part, it requires the awareness of the respondents

on Republic Act 9003 and the composition of the Barangay Solid Waste Management

Committee and its functions, including the participation of the people effectiveness of its

program and activities. Second part, it surveys the practices of the respondents o solid waste

segregation and disposal. Also, it includes the livelihood that the respondents engage in

regarding solid waste. Third part, it questions the problems encountered by the respondents

regarding solid waste. This part of the questionnaire also asks the knowledge of the residents of

Purok 2, Barangay Pualas, Tubod Lanao del Norte council’s solid waste programs so as the

segregations of the respondents to help improve the solid waste system in their Barangay. The

last part was not included.

Data Analysis
 The data gathered were measured based on the response of the respondents. The

researcher used frequency and percentage to determine the number of response of the

respondents and a certain statement regarding solid waste management or Republic Act 9003.

To get the percentage of the respondents who are aware will divided by the total of sample

size.

To get this, the formula below was used:

Formula: (%)= x/s x 100

Where:

x = the number of respondents who are aware of R.A 9003

s = the sample size (total number of respondents)

ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUROK 2, BARANGAY PUALAS, TUBOD

LANAO DEL NORTE

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Science and Mathematics of Education
 College of Education
MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology
Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in General Science

Judelyn S. Santillan
Cherrylyn G. Lasconia
Lanie A. Tamiat