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考试形式

The Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) consists of one 30-minute writing task called the
Analysis of an Argument. In this section, you must read a brief argument, analyze the reasoning
behind it, and then write a critique of the argument.

审题要求

The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper：

"The computerized on-board warning system that will be installed in commercial airliners will
virtually solve the problem of midair plane collisions. One plane’s warning system can receive
signals from another’s transponder—a radio set that signals a plane’s course—in order to
determine the likelihood of a collision and recommend evasive action. "

Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the
line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider
what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or
counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would
strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound,
and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.

审题步骤

1. 整理题目逻辑链：找到文章的结论和前提

→结论：第 1 句;前提：第 2 句

2. 找到题目逻辑错误：默认前提对，找到结论不成立的原因

(为达到均分 4-4.5 分需要至少找到 2 个逻辑错误)

→1)有可能飞机碰撞事故由飞行员操控失误导致

2)warning system 只装在了商用飞机上，而没有装在其他种类的飞机上，从而导致了碰撞事故

3)可能是天气因素导致飞机失控从而发生事故，与 warning system 无关

GMAT 写作解题策略
 开头段：1)总结题目结论，2)总结题目重要证据，3)指出题目逻辑有严重缺陷;

开头段模板

Merely based on unfounded assumptions and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws
a conclusion that_____. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence
that_____. In addition, he indicates that_____. (Furthermore, he cites the result of a survey in
support of his recommendation). At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be convincing,
but further reflection reveals that it omits some essential concerns that should be addressed to
substantiate the argument. From my point of view, this argument suffers from 2/3 major logical
flaws.

结尾段：再次指出文章逻辑有严重缺陷

结尾段模板

To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate his claim that_____, because the evidence cited
in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. Therefore, if the
argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and
logically acceptable.

正文段

分段落攻击各个逻辑错误：6 大类逻辑错误类型(调查数字类，因果，范围，时间，类比，思考不全面)。

正文段必须包含的 3 要素：

1. 明确指出逻辑错误

2. 举例子合理解释为什么此逻辑错误能削弱作者结论

3. 总结

调查数字类错误

A. quantity of the sample 样本数量不足

B. representativeness of the sample 样本代表性不足

考试真题：摩托公司广告

"Metro Motorcycle 在 social network website 上面投放的广告没有效果，因为根据一个 survey，90% of

the respondents 表示 they had never bought any specific products after watching ads on social
network website. 同时 advertising through television and radio can increase the sales of motorcycles.
去年在 television and radio 上投广告以后，sales of motorcycle rose 15% in the city. 所以该 market
researcher suggests that the company discontinue advertising on social network and remove all the
ads budget to television and radio ads."

模板例文

The number of respondents/samples itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if
10000 people received the survey questionnaires and only 1200 people responded, then the remaining
8800 people who didn’t respond might buy the specific products after watching advertisements on
social network websites ， indicating that advertising on social network websites might be
effective.Thus, this would render the result of the survey meaningless and the conclusion of this
argument is unfounded.

A. percentage 百分比少基数

B. absolute number 绝对数字少对比

百分比少基数

考试真题：地铁载客

说一个城市，为了解决 traffic congestion，想要提高地铁 ridership。然后发现在一个 82 街道 invest

了很多很多钱，好多 millions，但是 ridership 只上升了 15%。在 102 街区 invest 一点钱，ridership 上升
了 30%。这是过去五年的事情，说，为了 increase overall ridership 所以，所以应该把 82 的剩下的钱，投
入到 102 里面。才可以 most effective 地提升 ridership。

模板例文

The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of ridership at 82nd
station and 102nd station.It is entirely possible that ridership at 82nd station might increase
from 10000 to 11500, while ridership at 102nd station might increase from 100 to 130, indicating
that the investment in 82nd station might be more effective.Thus, this evidence is far too vague
to be meaningful and the conclusion of this argument is unfounded.

绝对数字少对比

考试真题：咖啡店 feedback
 一家名叫 Hot Cup Cafes 的 customers service division 的一篇 report 说:6 个月以前，咖啡店在他们的
website 上弄了一个 customer feedback page，希望可以接受 suggestion 和 complaint。website address
clearly printed on each receipt，所以 customers 肯定很容易找到。自从 feedback page went online 的六
个月以来，我们只收到了 178 封 complaint 和 50 封 suggestion，然而我们 serve 了超过 300,000 杯咖啡。
Clearly, most customers are satisfied with our current products and services, 我们不需要再继续
evaluate or improve 现有的 products and services 了。

模板例文

The argument tells us the number of _the complaints received by Hot Cup Cafe__.However, the
speaker fails to indicate the _number of complaints received by its main competitor_. It is entirely
possible that _its main competitor also served 300000 cups of coffee and received only 5 complaints_,
indicating that _Hot Cup Cafe should continue to improve its customer service___. Thus, this
evidence is far too vague to be meaningful and the conclusion of this argument is unfounded.

综合练习

OG-47. The following appeared as part of a column in a popular entertainment magazine:

"The producers of the forthcoming movie 3003 will be most likely to maximize their profits if
they are willing to pay Robin Good several million dollars to star in it—even though that amount
is far more than any other person involved with the movie will make. After all, Robin has in the
past been paid a similar amount to work in several films that were very financially successful."

Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.

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表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

例 如 ： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more
serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.

表示好处

1)It has the following advantages.

2)It does us a lot of good.

3)It benefits us quite a lot.

4)It is beneficial to us.

5)It is of great benefit to us.

例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our
minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

表示坏处

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

2)It does us much harm.

3)It is harmfulto us.

例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also.

表示重要、必要、困难、方便
 1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in
business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers
are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this.

2)The reasons for this are as follows.

3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

5)The reason for this is that...

例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples
living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford
what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

表可能

1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in
business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers
are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
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1.开头

In this argument, the arguer concludes/ suggests/ makes a suggestion/ makes a conclusion
that…To justify this conclusion/ suggestion/ argument, the arguer points out/ cites that…The
arguer also points out/ cites that…Although the argument/ conclusion/ suggestion seems plausible,
after closely scrutinizing this argument, I find that this argument is logically flawed in several
aspects, which render it unconvincing as it stands.

2.结尾

In conclusion, despite that fact that this argument seems appealing, it has several
logical flaws, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands. To bolster his or her argument, the
arguer must provide more information which can show that…To better support this argument, the
arguer should also provide…To better evaluate this argument, I would also need to know that…

3.调查问题

A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The
statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really dubious 可疑 for the reason that
the speaker provide no evidence which can show that the number of the respondents( 这里建议替换成
调查研究中的群体。比如针对谁提问就写谁) is statistically significant or that the respondents were
representative of the overall group of people(接所有群体，比如北京市所有的一类群体) in general.
Common sense tells us that the smaller the size of the sample, the greater the possibility for
biased results, the less reliable the result of the survey and the less reliable any general
conclusions drawn from the survey. That is to say, (你要开始攻击了) The number of participants,
100(文中数据), might be just an insufficiently small sample on which cannot be justifiably relied
to draw any reliable conclusions about... Also, the sample might be not necessarily representative
of (所有群体). Lacking the information about the randomness and the size of the survey sample, the
speaker cannot convince me to believe in the result of the survey—let alone draw any broader
recommendation based on the survey/study/research/ result.

用于结尾总结的句型: To better support this argument, the arguer should provide more
information to show that the respondents of the survey are statistically significant in number and
can represent the overall ...

总结一下，这个是针对原题中出现什么调查研究的专门攻击段，如果你在考试中看到了任何研究调查，
立刻把这一段写好。这个攻击段的主题很简单，你的前提，我表示怀疑，而且你没有给我更多的关于你前提的消
息，所以，你的结论我也表示怀疑。
 4.因果关系错

---作者忽略了其他可能的因素(例:婴儿的反应 melantonin 是青春期焦虑的典型征兆)

The arguer unfairly assumes that the fact that A is due to B. However, there is no
sufficient evidence which can substantiate/confirm this assumption. The speaker overlooks other
factors that might also lead to the fact that (接原题的结论。比如，盈利，水平上升，总之就是作者希
望的那样). As a matter of fact, the fact that A might be explained by a variety of factors. So
lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…It is equally possible
that…Moreover, perhaps that…(一般情况下我推荐 3 种其他的可能性) In short, without considering and
ruling out all of these and other possibilities, the credibility of the arguer’s conclusion is
really open to doubt for the reason that each of the possibilities, if true, would serve to
undermine the arguer’s conclusion./ the arguer cannot justifiably concludes that…/ I remain
unconvinced that…

这段很重要，所有的题目都会有这样的错误，必须要完全背熟。

结尾中的总结句: The author must consider and eliminate other possible reasons that may
also lead to this result.

5.无根据假设

(无据攻击法)—任何题目通杀(例: 牛奶农庄数量上升一定导致牛奶价格下降)

Moreover, the argument rests on a unconvincing assumption that A leads to B for the reason
that there is no evidence given to substantiate the claim that A contributes to B. (除了调查，原
题一定会给一个其他的逻辑 A-B 这样的非充分必要条件，本段的攻击就是针对其展开) Even if it is true
that…the mere fact that(指向原题的条件) does not necessarily indicate that(原题结论). It is
entirely possible that(注意，本次可能性列举是就原题条件列举，上段的列举是就结论列举，完全不同，一
个是反证，一个是归谬。请大家注意)..Or perhaps….(这段列举我不建议超过 2 个，因为太多的列举会显得逻
辑性不强。2 个就够了)

Thus, given these possible scenarios, the fact(原题的条件) prove nothing about (原题结论)

本段小结，所有的题目也都会出现这样的错误，也就是说，无论在原题没有调查研究这样的题目中，
模版中的 3.4 段都应该出现，并且绝对是你的主要攻击火力。

6.错误类比

The argument is unconvincing also because it is based on a false analogy. Failing to take
into account the possible differences between A and B, the arguer makes a hasty analogy. It is
entirely possible that A and B are not similar enough to justify this analogical deduction.(上面
的句子是所有错误类比的题目通杀的句子, 只要有错误类比, 那么先把这几句打上) Perhaps…(两者之间可能
差异一)Or perhaps…(两者之间可能差异二). Therefore, without providing sufficient information
showing that most or even all of the conditions in A and B is similar or the same, the author
cannot convince me that the method which is efficient in A can also be efficient in B as well. (结
尾句同样是所有错误类比的题目通杀的, 只要有错误类比, 这句就写上)

The mere fact that A is scant evidence that B would achieve its goals by following A’s
example. Perhaps the same course of action would be ineffective on B due to geological differences
between the two islands. Or perhaps ... In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two
islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that
the proposed course of action would be effective in attaining Tria’s goals.

所以我们可以看到, 错误类比也是相当好操作的一种错误, 事实上唯一需要动动脑子的就是中间两者

差异的列举, 其余部分都是固定的.

7.错误比较

The arguer commits a false comparison for the reason that there is no evidence which can
show that A and B is comparable at every aspect…(自己的论证) Therefore, without showing that A
and B are really comparable at most or even all of their each aspects, the arguer’s comparison is
meaningless.

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