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Factors Influencing the Students Academic Performance in Secondary Schools

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 Factors Influencing the Student’s Academic Performance in
Secondary Schools in India
Dr. Radhika Kapur
Abstract
Education is considered imperative for not only the progress of the individuals, but
also for the development of community and nation. In order to bring about improvements in
all aspects, and utilize modern and innovative techniques and methods, individuals need to
generate awareness and enhance their educational skills. The main purpose of this research
paper is to understand the factors that influence the academic performance of the students in
secondary schools in India. In secondary schools, there are numerous factors within school
and outside school that influence the academic performance of the students. The main areas
that have been taken into account include, factors influencing the academic performance of
the students, academic performance and large number of students in class, parental and
associated factors relating to academic achievement, contribution of school factors towards
the academic performance of students, influence of poverty on academic achievement of
students and other causes of low academic achievement.

Keywords: Academic Performance, Education, Learning, Poverty, Schools, Students,

Teachers

Introduction
Education is one of the imperative aspects that not only inculcates the essential skills,
abilities and knowledge among the individuals, but also leads to overall growth and progress
of the individuals, community and nation as a whole. An educated person is not only able to
accomplish his desired goals and objectives, but is also able to render an efficient
contribution towards the well-being of the community. The inculcation of academic
knowledge, skills, abilities and proficiency among the individuals is enhanced through
learning and academic performance. In secondary schools, there are numerous factors that
contribute an important part in enhancing the academic performance of students. The
academic performance determines the future goals and objectives of students. What subject
they will specialize in colleges and universities, which educational institutions they will get
enrolled into, what career opportunities they would take up and so forth.

The determinants of academic performance of the students include, class

participation, class assignments, home-work assignments, tests, examinations, and
participation in competitions or other events. The pressure of the parents and other
individuals upon teachers and school administrators to improve the academic performance
has enabled schools to come up with advanced strategies. These include, promoting extra-
classes for students, introducing effective teaching-learning methods and instructional
strategies, using technology, rewarding students for good performance serves as a motivating
factor and when they achieve low grades, than they usually tend to work more to make
improvements (Nyagosia, 2011). When teachers implement the strategies for rewarding good
performance, then they would be motivated to study and improve their academic
performance. Secondary school students usually belonging to upper class and wealthy
families are aware and aspire to have a good career.

Factors Influencing the Academic Performance of the Students

The factors that influence the academic performance of the students have been stated
as follows:

Attitude of the Students – In secondary schools, the students are between 12 to 18

years of age. They possess the abilities to differentiate between what is appropriate and what
is inappropriate. Goal-oriented students usually possess positive feelings regarding their
school experiences, they possess the traits of discipline, diligence, and resourcefulness, are
avid readers and tend to devote less time towards recreation and leisure activities. It is vital
for the students to possess positive thinking in terms of their schools, teachers and academic
subjects. With positive attitude, they will be able to dedicate themselves wholeheartedly
towards learning and generate the desired academic outcomes (Maina, 2010).

School Resources – Within schools, it is vital to make provision of resources that can
be utilized to enhance the academic performance of students. The textbooks, notes, learning
materials, hand-outs, technology, library facilities and laboratory facilities, especially in
science subjects should include the essential materials. When students will be provided the
necessary tools and equipment, they will be able to acquire a better understanding regarding
academic concepts and how to perform the experiments. In some cases, especially the
students belonging to deprived, marginalized and socio-economically backward sections of
the society, cannot afford the books and materials required for learning, hence, they are
dependent upon the library facilities and fellow students to obtain the books and other
materials (Maina, 2010).
 Leadership Aspects – The principal, teachers and the administrative staff members of
the school are vested with the authority to implement the managerial functions of planning,
organizing, controlling, and directing the activities. The principal primarily has the right to
make decisions. The decisions can be made either at one’s own discretion or they may
consult others and seek ideas and suggestions from teachers and other staff members of the
school. The major role of leadership aspects in influencing the academic outcomes of the
students is based upon the administration and management of the school. When there are
proper rules, policies and management is put into practice in an appropriate manner, then
there would be improvement in academic performance of the students (Maina, 2010).

Skills and Abilities of the Teachers – Teachers have an imperative role in influencing
the academic performance of the students. They are bestowed with the authority to direct all
the classroom activities and administer learning. It is vital for the teachers to possess the traits
of professionalism and conscientiousness. They need to possess an approachable nature,
listen and provide solutions to the problems experienced by the students. They should possess
adequate knowledge and information regarding the subjects that they are teaching, usage of
technology, modern and innovative methods in the teaching and learning processes,
managing discipline and directing all of the classroom as well as school activities and
functions in a well-organized manner. The teachers in some cases are strict, but strictness
should be maintained within limits. The main objective of the teachers should only be to
enhance the academic performance of the students and lead to their effective development
(Maina, 2010).

Classroom Environment – The academic concepts are made known to the students by
the teachers within classroom. Teachers have the main job duty of completing the subject
syllabus. Therefore, it is vital that classroom environment should be disciplined, and well-
ordered (Kudari, 2016). Within the classroom, it is vital for the teachers and the students to
implement the traits of morality and ethics. It is vital to promote mutual understanding,
amiability and co-operation among the teachers and students as well as among the fellow
students. The efficiency in the management of the classroom, introduces a well-organized and
efficient management of the lesson plans, instructional strategies, teaching-learning processes
and so forth. When there is discipline and effective communication among the individuals,
then it would help the students learn better and improve their academic performance.
 Role of Parents – Home is referred to as the place from where the foundation of
learning and education takes place. In order to produce good academic outcomes, it is vital
for the parents, children and other family members to encourage a learning atmosphere within
homes. For instance, when students experience problems in certain subjects, then parents are
responsible for providing help. This help may be in the form of private tuitions or they
themselves may teach their children. They make provision of technology and other learning
materials at home to enhance the academic performance of their children. Parents play an
important role in leading to operative growth and development of their children (Kudari,
2016). In schools, whatever problems that children go through regarding academics and other
areas, they normally communicate to their parents. Parents are sources of security,
encouragement and help their children in providing solutions to their problems.

Social Circle – Children get enrolled in schools not only to learn academic concepts,
but they also learn, how to interact and socialize with others. Students usually form friendly
terms and relationships with the fellow students. Forming a social circle and friendships have
a positive effect upon the academic outcomes of the students. As when one has to work on a
project or prepare for a test, then group study is in most cases beneficial. It also causes social
satisfaction and happiness in one’s student life (Kudari, 2016). Forming a social circle proves
to be beneficial to the individuals in number of ways, such as, solving academic problems,
getting involved in leisure activities, sharing one’s joys and sorrows, and so forth.

Psychological and Health Related Factors – Learning is not an easy task for the
students. It is essential for them to possess diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness
to enhance their learning. In order to generate positive academic outcomes, it is essential for
the students to maintain their psychological and physical health. When a student is healthy,
then he will be able to contribute an active role towards learning. On the other hand, factors
such as, stress, anxiety, fear, trauma, depression or physical health problems prove to be
impediments within the course of their academic achievement. It is vital for the students to
take pleasure and look towards their school and classroom activities from a positive
viewpoint. Consuming a healthy and nutritious diet, getting engaged in extra-curricular
activities, staying calm and taking pleasure in studying are some of the aspects that help in
maintaining good psychological and physical health (Srinivas, & Venkatkrishnan, 2016).

Motivating and Encouraging Students – In academic learning, some of the concepts

are difficult to learn and understand. When problems and difficulties are experienced by the
students, then they need to obtain assistance from others. When students are unable to
achieve the desired grades, then instead of getting angry on them, the teachers and parents
need to make provision of help and assistance. They should motivate the students and
encourage them to do well in future. They need to understand their weaknesses and help
them. When students find certain areas difficult to learn, then teachers should repeat the
concepts, provide them class and homework assignments, so that they are able to acquire
complete understanding of the concepts (Srinivas, & Venkatkrishnan, 2016).

Visual and Hearing Impairments – Visual and hearing impairments are stated as the
disease related factors. There are students, who experience these problems. But when they are
achievement-oriented, they do not let these problems become barriers within the course of
achievement of their academic goals. When these problems are severe and the students do not
have the necessary resources to facilitate learning, then it is likely that their academic
performance may get affected in a negative manner. Visual impairment usually imposes
problems in handwriting and observing the black-boards. Hearing impairment imposes
problems in listening to the instructions and explanations given by the teachers within
classrooms and it is associated with poor language development. It impedes the
communication abilities of the students and hence their academic performance gets
influenced in a negative manner (Srinivas, & Venkatkrishnan, 2016).

Counselling and Guidance Services – In secondary schools, there are numerous

problems and difficulties that students experience. Some may even get involved into violent
and criminal acts, drug abuse, HIV, other sexually transmitted infections, teenage
pregnancies, induced abortions and unemployment. These factors have a direct impact upon
not only their academic performance, but also their lives. These may hamper their
psychological approach and they may even experience problems of depression, trauma or
stress to a major extent. Counselling and guidance services need to be established in schools
to help the students to provide solutions to their problems, focus upon their studies, and
become responsible members of the community (Maganga, 2016). It is vital for the
individuals, who work as counsellors to specialize in a particular area and possess adequate
knowledge, expertise and skills. Counselling is related to various areas, such as career,
academics, depression, stress, health, family issues and so forth.

Development of Study Skills – In order to enhance one’s academic performance, it is

vital for the individuals to develop study skills within themselves. The students themselves
need to generate awareness regarding study skills, so that they are able to produce desired
academic outcomes. Some of the study skills include, memorizing from the textbooks or
other materials, making notes, practicing writing essays and articles, especially in languages,
practicing calculations in mathematics and so forth. One of the important areas is, when one
is studying, it is vital to completely concentrate towards one’s studies. Inability to completely
concentrate is one of the factors that leads to undesired academic outcomes. Memorising is
regarded as one of the rare techniques, hence, the teachers encourage students to acquire
understanding of the concepts instead of memorizing.

Time Management – Students in secondary schools have a busy schedule, hence it is

vital for them to generate awareness in terms of effective time management. Research has
indicated that the normal schedule of the secondary school students comprise of school hours,
then they need to spend some time in completion of home-work assignments. They also get
involved in some kinds of extra-curricular activities and sports. Playing and getting engaged
in creative activities, not only help them concentrate better, but they are able to stimulate
their mind-sets. For the secondary school students, it is important to get engaged in extra-
curricular activities and for this purpose, they need to implement proper time management
skills. It is essential for the students to create a balance between all the tasks and activities.
The activities that are more important should be given more time and lesser amount of time
can be spent on the activities that are less important.

Home Environment – The home environment should be amiable and pleasant in order
to generate appropriate academic outcomes. Within home, among the family members, it is
vital to initiate measures to form effective terms and relationships. They should communicate
with each other in an appropriate manner and minimize the occurrence of conflicts and
disputes. Research has indicated that conflicts may take place among siblings in terms of use
of technology or books or stationary, hence, it is vital for the parents to ensure that all
children are provided with the necessary materials to enhance their learning. The availability
of materials and amiable environmental conditions with the home are essential for the
students to focus upon studies and generate the desired academic outcomes.

Teaching-Learning Methods – The teaching-learning methods and strategies should

be appropriate and encouraging to the students. The teachers in school are the ones that
contribute an imperative part in promoting learning among the students. It is essential for
them to ensure that the teaching methods used should prove to be beneficial to the students.
For instance, if the students are able to learn better through dictation of notes, then teachers
should provide notes. If the students are able to learn better through verbal explanation, then
they should promote verbal explanation and so forth. Within home, if students are taking
private tuitions of certain academic subjects such as, mathematics or science, or their parents
teach them, then too, it is vital for the parents and tutors to make sure that effectual teaching-
learning methods are implemented, which may encourage learning among the students and
help them understand better.

Approachability and Professionalism – The teachers in school are required to be

approachable and professional in their conduct. They are the ones, whom students approach,
in case they have any problems and difficulties. When the teachers are friendly and generous,
then the students feel comfortable in not only approaching them, but also in clarifying their
doubts. The professionalism and approachable attitude on the part of the teachers is of utmost
significance in influencing the academic performance of the students in a positive manner.
On the other hand, at home, parents or tutors are the ones, who supervise their studies, hence,
it is vital for them to be professional in their conduct. Teaching should be implemented in a
calm and pleasant manner. Any kind of harsh attitude should be avoided, as it may
demotivate the students.

Academic Performance and Large Number of Students in Class

In India, there are many schools, which have large number of students in one class.
Having large number of students in one class is referred to as classroom congestion.
Classroom congestion is considered as a disadvantage in improving academic performance.
The main problems due to this factor are experienced by the teachers. They are unable to
implement the teaching-learning processes and instructional strategies in an appropriate
manner. The teachers are unable to make provision of personal attention and as a result of
which, academic performance of the students may undergo detrimental effects. In some
cases, when the number of students are large within classrooms, the teachers provide
explanation of the academic concepts on black-board or through the use of technology and
give class and home-work assignments. They correct the assignments, submitted to them by
the students. Some students perform well, whereas others depict errors. In case of errors, the
teachers usually ask them to learn from the students, who have performed well. Hence,
teachers tend to move on to the next lesson in the next class, as they need to complete the
syllabus within limited time (Maganga, 2016).
 In science subjects, when teacher is providing training to the students regarding the
implementation of the experiment through making use of test tubes, burners, equipment and
procedures, then it is not possible for the teachers to go to each and every student and check,
how, he or she is performing (Maganga, 2016). The lesson plans need to be completed in
schools within limited time. In such cases, if the students are hard-working and sincere in
their work, then they would understand the procedure explained by the teacher and
independently perform the experiment. On the other hand, there have been cases of students,
who do not acquire adequate understanding in just one explanation and imitate their
neighbour’s work. Lack of sufficient understanding does affect their academic performance
in an inappropriate manner. The teachers have the job of just providing explanation of the
experiment once and then students are required to implement it and get it checked from the
teacher. When the classroom has more than 100 students, then teaching-learning processes
and checking of the assignments may take time.

Research has indicated that when there are large number of students in class, then
usually work gets distributed among two teachers. As it would not be possible for one teacher
to carry out all the job functions and management of the classroom. Therefore, to facilitate
the implementation of tasks and functions, there are two teachers, who work in co-operation
with each other to manage the classroom activities and functions. This aspect has proved to
be advantageous and one does not experience any job pressure. On the other hand, when
teachers are required to control the teaching-learning processes, instruction and classroom
management individually, then they experience job pressure. In most cases, the teachers just
perform their job duties of providing training to the students regarding the academic
concepts. On the other hand, it is up to the students to wholeheartedly dedicate themselves
towards learning and improve their academic performance. When there are organization of
class tests and exams, then students come to know, how they are performing. The teachers
also are able to acquire knowledge regarding their job performance, their efficiency in the
teaching methods and how they are able to control and administer the classroom activities
and academic performance of the students.

Parental and Associated Factors relating to Academic Achievement

In promoting the academic achievement of the individuals, parental and home

environmental factors contribute a major part. There are positive as well as negative factors
associated with the academic achievement of the students. These have been stated as follows:
 Positive Factors

Pleasant Home Environment – Within one’s home, the environmental conditions

should be pleasant and amiable. The presence of amiable environmental conditions would
make provision of room for the students to concentrate on their studies. They develop peace
of mind and are able to focus upon their learning in an appropriate manner. Effective
communication among the family members, good relationships and terms and conditions are
the factors that contribute significantly towards development of a pleasant home
environment.

Encouraging Attitude of Family Members – In order to achieve the academic goals,

support and encouragement from the family members is considered to be of utmost
significance. When parents are encouraging towards their children and make provision of
sources for them to acquire education, then children do become motivated to learn. Parents
and siblings within the family are the ones that render an imperative contribution towards
achievement of academic goals. When parents are unaware regarding some information, then
older siblings mainly guide their younger siblings. Older siblings in some cases also provide
instruction to their younger siblings. Encouraging attitude of the parents primarily proves as a
source of inspiration and motivation.

Provision of Resources – The provision of resources include, providing the children

with the basic materials, technology, infrastructure, civic amenities and other sources that are
used to promote learning. In secondary school, in order to achieve the academic goals, there
are numerous resources that the individuals need, these include, technology, books, reading
materials, stationary items, uniforms, bags and even private tuitions at home, in case they find
some subject areas difficult and need assistance. The provision of resources mainly depend
upon the financial position of the parents. When they are financially strong, they are able to
obtain all the needed resources. On the other hand, families belonging to deprived,
marginalized and socio-economically backward sections of the society are unable to provide
the resources and students need to depend upon other means to accomplish their tasks.

Education of Parents – The educational qualifications of the parents are regarded as

one of the important aspects that are used to enhance the academic learning of their children.
When parents are well educated, they are professionals, such as, doctors, lawyers, engineers,
administrators, educationists, teachers, researchers, academicians, etc. then they make
provision of good education to their children, send them to reputed schools and also provide
them with all the needed materials and resources that are used to promote learning. On the
other hand, when parents possess low levels of literacy or are not educated, then too in the
present existence, they encourage their children towards acquisition of education. As with
appropriate education, they would be able to enhance their career opportunities.

Small Family Size – A small family usually is considered as a nuclear family,

comprising of husband, wife and their children. When children number just one or two, then
the family is considered as small family. When children within the family are just one or two,
then parents find their job duties manageable. They are able to make provision of resources
and manage the growth, development and learning of the students in a manageable way. The
individuals usually are of the viewpoint that lesser number of children would involve less
costs and they would be able to enhance the livelihoods of their children appropriately
(Ogunsola, Osuolale, & Ojo, 2014).

Focus on the Needs and Requirements of the Children – Parents are the first and
foremost individuals, whom children approach, when they experience any kinds of problems
and difficulties. They are even regarded as the first teachers of their children. When parents
listen to their grievances and help them solve their problems, this leads to encouragement of
positivity and solutions to problems (Ogunsola, Osuolale, & Ojo, 2014). It is vital for the
parents to focus upon the needs and requirements of their children and possess a helping
attitude. When children achieve good grades in assignments and tests, they give credit to their
parents for providing all the support and help. Next they give credit to their teachers for
explaining the concepts to them and for using effective teaching-learning methods.

Negative Factors

Viewpoints and Perspectives – In the present existence, especially in rural areas, there
are individuals, who possess the viewpoints that education is meant for boys and girls are
meant to learn the household chores. They are of the perspectives that when boys will get
educated, they would be able to obtain employment and enhance the well-being of their
families. On the other hand, girls have to eventually get married hence, it is vital for them to
acquire training regarding the performance of household chores. These mainly include,
preparation of meals, cleaning, washing, fetching water, and taking care of siblings and other
elderly members of the household. These factors discourage girls from acquisition of
education and their academic performance suffers a setback, even when they are enrolled in
schools.
 Poverty – The problem of poverty is regarded as one of the major barriers within the
course of academic achievements. The individuals residing in the conditions of poverty and
backwardness experience the major problem in terms of finances. When their per capita
income is low, then they experience problems in not only meeting the educational and school
requirements, but also in meeting their living requirements, such as diet and nutrition, health,
medical and so forth. Therefore, the problem of poverty is considered as one of the critical
factors that hinder the academic performance of the students. When they do not possess the
essential sources to enhance their learning, then they are unable to improve their grades as
well.

Illiteracy – When the individuals possess low literacy levels or when they have not
been enrolled in educational institutions, then they are unable to recognize the factors that are
needed to enhance the academic performance of their children. The problem of illiteracy on
the part of the parents or other family members, such as siblings or other relatives also in
some cases, prove to be an impediment not only in the enhancement of academic
performance but also in getting enrolled in schools. The problem of illiteracy is also regarded
as an impediment within the course of recognizing the significance of education.

Large Family Size – When there are more than two children within the family, then it
is considered as a large family size. When there are three or more children within the family,
then, usually it becomes difficult for the parents to meet all their needs and requirements,
especially, when the family belongs to economically weaker sections of the society. When
parents are working or are engaged in full time jobs, then too, they experience problems in
finding time for interaction with their children or in meeting their needs and requirements.
More children involves increase in costs. The major fact is upbringing of children involves
large number of costs. The academic performance of the students undergoes detrimental
effects as a result of large family size. With more children and limited income, it usually
becomes difficult to meet the requirements of every child.

Lack of Provision of Tuitions or Extra-Classes – Learning certain subjects is not easy

for the students, such as, mathematics and science. In obtaining adequate explanation of
difficult concepts, children need private tuitions or training from their parents at home. When
there is lack of provision of tuitions or extra-classes, as a result, academic performance
suffers a setback. For instance, in schools, teachers have limited time periods to provide
explanation of the concepts and they have to teach large number of students. Students may
not be able to acquire proper understanding of difficult concepts in one attempt and may need
reiteration of explanation. In most cases, they take help from fellow students, but usually they
require assistance at home. Lack of assistance regarding difficult subject areas may not
generate the desired academic outcomes.

Lack of Resources – Within the home environment, the lack of resources, civic
amenities and infrastructure are regarded as barriers towards the acquisition of education. For
the students, it is vital to make provision of adequate diet and nutrition, so that they are able
to wholeheartedly concentrate on their studies. Civic amenities, such as, clean drinking water,
electricity, technology, textbooks, stationary and other materials are essential to enhance
learning. The lack of resources and civic amenities may impede the concentration of the
students upon their studies, as a result they may not achieve the desired outcomes. On the
other hand, if the determination of the students is strong, then they may even acquire
understanding of concepts, while studying in just candle lights.

Contribution of School Factors towards the Academic Performance of Students

The contribution of school factors in influencing the academic performance of the

students have been stated as follows:

Professionalism of Teachers – It is vital for the teachers to be professional in their

conduct, especially, while dealing with students. The main objective of the teachers is to
enhance their teaching skills within their subject areas in such a manner that learning and
development of the students can be improved. Professionalism of the teachers is depicted
primarily in the teaching-learning processes, instructional strategies, communication and their
approachable attitude. When the teachers depict professionalism in these areas, then they are
revered not only by the principal, staff and other teachers, but they are also appreciated by the
students and they take pleasure in learning from them. There have been cases in schools,
when teachers get upset and angry. This is normally due to incompletion of home-work
assignments and deprived academic performance. In such cases, professionalism is depicted
when teachers are decent in their communication. They should explain the consequences to
the students in a calm manner and any kind of harsh behaviour should be avoided.

Extra-Curricular Activities – Students usually take pleasure in learning and

acquisition of education, especially, when there are adequate provision of extra-curricular
activities. Extra-curricular activities within the schools include, artworks, handicrafts, music,
singing, dancing, role playing, sports, physical activities, games and so forth. These activities
are considered as not only imperative in developing creativity among the students, but getting
engaged in them stimulates their mind-sets and they are able to develop their concentration
towards learning. Research has indicated that when students get actively involved in extra-
curricular activities, they perform well in their assignments and tests. When even one extra-
curricular activity arouses interest and enthusiasm within the mind-sets of the students. When
they take wholehearted interest in it, then it is likely possible that they may take it as a
profession in future. In order to concentrate well on the studies, and enhance one’s grades, it
is essential to get involved in extra-curricular activities. Therefore, secondary school students
mostly get engaged in outdoor games and sports.

Technology – In the present existence, technology is regarded as imperative to

enhance learning. When students need to improve their skills and abilities regarding
academic concepts, then internet serves as the imperative source of obtaining knowledge and
information. In textbooks, sometimes the knowledge is limited, hence, in order to acquire
better understanding of the lesson plans, the students make use of the internet, take down
notes and are able to acquire a better understanding. In the present existence, technology is
even made use of in the preparation of projects, reports, and assignments. Earlier when
technology was not adequately made use of in schools, then students used to prepare their
assignments using stationary items. In the present existence, not only in higher educational
institutions, but also in secondary schools, it is been made use of to a major extent. The use of
technology also helps in correcting the errors and making the assignment appropriate.

Rewards – Rewards are regarded as one of the most important factors that are used in
motivating the students. In secondary schools, students usually enjoy playing and getting
engaged in recreational and leisure activities. They in some cases neglect their studies,
especially when they are unable to understand the concepts or have to watch a television
show or go out with friends and so forth. Usually parents at home create means of motivating
their children by saying that they will give them their favourite ice-cream or take them out for
dinner or give them a gift etc. On the other hand, teachers make use of motivating forms to
the students by giving them, stars or sweets or planning a picnic and so forth. Rewards are
considered as stimulating factors that contribute in improving the academic performance of
the students. When the teachers communicate about rewards within the classroom, then
students develop the keenness to work hard and score good grades. They believe that through
their good performance, their parents and teachers, both would get pleased.
 Evaluation Systems – The evaluation systems are regarded as essential sources that
are used to improve the academic performance of the students. When teachers have taught a
particular concept or a lesson plan to the students, then they are usually not aware that all the
students have understood the concepts or not. For this purpose, it is vital to put into practice,
proper evaluation systems. Evaluation of the performance and learning abilities of the
students takes place through organization of competitions, tests and giving them class and
homework assignments. The grading systems should be fair and just. It is vital for the
teachers to implement their evaluation systems on the basis of the performance of the
students. They should consider all the students equally and not discriminate among them on
the basis of factors, such as, gender, religion, ethnicity, caste, creed, race or socio-economic
background. When students score well, then teachers and students come to know that they
have understood the concepts. On the other hand, when they do not score well, this indicates
that they lack in their understanding. The performance of the students also determine the
teaching-learning processes and instructional strategies implemented by the teachers.

Library Facilities – The library is the place, where students usually are able to obtain
the materials that are made use of to enhance one’s learning. It is the building or the room, in
which the collection of books, tapes, newspapers, articles and journals are kept. These are
meant for the individuals to read and borrow. Library is important in the teaching-learning
processes. It is regarded as one of the most important educational services. The main purpose
of the school libraries is to make provision of books and the necessary materials to the
members of the school, which are of interest to them. It occupies the central and the primary
place within the schools. It makes provision of support and assistance in the teaching-learning
processes and provides service and guidance to the individuals (David, 2014). In most cases,
purchasing books is not affordable for the students, hence, they need to make use of the
library facilities to enhance their learning and academic performance. In the present
existence, the libraries also have computers, so that students can make use of them.

Laboratory Facilities – The laboratory is regarded as a room or a building, especially

built for teaching by demonstration of a theoretical phenomenon into practical terms.
Laboratories are made use of in the teaching-learning processes and experiments primarily
related to science subjects. Within the laboratory, the teachers provide practical
demonstration of the concept. The students tend to recall more what they observe rather than
what they hear. It can be described as a place, where theoretical work is put into practical.
Practical work in the learning of academic concepts involves students in activities such as,
observing, counting, measuring, experimenting, recording, investigating, testing, analysing
and field-work. The science subjects not only involve the use of processes and experiments,
but it affords the learners the basic skills and the scientific methods of problem solving. The
knowledge acquired through laboratory work also stays within the mind-sets of the
individuals for long period of time. The teachers need to be skilled and proficient, when they
are imparting knowledge of experiments in science subjects. It also involves the use of
chemicals, equipment and other tools (David, 2014).

Provision of Meals – The mid-day meal scheme has been introduced in schools to
make provision of meals to the students (David, 2014). The mid-day meal scheme has been
considered important as it makes provision of adequate nutrition to the students. When
students will consume healthy food, they would be able to adequately concentrate upon
studies. Food is considered as an integral part of education. In order to provide solutions to
mathematical problems, understand science subjects, concepts in social science, write essays,
improve grammar and language skills, get involved energetically in sports activities, perform
creative activities i.e. artworks and handicrafts, memorise the concepts adequately, logical
reasoning and problem solving skills, adequate nutrition is necessary. When students obtain
their adequate nutrition, they not only maintain good health, but are able to enhance their
academic performance. On the other hand, when students are malnourished, they are not able
to obtain adequate nutrition, this results in deprived academic performance. Nutritious meals
are provided in schools to boost the energy requirements of the students, so that they are able
to concentrate well.

Influence of Poverty on Academic Achievement of Students

Through education, the students are able to learn specific skills, such as literacy,
quantitative abilities, problem solving, and logical reasoning, this contributes towards the
development of professional skills and abilities (Ford, 2011). The children residing in the
conditions of poverty experience low academic achievement. The factors that lead to low
academic achievement as a result of poverty have been stated as follows:

Learning Materials – In the pursuance of education, there are number of learning

materials that are required by the individuals. These include, stationary items, bags, uniforms,
textbooks, notebooks, technology, computers etc. In extra-curricular activities, such as
performance of artworks and handicrafts, students need materials, when they get involved in
sports competitions, they need sports gear and so forth. The conditions of poverty imposes
barriers in the fulfilment of one’s needs. Parents are unable to meet the needs and
requirements of their children. For instance, if purchasing of a textbook is unaffordable, then
the academic performance does get affected in a negative manner.

Coaching – In secondary schools, normally in subjects such as, mathematics and

science, students need coaching. In some cases, even subjects such as, Hindi, English and
social science require coaching. The main purpose of coaching is to make available extra
classes for the students, so they are able to improve their academic performance. The poverty
stricken individuals mainly possess low literacy skills or they are not educated, hence, they
are unable to provide any kinds of instructions and training to their children. When they are
unable to provide for extra classes for their children, then the academic performance does get
affected. Diligent students may be able to score good grades by studying themselves and
obtaining help from teachers and fellow students. On the other hand, other students may
achieve low scores, because they lack the help obtained from trained and experienced
personnel.

Diet and Nutrition – In secondary schools, as it has been stated that students get
involved in multiple tasks and functions. Hence, in order to do well in all tasks and to
stimulate their mind-sets, they need energy and one is able to obtain energy through adequate
diet and nutrition. Factors such as, attention, concentration, and memory can be improved
through proper diet and nutrition. The individuals residing in the conditions of poverty
experience problems in meeting the nutritional requirements of their children. Diet and
nutrition, not only helps them do well academically, but also leads to effective growth and
development.

Health – Research has indicated that poverty affects the health of the individuals in a
negative manner. Besides unaffordability of healthy and a nutritious diet, the individuals feel
stressed and anxious. The main reason being, in order to carry out all the activities and
functions, and to meet all the requirements, individuals need money. When they do not have
the finances, they feel stressed and even get involved into frequent disputes, which may result
in detrimental effects. Education, training, medical treatment, child development, and
sustenance of living, all require expenses. The poverty stricken individuals normally have one
major objective that how would they be able to meet all their needs and requirements and
generate a source of income. In case, children experience any kind of health problem and
require medical treatment, then financial problems would become barriers not only in
meeting their medical requirements, but also in doing well academically.

Transportation Problems – In some cases, schools are located at a distance and

individuals have to transfer to schools through public or personal transportation.
Transportation incur costs and poverty stricken individuals experience problems in sending
their children to schools. When individuals are unable to meet transportation costs, this
results in high rate of absenteeism, which results in low academic performance. These
problems not only lead to low academic achievement, but individuals even get compelled to
drop out of school. When these problems become severe, then academic performance is
regarded as the major factor that gets affected in a negative manner. Individuals have to
spend much time and costs in transportation and as a result, they are unable to find much time
in completing their assignments or preparing for the tests.

Household Chores – Poverty stricken individuals normally encourage their children in

the performance of household chores. This is especially concerned with girls. Getting
involved in the performance of household chores by the children results in low academic
achievement. In rural areas, individuals are mostly residing in the conditions of poverty,
hence, they want to train their girls in the performance of household chores. These include,
preparation of meals, cleaning, fetching water, washing clothes, utensils, taking care of the
livestock, purchasing of groceries and so forth. The performance of household chores, not
only affects the academic performance of the students, but also compel them to drop out of
school. Poverty stricken individuals cannot afford to obtain assistance from helpers and other
individuals, hence, they usually find out means to carry out all kinds of work on their own,
such as, repairing, painting, manufacturing and so forth.

Needs of Family Members – When parents go to work, they expect their older
children to take care of the needs and requirements of other family members. These mainly
include, siblings and grandparents. Poverty stricken individuals mainly have problems in
meeting the medical expenses or looking after the health of the other family members. Hence,
the expect their children to stay at home and meet the needs of the family members, such as
providing them food and medicines, assisting them, if they experience any kinds of health
problems, such as pain in the joints, playing with younger siblings, keeping them occupied
and so forth. As a result, they are unable to find time for their studies and the ultimate
outcome is low academic performance.
 Employment Opportunities – The poverty stricken individuals primarily look for
employment opportunities to alleviate their conditions of poverty. They want their children,
at an early age to get engaged in some kind of employment, so that they can contribute to
family income. There have been cases of children, who are engaged in employment
opportunities on full time basis and hence, are unable to devote time towards studies. Some
jobs require them to develop their skills and abilities. For instance, when one is involved into
production of handicrafts, then they obtain assistance from their parents in enhancing their
skills or training is also provided within the employment settings. With the engagement in
full time jobs and development of skills, individuals are unable to meet their academic
requirements.

Lack of Interest in Studies – The children belonging to poverty stricken families

usually are trained in terms of household chores at an early age. They are made aware that
they need to possess the essential skills and abilities in taking care of the needs and
requirements of the elderly family members and their younger siblings. The conditions of
poverty even compel them to get engaged in full time jobs. Their involvement in these
activities give them pleasure and they are dedicated towards the performance of all these
tasks and functions. As a result, they lose interest and enthusiasm in studies. They do not find
studies interesting, and do not take pleasure in going to school. The ultimate outcome is
usually dropping out of school. There have been cases, when parents encourage the male
children to study and enhance their educational qualifications. When the male children get
engaged in full time jobs, they are unable to improve their academic performance.

Criminal and Violent Acts – The children belonging to poverty stricken families have
been subjected to criminal and violent acts. These include, verbal abuse, physical abuse,
sexual harassment, acid attacks, rape and even murder. Getting subjected to these acts, not
only impede their psychological approach, but also the children develop fear and
apprehensiveness in going out of their houses and communicating with the other individuals.
The children belonging to deprived, marginalized and socio-economically backward sections
of the society have experienced these acts within their homes, community as well as within
schools. Research has indicated that when girls have experienced these acts, they not only are
unable to concentrate on their studies, but have dropped out of school. The occurrence of
these acts within home has resulted in hindering the concentration of the children on studies,
hence, they are unable to achieve the desired grades.
 Other Causes of Low Academic Achievement

Some other factors that lead to low academic achievement have been stated as
follows:

Lack of Adequate Planning – For the students to achieve good scores, it is essential to
implement the function of planning. In secondary schools, they have numerous tasks to
perform. These include, studying, playing, getting involved in other recreational activities,
watching television, making use of technology and so forth. As far as their subjects are
concerned, they should spend more time in revising those subjects that they find difficult.
More focus should be put upon the weak areas. On the other hand, one can devote
comparatively lesser amount of time towards subject areas, in which one is proficient.
Adequate planning is mainly referred to planning one’s work efficiently. One should form a
study plan, for a week or a month. It should comprise of all the subjects and concepts that one
would revise. Lack of adequate planning is regarded as one of the areas that may lead to low
academic achievement.

Psychological Factors – There are number of psychological factors that are related to
the academic performance of the students. These include, depression, exam phobia, attention
disorder, learning disabilities and slow learning. Depression mainly takes place among
students due to low grades in assignments and tests. When they feel, they have worked hard
and achieve low grades, they feel depressed. Exam phobia is the fear of the exam and
expectation of failure. It weakens one’s preparation for the exam. Attention disorder is
referred to the lack of attention on one subject area for a suitable amount of time. Lack of
attention impedes ones learning and understanding. Learning disabilities and slow learning
are referred to the problems that individuals experience, when understanding the subjects.
They are the functional deficits within the brain, leading to a lack of capacity to acquire new
knowledge. Learning disabilities and slow learning primarily impedes the learning of the
students. They are unable to manage the learning of concepts, when they experience these
problems. Difficulty in reading is referred to as Dyslexia, difficulty in writing is referred to as
Dysgraphia and difficulty in mathematics is referred to as Dyscalculia (Al-Zoubi, & Younes,
2015).

Employment Opportunities – When the students belong to deprived, marginalized and

socio-economically backward sections of the society, when they experience the problem of
poverty, then in such cases, parents as well as the children aspire to get engaged in
employment opportunities to sustain their living. In secondary schools, children usually work
as vendors, or they get employed in tea stalls or restaurants. There have been cases of
children employed in hazardous occupations, such as, plantations, mines, factories, industries
etc. When they get engaged into some types of employments, they not only experience
problems in scoring good grades, but also drop out of school. These individuals usually are of
the viewpoint that they are acquiring education to enhance their skills and abilities to find
employment. Getting engaged in employment opportunities at an earlier age is considered as
a fortune. They possess the belief that earning a living is more important rather than going to
school. In case of full time jobs, they are unable to devote adequate time towards studying
and as a result drop out of school.

Conflicts and Disputes – There are numerous instances that take place among the
families that are responsible for low academic achievement. There have been cases of
families that experience conflicts and disputes on a frequent basis. The occurrence of
conflicts and disputes are regarded as major barriers within the course of academic
achievement. Normally, parents look for best opportunities for their children, give them good
education and make provision of all the requirements and opportunities that lead to a good
living. But research has indicated that parents, who are not educated, are engaged in minority
jobs and are residing in the conditions of poverty and backwardness, get engaged into fights
and as a result children get discouraged from acquisition of education. Therefore, occurrence
of conflicts and disputes not only hinder academic performance, but also discourage children
from acquisition of education.

Fear of Examinations – The fear and anxiety from examinations normally arise within
the mind-sets of the students of being unsuccessful in exams or for not obtaining appropriate
results, as compared to other individuals, such as their friends or siblings. Fear of
examinations is natural, but what is important is, individuals need to learn how to overcome
fear and not make it a barrier within the course of their academic achievement. The fear
resulting from examinations is an emotional state that affects the attention, concentration,
thinking and memory. Examinations usually determine the future of the individuals. In
schools, promotion to next class usually depends upon the results of the final examinations.
Fear of examinations imposes unfavourable effects and impedes the attentiveness and
memory of the individuals. When an individual is not confident and is fearful, then even if he
is well-prepared, he is unable to render an effective performance. Fear of examinations
results in low academic achievement. Hence, in order to do well in exams, it is vital for the
individuals to be confident and overcome fear and anxiety.

Lack of Motivation – Motivation refers to making provision of the sources to

stimulate the mind-sets of the individuals, so that they realize the significance of academic
learning. Lack of motivation is considered as one of the factors that not only causes low
academic achievement, but as a result, the students are unable to illustrate interest,
enthusiasm, keenness and commitment towards learning. Students may not show adequate
performance in the first attempt. Hence, in case of low academic achievement, parents and
teachers need to encourage them to work more, acquire proper understanding of the concepts
and achieve good grades in future. When students are told that good grades would enable
them to seek admission in higher classes, then they feel motivated. Motivation is required in
case of every educational level. On the other hand, when students lack the motivation to
study hard and do well, then they feel despondent and in some cases are unable to make
improvements.

Conclusion

As it has been understood that education is imperative for leading to overall progress
of the individuals, communities and nation. In order to attain educational qualifications and to
enhance one’s skills and abilities, it is vital to do well academically and obtain good grades.
There are number of factors within school as well as outside school that affects the academic
performance of the students. Within school, the factors mainly include, professionalism,
skills and abilities on the part of the teachers, provision of library facilities, laboratory,
appropriate teaching-learning processes and instructional strategies, effective communication
between the individuals, formation of good terms and conditions, usage of technology and
evaluation methods. The class and homework assignments and tests are regarded as aspects
that determine the understanding of the students as well as utilization of teaching methods by
the teachers.

The other factors that influence the academic performance of the students are home
environment, financial position of their families, conditions of poverty, provision of tuitions
and assistance at home, counselling and guidance, occurrence of conflicts and disputes,
employment opportunities, household chores, needs and requirements of other family
members and violent and criminal acts. The home environmental conditions and financial
position of the families have been favourable as well as unfavourable towards the academic
outcomes of the students. Finally, it can be stated that in order to achieve good academic
outcomes, it is vital for the students to be dedicated and sincere towards their studies, the
home environmental conditions should be peaceful and amiable, and teachers should be
approachable in attitude and implement teaching-learning processes and instructional
strategies in a beneficial manner.
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