Abstract:

The Peoples health as well as illness has casued serious steep in rate over the past
decade. A number of smart devices have opened new possibilities for healthcare
monitoring system. The healthcare monitoring systems has emerged as one of the most
vital system and became technology oriented from the past decade. Humans are facing a
problem of unexpected death due to various illness which is because of lack of medical
care to the patients at right time. The primary goal was to develop a reliable patient
monitoring system using IoT so that the healthcare professionals can monitor their
patients, who are either hospitalized or at home using an IoT based integrated healthcare
system with the view of ensuring patients are cared for better. An IOT based system is
developed which will continuously monitor the patients health using different sensors and
the same will be sent to the doctors as well as family members using IOT. An android
application is developed as a part of this project as well as web application so that the
doctors and family members of the patient can continuously keep a track of patients
health over the air from any remote location. The proposed project also uses GPS to
track the current location of the patient as well as SMS to send to family members and
doctors when the patients health parameters cross a certain safety level.

Keywords: IOT, Health, Parameters, SMS, GPS, Android, Web, Doctor, Family
Members.
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Health has prime importance in our day-to-day life. Sound health is necessary to do the
daily work properly. Human health state is defined by variety of physiological
parameters, which usually are self-interdependent. Not all of them are equally informative
and important. Besides, not all of those parameters could be easily and precisely
controlled, since measurement of them requires special conditions, expensive medical
equipment and materials. While designing the overall monitoring system, it is necessary
to assess not only importance of measured parameters but also techniques of their
measurement and potentiality of implication into practical systems. Medical
investigations have proven that the most important parameters are those that specify the
work of heart and respiratory system. They best describe the human heath state. In
addition to this, body’s temperature is also an important parameter.

The present patient monitor systems in hospitals allow continuous monitoring of patient
vital signs, which require the sensors to be hardwired to nearby, bedside monitors or PCs,
and essentially confine the patient to his hospital bed. Even after connecting these
systems to a particular patient, a paramedical assistant need to continuously monitor and
note down all the vital parameters of a given patient by keeping track of all of his/her
records manually. Adopting such a method is error prone and may lead to disaster in the
case of a human error.

Technology has always been there to simplify and makes the human life much easier. It
affected the various areas of life; the medical field is one of them. It benefits from the
technology in different ways; now it is easier to diagnose internal diseases using some
digital devices.The healthcare sector is going through a huge change, with digital
capabilities changing the way doctors interact with their patients. Nowadays, patients
have the tools to view their key vitals themselves and help doctors to have immediate
access to patient data on-the-go. In a form of wearable devices e.g. Apple watches

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.
In the IoT "things" are relied upon to end up noticeably dynamic members in business,
data and social procedures. Internet of things is an incorporated portion of Future Internet
and could be characterized as a dynamic worldwide system. IoT can be actualized
through Wi-Fi, Barcode, ZigBee, radio frequency identification technology (RFID),
sensors and advanced mobile phones.

IoT can be utilized as a part of various applications, for example, activity checking,
security, transport and co-ordinations, day by day and domestics and social insurance and
so forth. IoT is essentially to settle issue of interconnection, for example, Things to
Things, Human to Things and Human to Human. This project deals with the concept of
IOT based health monitoring system using Android and Web Application. The proposed
project consists of number of sensors wired to the patient which will send data to the
android as well as web application which can be accessed from any corner of the world.
Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Before the start of the project a number of research papers were studied to understand the
work of research scholars in existing field. The papers from various national and
international journals were studied to arrive at the problem definition and to provide the
most feasible solutions to the problems encountered.

1. A Comprehensive Ubiquitous Healthcare Solution on an Android™ Mobile

Device

Nowadays It Has Become Important To Focus On Healthcare Awareness And Also The
Growth Of Wireless Mobile Technologies. For This Reason Ubiquitous Health Care
Solutions Has Become Important As It Provides Services At Anytime And Anywhere. To
Complete Our Needs Android Smart Phone Device Has Put Fourth Mobile Monitoring
Terminal To Observe And Analyse Ecs [Electrocardiography] Waveforms From
Wearable Ecg Devices In Real Time Under The Coverage Of Wireless Sensor Network.
Due To Use Of Wireless Sensor Network In A Healthcare We Are Able To Reduce
Complications Of Wire Networks And We Can Move A Healthcare From One Location
To Another Desired Location. Mobile Phones Are Used As Barcode Decoder For
Medicinal Care As An Extension To Monitoring Schemes. In Order to Provide Better and
More Comprehensive Healthcare Services. We Can Use Barcode Decoder To Verify And
Assist Out Patient In The Medication Administration Process.

2. Android Based Body Area Network for the Evaluation of Medical Parameters
There Are Various Vital Parameters In This System. They Are ECG, Heart Rate, Heart
Rate Variability, Pulse Oximetry, Plethysmography And Fall Detection. The Tele-
medical System Is the System Which Focuses on the System Which Focuses on the
Measurement and Evaluation of These Vital Parameters. In a Android Smartphones There
Are Two Different Designers Of A (Wireless) Body Networks The Real Time System
Features Several Capabilities. Data Acquisition In The (W) Ban Plus The Use Of The
Smartphone Sensors, Data Transmission And Emergency Communication With First
Responders And Clinical Server. It Is Very Important To Smart And Energy Efficient
Sensors. This Can Be Compensated. In The First ZigBee Based Approach, Sensor Nodes
Acquire Physiological Parameter Perform Signal Processing and Data Analysis and
Transmit Measurement Value to the Coordinator Node. Sensors Are Connected Via Cable
to an Embedded System In The Second Deign. In The Both Types Of System, Bluetooth
Is Used For Transferring The Data To An Android Based Smartphone.

3. Communication and Security in Health Monitoring Systems - A Review The Fast

Improvement Of Sensing Devices And Radios

Lets Us Move Powerful And Flexible Remote Health Monitoring System. In The Vision
of the Future Internet of Things (IOT). This Vision Leads To The New Requirement And
Challenges, And These Have To Manage. So as To Design and Implement of Such
System. Maintaining The Gap Between Sensors Nodes And The Human Body And The
Internet Becomes Challenging Task In Terms Of Comfortable And Suitable
Communication. The System Will Not Have To Provide Functionality But It Should
Have To Be Highly Secure. In This Paper, We Provide A Survey An Existing
Communication Protocols And Security Issue Related To Pervasive Health Monitoring
By Explaining Their Limitation, Challenges, And Possible Solutions. We Introduce A
Generic Protocol Stack and Design towards Handling Interoperability in Heterogeneous
Low Power Wireless Body Area Networks.

4. Design and Development of E-Health Care Monitoring System

As We Are Dealing With E-Health Care Monitoring System, Our System Designs Is
Based On The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) And Smart Devices. It Is Very
Important To Have Strong Networks Between Doctor, Patient, And Care Givers Judges
The Condition Of The Patient. Sensors Are Used To Monitoring Of Patient Surrounding
As Well As Health, These Sensors Are Medical And Environmental Sensors. Sensors Are
Relayed To The Prior Devices Through The Transmitter And Them To The End User. In
This System Doctor And Care Takers Can Observe Patient Without Exactly Visiting The
Patient Actually. And Furtherly They Can Upload Medicines And Medical Reports On
The Web Server Which After Can Be Accessed By The Patient Anywhere At Any time. It
Is Very Much Easy Process and Convenient For both the Doctors and Patient. With The
Help of This Data Doctors Can Understand and Observe Patient from Private Home
Patient to Public Health Care Centre Patient. This Is The Cost Reducing Technique. We
Have Also Define The Sets Of Add On Services Which Include Real Time Health Advice
And Action (Retina) And Parent Monitoring.

5. Health Gear: A Real-Time Wearable System for Monitoring and Analysing

Physiological Signals

A Health Gear Presents A Real Time Wearable System For Monitoring, Visualising And
Analysing Physiological Signals. Set Of Non-Invasive Physiological Sensors Are
Wirelessly Connected To A Cell Phone, Which Stores, Transmits And Analyses The
Physiological Data And Then It Presents It To The User In An Appropriate Way. Set Of
NonPervasive Sensors Are Part Of Health Gear. To Monitor The Users Blood Oxygen
Level And Pule While Sleeping, We Focus On Implementation Of Health Gear Using A
Blood Oximeter. Also The Two Different Algorithms We Use For Automatically
Determining Sleep Apnea Events And For Illustrating The Performance Of The Overall
System In Sleep Study With 20 Volunteers.

6. Internet of Things: Remote Patient Monitoring Using Web Services and Cloud
Computing

The Android Application (Called „ECG Android App‟) is developed for the Healthcare
Domain Which Is Based on Internet of Things & Cloud .Which provides the End User
with Visualization of Their Electro Cardiogram (ECG) Waves and Data Logging
Functionality in the Background. The Logged Data Can Be Uploaded to the User‟s
Private Centralized Cloud Which Can Be Monitor by Patients As well As Doctors. This
Paper Gives Some Fundamental Concepts Of IOT. Further There Are More Technologies
Used: IOIO Microcontroller, Signal Processing, Communication Protocols, Secure And
Efficient Mechanisms For Large File Transfer, Data Base Management System, And The
Centralized Cloud. The Infrastructure Is Also Helpful For Other Healthcare Domain
Development
7. Low Cost and Portable Patient Monitoring System for E-Health Services in
Bangladesh

This Paper Propose An Efficient Low Cost & Portable Patients Health Monitoring
System. A Raspberry Pi Based System Is Developed for Collecting Sensed Data from
Sensor (Sensors like Temperature, Blood Pressure, Oximeter Etc. Are Used) This Signals
From Patients Will Be Send To Doctor For Remotely Analysing The Patients Health
Report. A Web Based Application Has Been Developed For Both Patients and Doctors
through Which They Can Even Communicate With Each Other. This System Can Be
More Useful For The Peoples From Rural Areas.

8. Mobile Telemedicine System for Home Care and Patient Monitoring

This Paper Describes The Implementation Of A Telemedicine System For Patient

Monitoring Using Mobile Telephony, Using This Application Any Patient Can Be
Monitored With Rs232 Interface. The System Proved To Be Quick And Reliable.
Therefore, It Represents an Applicable Solution to Tele-homecare. Additionally, The
High Costs Involving The Conventional Internment And The Frequent Problems In
Patient Transporting Do Necessary A Different Way Of Providing Good Medical Care.
This System Is Based On Client Server Application In Which Server Stores Data
Collected From Client, Role Of Client Is To Collect Proper Data From Patient & Transfer
It To Server.
9. Apnea Medassist: Real-Time Sleep Apnea Monitor Using Single-Lead ECG

This Is A Low Cost Sleep Apnea Monitoring System ‘„Apnea Medassist”, This Is Fully
Automated System Which Analyses The Signals From Patients ECG And For Detection
Of Apnea It Is Using Support Vector Classifier. This System Implementation Includes
Android Application. The Reduced Complexity Of “Apnea Medassist” Comes From
Efficient Optimization Of The ECG Processing, And Use Of Techniques To Reduce Svc
Model Complexity And ECGDerived Respiration Signals And By Reducing The Number
Of Support Vectors.

10. Patient Health Management System Using E-Health Monitoring Architecture

This System Is Based On An Android Application & A Wireless Network Which Will Be
Used For Monitoring Patients Health Report In Real Time. This System Is Developed In
A Such Way That It Would Be More Useful In Emergency Conditions. With This System
It Will Be Possible To Analyse Patient Using Tele-monitoring. Sensors Will Be Used To
Monitor Patients Health Continuously And It Will Be Updated On Server. The Patients
Medical History Is Being Stored On Cloud For Global Access. This System Will Be
Useful For Patients At Home As Well As Patients From Hospitals. As It Will Be Using
Smart System for Accessing Data It Be Low In Cost Security Is an Issue Which Has To
Be Considered While Storing Data On Cloud Which Can Be Accessible By Only Patients
And Relatives.

2.1 Summary Of Literature Review:

From the above literature review It can be concluded that the above topic has greater area
of research, since so many research scholars have contributed to the same. However the
system lacks some features which are required for realtime implementation of IOT health
care monitoring system.
Chapter 3.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW:

3.1 Problem Definition:

Currently there is no practical approach to monitor the patients health from remote
locations. If the patuient is critical and if the person or doctor taking care of the patient is
away it will be difficult to know the current state of patients. If there is any error or delay
in case of emergency it can cause disasters. Some time patients fall unconscious during
night time and there is no one to handle the same so it is even necessary to detect the
patient fall. Thus to overcome these flaws in current system this project deals with patient
health monitoring system using IOT.

3.2 Objectives:

The project involves development of IOT framework for health care monitoring system.
The proposed project aims to implement an IOT application for health care monitoring
for immediate response in case of emergency. The Following tasks will be implemented
as a part of the project.

 To track the location and monitor the patient health parameters such as Heartbeat,
temperature, BP and fall detection using IoT Technology.
 To maintain the database of patients, health centre etc in cloud.
 To convey the health report to Doctor/Hospital and Family members for necessary
attention.
 To implement IOT protocols with first preference with to lightweight fast data
transfer.
 To Develop an android application to help track the patient status on the go.
3.3 System Architecture

GSM
modem

GPS

Server
Temperature
sensor
Arduino mega

ADXL335
Accelerometer

Web Android
Pulse rate
Application Application
sensor
We connected sensors like GPS, Temperature sensor, ADXL335 Accelerometer and
Pulse rate sensor to the Arduino mega2560. Through Arduino mega2560 from the cloud
server we developed Web application for backend and Android application for the patient
and doctor. For Patient side we developed Android application to view his health status
and Doctor side we developed Android application to view all patients health status. The
doctors application gives all minor details about patients halth where as family app gives
only the status of health. The GPS modem interfaced is do check the realtime location of
the patients using their present coordinates. The data from all the sensors is uploaded to
the server using MQTT.
Chapter 4

SYSTEM DESIGN:

4.1 Hardware Details:

1. Arduino Microcontroller Board Mega2560

A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor

that can be used as an embedded system for processing signals. Most programmable
microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or
machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for
computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded
controller." Some embedded systems are more sophisticated, while others have minimal
requirements for memory and programming length and a low software complexity. Input
and output devices include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data
like humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others.

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash
or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the
microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as

automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the
size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and
input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more
devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog
components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may
use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power
consumption (single-digit miliwatts or microwatts).
They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such
as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and
most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long
lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles,
where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock
speeds and power consumption. The microcontroller used in this project is Arduino Mega
consisting of At mega 2560.

2. GPS
The Global Positioning System, also called NavStar, that we use was built by the US
military and has been fully operational since 1995. Many modern GPS receivers use a
combination of both GPS and the Russian GLONASS satellites for improved coverage
and accuracy.

The GPS system currently has 31 active satellites in orbits inclined 55 degrees to the
equator. The satellites orbit about 20,000km from the earth's surface and make two orbits
per day. The orbits are designed so that there are always 6 satellites in view, from most
places on the earth.

GPS uses a lot of complex technology, but the concept is simple.

The GPS receiver gets a signal from each GPS satellite. The satellites transmit the exact
time the signals are sent. By subtracting the time the signal was transmitted from the time
it was received, the GPS can tell how far it is from each satellite. The GPS receiver also
knows the exact position in the sky of the satellites, at the moment they sent their signals.
So given the travel time of the GPS signals from three satellites and their exact position in
the sky, the GPS receiver can determine your position in three dimensions - east, north
and altitude.
There is a complication. To calculate the time the GPS signals took to arrive, the GPS
receiver needs to know the time very accurately. The GPS satellites have atomic clocks
that keep very precise time, but it's not feasible to equip a GPS receiver with an atomic
clock. However, if the GPS receiver uses the signal from a fourth satellite it can solve an
equation that lets it determine the exact time, without needing an atomic clock.

If the GPS receiver is only able to get signals from 3 satellites, you can still get your
position, but it will be less accurate. As we noted above, the GPS receiver needs 4
satellites to work out your position in 3-dimensions. If only 3 satellites are available, the
GPS receiver can get an approximate position by making the assumption that you are at
mean sea level. If you really are at mean sea level, the position will be reasonably
accurate. However if you are in the mountains, the 2-D fix could be hundreds of meters
off. A modern GPS receiver will typically track all of the available satellites
simultaneously, but only a selection of them will be used to calculate your position.

The NEO-6M GPS module is a well-performing complete GPS receiver with a built-in 25 x 25
x 4mm ceramic antenna, which provides a strong satellite search capability. With the
power and signal indicators, you can monitor the status of the module. Thanks to the data
backup battery, the module can save the data when the main power is shut down
accidentally. Its 3mm mounting holes can ensure easy assembly on your aircraft, which
thus can fly steadily at a fixed position, return to Home automatically, and automatic
waypoint flying, etc. Or you can apply it on your smart robot car for automatic returning
or heading to a certain destination, making it a real "smart" bot!
The schematic diagram of the module is shown as below:

Features

1) A complete GPS module with an active antenna integrated, and a built-in EEPROM to
save configuration parameter data.
2) Built-in 25 x 25 x 4mm ceramic active antenna provides strong satellite search
capability.
3) Equipped with power and signal indicator lights and data backup battery.
4) Power supply: 3-5V; Default baud rate: 9600bps.
5) Interface: RS232 TTL

Test

In this test, we will send the positioning data collected by the NEO-6M GPS Module to
the software on the PC, and compare this result with that of a standard GPS device. Thus
we can know whether this module works or not.

Result: Successfully delivers the GPS coordintaes values.

The working/operation of Global positioning system is based on the ‘trilateration’
mathematical principle. The position is determined from the distance measurements to
satellites. From the figure, the four satellites are used to determine the position of the
receiver on the earth. The target location is confirmed by the 4th satellite. And three
satellites are used to trace the location place. A fourth satellite is used to confirm the
target location of each of those space vehicles. Global positioning system consists of
satellite, control station and monitor station and receiver. The GPS receiver takes the
information from the satellite and uses the method of triangulation to determine a user’s
exact position.

Features

 Based on Ublox NEO-6M GPS receiver

 Cold start time of 38 s
 Hot start time of 1 s
 Recapture time of 0.1 s
 Wide supply voltage: 3.3 V to 5 V
 UART interface
 Integrated ceramic antenna
  Small size: 31 x 24 mm

3. Temperature Sensor

These sensors have little chips in them and while they're not that delicate, they do
need to be handled properly. Be careful of static electricity when handling them and
make sure the power supply is connected up correctly and is between 2.7 and 5.5V
DC - so don't try to use a 9V battery!
They come in a "TO-92" package which means the chip is housed in a plastic hemi-
cylinder with three legs. The legs can be bent easily to allow the sensor to be pl ugged
into a breadboard. You can also solder to the pins to connect long wires. If you need
to waterproof the sensor, you can see below for an Instructable for how to make an
excellent case. Unlike the FSR or photocell sensors we have looked at, the TMP36
doesn't act like a resistor. Because of that, there is really only one way to read the
temperature value from the sensor, and that is plugging the output pin directly into an
Analog (ADC) input.
 4. ADXL335 Accelerometer

Acceleration is a process in which velocity is changed with respect to time and it is a

vector quantity. Similarly, velocity is a speed and direction. There are two ways for
explaining acceleration of anything first one is change in speed and second one is change
in direction. Sometimes both are changed simultaneously. If we talk about ADXL 335
accelerometer, then this accelerometer is a device that is used for measuring acceleration
of any object. It measures the acceleration in the form of analog inputs, in three
dimension direction such as X,Y and Z. It is low noise and less power consume device.
When it is used for acceleration measure purposes then it is interfaced with any type of
controller such as microcontroller or Arduino etc. It is mostly used in construction
working machines such as drilling ,driving piles and demolition etc., human activities
machines such running, walking, dancing and skipping etc.

Working Principle of ADXL 335 Accelerometer

Currently different types of accelerometers are available in markets which are used for
different purposes. Some works on the principle of MEMS (micro electro mechanical
sensor) working. This consists of a small mass which is etched into silicon surface and
then integrated into a small circuit. When force is applied on this mass then it covers
some displacement, so acceleration is produced in this mass according to newton second
law of motion F= ma which is sensed by its sensor. Similarly, if we talk about analog
accelerometers then they work on two principles such as capacitive sensing and piezo
electric sensing. Both have different advantages and disadvantages. Similarly, ADXL335
accelerometer is an analog accelerometer therefore it works on the principle of capacitive
sensing. In capacitive sensing accelerometer, when it is moved in any direction then its
capacitance is changed. When this capacitance is changed then its analog voltages are
changed which is sensed by its interfacing controller.
 5. Pulse Rate Sensor

The working of the Pulse/Heart beat sensor is very simple. The sensor has two sides, on
one side the LED is placed along with an ambient light sensor and on the other side we
have some circuitry. This circuitry is responsible for the amplification and noise
cancellation work. The LED on the front side of the sensor is placed over a vein in our
human body. This can either be your Finger tip or you ear tips, but it should be placed
directly on top of a vein.

Now the LED emits light which will fall on the vein directly. The veins will have blood
flow inside them only when the heart is pumping, so if we monitor the flow of blood we
can monitor the heart beats as well. If the flow of blood is detected then the ambient light
sensor will pick up more light since they will be reflect ted by the blood, this minor
change in received light is analyses over time to determine our heart beats.

The Pulse Sensor that we make is essentially a photoplethysmograph, which is a well

known medical device used for non-invasive heart rate monitoring. Sometimes,
photoplethysmographs measure blood-oxygen levels (SpO2), sometimes they don't. The
heart pulse signal that comes out of a photoplethysmograph is an analog fluctuation in
voltage, and it has a predictable wave shape as shown in figure 1. The depiction of the
pulse wave is called a photoplethysmogram, or PPG. Our latest hardware version, Pulse
Sensor Amped, amplifies the raw signal of the previous Pulse Sensor, and normalizes the
pulse wave around V/2 (midpoint in voltage). Pulse Sensor Amped responds to relative
changes in light intensity. If the amount of light incident on the sensor remains constant,
the signal value will remain at (or close to) 512 (midpoint of ADC range). More light and
the signal goes up. Less light, the opposite. Light from the green LED that is reflected
back to the sensor changes during each pulse.

Our goal is to find successive moments of instantaneous heart beat and measure the time
between, called the Inter Beat Interval (IBI). By following the predictable shape and
pattern of the PPG wave, we are able to do just that.

Now, we're not heart researchers, but we play them on this blog. We're basing this page
on Other People's Research that seem reasonable to us (references below). When the heart
pumps blood through the body, with every beat there is a pulse wave (kind of like a shock
wave) that travels along all arteries to the very extremities of capillary tissue where the
Pulse Sensor is attached. Actual blood circulates in the body much slower than the pulse
wave travels. Let's follow events as they progress from point 'T' on the PPG below. A
rapid upward rise in signal value occurs as the pulse wave passes under the sensor, then
the signal falls back down toward the normal point. Sometimes, the dicroic notch
(downward spike) is more pronounced than others, but generally the signal settles down
to background noise before the next pulse wave washes through. Since the wave is
repeating and predictable, we could choose almost any recognizable feature as a reference
point, say the peak, and measure the heart rate by doing math on the time between each
peak. This, however, can run into false readings from the dicroic notch, if present, and
may be susceptible to inaccuracy from baseline noise as well.There are other good
reasons not to base the beat-finding algorithm on arbitrary wave phenomena. Ideally, we
want to find the instantaneous moment of the heart beat. This is important for accurate
BPM calculation, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) studies, and Pulse Transit Time (PTT)
measurement. And it is a worthy challenge! People Smarter Than Us (note1) argue that
the instantaneous moment of heart beat happens at some point during that fast upward rise
in the PPG waveform.

Some heart researchers say it's when the signal gets to 25% of the amplitude, some say
when it's 50% of the amplitude, and some say it's the point when the slope is steepest
during the upward rise event. This version 1.1 of Pulse Sensor code is designed to
measure the IBI by timing between moments when the signal crosses 50% of the wave
amplitude during that fast upward rise. The BPM is derived every beat from an average of
the previous 10 IBI times.

6. The Node MCU ESP8266 SOC board:

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on

the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoCfrom Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the dev kits.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson, and spiffs

7. Buzzer:
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight,
simple construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck
reversing indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse
principle of piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the
phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain
materials and the vice versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials.
Piezo electric materials are either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class
of manmade material, which poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc,
the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or
compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
 8. 1602 LCD Display:

LCD1602, or 1602 character-type liquid crystal display, is a kind of dot matrix module to
show letters, numbers, and characters and so on. It's composed of 5x7 or 5x11 dot matrix
positions; each position can display one character. There's a dot pitch between two
characters and a space between lines, thus separating characters and lines. The model
1602 means it displays 2 lines of 16 characters.
Generally, LCD1602 has parallel ports, that is, it would control several pins at the same
time. LCD1602 can be categorized into eight-port and four-port connections. If the eight-
port connection is used, then all the digital ports of the SunFounder Uno board are almost
completely occupied. If you want to connect more sensors, there will be no ports
available. Therefore, the four-port connection is used here for better application.
I2C requires a mere two wires, like asynchronous serial, but those two wires can support
up to 1008 slave devices. Also, unlike SPI, I2C can support a multi-master system,
allowing more than one master to communicate with all devices on the bus (although the
master devices can't talk to each other over the bus and must take turns using the bus
lines).

Data rates fall between asynchronous serial and SPI; most I2C devices can communicate
at 100kHz or 400kHz. There is some overhead with I2C; for every 8 bits of data to be
sent, one extra bit of meta data (the "ACK/NACK" bit, which we'll discuss later) must be
transmitted.

The hardware required to implement I2C is more complex than SPI, but less than
asynchronous serial. It can be fairly trivially implemented in software.

I2C - A Brief History

I2C was originally developed in 1982 by Philips for various Philips chips. The original
spec allowed for only 100kHz communications, and provided only for 7-bit addresses,
limiting the number of devices on the bus to 112 (there are several reserved addresses,
which will never be used for valid I2C addresses). In 1992, the first public specification
was published, adding a 400kHz fast-mode as well as an expanded 10-bit address space.
Much of the time (for instance, in the ATMega328 device on many Arduino-compatible
boards) , device support for I2C ends at this point. There are three additional modes
specified: fast-mode plus, at 1MHz; high-speed mode, at 3.4MHz; and ultra-fast mode, at
5MHz.

In addition to "vanilla" I2C, Intel introduced a variant in 1995 call "System Management
Bus" (SMBus). SMBus is a more tightly controlled format, intended to maximize
predictability of communications between support ICs on PC motherboards. The most
significant difference between SMBus is that it limits speeds from 10kHz to 100kHz,
while I2C can support devices from 0kHz to 5MHz. SMBus includes a clock timeout
mode which makes low-speed operations illegal, although many SMBus devices will
support it anyway to maximize interoperability with embedded I2C systems.

I2C at the Hardware Level

Signals

Each I2C bus consists of two signals: SCL and SDA. SCL is the clock signal, and SDA is
the data signal. The clock signal is always generated by the current bus master; some
slave devices may force the clock low at times to delay the master sending more data (or
to require more time to prepare data before the master attempts to clock it out). This is
called "clock stretching" and is described on the protocol page.

Unlike UART or SPI connections, the I2C bus drivers are "open drain", meaning that they
can pull the corresponding signal line low, but cannot drive it high. Thus, there can be no
bus contention where one device is trying to drive the line high while another tries to pull
it low, eliminating the potential for damage to the drivers or excessive power dissipation
in the system. Each signal line has a pull-up resistor on it, to restore the signal to high
when no device is asserting it low.
Notice the two pull-up resistors on the two communication lines.

Resistor selection varies with devices on the bus, but a good rule of thumb is to start with
4.7k and adjust down if necessary. I2C is a fairly robust protocol, and can be used with
short runs of wire (2-3m). For long runs, or systems with lots of devices, smaller resistors
are better.
Pins Functions

This project uses I2C LCD display module.

 9. Sweat Sensor:

The Sweat sensor is used to detect the percentage of sweating of the patient. The sweat
sensor measures analog voltage corresponding to sweating levels of the patient.

10. GSM Modem:

The project used sim900A to send the sms to the doctor as well as family members.
This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of
850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also
for oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud
speaker) and for SMSs. Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches
x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on
the side and at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S
processor, which controls phone communication, data communication (through an
integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the
communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself.
The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be attached to
the outer wall of the module.
In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an
RTC, an SPI bus, an I²C, and a PWM module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+
compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 900 MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1900
MHz.
The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data relative to
the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the
data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the
circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that
can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom type.
The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a
maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.

GSM GSM (Global system for mobile communications) is a standard set developed by
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for
second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. It became the de
facto global standard for mobile communications with over 80% market share. Fig 4.10:
GSM Module GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe
Spécial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital
cellular networks used by mobile phones. It became the de facto global standard for
mobile communications with over 80% market share. The GSM standard was developed
as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and originally
described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.
This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit switched
transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS). Further improvements were
made when the 3GPP developed third generation (3G) UMTS standards followed by
fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards

GSM Carrier Frequencies GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier

frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency
bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands
were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400
and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were
previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the
2100 MHz frequency band. For more information on worldwide GSM frequency usage,
see GSM frequency bands. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is
divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen
half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst
periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the
same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is270.833 kbit/s, and the frame
duration is 4.615 ms.The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2
watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber
Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card
containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to
retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also
change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM
issued by them; this practice is known as SIM lockingGSM Service Security GSM was
designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to
authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.
Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The
development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually
authenticating the network and the user – whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the
network (and not vice versa. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The
A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy.
A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United
States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found
in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a cipher text-only attack,
and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to
use FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The system supports
multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer KarstenNohl announced that he had

cracked the A5/1 cipher. According to Nohl, he developed a number of rainbow tables
(static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new
sources for known plaintext attacks. He also said that it is possible to build "a full GSM
interceptor ... from open source components" but that they had not done so because of
legal concerns. Nohl claimed that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by
impersonating another user to listen to their voice mails, make calls or send text messages
using a seven-year-old Motorola cell phone and decryption software available free off the
Internet.

The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers and
published the open source "gprs decode" software for sniffing GPRS networks. They also
noted that some carriers don't encrypt the data at all (i.e. using GEA/0) in order to detect
the use of traffic or protocols they don't like, e.g. Skype, leaving their customers
unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on
some more modern networks.

Below are common AT commands of the GSM modem. In out project, the GSM modem
is used to send the message to the family members and doctor when the patients health
parameters cross a particular threshold.

Explanation of commonly used AT commands:

1) AT - This command is used to check communication between the module and

the computer.

For example,

AT

OK

The command returns a result code OK if the computer (serial port) and module are
connected properly. If any of module or SIM is not working, it would return a result code
ERROR.

2) +CMGF - This command is used to set the SMS mode. Either text or PDU
mode can be selected by assigning 1 or 0 in the command.

SYNTAX: AT+CMGF=<mode>

0: for PDU mode

1: for text mode

The text mode of SMS is easier to operate but it allows limited features of SMS. The
PDU (protocol data unit) allows more access to SMS services but the operator requires
bit level knowledge of TPDUs. The headers and body of SMS are accessed in hex format
in PDU mode so it allows availing more features.

For example,

AT+CMGF=1

OK

3) +CMGW - This command is used to store message in the SIM.

SYNTAX: AT+CMGW=” Phone number”> Message to be stored Ctrl+z

As one types AT+CMGW and phone number, ‘>’ sign appears on next line where one
can type the message. Multiple line messages can be typed in this case. This is why the
message is terminated by providing a ‘Ctrl+z’ combination. As Ctrl+z is pressed, the
following information response is displayed on the screen.

+CMGW: Number on which message has been stored

4) +CMGS - This command is used to send a SMS message to a phone number.

SYNTAX: AT+CMGS= serial number of message to be send.

As the command AT+CMGS and serial number of message are entered, SMS is sent to
the particular SIM.

For example,

AT+CMGS=1

OK
5) ATD - This command is used to dial or call a number.

SYNTAX: ATD<Phone number>;(Enter)

For example,

ATD123456789;

6) ATA - This command is used to answer a call. An incoming call is indicated by

a message ‘RING’ which is repeated for every ring of the call. When the call ends ‘NO
CARRIER’ is displayed on the screen.

SYNTAX: ATA(Enter)

As ATA followed by enter key is pressed, incoming call is answered.

For example,

RING

RING

ATA

7) ATH - This command is used to disconnect remote user link with the GSM
module.

SYNTAX: ATH (Enter)

Chapter 5.

HARDWARE / SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

The following modules are developed in the project.

1. The IOT hardware Module:

This consists of interfacing all the sensors to the developed hardware and
programming the same to send the sensor data to the cloud server. This is
responsible for measuring all physical quantifiable parameters.
2. The WEB application Module:
The Web application module is developed in two parts. The patient side and the
doctor side. The patient side module displays the health status to the patient,
where as the doctor side gives all details health parameters measured form he
patient.
3. The Android application Module:
4. The android application module displays all the iot data on the android application
developed as a part of this project.
5. The IOT protocols using REST API:
This module processes the incoming IOT data from the developed hardware and
responsible for updating on the server.
6. The sms module:
The sms module is used to send sms to the doctor as well as the patients family
memebers when the patients health condition reaches critical. .
5.1 Software Implementation:

The software implemenrtation part consists of connecting of the developed hardware to

the internat and process the Incoming data from the IOT device and notify the doctor as
well as patient/patient family regading the same depending on the application. The Web
application as well as android application will be developed notify the same to the doctor
as well as patient family members.

The Image below shows the developed web application to handle the incoming data from
the IOT hardware. Two web portals are developed to display the patients data. One is for
the doctor and another is for the patients family members. The same login page can be
used as a entry point for doctor as well as patient portal with different login credentials.

The Doctor Web app:

The patient Web app:
The login Page:

The android application is also developed as a part of this project the screen shot of the
same is shown in the images below:

Doctors app:

Please add screen shot here.

Patients app:

Please add screen shot here

5.2 Hardware Implementation:

The IOT hardware is designed using an EDA software and PCB for the same is
fabricated:

The figure below shows the schematic and PCB.

From the Developed schematic the PCB is routed as shown below. The Routed PCb is
taken for fabrication on PCB fabrication CNC machine.
Chapter 6

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

1. Arduino IDE:

The software used to program the microcontroller is the Arduino IDE. Arduino is an
open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can
sense and control the physical world. Arduino boards may be purchased preassembled, or
as do-it-yourself kits; at the same time, the hardware design information is available for
those who would like to assemble an Arduino from scratch.

The project is based on a family of microcontroller board designs manufactured primarily

by Smart Projects in Italy, and also by several other vendors, using various 8-bit Atmel
AVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel ARM processors. These systems provide sets of
digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various extension boards and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an integrated development environment
(IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes support for C and C++
programming languages. The Arduino board is connected to pc and the program is burnt
onto the microcontroller board. The figure below shows the Arduino integrated
development environment for compiling and uploading the programs to Arduino board.
 2. Schematic and PCB Design:

Before start designing of PCB, it is a good idea to make schematic of your circuit. The
schematic is serve as a blueprint for laying out the traces and placing the components on
the PCB. The PCB editing software can import all the component, footprints and wires
into the PCB files, which will make the design process easier. Software used for the PCB
design is:

Easy EDA:

A great web based EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tool for electronics engineers,
educators, students, market and enthusiasts. Easy EDA is free online software for creating
circuit schematics, designing PCBs as well as simulating electronics circuits.
 3. PCB Fabrication:

The printed circuit board (PCB) acts as a linchpin for almost all of today’s modern
electronics. If device needs to do some sort of computation-such as is the case even with
the simple digital clock. Chances are there is the PCB inside of it. PCBs bring electronics
to life by routing electrical signals where they need to go to satisfy all of the device’s
electronic requirements.

There are three main types of circuit boards that get manufactured on a consistent basis,
and it’s important to understand the differences between each so you can decide the right
circuit board for your requirements. The three main types of circuit boards in current
manufacture are:

 Single-Sided Circuit Boards: These boards when made with a FR4 base have
rigid laminate of woven glass epoxy material, which is then covered on one side
with a copper coating that is applied in varying thicknesses depending on the
application
 Double-Sided Circuit Boards: Double-sided boards have the same woven glass
epoxy base as single-sided boards — however, in the case of a double-sided
board, there is copper coating on both sides of the board, also to varying
thicknesses depending on the application.
 Multi-Layer Boards: These use the same base material as single and double-
sided boards, but are made with copper foil instead of copper coating — the
copper foil is used to make “layers,” alternating between base material and copper
foil until the number of desired layers is reached.

Parts of PCB
 Substrate: The first, and most important, is the substrate, usually made of
fiberglass. Fiberglass is used because it provides core strength to the PCB and
helps resist breakage. Think of the substrate as the PCB’s “skeleton”.
 Copper Layer: Depending on the board type, this layer can either be copper foil
or a full-on copper coating. Regardless of which approach is used, the point of the
 copper is still the same — to carry electrical signals to and from the PCB, much
like your nervous system carries signals between your brain and your muscles.
 Solder Mask: The third piece of the PCB is the solder mask, which is a layer of
polymer that helps protect the copper so that it doesn’t short-circuit from coming
into contact with the environment. In this way, the solder mask acts as the PCB’s
“skin”.
 Silk screen: The final part of the circuit board is the silkscreen. The silkscreen is
usually on the component side of the board used to show part numbers, logos,
symbols switch settings, component reference and test points. The silkscreen can
also be known as legend or nomenclature.

4. Brackets
Bracket is a source code editor with a primary focus on web development. Created by
Adobe Systems, it is free and open-source software licensed under the MIT License, and
is currently maintained on GitHub by Adobe and other open-sourced developers. It is
written in JavaScript, HTML and CSS. Bracket is cross-platform, available
for macOS, Windows, and most Linux distributions. The main purpose of brackets is its
live HTML, CSS and JavaScript editing Functionality.

Brackets provides several features

 Quick Edit

 Quick Docs

 Live Preview

 JSLint

 LESS support

 Open source

 Extensibility

Brackets supports codes from multiple files types from C++, C, VBScript to Java,
JavaScript, HTML, Python, Perl and Ruby.. The complete list comprises more than 38
file types. This gives the user flexibility to work on various files of a project
simultaneously.
Brackets supports a feature called "PSD lens" that helps to smoothly extract each of
pictures, logos and design styles from PSD file without opening Photoshop to check for
them. By calling this feature a preview Adobe conveys that there is much work ahead
before this feature can be perfected. This feature brought in positive reviews from
developers, but many issues were reported during the initial stages of the feature release.
The problem was later solved using an extension.

Wamp server

The wamp server is used to create a local virtual server during the development phase.
The Backend is developed in PHP and requires WAMP server and mySql Database.

WAMP Server 2.0 is a collection of web development tools &software's. It provides an

environment for developing web pages &applications. It contains Apache Web Server,
MySQL Database Management System &PHP Programming Language. Sonow you can
develop your applications locally on you home PC and once you havedeveloped you
applications you can upload it to your webhost. Wamp Server 2.0 alsoprovides some nice
little tools for easy management of your databases, php my adl11in &SqlLite Manager are
already installed. Interface of Wamp Server 2.0 is neat and clean.Being an open source
software you can customize it the way you want. Most of thesettings of this software can
be accessed using a menu. You can directly access thesesetting right from the taskbar. It
is available in around 20+ languages. You can alsoupdate it automatically using the menu
from the taskbar. Apache &MySQL are the mostpopular software used in web
development and if you use PHP as your language for developing web application then
this software is a must.

Android Studio
Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android
app development, based on IntelliJ IDEA . On top of IntelliJ's powerful code editor and
developer tools, Android Studio offers even more features that enhance your productivity
when building Android apps, such as:
 A flexible Gradle-based build system

 A fast and feature-rich emulator

 A unified environment where you can develop for all Android devices

 Instant Run to push changes to your running app without building a new APK

 Code templates and GitHub integration to help you build common app features
and import sample code

 Extensive testing tools and frameworks

 Lint tools to catch performance, usability, version compatibility, and other

problems

 C++ and NDK support

 Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, making it easy to integrate Google
Cloud Messaging and App Engine

Android Studio Project structure

Each project in Android Studio contains one or more modules with source code files and
resource files. Types of modules include:
 Android app modules

 Library modules

 Google App Engine modules

By default, Android Studio displays your project files in the Android project view, as
shown in figure This view is organized by modules to provide quick access to your
project's key source files.
All the build files are visible at the top level under Gradle Scripts and each app module
contains the following folders:
 manifests: Contains the AndroidManifest.xml file.

 java: Contains the Java source code files, including JUnit test code.

 res: Contains all non-code resources, such as XML layouts, UI strings, and
images.

The Android project structure on disk differs from this flattened representation. To see the
actual file structure of the project, select Project from the Project dropdown (in figure 3.1,
it's showing as Android).

You can also customize the view of the project files to focus on specific aspects of your
app development. For example, selecting the Problems view of your project displays links
to the source files containing any recognized coding and syntax errors, such as a missing
XML element closing tag in a layout file.
Fig. The project files in Problems view, showing a layout file with a problem.
Chapter 7

PROGRAMMING STANDARDS
 Java With JDK 8

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used

for developing Java applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime
Environment (JRE), an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver
(jar), a documentation generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in Java
development.

The Java Platform, Standard Edition 8 Development Kit (JDK 8) is a feature

release of the Java SE platform. It contains new features and enhancements in
many functional areas. The Android Application required for the project is
developed in JAVA programming Language.

 PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for development but also used
as a general-purpose programming language. PHP code may be embedded
into HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems,
web content management system and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed
by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common
Gateway Interface (CGI) executable.

The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code,
which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP
code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to
implement standalone graphical applications.

The PHP processor only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its
delimiters is sent directly to the output and not parsed by PHP. The only open/close
delimiters allowed by PSR-1 are " <?php " and " ?> " or <?= and ?> . In files containing

only PHP, the closing tag should be omitted.

 other XML documents. This may be helpful if the source code documents ever
need to be processed in other ways during the life of the software. If proper XML
validation is not an issue, and a file contains only PHP code, it is preferable to omit the
PHP closing ( ?> ) tag at the end of the file.

The backend of the project is developed in PHP.

 Bootstrap

The front end of the web application is developed in bootstrap and HTML5

Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end web framework. It

contains HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons,
navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions.
Unlike many earlier web frameworks, it concerns itself with front-end
development only.

Bootstrap is the third-most-starred project on GitHub, with more than 131,000 stars,
behind only freeCodeCamp (almost 300,000 stars) and marginally
behind Vue.js framework.[2] According to Alexa Rank, Bootstrap getbootstrap.com is
in the top-2000 in US while vuejs.org is in top-7000 in US

 HTML5

HTML5 is the latest evolution of the standard that defines HTML. The term represents
two different concepts. It is a new version of the language HTML, with new elements,
attributes, and behaviors, and a larger set of technologies that allows the building of
more diverse and powerful Web sites and applications. This set is sometimes called
HTML5 & friends and often shortened to just HTML5.

 C++
 To program an Arduino board, there are various languages. But for this project we will
be using C/C++. The Arduino language is merely a set of C/C++ functions that can be
called from your code. Your sketch undergoes minor changes (e.g. automatic
generation of function prototypes) and then is passed directly to a C/C++ compiler
(avr-g++).

The following modules are to developed in the project.

7. The IOT hardware Module:

This consists of interfacing all the sensors to the developed hardware and
programming the same to send the sensor data to the cloud server. This is
responsible for measuring all physical quantifiable parameters.
8. The WEB application Module:
The Web application module is developed in two parts. The patient side and the
doctor side. The patient side module displays the health status to the patient,
where as the doctor side gives all details health parameters measured form he
patient.
9. The Android application Module:
10. The android application module displays all the iot data on the android application
developed as a part of this project.
11. The IOT protocols using REST API:
This module processes the incoming IOT data from the developed hardware and
responsible for updating on the server.
12. The Backend Module:
The backend module is developed using PHP.It will store the history data in the
database which can be retrieved by the doctor later.
Chapter 8

CONCLUSION:
The Above project deals with the concept of IOT based health management system, the
system to continuously monitor for patients health using IOT frameworks , android and
web application . The developed device can detect the patients critical condition in heart
rate, temperature, body sweat levels and fall detection and if the condition is found to be
critical, it can immediately inform the patients family doctor and family members using
android or web application using IOT framework. In addition GSM is used to send the
alert message regarding the same. Thus this project can help monitor and take care of
patients from any corner of the world and detect the seriousness using IOT. Thus it can
be concluded that this project can be of great advantage to patients as it can immediately
fetch attention in case of emergency.
Chapter 9

FUTURE SCOPE:
Since this a field of ongoing research the project has wide future scope. The project can
be coupled with machine learning in future to process the data from the patient and detect
the condition of the person health well in advance before it actually happens.
Chapter 10

REFERENCES:
[1] "Low Cost And Portable Patient Monitoring System For E-Health Services In
Bangladesh" Mithun Chandra Paul,Suman Sarkar,Md. Mahfujur Rahman,Sayed Mohsin
Reza Iit Jahangirnagar University1342

[2] "Patient Health Management System Using E-Health Monitoring Architecture" Srijani
Mukherjee, Koustabh Dolui.2014

[3] M. V. M. Figueredo, J. S. Dias, "Mobile Telemedicine System For Home Care And
Patient Monitoring".Proceedings Of The 26th Annual International Conference Of The
Ieee Embs San Francisco, Ca, Usa,September 1-5,2004.

[4] Pei-Cheng Hii, Wan-Young Chung, "A Comprehensive Ubiquitous Healthcare

Solution On An Android Mobile Device", Sensors 2011,

[5] "Apnea Medassist: Real-Time Sleep Apnea Monitor Using Single-Lead Ecg" Majdi
Bsoul, Member, Ieee, Hlaing Minn, Senior Member, Ieee,

[6] "Android Based Body Area Network For The Evaluation Of Medical Parame-
Ters",Ieee,2012

[7] "Communication And Security In Health Monitoring Systems" - A Review Hos- Sein
Fotouhi, Aida C Ausevic, Kristina Lundqvist, Mats Bjorkman

[8] Health Gare : "A Real-Time Wearable System For Monitoring And Analysing
Physiological Signal" .Nuria Oliver 1 Fernando.2008