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This is a 3-unit course that deals

with the fundamental concepts of
the two branches of fluid mechanics
(statics and dynamics) which are
important in unit operations. The
combined Mass, Energy and
Momentum balances are applied in
compressible or incompressible
fluid flow, branching of fluids in
transport, steady or unsteady flow,
including metering of fluids that are
important in the design of fluid flow
piping network.

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Chemical Engineering

Transport Phenomena

Reaction Kinetics Momentum Mass

Heat

Fluid
Mechanics
Studies the behaviour of fluid

Fluid Fluid
Statics Dynamics
Treats fluid in the equilibrium Treats fluids when portion of
state (no motion) the fluid are in motion

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ChE 423a: Momentum Transfer

CLASSIFICATION OF UNIT OPERATIONS
The principles of unit operations are fundamental to the field of chemical
engineering. Understanding the basic function of each unit operation is
important in mass and energy balances on the process. Unit Operations are
those physical changes which are recurrent in many chemical processes.
UNIT OPERATION DESCRIPTION
Fluid flow This concerns the principles that determine the
flow or transportation of any fluid from one point
to another.
Heat transfer This unit operation deals with the principles that
govern accumulation and transfer of heat and
energy from one place to another.
Evaporation This is a special case of heat transfer which deals
with the evaporation of a volatile solvent such as
water from a non-volatile solute such as salt or
any other material in solution.
Drying In this operation volatile liquids, usually water, are
removed from solid material.
Distillation This is an operation whereby components of a
liquid mixture are separated by boiling because of
their differences in vapor pressure.

ChE 411A: Momentum Transfer

CLASSIFICATION OF UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT DESCRIPTION
OPERATION
Absorption In this process a component is removed from a gas
stream by treatment with a liquid
Membrane This process involves the separation of a solute from a
separation fluid by diffusion of this solute from a liquid or gas
through a semipermeable membrane barrier to another
fluid.
Liquid – Liquid In this case a solute in a liquid solution is removed by
extraction contacting with another liquid solvent which is relatively
immiscible with the solution.
Adsorption In this process a component of a gas or a liquid stream is
removed and adsorbed by a solid adsorbent.
Liquid – solid This involves treating a finely divided solid with a liquid
leaching/ extraction that dissolves out and removes a solute contained in the
solid.
Crystallization This concerns the removal of a solute such as salt from
the solution by precipitating the solute from the solution.
Mechanical – These involve separation of solids, liquids, or gases by
physical separations mechanical means, such as filtration, settling and size
reduction which are often classified as separate unit
operations.

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ChE 423a: MOMENTUM TRANSFER

(Significance of Fluid Mechanics)
 Design of wide range of hydraulic
structures (dams,canals) and machinery
(pumps,turbines).

 Fluid control devices; both pneumatic and

hydraulic.

 Design and analysis of gas turbine , rocket

engine, supersonic aircrafts.

 Human circulatory system i.e the flow of

blood in veins and the pumping action of
heart.

ChE 423a: Momentum Transfer

Fluid
Mechanics

Fluid Statics/ Fluid

Hydrostatics Dynamics

Hydraulics Aerodynamics Hydrodynamics

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Fluid Mechanics: Definition of Terms

TERM DEFINITION
Fluid Mechanics Branch of physics which involves the study of
fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the
forces on them. Branch of engineering science
that has to do with the behavior of fluids.
Fluid Statics or a) The study of fluids at rest.
Hydrostatics b) Treats fluids in the equilibrium state of no
shear stress.
c) It offers physical explanations for many
phenomena of everyday life, such as why
atmospheric pressure changes with altitude,
why wood and oil float on water, and why the
surface of water is always flat and horizontal
whatever the shape of its container.

Fluid Dynamics a) Concerned with fluids in motion or fluid flow

b) The study of the effect of forces on fluid
motion

Fluid Mechanics: Definition of Terms

TERM DEFINITION
HYDRAULICS cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design,
fluidics and fluid control circuitry (flowmeters,
valves, nozzles), pumps, turbines, hydropower,
computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement,
river channel behavior and erosion.
AERODYNAMICS a) the study of air and other gases in motion
b) concerned with studying the motion of air,
particularly when it interacts with a solid
object, such as an airplane wing.
c) studies the movement of air and the way that
objects (such as airplanes or cars) move
through air
HYDRODYNAMICS a) the study of liquids in motion
b) deals with the motion of fluids and the forces
acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in
motion relative to them

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TYPES OF FLUIDS

FLUIDS

Incompressible Fluids Compressible Fluids

TYPES OF FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Fluid A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an

applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases
of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to
some extent, plastic solids. Further defined as
substances that have zero shear modulus or a
substance which cannot resist any shear force applied
to it. Coherent material whose parts readily move past
one another or a substance which offers little
resistance to change in shape. When there is a change
in shape, layers of a fluid slide over one another and
shear forces act on the fluid until a new shape is
attained. In a fluid, shear stress is a function of
strain rate.

Incompressible A fluid whose density changes only slightly with water

Fluids moderate changes in temperature and pressure

Compressible Fluids that exhibit significant change in its density gases

Fluids even with moderate changes in temperature and
pressure

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RHEOLOGICAL FLUID TYPES

Bingham
Plastic
Ideal Time- Pseudoplastic
Fluids Independent
Newtonian Fluids
Fluids Fluids
FLUID
Dilatant
Real Fluids
Fluids Non-
Newtonian
Thixotropic
Fluids Time – Fluids
Dependent
Fluids Rheopectic
Fluids
Viscoelastic
Fluids