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Silberberg
Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.
to be discussed...
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding •
•
Metallic Bonds
Bond Lengths and Bond Energies
• Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
• The Octet Rule
• Formal Charges
• Limitations of the Octet Rule
• Resonance
• Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• Dipole Moments
covalent
property Ionic compound covalent
compound property Ionic compound
compound
gases, liquids, or
Melting usually solids Conductivity
solids (~ < 300oC) conduct electricity
point (~> 400oC) in molten do not conduct
(contain mobile electricity
solids and
Solubility in ions)
liquids
polar generally soluble generally insoluble
solvents Conductivity
generally conduct poor conductors
Solubility in in aqueous
electricity of electricity
nonpolar generally insoluble generally soluble solutions
solvents
:N . . N. . . N: . N.
. .
:
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Depicting Ionic Bond Formation Formation of Ionic Compound
F∝
(q )(q )
+ −
SOLUTION:
(a) Atomic size increases going down a group.
Bond length: S─Br > S─Cl > S─F Bond strength: S─F > S─Cl > S─Br
• bond length: single > double > triple Bond length: C─O > C = O > C O Bond strength: C O > C = O > C─O
• bond energy: triple > double > single
total valence 8
– 2 x # of bonds - 4
remaining e- = 4
: F: : F:
:
:Cl :
:
N
: :
: :
:Cl C F:
: F: :F:
:
:
Formal Charge Formal Charge
• The formal charge is the hypothetical Rules for Assigning Formal Charge
charge on an atom in a molecule or
polyatomic ion. 1. Formal Charge = group number – (number
of bonds + number of unshared e-)
• Calculation of a formal charge on a
molecule is a mechanism for determining 2. a. The formal charges of all atoms must sum
correct Lewis structures to 0 in molecules.
• The best Lewis structures will have formal b. The formal charges must sum to the ion’s
charges on the atoms that are zero or charge for a polyatomic ion.
nearly zero.
Cl : 7 – (2+4) = +1 Cl : 7 – (1+6) = 0
N: 5 – (3+2) = 0 N: 5 – (3+2) = 0 e.g.: 3H : 3 x 1 = 3
O: 6 – (2+4) = 0 Hydronium 1O : 1 x 6 = 6
O: 6 – (1+6) = -1
cation, H3O+ positive cation = - (+1)
This is the most probable total valence = 8
structure
Resonance Resonance
• Consider SO3; there are three possible lewis • Resonance is a flawed method of
structures (*all atoms have zero formal charges) representing molecules.
• The double bond can be placed in one of three places. – There are no single or double bonds in
·· ·· ·· ··
SO3.
·· O S O ·· ·· O S O ·· ·· O S O ··
·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· • In fact, all of the bonds in SO3 are equivalent.
·· O · ·· O ·· ·· O ··
·· · ··
• The best Lewis formula of SO3 that can
• When two or more Lewis formulas are necessary to show the be drawn is:
bonding in a molecule, we must use equivalent resonance
structures to show the molecule’s structure.
• Double-headed arrows are used to indicate resonance
formulas.
Bond Polarity Bond Polarity
• Covalent bonds in which the electrons • Covalent bonds in which the electrons
are shared equally are designated as are not shared equally are designated as
nonpolar covalent bonds. polar covalent bonds
– Nonpolar covalent bonds have a – Polar covalent bonds have an asymmetrical
symmetrical charge distribution. charge distribution
H .. H or H H H F
Electroneg ativities 2.1
14244.0
3
·· N ·· ·· ·· N ·· or ·· N N ·· 1.9
• Molecules that have a small separation of • There are two conditions that must be true for
charge have a small µ. a molecule to be polar.
• Molecules that have a large separation of
1. There must be at least one polar bond
charge have a large µ. present or one lone pair of electrons.
• For example, HF and HI: 2. The polar bonds, if there are more than one,
a a and lone pairs must be arranged so that
their dipole moments do not cancel one
δ H - Fδ
+ -
δ H -Iδ -
+
another.
1.91 Debye units 0.38 Debye units
questions?