CHEAT SHEET

PHYS1205: Integrated Physics
University of Newcastle
Final Displacement with Avg. Velocity Vector Multiplication/Division by a Scalar – Only
1 magnitude is multiplied or divided. Direction is
𝑥! = 𝑥! +   (𝑣!" + 𝑣!" )𝑡 reversed for negative scalars.
2
Final Displacement with Velocity and Acceleration Vector Components

1 1D Motion 1
𝑥! = 𝑥! + 𝑣!" 𝑡 + 𝑎! 𝑡 !
• Length
2
Vector – A measurement with both magnitude and 𝐴 =
!
𝐴! + 𝐴!  
!
Final Velocity without Time
direction (e.g. Displacement)
! !
𝑣!" = 𝑣!" + 2𝑎! 𝑥! − 𝑥! • Direction
Scalar – A measurement with only magnitude (e.g.
2
distance) Objects in Freefall – Acceleration is –g (9.8m/s ) 𝐴!
𝜃 =   tan!!
Average Velocity 𝐴!
∆𝑥 Unit Vectors:
𝑣!"# =
∆𝑡 2 Vectors and 2D Motion
𝐴 = 𝐴 x𝚤 + 𝐴 y𝚥
Instantaneous Velocity Vector Addition – Tip to Tail
Projectile Motion
𝑑𝑥
𝑣!"#$ = • Position
𝑑𝑡
Average Acceleration 1
𝑟! = 𝑟! + 𝑣! 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 !
2
∆𝑣
𝑎!"# = Vector Subtraction – From the negative to the • Initial Horizontal Velocity
∆𝑡
positive, or add the negative (𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + (−𝐵))
Instantaneous Acceleration 𝑣!" = 𝑣! cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 • Initial Vertical Velocity
𝑎!"#$ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑣!" = 𝑣! sin 𝜃
Final Velocity
𝑣!" = 𝑣!" + 𝑎! 𝑡

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Uniform Circular Motion Equilibrium Hooke’s Law

• Centripetal Acceleration 𝛴𝐹 = 0 𝐹! = −𝑘𝑥

𝑣! Friction Kinetic Energy

𝑎! =
𝑟 • Kinetic Friction 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 !
• Overall Acceleration 2
𝐹 = 𝜇! 𝑁
|𝑎| = !
𝑎! + 𝑎! ! Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Static Friction
𝛴𝑊 = 𝛥𝐾𝐸
• Period 𝐹 ≤ 𝜇! 𝑁
2𝜋𝑟 Potential Energy
𝑇= Circular Motion Dynamics
𝑣 • Gravitational
𝑣!
Relative Velocity 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎! = 𝑚 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔𝛥𝑦
𝑟
𝑟!" = 𝑟!" + 𝑣!" 𝑡 • Elastic
1 !
4 Work, Energy and Power 𝑈=
2
𝑘𝑥
3 Force and Motion
Scalar/Dot Product Conservative Force - Work done is independent of
st
Newton’s 1 Law - In the absence of external forces, the path taken by an object (e.g. Gravity)
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
when viewed from an inertial reference frame, an
Work Non-conservative Force - Work done dependent on
object at rest will remain at rest and an object in
the motion of the object (e.g. Friction)
motion continues in motion with a constant velocity • Same Direction as Displacement
nd Conservation of Energy
Newton’s 2 Law - Net Force is the product of Mass 𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑟
and Acceleration • Mechanical Energy
• Different Direction to Displacement
𝛴𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐸!"#! = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑈
𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
rd
Newton’s 3 Law - If two objects interact, the force • Total Energy
• Work by Varying Force
that object one is exerting on object 2 is equal and
!! 𝐸!"! = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑈 + 𝐸!"#
opposite to that object two is exerting on object one
𝑊!"# = 𝐹! 𝑑𝑥
!!
𝐹!" =   −𝐹!"

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• Non-Conservative Force Absent • Conservation of KE (Elastic Collisions) 𝑑𝜔

𝛼!"#$ =
𝑑𝑡
∆𝐸!"#! = 0 𝐾𝐸! = 𝐾𝐸!
Final Angular Velocity
• Non-Conservative Force Present • Perfectly Inelastic
𝜔! = 𝜔! +  αt
∆𝐸!"! = 0 𝑚! 𝑣!! + 𝑚! 𝑣!! = (𝑚! + 𝑚! )𝑣!
Final Angular Displacement
Power • Perfectly Elastic
𝜃! =   θ! + ωt + αt !
𝑑𝑊 𝑚! 𝑣!! + 𝑚! 𝑣!! = 𝑚! 𝑣!! + 𝑚! 𝑣!!
𝜑=
𝑑𝑡 Final Angular Velocity without Time
1 1 1 1
𝑚 𝑣! + 𝑚 𝑣! = 𝑚 𝑣! + 𝑚 𝑣! ω!! = 𝜔!! +  2α(θ! − θ! )
2 ! !! 2 ! !! 2 ! !! 2 ! !!

5 Momentum Final Angular Displacement with Avg. Velocity

1
Momentum 6 Rotation θ! = θ! + (ω! + ω! )t
2
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Arc Length Kinetic Energy of Rotation
Impulse 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 𝜔!
𝐾! =   𝑚! 𝑟!!
• Definition Translational Velocity 2
𝐼 = ∆𝑝 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 Moment of Inertia
• For Constant Force Translational Acceleration • General
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡 𝑎 = 𝛼𝑟 𝐼 =   𝜌𝑟 !  𝑑𝑉
• For Non-Constant Force Average Angular Velocity
!! • Sphere
∆𝜃
𝐼= 𝐹. 𝑑𝑡 𝜔!"# = 2
!! ∆𝑡 𝐼= 𝑚𝑟 !
5
Collisions Instantaneous Angular Velocity
• Cylinder
𝑑𝜃
• Conservation of Momentum (All Collisions) 𝜔𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕 = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝐼= 𝑚𝑟 !
𝑝! = 𝑝! 2
Instantaneous Angular Acceleration

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𝜔 1
• Disk 7 Waves, Oscillations and SHM 𝑓= =
2𝜋 𝑇
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 !
Wave Number • Energy
Parallel Axis Theorem 2𝜋
𝑘= 1 !
𝐼 = 𝐼!" ×𝑀𝐷 ! 𝜆 𝐸!"#! = 𝑘𝐴
2
Torque Wave Equation • Velocity
• Using Radius 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
𝑣 =   ±𝜔 𝐴! − 𝑥 !
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 • SHM and Circular Motion – Uses SHM
• Using Perpendicular Distance Speed of Wave on a String formulae for each direction of movement
• SHM and the Pendulum
𝜏 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑇
𝑣= o Period
• Net Torque 𝜇
𝐿
𝛴𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 Simple Harmonic Motion 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔
and • General Equation
! o Physical Pendulum
𝐸! = 𝑚𝑐 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
Angular Momentum 𝐼
• Acceleration 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑑𝑚𝑔
• Angular Momentum 𝑎! = −𝜔 ! 𝑥
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 • Angular Frequency
• The Conservation of Momentum
𝑘
8 Sound and EM Waves
𝐿! = 𝐿! 𝜔=
𝑚 Bulk Modulus
∆𝑃
• Period 𝐵=−
∆𝑉/𝑉
2𝜋
𝑇= Sound Wave Displacement
𝜔
• Frequency 𝑠 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑠!"# cos  (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)

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Sound Wave Pressure • Per Unit Area 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ  𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

×2𝜋 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒  𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
! 𝜆
• Including Bulk Modulus ∆𝑃!"#
𝐼= Standing Waves on a String
2𝜌𝜈
∆𝑃 = 𝐵𝑠!"# sin  (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
• In Three Dimensions • Formula
• Without Bulk Modulus
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟!"# 𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥 cos  (𝜔𝑡)
∆𝑃!"# = 𝜌𝑣𝜔𝑠!"# 𝐼≡
4𝜋𝑟 ! • Amplitude
Density
Sound Levels in Decibels 𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥)
𝑚
𝜌= 𝐼
𝑉 𝛽 = 10 log • Nodes
𝐼!
Speed of Sound 𝑛𝜆
Doppler Effect 𝑥=  (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑛 = 0, 1, 2 … )
2
• Formula
𝑣 + 𝑣!
𝑓′ = 𝑓 • Antinodes
𝐵 𝑣 − 𝑣!
𝜈 =   𝑛𝜆
𝜌 Reflection of a Pulse 𝑥=  𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑛 = 1, 3, 5 … )
4
• Dependence on Temperature • When a pulse hits a fixed boundary, reflection Boundary Conditions on a String
is inverted
𝑇! • When a pulse hits a free boundary, reflection 𝑛 𝑇
𝑣 =  331 1 + 𝑓! =
273 is not inverted 2𝐿 𝜇
• When a pulse moves from a light to a heavy
string the reflected pulse is inverted
EM Waves • When a pulse moves from a heavy to a light Standing Waves in an Air Column
string, the reflection is not inverted
• Electrical Component • Closed Pipe
Superposition 𝑛𝜈
𝐸 = 𝐸! sin  (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 𝑓! =  (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑛 = 1, 3, 5 … )
𝜙 𝜙 4𝐿
• Magnetic Component 𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + cos
2 2 • Open Pipe
𝐵 = 𝐵! sin  (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 𝑛𝜈
Interference
𝑓! =  (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 … )
Intensity of a Sound Wave 2𝐿

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• End Effects • Equation of Continuity Image Formation

𝑛𝜆 𝑣! 𝐴! = 𝑣! 𝐴! • Magnification
𝐿= − 2  ×  𝑒𝑛𝑑  𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
2 𝑖
𝑚=−
𝑝
• Bernoulli’s Equation
Thin Lens Equations
9 Fluids 1 1
𝑝! + 𝑝𝑣!! + 𝑝𝑔𝑦! = 𝑝! + 𝑝𝑣!! + 𝑝𝑔𝑦!
2 2 • Focal Length
Fluids at Rest
1 1 1
• Density = 𝑛−1 −
𝑓 𝑟! 𝑟!
𝑚 10 Ray Optics
𝑝= • Focal Length (convex lens)
𝑉 Refraction
1 𝑛−1
• Pressure 𝑛! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃! = 𝑛! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃!  (𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙 ! 𝑠  𝐿𝑎𝑤) =
𝑓 𝑟!
𝐹
𝑃= Total Internal Reflection • Thin Lens Equation in i
𝐴
𝑛! 𝑃𝑓
• Pressure in Liquids 𝜃! = sin!! 𝑖=
𝑛! 𝑃−𝑓
𝑝 = 𝑝! + 𝑝𝑔𝑑
• Thin lens equation in P
• Gauge Pressure
Spherical Mirrors 𝑖𝑓
𝑝! = 𝑝 − 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃=
• Focal Length 𝑖−𝑓
• Barometers 1 • Magnification in terms of P and f
𝑓= 𝑟
𝑝!"#$% = 𝑝𝑔ℎ 2 𝑓
𝑚=
• Manometers 𝑃−𝑓

𝑝!"#$% = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑝𝑔ℎ • Image Distance (thin lens equation)

• Archimedes Principle 1 1 1 • Magnification in terms of i and f

+ =
𝑃 𝑖 𝑓 𝑖−𝑓
𝐹! = 𝑝! 𝑉! 𝑔 𝑚=
𝑓
Fluids in Motion

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Thin Lens Images • Refracting Telescope • Distances of Dark Fringes

Lens P Real? Orientation m 𝑓!" 1
𝑚!" = − 𝑚+ 𝐿𝜆
𝑓!" 𝑦′! = 2
Convex <F No ↑ ↑
𝑑
=F N/A N/A N/A • Distances Between Fringes
>F Yes ↓ ↑ 𝜆𝐿
= 2F Yes ↓ -
11 Wave Optics ∆𝑦 =
𝑑
> 2F Yes ↓ ↓ Path Difference Interference of Light in Single Slit
Concave <F No ↑ ↑ • Constructive • Angles for Dark Fringes
=F N/A N/A N/A 𝛥𝑟 = 𝑚𝜆  (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑚 = 1, 2, 3 … ) 𝑝𝜆
𝜃! =
>F No ↑ ↑ • Destructive 𝑎
= 2F No ↑ - 1 • Distances for Dark Fringes
𝛥𝑟 = 𝑚 + 𝜆  (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒  𝑚 = 1, 2, 3 … )
> 2F No ↑ ↓ 2 𝑝𝜆𝐿
𝑦! =
Interference of Light in Double Slit 𝑎
Two Lens System
• Width of Central Maximum
𝑚!"! = 𝑚! 𝑚! • Angles for Bright Fringes
2𝜆𝐿
Optical Instruments 𝑚𝜆 𝑤=
𝜃! = 𝑎
𝑑
• Simple Magnifying Lens Circular Aperture Diffraction
• Distances of Bright Fringes
25 2.44𝜆𝐿
𝑚! = 𝐿𝑚𝜆 𝑤=
𝑓 𝑦! = 𝐷
𝑑
• Compound Microscope Interferometer
• Angles for Dark Fringes
𝑠 25 𝑁𝜆
𝑚=− × 1 𝑑=
𝑓!" 𝑓!" 𝑚+ 𝜆 2
𝜃′! = 2
𝑑

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12 Charge Ohm’s Law Charge

𝛥𝑉 •
-
e = -1.60 × 10
-19
C
Coulomb’s Law 𝐼=
𝑅 9 2 2
𝐾𝑞! 𝑞! • K = 8.99 × 10 Nm /C
𝐹= Power and Energy
𝑟! • V = J/C
• Power delivered by an emf
Electrical Field
Electrical Circuits
𝑃!"# = 𝐼𝛦
• Vector Equation
• A = C/s
• Power Dissipated by a Resistor
𝐹
𝐸= ! • Ω = V/A
𝑞 𝛥𝑉!
𝑃! =
𝑅  
• Electrical Field of a Point Charge
𝐾𝑞
𝐸=
𝑟! 14 Units and Constants
Electrical Potential
Particle Kinematics in One Dimension
𝑈!"!# = 𝑉𝑞 2
• g = 9.8m/s
Particle Dynamics

13 Electrical Circuits • N = kg.m/s

2

Current Work and Energy

2
• Definition • J = Nm = kg.m /s
𝛥𝑞 • W = J/s
𝐼=
𝛥𝑡
• 1Hp = 746W
• Conservation of Charge
Fluids
𝛴𝐼!" = 𝛴𝐼!"# 2
• Pa = N/m

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