1342 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 41,NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 1993

As a limiting example of a particular isotropic panel where the

measurements show E, = Ey, and 4, = ,$ ,I = 20°, the graph
shows 4R= 20” as expected.
DEPOLARIZATION
INTO THE ORTHOGONAL
CIRCULARLY
POLARIZEDWAVE wire grid model circular cylinder model
From the polarization ellipse and its tilt angle, both the Fig. 1. The geometry of the two models.
dominant circularly polarized wave as well as the orthogonal
circularly polarized waves can be calculated as discussed above.
Assuming that the incident wave is dominant RCP, the amount
of emerging LCP wave or isolation relative to the emerging RCP
is shown as the ordinate in Fig. 3 with the LP phase difference
as the abscissa. The parametric curves are LP amplitude differ-
ences in dB. For instance, the isolation is 10 dB when the LP
amplitude and phase differences are 4 dB and 25”, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Convenient graphs are presented to determine the effect of an 0 w 120 180 240 3m 3w
anisotropic planar panel intercepting a circularly polarized beam, Angle xln
based on measurements using orthogonal linearly polarized (LP) a. Far field b. Near field
waves aligned to the symmetry planes. The right circular polar-
ized (RCP) additional loss values are presented for the full Fig. 2. The scattered fields of the two models for a perfectly conducting
range of LP amplitude ratios and LP phase differences. Exem- circular cylinder. - Exact; wire grid model; Y circular cylinder model.
0

plary RCP phase shift values are presented for a limited range
of LP amplitude ratios and phase shifts. The amount of CP
depolarization or isolation is illustrated in graphical form.
REFERENCES
[l] A. F. Kay, “Radomes and absorbers,” in Antenna Engineering Hand-
book, H. Jasik, Ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 1961, Chap. 32.
[2] C. k Balanis, Advanced Engineekg Electmmagnetics. New York
John Wiley, 1989.
[3] S. W. Lee, “Basics,” in Antenna Handbook, Y. T. Lo and S . W. Lee,
Eds. New York Van Nostrand, 1988, Chap. 1.
Comments on “Modeling of Cylindrical Objects by
Circular Dielectric and Conducting Cylinders”
Qiu Mei-De
Recently, an approach for modeling the EM scattering of
cylindrical objects by small circular cylinders (which we call a
circular cylinder model) was presented in the above communica-
tion [l]. I read it with great interest. A few comments are as
followed.
(1) Under Eq. (12) on page 97 of [l] it was stated that “Ni is
an arbitrary large number which satisfies the relation 3 I Ni I
+
3ka 3 in order to have a convergent solution.” It seems to me
that this bound of Ni is superfluous when a 2-D perfectly
conducting cylinder is modeled by a circular cylinder model
mentioned above. To illustrate this, the specific case of Ni = 0
with TM polarized excitation is considered here. In this case,
n = E = 0. Eq. (12) in [l] reduces to
[Sig][C‘i] = [Ai],
Manuscript received March 1, 1993.
The author is with Shenyang Research Institute, Shenyang,
P.R. China.
IEEE Log Number 9212499.
where the elements of vector [Ai] are given by
ai = e j k p i cos(4; - 40), (2)
and the elements of [Sig]are given by
(3)
This matrix equation system is just a wire grid model of an
infinite perfectly conducting transverse magnetic (TM) cylinder
[2]. The behavior of a wire grid model is well known [2]-[4] and
will not be discussed here. It should be mentioned that when we
employ a wire grid model to model the scattering of a conduct-
ing cylinder, we get a matrix equation of much smaller order and
hence a more rapidly convergent solution. The memory storage
required is also greatly decreased.
(2) It is found that the scattered field, especially the near field,
obtained by a wire grid model that satisfies the same surface-area
rule of thumb, is more accurate than that obtained by a circular
cylinder model compared with the series solution of the per-
fectly conducting circular cylinder.
The radius of the perfectly conducting circular cylinder to be
modeled here is equal to A. The data for the circular cylinder
model is the same as in [l] and Ni = 4. For a wire grid model,
the same surface-area rule of thumb is used. Fig. 2(a) shows the
far scattered pattern of the two models. Twenty wires of radius
0.05A are used for the wire grid model. Fig. 2(b) shows the near
field of the two models. The field point is a cut along y = 0,
across the cylinder’s diameter. Thirty-two wires are used here
for the wire grid model. It should be noted that the location
of the wires in the wire grid model is different from the cylinders
(1)
in the circular cylinder model in [l], which is shown in Fig. 1. For
the wire grid model, the centers of the wires are on thesurface
of the cylinder, whereas for the circular cylinder model [ll, the
centers of the small cylinders are on a circular boundary of
radius 0.9h.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONSON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL. 41, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1993 1343

In addition, there is an error in Eq. (10) in [l].It should read

21
p; cos 4; - p; cos 4;
cos-1 , pi sin qq2 pb sin c#$,
4Pp4 =
-cos- * , p i sin 4; < p; sin 4;. -2
ih
I J
-4 -
REFERENCES 0
111 A. Z. Elsherbeni and A. A. Kishk, “Modeling of cylindrical objects -6 -
by circular dielectric and conducting cylinders,” IEEE Trans. Anten-
nas Propagat., vol. AP-40, pp. 96-99, Jan. 1992.
[2] R. J. Paknys,“The near field of a wire grid model,” IEEE Trans. -8 -
Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-39, pp. 994-999, July 1991.
[3] A. C. Ludwig, “Wire grid model of surfaces,” ZEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagut., vol. AP-35, pp. 1045-1048, Sept. 1987.
1 --- 20 cylinders, Ni=2, ai=.lh
[4] J. H. Richmond, “A wire-grid model for scattering by conducting -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
bodies,” ZEEE Trans. Antennas Propagut., vol. AP-14, pp. 782-786,
Nov. 1966. X I X

Fig. 1. Near field of a perfectly conducting circular cylinder with its

center at the origin, radius = l h and 20 cylinders using the circular
cylinder simulation. (Excitation is a TM plane wave incident from the
positive x axis.)
Author‘s Reply

Atef Z. Elsherbeni and Ahmed A. Kishk 10 1 I

We have received comments [l] on our paper [2] that intro-
duces a general method and semianalytical solution for the TE
0
modeling of composite two-dimensional scatterers. In the follow- _---
ing section we shall provide our response to the comments in [ 11.
1. It is pointed out that we have used an unnecessarily large -10
number of terms (N,)for thin conducting wires with TM excita- y1

El I
tion. This comment is true, for this special case. It is possible to
3 I

1
use the expression reported by Paknys [31, that is, & = 2ka, -20 \
\

“.-_1
0
which yields a fewer number of terms than what we have used. e4
\
\
Fig. 1 shows the near field of the scattered TM incident plane -30 \
\
wave from 20 cylinders simulating a perfectly conducting cylin-
der of radius 1A. Two different values for N, were used, namely,
-40 - soluti;
4 and 2. Almost no differences between the two cases were - - . 6 2 cylinders, Ni=O, ai=.05h
,
observed, which indicates that the choice of 4. = 2 for this . . .. 6 2 cylinders, Ni=3, ai=.05h
special case is sufficient. However, it should be clear that the -50
expression for the number of terms in our paper [2] is for thin -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
and thick cylinders, TE and TM excitations, and dielectric and
conducting cylinders. It is much more general and the proposed Xlh
reduction in the number of terms will not yield the correct Fig. 2. Near field of a perfectly conducting circular cylinder with its
results for all these cases. As an example, the TE excitation center at the origin, radius = l h and 20 cylinders using the circular
requires a minimum of three terms for the very thin conducting cylinder simulation. (Excitation is a TE plane wave incident from the
wires. The curves in Fig. 2 clearly demonstrate this fact. positive x axis.)
2. Fig. 3 shows the near scattered field from a perfectly
conducting cylinder of radius 1 A which is simulated with 32 thin
smaller order relative to the matrix equation generated by the
cylinders as in [l, Fig. l(a>l. Our results for this geometry
indicate that the value of N,. = 0 does not produce accurate circular cylinder model. To illustrate this point, one can refer to
results as in [l, Fig. 2(b)]. However, when N, = 2, very good the dashed curve in Fig. 2 (4. = 2, order of the matrix is

agreement with the exact solution is obtained. This again indi-
cates that the choice of & = 0 is not sufficient for wires with
radius equal to 0.05 A.
3. It is not true that the wire grid model for the scattering by a
conducting cylinder yields, in general, a matrix equation of
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, Univer-
sity of Mississippi, University, MS 38677.
IEEE Log Number 9212498.
100 x 100, circular cylinder model) and the dotted curve in Fig.
3 (N,= 2, order of the matrix is 160 x 160, wire grid model)
where the near-field data in these two cases are in good agree-
ment with the exact solution.
4. The method of modeling a perfectly conducting cylinder by
letting the simulating cylinders touch the cylindrical boundary
from the inside (circular cylinder model) is a better representa-
tion than placing the cylinders such that their centers are
located on the cylindrical boundary (wire grid model). This is

0018-926X/93$03.00 0 1993 IEEE

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1344 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 41, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1993

[2] A. Z. Elsherbeni and A. A. Kishk, “Modeling of Cylindrical Objects

by Circular Dielectric and Conducting Cylinders,” ZEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-40, no. 1, pp. 96-99, Jan. 1992.
[3] R. J. Paknys, “The Near Field of a Wire Grid Model,” ZEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-39, no. 7, pp. 994-999, July 1991.
[4] Q. Mei-De, personal communication, Sept. 1992.

-4 -
Comments on “A Neural Network Approach to
-6 - MVDR Beamforming Problem”
- Exact solution
K.W.Lo

1 --- 32 cylinders, Ni=O, ai=.053L

I The above paper’ presented an analog neural network ap-
-10 1 proach for the implementation of the MVDR beamformer. An
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 analog circuit was described, which consists of a conductance
xth
Fig. 3. Near field of a perfectly conducting circular cylinder with its
center at the origin, radius = l h and 32 cylinders using the wire grid
simulation. (Excitation is a Th4 plane wave incident from the positive n
axis.)
very obvious when cylinders of finite diameter are used instead
of the very thin cylinders or wires, in order to maintain the same
outer physical boundary of the simulated cylinder.
5. The far-field data presented in [l,Fig. 2(a)] for our circular
cylinder model is inaccurately computed by Mei-De. We have
regenerated this data and found that it is in excellent agreement
with the exact solution as was originally shown in [2, Fig. 41.
6. In our paper [2],we did not present any near-field results.
The submission of [l] encouraged us to compute the near
scattered field from simulated objects. We found that the near
field of the 20 cylinders with Ni = 4, ai = O.lh is in excellent
agreement with the exact solution as shown in Fig. 1. We believe
that the results in [l, Fig. 2(b)] which represent our circular
cylinder model are incorrectly computed by Mei-De and thus
inaccurate.
7. The complete expression of (10) in [2] is correctly provided
in [ll; however, we should point out that we have used the
complete expression in our computations for all the results
presented in [2]. We thank Mei-De for pointing out that (10) in
[2]was incomplete.
We would like to take this opportunity to correct a few
typographical errors in [2] that were pointed out in [4].
(a) Equation (5) should be replaced by the following equation
in order to describe the H+ component in both free space and
dielectric media.
1 dEii
qi= --
1770k0 dP ’ C
(5)
matrix G‘whose element values are proportional to those of the
covariance matrix of the array G,and a set of OP-AMPs whose
output voltages U represent the weight vector for the beam-
former. Assuming an exact covariance matrix, computer simula-
tions were carried out to demonstrate the performance of the
proposed circuit. The paper’ has been read with interest, but it
appears to have a few errors. We present below a list of
corrections, followed by some thoughtful discussions as well as
our extended work on some of the results.
Corrections to the paper are as follows:
In (34)’ and (35),’ thep should be replaced by p/2.
+
In (441,’ the second sign should be -, and consequently,
N = pBT/C.
Since matrix M is real symmetric (and positive definite), it
has a complete set of orthonormal eigenvectors. Therefore
the solution of (44)’can be expressed as a linear combina-
tion of modes e-’!‘ and not tke-’l’’ as mentioned in Ap-
pendix I.’
Eq. (54)’ should read e+., = 2 apJ( p + 2 ap,).
It was shown in Appendix I’ that the convergent time to the
steady-state response is governed by the dominant time constant
of the analog circuit, T, which is the reciprocal of the minimum
eigenvalue of matrix M (45).’ However, there was no explicit
account on the value of T in terms of the circuit parameters. In
fact, the upper bound of T can easily be deduced by realizing
that matrices G ’ / C and pBTB/C are real symmetric and so the
minimum eigenvalue of M has a lower bound equal to the sum
of their minimum eigenvalues, which are 2 a u 2 / C (provided
that the number of interfering signals is less than the number of
antenna elements) and zero, respectively. Therefore, the domi-
nant time constant r has an upper bound given by
rmax
= -
2au2 *

Manuscript received March 22, 1993.

REFERENCES
111 Q. Mei-De, “Comments on ‘Modeling of Cylindrical Objects by
Circular Dielectric and Conducting Cylinders’,”ZEEE Trans. Anten-
nas Propagat., vol. X, pp. 0-0, 1993, this issue.
The author is with the Microwave Radar Division, Defence Science
and Technology Organization, PO Box 1500, Salisbury, S.A. 5108, Aus-
tralia.
fEEE Log Number 9212509.
P. R. Chang, W. H. Yang, and K. K. Chan, IEEE. Trans. Antennas
Propagat., vol. AP-40, no. 3, pp. 313-322, Mar. 1992.

0018-926X/93$03.00 0 1993 IEEE

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