|      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Pipeline
Safety

How  do  pipeline  operators  work  proactively  to  prevent  pipeline  incidents?

Pipeline  operators  use  proactive  inspections  and  preventative  maintenance  to  find  and  fix  
issues  to  keep  the  pipe  safe.

Proactive  Pipeline  Inspections The  pipeline  operator  will  go  out  to  the  pipe  segment  
with  the  identified  issue  and  perform  the  appropriate  
Pipeline  operators  proactively  inspect  their  pipelines  on   maintenance,  such  as  reapplying  protective  coating,  
regular  schedules  to  look  for  any  potential  issues  and   installing  a  patch  or  sleeve  around  the  pipe  or  replacing  
ensure  the  pipe  remains  safe.  Operators  use  diagnostic   that  section  of  pipe.
tools  called  “smart  pigs”  that  travel  inside  pipelines  
scanning  the  walls  with  technology  similar  to  an  
ultrasound  or  MRI  found  in  a  doctor’s  office.  Hi-­tech  
inspection  tools  and  regular  inspections  allow  pipeline  
operators  to  identify  and  guard  against  pipe  issues  
before  they  become  a  problem.

Pipeline  inspection  tools  travel  inside  

the  pipe  scanning  with  technology
like  an  MRI  or  ultrasound

Preventative  maintenance  allows  pipeline  operators  to  

keep  their  pipelines  operating  safely

24/7  Pipeline  Monitoring

Pipeline  operators  monitor  their  pipelines  from  a  central  

Preventative  Pipeline  Maintenance control  center  24  hours  a  day,  7  days  a  week,  365  days  
a  year.  Specially  trained  controllers  keep  a  watchful  
Pipeline  operators  perform  preventative  maintenance  on  their   eye  over  systems  monitoring  pipeline  pressure,  flow  
pipes  to  address  potential  issues  before  they  become  a   and  volume.  Operator  personnel  patrol  along  the  
problem.  For  example,  an  inspection  may  tell  a  pipeline   pipeline  route  and  personnel  in  airplanes  or  helicopters  
operator  a  small  amount  of  corrosion  is  starting  to  form  on  the   travel  overhead  the  length  of  the  pipeline  on  a  regular  
pipe.  It  does  not  yet  pose  a  problem  for  the  pipe,  but  needs   schedule  looking  for  signs  of  leaks.  
maintenance  to  remove  and  keep  the  pipe  in  safe  condition.
 Pipeline  Questions  Answered    |    Pipeline  Safety

Pipeline  operators  monitor  their  pipeline  networks  around  the  clock  and  can  rapidly  shutdown  and  close  off  a  pipeline  if  a  problem  is  detected  

Rapid  Shutdown Pipeline  operators  regularly  train  their  employees  and  

practice  their  response  plans  to  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  
Pipeline  operators  can  quickly  shut  down  a  pipeline  if   incident.  Pipeline  operators  work  with  local  authorities,  
monitoring  technology  suspects  a  leak.  From  their   first  responders,  response  contractors  and  other  local  
central  control  centers,  pipeline  operators  will  remotely   stakeholders  during  drills  conducted  to  practice  
stop  pumps  and  close  isolation  valves.  Pipeline  control   emergency  response.
personnel  are  trained  to  shut  down  their  systems,  
diagnose  whether  an  alarm  is  showing  a  leak,  and  not  
restart  until  personnel  determine  the  pipeline  is  operating  
safely.  

Emergency  Planning  &  Practicing

Pipeline  operators  have  extensive  emergency  response  

plans  to  handle  a  pipeline  incident  if  one  were  to  occur.  
The  federal  government  approves  operator  emergency  
response  plans  and  operators  share  their  plans  with   Pipeline  operators  work  with  local  first  responders  to  
practice  and  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  incident  
local  authorities. Pipeline  operators  know  in  advance  
who  to  contact  in  case  of  an  emergency  and  have  
support  personnel  and  equipment  reserved  to  deploy  to  
Emergency  Response
an  incident  site.  
With  99.999%  of  the  crude  oil  and  petroleum  products  
reaching  their  destination  safely  by  pipeline,  actual  
pipeline  incidents  are  relatively  rare.  Nevertheless,  
pipeline  operators  are  prepared  to  respond  to  an  
emergency  should  it  occur.  Advance  planning,  training,  
drilling  and  equipment  all  help  an  operator  respond  as  
fast  as  possible.  A  rapid  emergency  response  helps  
keep  the  size  of  a  pipeline  incident  as  small  as  
Pipeline  operators  practice  deploying  equipment  to  
possible.
contain  and  cleanup  pipeline  incidents
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Proactive
Pipeline
Inspections

How  do  pipeline  operators  know  their  pipelines  are  operating  safely?

Pipeline  operators  inspect  their  pipelines  on  regular  schedules  to  look  for  any  potential  issues  
and  ensure  the  pipes  remain  safe.

Inspections  on  a  Regular  Schedule Like  a  doctor’s  exam,  data  from  an  inspection  can  
confirm  a  clean  bill  of  health,  diagnose  a  potential  
Pipeline  operators  inspect  their  pipelines  on  regular   problem  or  help  prescribe  maintenance  to  correct  the  
schedules  looking  for  signs  the  pipe  needs  maintenance.   issue.  
By  inspecting  proactively,  pipeline  operators  catch  and  
fix  issues  long  before  they  become  a  problem  for  the  
pipe.  

High-­Tech  Inspection  Tools

Pipeline  operators  use  high-­tech  devices  to  scan  their  

pipelines  for  potential  issues.  Inspection  tools  called  
”smart  pigs”  travel  inside  the  pipe  scanning  the  pipe  wall  
Inspection  data  displayed  graphically  aids  diagnosis    
for  signs  of  dents,  corrosion  or  possible  cracking.  Smart  
pigs  use  technology  similar  to  an  ultrasound  or  an  MRI  
Hand  held  imaging  tools  in  the  field  confirm  previous  
found  at  a  doctor’s  office.  
smart  pig  internal  inspections.  If  maintenance  is  
needed,  the  specific  action  is  prescribed  and  performed  
before  returning  the  pipe  to  service.  

Pipeline  inspection  tools  travel  

inside  the  pipe  scanning  with  
technology  like  an  MRI  or  ultrasound

An  operator  can  customize  its  inspection  of  a  pipeline  by  

selecting  tools  designed  to  identify  or  confirm  the   A  technician  scans  pipe  with  ultrasonic  imaging  technology
absence  of  specific  issues.  
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Preventative  
Pipeline  
Maintenance

How  do  pipeline  operators  keep  their  pipelines  operating  safely?

Pipeline  operators  perform  preventative  maintenance  on  their  pipelines  to  address  potential  
issues  before  they  become  safety  problems.

Addressing  Issues  Before  They  Become  a   Preventative  Pipeline  Maintenance

Problem
Pipeline  operators  perform  preventative  maintenance  
Preventative  maintenance  allows  pipeline  operators  to   on  their  pipes  to  address  potential  issues  before  they  
find  and  fix  issues  in  their  pipes  before  they  become   become  a  problem.  For  example,  an  inspection  may  
safety  problems.  Pipeline  operators  inspect  their   tell  a  pipeline  operator  a  small  amount  of  corrosion  is  
pipelines  on  regular  schedules  with  high-­tech  diagnostic   starting  to  form  on  the  pipe.  It  does  not  yet  pose  a  
tools.  Operators  use  the  results  of  inspections  to   problem  for  the  pipe,  but  needs  maintenance  to  remove  
schedule  and  perform  maintenance  on  the  pipe.   and  keep  the  pipe  in  safe  condition.

Proactive  Inspections  Guide  Maintenance

Pipeline  operators  use  high-­tech  devices  to  scan  their  

pipelines  for  potential  issues.  Inspection  tools  called  
”smart  pigs”  travel  inside  the  pipe  scanning  the  pipe  wall  
for  signs  of  dents,  corrosion  or  possible  cracking.  Smart  
pigs  use  technology  similar  to  an  ultrasound  or  an  MRI  
Preventative  maintenance  allows  pipeline  operators  to  
found  at  a  doctor’s  office.  Handheld  scanning  devices   keep  their  pipelines  operating  safely

allow  operators  in  the  field  to  confirm  inspection  results  

and  guide  maintenance  plans. During  maintenance  the  pipeline  operator  may  reapply  
protective  coating,  install  a  patch  or  sleeve  around  the  
pipe  or  replace  that  section  of  pipe.

Age  Not  an  Issue  with  Proper  Maintenance

Preventative  maintenance  allows  a  pipeline  to  continue  

operating  safely  over  time.  U.S.  National  
Transportation  Safety  Board  Chair  Deborah  Hersman  
confirmed,  “If  a  pipeline  is  adequately  maintained  and  
A  technician  scans  pipe  with  ultrasonic  imaging  technology inspected,  age  is  not  an  issue.”
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Detecting
Pipeline
Leaks

How  do  pipeline  operators  know  if  a  pipeline  has  a  leak?

Pipeline  operators  monitor  their  pipelines  from  central  control  rooms  24  hours  a  day  looking  for  
signs  of  leaks  and  shutting  down  the  pipeline  if  necessary.

24/7  Pipeline  Monitoring Computational  monitoring  systems  account  for  

changes  in  temperature,  terrain  or  distance  from  a  
Pipeline  operators  monitor  their  pipelines  from  a  central   pump  station,  all  variables  affecting  product  volume  
control  center  24  hours  a  day,  7  days  a  week,  365  days   and  potentially  indicating  a  leak.  Pipeline  operators  are  
a  year.  Specially  trained  controllers  keep  a  watchful  eye   also  researching  and  developing  new  technologies  that  
over  systems  monitoring  pipeline  pressure,  flow  and   can  “smell”  trace  amounts  of  hydrocarbons  in  the  soil,  
volume.  Operator  personnel  patrol  along  the  pipeline   “see”  their  chemical  signature  in  the  air  or  “hear”  tiny  
route  and  personnel  in  airplanes  or  helicopters  travel   acoustic  vibrations  produced  by  a  hole  in  the  pipe.
overhead  the  length  of  the  pipeline  on  a  regular  schedule  
looking  for  signs  of  leaks.  
Rapid  Shutdown
Leak  Detection  Technology Pipeline  operators  can  quickly  shut  down  a  pipeline  if  
monitoring  technology  indicates  a  potential  leak.  
Pipelines  are  equipped  with  sensors  and  gauges  along   From  their  central  control  centers,  pipeline  operators  
their  route.  Sensors  can  detect  a  drop  in  pressure,   will  remotely  stop  pumps  and  close  isolation  valves.  
potentially  indicating  a  leak.  Flow  gauges  monitor   Pipeline  control  personnel  are  trained  to  shut  down  
product  passing  through  the  pipeline  ensuring  everything   their  systems,  diagnose  whether  an  alarm  is  showing  
remains  inside  the  pipe.  Pipeline  sensors  and  gauges   a  leak,  and  not  restart  until  personnel  confirm  the  
feed  their  data  into  central  control  rooms  where  operator   pipeline  is  operating  safely.  
personnel  constantly  monitor  operations  on  computer  
displays.  
(3)    Operator  personnel  watch  
over  their  pipeline  networks  
(1) Operators  constantly  monitor   3 24  hours  a  day
and  control  their  pipeline  system   (4)    Operators  can  quickly  shut  
through  an  electronic  network down  a  pipeline  by  stopping  
1 pumps  and  closing  valves  
remotely  if  there  is  a  sign  
of  trouble
4
(2)    Sensors  on  gauges  send  
operational  data  back  to   2
the  pipeline  control  room (5)    Operators  are  developing  and  
using  new  technologies  to  detect  
trace  amounts  of  hydrocarbons  
5 that  may  indicate  a  small  leak
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Pipeline
Design  &
Construction

How  are  pipelines  designed  and  constructed  to  operate  safely?

Pipelines  are  designed  for  their  operating  conditions,  constructed  with  quality  certified  steel,  
assembled  with  qualified  personnel  and  pass  multiple  inspections  before  operation.

Quality  Certified  Materials  &  Techniques Pipeline  Assembly

Pipelines  are  designed  to  fit  their  operating  use  and   Pipe  segments  typically  40’  long  are  transported  to  the  
conditions.  The  steel  must  be  certified  as  meeting   construction  site  by  train  or  truck  and  then  laid  out  
industry  and  federal  government  quality  requirements  for   along  the  pipeline  route.  
toughness  and  strength.  Construction  personnel,  such  
as  pipe  welders,  must  have  qualification  certifications,  
which  are  checked  as  part  of  the  pipeline  inspection.  

Pipe  segments  laid  out  for  connection  

Pipe  steel  for  transmission  pipelines  must  be  certified  as  meeting  
quality  standards  and  requirements Pipeline  segments  are  welded  together  end  to  end  to  
form  the  pipeline.  Pipe  welders  must  be  qualified  in  
Pipe  is  manufactured  either  by  rolling  hot  rolled  coil  steel   accordance  with  industry  standards  incorporated  into  
into  a  spiral  and  welding  the  sides  of  the  sheet   federal  regulation.  Weld  types  and  procedures  are  also  
continuously  to  make  the  pipe  or  bending  long  sheets  of   set  by  federal  regulation.  Welders  must  demonstrate  
steel  lengthwise  into  a  cylinder  and  then  welding  the   their  abilities  in  field  tests  before  construction.
seam  the  length  of  the  pipe.

A  welder  joins  two  ends  of  pipe  segments  with  a  girth  weld  
Spiralweld pipe  is  formed  and  welded  from  long  rolls  of  steel      
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |
Pipeline  Questions  Answered    |    Pipeline  Design  &  Construction

An  assembled  pipeline  is  lowered  into  place  before  the  soil  is  replaced  

Construction  Quality  Inspections Directional  Drilling  to  Avoid  Waterbodies

Welds  at  the  connection  of  pipe  segments  along  the   Newly  constructed  pipelines  avoid  contact  with  major  
pipeline  must  be  inspected  for  quality.  An  X-­ray  or   waterbodies  by  tunneling  deep  beneath  them.  Before  a  
ultrasonic  scan  ensures  there  are  no  defects  in  the   pipeline  reaches  a  waterbody  shoreline,  horizontal  
connection.   directional  drilling  (HDD)  can  burrow  the  pipeline  100’  
or  more  beneath  the  bottom  of  a  waterbody,  never  
coming  into  contact  or  close  to  the  water  itself.

Inspection  technician  scanning  a  weld  to  ensure  a  defect  

free  connection
New  pipelines  are  drilled  deep  underneath  major  waterbodies  
to  avoid  contact  with  water  resources
After  passing  inspection,  weld  joints  receive  the  same  
anti-­corrosion  protective  coating  as  the  pipe  body  
received  at  the  pipe  mill.  The  pipeline  receives  a  further   Construction  Site  Remediation
protection  through  a  slight  electrical  current  system,  
called  cathodic  protection,  and  installed  along  with  the   After  the  pipeline  is  assembled,  laid  in  its  trench,  
pipe  that  wards  away  corrosion.   inspected  and  tested,  the  pipeline  is  covered  and  
topsoil  replaced.  In  agricultural  areas,  land  over  a  pipe  
can  return  to  normal  farming.  
Pre-­Operation  Testing

An  assembled  pipeline  must  still  undergo  pre-­operational  

testing  before  it  is  allowed  to  go  into  service.  Operators  
pump  water  into  the  pipeline  and  hold  it  at  high  pressure  
to  demonstrate  there  are  no  leaks  in  the  pipe  or  its  weld  
joints.  Any  construction  issues  are  repaired  before  the  
pipe  is  operational. Before  and  after  a  pipeline  construction  site  is  remediated  
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

New  Line  

Environmental   Proposed  Route

Protection
Existing  Line  &  Corridor

How  is  the  environment  protected  from  pipeline  operations?

Pipeline  operators  minimize  the  environmental  impact  of  their  pipelines  with  route  selection,  
construction  and  materials,  proactive  inspections  and  preventative  maintenance,  24/7  leak  
detection  systems  and  emergency  response  programs

Route  Selection  to  Minimize  Impact Proactive  Inspections  &  Maintenance

Pipeline  operators  design  the  routes  of  their  lines  to   Pipeline  operators  proactively  inspect  their  pipelines  on  
avoid  environmentally  sensitive  areas.  One  major  project   regular  schedules  to  look  for  any  potential  issues  and  
adjusted  its  originally  proposed  route  over  140  times  to   ensure  the  pipes  remain  safe.  Operators  will  use  high-­
avoid  sensitive  locations.  Operators  will  also  try  to  follow   tech  diagnostic  tools  that  travel  inside  pipelines  
along  utility  corridors  that  already  have  an  existing   scanning  the  walls  with  technology  similar  to  an  
pipeline  and  thereby  minimize  new  impacts. ultrasound  or  MRI  at  the  doctor’s  office.  Based  on  
inspection  results,  operators  will  perform  preventative  
maintenance  to  keep  the  pipeline  operating  safely.

Rapid  Leak  Detection  &  Shutdown

HDD
Pipeline  operators  monitor  their  systems  from  central  
control  rooms  24  hours  a  day,  7  days  a  week  looking  
for  signs  of  trouble.    Operators  can  quickly  shut  down  a  
New  pipelines  are  drilled  deep  underneath  major  waterbodies  to  
avoid  contact  with  water  resources
pipeline  if  monitoring  technology  indicates  a  potential  
leak.  Pipeline  operators  can  remotely  stop  pumps  and  
close  isolation  valves  to  limit  the  volume  of  a  spill.
Construction  Materials  &  Techniques
Emergency  Response  Training  &  Drills
Pipeline  operators  must  use  certified  steel  pipe  that  
meets  or  exceeds  federal  quality  regulations.  After  pipe   Pipeline  operators  have  extensive  emergency  
segments  are  welded  together  end  to  end,  the  welds  are   response  plans  to  handle  a  pipeline  incident  if  one  
x-­rayed  to  ensure  no  defects  are  present.  Horizontal   were  to  occur.  Pipeline  operators  regularly  train  their  
Directional  Drilling  (HDD)  tunnels  pipe  deep  underneath   employees  and  practice  their  response  plans  to  be  
major  waterways  to  avoid  coming  close  to  water   ready  for  a  pipeline  incident.  Pipeline  operators  work  
resources.  New  pipelines  are  allowed  to  begin  service   with  local  authorities,  first  responders,  response  
only  after  they  pass  pre-­operation  testing  demonstrating   contractors  and  other  local  stakeholders  during  drills  
they  are  problem  free  and  ready  for  safe  operations.       conducted  to  practice  emergency  response.
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Emergency  
Response

How  do  pipeline  operators  respond  to  a  pipeline  incident?

Pipeline  operators  have  extensive  emergency  response  plans  which  they  share  with  local  first  
responders  and  practice  regularly  to  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  incident.

Planning  for  An  Emergency Working  with  Local  First  Responders

Pipeline  pipeline  operators  prepare  extensive  emergency   Pipeline  operators  work  with  local  authorities,  first  
response  plans  reviewed  by  regulators  and  shared  with   responders,  response  contractors  and  other  local  
local  first  responders    and  officials  so  that  if  an  incident   stakeholders  to  practice  and  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  
does  occur,  everyone  knows  in  advance  who  to  call,   incident.  Operators  share  their  emergency  response  
what  to  bring  and  what  to  do. plans  with  local  officials  to  ensure  a  coordinated  
response  to  an  incident.  

Training  and  Drilling  for  an  Emergency

Pipeline  operators  regularly  train  their  employees  and  

practice  their  emergency  plans  to  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  
incident.  Operators  hold  drills  simulating  an  incident  and  
practicing  their  response.  Operators  will  even  practice  
deploying  containment  and  cleanup  equipment  to  make  
sure  everything  is  ready  to  go  if  needed.  The  pipeline  
industry  is  also  funding  free,  online  training  for  first  
responders  to  gain  pipeline  specific  response  training. Pipeline  operators  work  with  local  first  responders  to  
practice  and  be  ready  for  a  pipeline  incident  

Response  Equipment  at  the  Ready

Operators  station  emergency  response  equipment  at  

points  along  the  pipeline  to  be  available  in  case  of  an  
emergency.  Operators  also  arrange  in  advance  for  
support  personnel  and  equipment  they  can  call  on  if  
needed  to  respond  quickly  to  an  emergency.  
Pipeline  operators  practice  deploying  equipment  to  
contain  and  cleanup  pipeline  incidents
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |

Public  
Benefits  
of  Pipelines

How  does  the  public  benefit  from  pipelines?

Pipelines  connect  us  to  the  energy  we  need,  from  gas  for  our  cars  to  fuel  to  heat  our  homes  
to  raw  materials  for  our  manufacturing  jobs,  it  all  flows  through  a  pipeline  at  some  point.

Pipeline  Construction  Spurs  Jobs Community  Benefits  Continue  After  

Pipeline  Construction
New  pipeline  infrastructure  offers  American  workers  the  
opportunity  for  thousands  of  good-­paying  jobs  and   After  construction,  a  major  pipeline  project  will  provide  
billions  of  dollars  in  worker  payroll.  A  major  pipeline   tens  of  millions  of  dollars  in  property  taxes  each  year.  
construction  project  will  directly  put  to  work  thousands  of   Local  communities  can  use  these  revenues  to  fund  
tradesman,  teamsters,  technicians  and  engineers.   increases  to  fire  and  police  departments,  teachers  and  
schools  and  government  operations.

Tens  of  thousands  more  Americans  will  have  jobs  from  

pipelines  because  of  the  goods  and  services  supplying  
the  project,  its  workers  and  their  personal  spending.   Consumer  Goods  Made  from  Pipeline  
In  this  way,  pipeline  construction  projects  supply  both   Delivered  Feedstocks
construction  jobs  and  many  more  types  of  good-­paying  
jobs  in  manufacturing,  finance  and  insurance,  hospitality   American  consumers  use  products  made  from  pipeline-­
and  health  care.   delivered  feedstocks.  Beverage  containers,  clothing,  
carpet,  cosmetics  and  pharmaceuticals  all  are  made  
Raw  Materials  Delivered  to  Manufacturers with  raw  material  feed  stocks  delivered  at  some  point  
by  pipeline.  U.S.  workers  drill  wells  and  send  petroleum  
Pipelines  deliver  natural  gas  liquids  from  wells  in  places   products  to  pipelines,  process  raw  materials  into  
like  eastern  Ohio,  western  Pennsylvania  and  Texas  and   usable  feed-­stocks,  process  feed-­stocks  into  base  
send  them  to  U.S.  manufacturers:  ethane  to  make   fibers,  resins,  and  materials,  and  manufacture  final  
plastics,  butane  for  pocket  lighters,  and  pentane  to  make   products  and  packaging.  
Styrofoam.  
 |      Pipeline  Questions  Answered      |
Pipeline  Questions  Answered    |    Public  Benefits  of  Pipelines

An  assembled  pipeline  is  lowered  into  place  before  the  soil  is  replaced  

Gasoline  &  Diesel  for  Our  Cars  &  Trucks Propane  for  Farming  and  Rural  Heating

Without  pipelines,  we  wouldn’t  have  the  gasoline  and   Rural  communities  depend  upon  pipelines  to  heat  their  
diesel  we  put  into  our  cars  and  trucks.  Major  pipelines   homes  and  farms.  Propane  for  rural  home  heating  is  
deliver  crude  oil  to  refineries  in  the  Gulf  Coast  and   transported  to  regional  distribution  centers  by  pipeline  
Midwest  and  gasoline  and  diesel  from  those  refineries  to   before  delivery  to  homes  by  truck.
American  cities  across  the  entire  country.  

Farmers  use  propane  to  dry  their  grain  after  harvest  

Home  Heating  Fuel   reducing  crop  loss,  adding  harvest  flexibility  and  
improving  yields  through  earlier  harvest.  Livestock  
Millions  of  homes  in  colder  climates  depend  upon   operations  use  propane  to  heat  their  barns  and  keep  
pipelines  to  keep  their  homes  warm  in  winter.  Home   livestock  warm  throughout  the  winter.  Farmers  can  also  
heating  oil  or  ultra  low  sulfur  diesel  is  sent  by  pipeline  in   use  propane  to  power  their  irrigation  pumps,  heat  
large  volumes  to  regional  storage  points.  Trucks  make   greenhouses  and  power  farm  vehicles.  
heating  fuel  deliveries  the  last  few  miles  of  a  journey  
started  by  pipeline.

Jet  Fuel  for  Air  Travel

The  jet  fuel  in  airplanes  comes  to  airports  by  pipeline.  
Pipelines  deliver  the  jet  fuel  from  refineries  to  airport  
storage  tanks.