I
I
Official Journal of the National Brotherhood Electrical Workers of America.
I
VOL. 5. No. 10.
lUAGNETIS1U-PART II,
By L. S. Brainerd.
This article will treat on measw'ing
the permeability of ealllllles of iron.
There are four methods of ll1easur:ng
the permeability of iro'n experimentally:
Finlt-The mnglletomctric metllods,
'J'hese cont'llst of- sUl'roUlldillg it sample
<If HI';' Iroll by n coil. nnd UOtill~ the de-
flection produced by its magnetizutlon In
a magnetometer. Sccollil-Unhmce meth-
oris. '!'hese <irc n !l~oditication of those
just describet1, a ('orupensatin;; magnet
being nsed to fJaI:.nce the effect upon the
magnetmDetric n,~cdlc, produced by the
magn"tl,;Ul. These ll1dlwd;,;, while very
good, are not to be cOlU1111red with the
inductil"e methods. There aJ'e several
l"Rrities of these, hut all depen!l upon an
instantaneous induced current being A'en-
erated in an exploring coli, sun'ounding
the specimen. The sh'ength of this CUi'-
rent Is, of ('ourr;e, proportional to the
}o·IG.3.
, . number of lilles, lutrotluced iuto, 01' with-
drawn froIll. the coil, It "'ill be reudil;,'
se~u II,J'ii' we m:1J measure the tll.lX
thl'(H::,l"h :l hr.l· of iI'OIl by measuring this
inrlnc;)d CUl'1'em. (llle of th!'sc induction
m':'thods, kllow\! ,h; the rinA' method, Is
shown ill r.'i~. :!, W;!(';'e B is the bat-
t('Q' used to :,na;':lIf,ti 7 j> the iro11 being'
te:;':'cu, (~), tile switd! fill' cOllh'oling and
re"l"el'8in,g' the rl1l'rt'llt f H), a rheostat fOI'
:td.ltl~finp: the sil''.'I1;,!'th of the curl·(,nt.
(AJ Hl:: :Ill1llletcr, :tntI .B G a uulh:litic
ST. LOUIS, NOVEMBER, 1896,
;:'.lh·anometer, the first swillg of which
meaSllre tilE! strength of the induced cur-
relit. R C is an earth indicator or re-
,'ersing coli. by meaus of which the f(,au-
ings of the /:all"anometer are' calibrated,
In making this test it is clU;tomary to be-
/:in with a feeble current and gradually
increase it until the high!';;t 'mlues re-
quired are r!'achetl. The values of II
are calculated from the obs»rl"ed value
of tile curr£>nt by the following formula:
[ . et I equal strength of exciting ,~url'ent
in amperes, I the number oi' tllms in the
excitin~ coH. and L the mea11 cil'cumfer-
!"lIre of the ring in centimet!'!';;.
ThenH =
4 x 3,1416 X Sxl _ 1 ?S66 X ~~_~
10 J. ;- .- L
In order to iIlush'atc this method let
IlS make an imaginary test. 'We will
suppose we IIave ,8 ring of iron havln~
a C,'OSB section of olle square centimeter,
and ,,"ouDll with-an exciting coil, also
with an exploring coil of 100 turns ot
fine wire, The reversing earth coil is of
:;;moh construction th:1t ,,;1Ien it is turned
oyer tlle effect is equal to cutting S!O,OOO
lilles of magnetiC force once. 'Ve will
now adjust the resistance in the circuit
so that when this coil is suddenly turned
o',·er. the swing of tlIe gall"allometel'
needle, due to the induced current is 8.4
divi,'iionS' on the scale. Now since there
:m~ IOU turn:;: ill the explol'ing coil, It fol-
lows that in the test when we get an in-
dac':!t1 (,I11'l'ent fl'om the ring, each divi-
sion 'liU the scale means 1,000 lines of
f"rce ill the iron. Xow tm'n on the cur-
I'cnt :l\ld the needle swiug's, snppose to
Il uh-i>;iullS, 01' sillee eneh di vision
l!lt,'ans 1,000 lines in the iron, this mag-
Iletizing" fOI;ce pl'oduces 11,000 lines In
thl' iI'on, but the cl'osllolseetion of tlIe rin/;
it! une SijUlU'e eClltil1lt'tPl'. thel'l'ful'l', B=
]1.lI00. To find the \"lIllie of H, suppo,;c
the' l'xdting coil 1:3:; ISO turns, and the
'~arn:llt is oue alli/lel'e, theu the- excita-
i j,ll! i" lSI) "ulllpel'c turns." Applyiug'
"HI' !'OI'IIIUl:I. we g'p! j a:-: the \'tllue of
H. If ll::_ll//OO :11111 H=7. tIll' jlP. I' ill e:l-
lJiJiir is a!Jout 1.;;70.
Anuthcl' important IIlt'thod of t)btaill-
i~lg the abo\"!., clata is tlmt known as tIll'
"Di~'ide(] Bar ~Iethod." This l'onsists as
SINGLE COPIES, 10 CE:<TII,
$1.00
PER 11::AR, IN ADVANCE.
shown in Fig. 3, of a block of iron hay-
ing an o1Jlong space, into which the ex-
citing ('(lils .:"Ii'e placed. The salllple IIC
iron to bi:' h,,,ted COilS isis of two ll:ns
turne(l true :\JJd fitted to holes in the
ends of the iron block, and nltlkillg' C(1i:!-
tact at their ends. The excit!ng co!!" (1'1
not occupy the entire space in~jde the
blo('k. but at'e SE'p:\I':ltcfl fnr elJ'-'l1,~.!'l1 tn
allow the !'xpJol'ing- eoil to he introiim'ht.
Oa.! of the rods is fastened pe:'mal1cnti~­
in the block, while tbe other is 1!!t),abl€-,
The exploring coil has a ballnstic: :;:'.1-
~
, ~~v ~
, '-1[;;fi:~--t:~
-===-.B, ~;': 'it.~ ~J
rf~1f~
A
R.
FIG. 3.
l':lllOmeter (G) in series with it as in
the method just descrihed, mId nn am-
meter, (A) and resistance (H) in cit'cuit
with exciting coils, Obser,-ations nrc
taken by breaking tIle circuit and at tht'
same Instant withdrawing the rod.
There are many othel' good methods of
experimentally obtainilJ:r tlIe magnetic
quulities of Iroil, but it is Ilot the object
of this paper to consider mOl'e thUIl a
few typical methods.
,V hen a piece of iron has been mal!-
netized and t hen the cit'('uit broken, it.is
well knowu that there is COIiHideraole
I'esid ual mugnetism l'eta iilec1 h~' the lrlln.
The amount of this residua I 111:lg-Ile~j>;1ll
depends almo~t £'ntil'l'ly upon the burd-
uess of the iron, a hard piere (If it'on rc-
taining much more than :t soft piece
which has been sub.le('tecl to :Ill equal
magnetizing force. J,'Ol' pUl'posel:\ where
tile magnetism is not subjeete«l to l'e-
'-crsals of }>o1:11'lty, a:o; in lield lll:ll!netl"
of dynamos, 1:1i8 Is not of Illueh conse-
quence, but where the polal·itJ· is C011-
!';inntlyand rapidly re'-(,1'8el1, as in :1I'1U:1-
tllrt's :111<1 aItt~I'nating' (~llI'l'el1t a"p:lratul".
iI is "f "it:tl eOllsl'queuce. ';l'his will 1)1:
 2 THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
readily seen If we consider what takes
place' In the iron In question during one
complete reversal ot polarity. First the
exciting current magnetized the Iron In
one direction, then the circuit Is broken,
and the magnetization drops to a certain
extent, depending upon the quality of
the iron. Now the current Is thrown on
In the opposite direction. and Its 1lrst
work bt to neutraUv.e this residual mag-
netism, before It can do any useful work.
This 108s is known as the hystereses'
loss, and in alternating current appara-
tus especially, is of no small consequence,
produciDg'a heating of the Iron as wen
as a loss in efficiency of the machine.
The only means ot redpcing this effect
Is to use very soft iron;·and work it at
.as Iowa magnetization as Is practicable.
We no,v· see what an Important part Is
play-ed by the annealinl!, process. In
some of thebest·qualltles of iron, after
having been carefully annealed, there Is
scarcely any trace ot residual magnet-
. Ism, but as soon as it is worked upon In
any manner, such as fiUng, hammering,
or twistlng its magnetic qualities are at
once greatly Impaired. In the iron parts
of alternating current machines the Iron
gradnally becomes hardened from the
vibration of its molecules caused by the
rapid reversals of polarity, and In time
this effect becomes quite noticeable. This
£t:1teof tile Iron is known as "Tired
Iron" and there seems to be no means
of overcoming it. Another peculiar after
etl'ect is· that the strength of a magnet
Increases steadily tor a while when a
perfectly COnstant magnetizing force is
applied. This may continue tor quite a
while and sometimes amounts to several
per-cent.
Having now -considered the electro
magnet In a general way we are ready to
study the laws ot the magnetic circuit
which will be the. subject ot our next
paper.
THE LONGEST ELECTRICAL POWER
TRANSJUISSION IN THE WORLD.
The most notable power trnnsmission
plant yet attempted, both from the point
of view of amount of power and the dis-
tance of transmission, Is already under
way In the State of Utah.
The I'loneer Electrl~ Power Company,
ot Ogdeu, Utah, has. within the past
month placed a contract with the Gen-
eral Electric. Company for a complete
5,000 horse-power, three-phase plant.
covering a transmission of thirty-slx
miles trom Ogden to Salt Lake City.
The power will be obtained from the
tall in the canon of the Ogden River, at
a point almost within the limits of the
city of Ogden. A('ross the head ot the
Ogden canon a dam is to be thrown, and
an immense storage reservoir formed,
which will cover some fifteen or twenty
square miles of a valley In .the moun-
tains~ From this dam to the power
house Js a distance of .nearly six miles.
The water will be carried through a slx-
foot pipe of wood for about five mnes.
whlIe for the rest of the way it will
pass throul1:h a six-foot pipe ot riveted
steel. These pipes are fitted at inter-
vals with automatic relief and air
valves to prevent the bursting or col-
lapsing when the flow of water Is va~
ried by change of lbad. The effectlve
head ot water at the power house will
vary trom 400 to 450 feet, and the tull
capacity of the pipe line will be 10,000
horse-power.
Two duplicate receivers will be used,
one at each side of the power house, 110
that either can be shut down without
stoppin~ the plant. To these pipes run-
ning to the water wheel nozzles will be
connected. The speed of the wheels
will be ('on trolled by Knight governors,
and the valves will be operated by hy-
draulic pistons, so that the generators
may be stopped and started from the
switchboard. The water from the
wheels on each side of the power house
wlll pass .into a central tail race under
the Ooor between the two llnes ot gener-
ators, and will be conveyed into canals
. for the irrigation of some 18,000 acres of
land In the vicinity ot Ogden, which will
be. reclaimed for farming purposes.
The electric plant at first will consist
of five 1,000 horse-power twenty-tour
pole three-phase generators driven by
Knight water wheels running at 300 rev-
olutions per minute. The water wheels
and fitting will be furnished by the
Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works, of
Sa.n Francisco. Water wheel and ar-
maturE' are mounted on the same shaft,
and are supportcd by the same base
frame and bearings. The periodicity of
the current is sixty cycles per second,
and the generators will be wound tor
2,300 volts.
Two exciters,' ('ach of 100 kilowatt ca-
pacity, direct connected to their own
water wheels, will be provided, either of
which will suffice to excite the fields of
all the generators In the completed sta-
tion.
The current from the generators will
be cnnled by lead covered cables laid In
ducts between the generator fountains
and the wan of the bulIding to the gen-.
erator switchboards at one end of the
power house. The boards wlll be blue
Vermont marble panels, and wlll be
. completely equipped with all the neces-
sary controlling and regulating instru-
ments and apparatus. Tachometers on
the switchboard. operated by synchron-
ous motors elcctricnlly connected to the
generatol'swlll indicate the speed of the
machines.
The step up transformers and the 2,-
000 and 15,000 volt feedel' panels will b~
placed in a gallery erected over the gen-
erator switchboard. The transformers,
nine in number, each of 250 kilowatt ca-
padty, will raise the generator potential
from 2,800 volts to 15,000 volts. at which
pressure 2,000 horse-power will be trans-
mitted to Salt Lake City. The local dis-
tribution of the balance at Ogden wlll
be made at 2,800 volts.
The .transmltted current ,..,ill pass over
six No. 1 wires strung on ill"mlatQrs of
a special por<!elain developed by the
General Electric Company to withstand
high potentials to nine 250 kilowatt step
down transformers at Salt Lake City,
which will deliver it at 2,800 volts fOl'
d istrilllltion.
The transmission Une and transform-
ers will be RlTanged to al!o,v of the use
of 9. potential of 25,000 volts. This will
permit of the efti'cient transmission of
current to the mining regions of Merl!ul'
and other camps thirty to thirty-fi""e
miles beyond Salt Lake City. All lines
will be protectE'<l b~ the In test types- ot
General Electric lighting IllTP-ster8,
which have Pl'oved so efficient ill otiter
transmissions.
To construct the iron and wooden
pipe bringing the water to th9 wheels
100 horse-power' In motors are set up
lNovember.
In the shops of Rhodes Bros" in Ogden,
supplying extra power tor the work,
which is one ot tbe most extensive pipe
llne contracts ev-er undertakell-tiv\"
miles ot six-foot wooden stave pipe, and'
one mile of riveted steel pipe. Praeti-
cally all the work will be done on the
ground, the steel being received in nut
sheets to be rolled, punched and rivette,.,
In the sbops, and the lumber· for the
wooden pipe In the rough to be nlilled.
planed and put together on the e:PQt.
Salt Lake City, with the completiO!!
of the Pioneer plant, will receive power
from two of the most important electri-
cal transmission Installations ever un-
dertaken. That tmnsmitting the power
from the Big Cottonwood canon lIal! on-
ly recently been completed; that of the
Pioneer ·Company will probably be in-
augurated about the 1st of November of
this year.
Al"I~RICAN TELEPHONE PR)~C'l'ICE.
History and Principles of the Magneto
Telephone.-By Kempster B.
Miller.
l.'he history of the telephone from its
inception to its present state of pel'fec-
tlon, Is Interesting In the extrcDle. nnd
atrords a striking example of tbe' fact
that great Inventions are almost in va-
l'iably the result of long and careful 'Stu-
dy on the pal·t of many workers, rather
than the sullden inspiration of a single
«enius. It Is of even greater interest
from a scientific standpoint, for in no
way can one obtain II. better idea of the
fundamental prinCiples Involved In t-el-
ephony than by following their develop-
ment, step by step, noting the contribu-
tions Wilde by each of the many sci.en-
tists and Inventors whose names are
elosely connected with the art.
l.'hese steps were made in 'logical or-
der, the knowledge contributed by .each
In""estigator making possible a deeper
inSight Into the subject on the part of
his successors. It Is best, therefore, to
follow this order In obtaining prtmary
Ideas of the subject. -
The history of the knowledge of eiec-
tt'omagnetlsm begins in 1810, and· with
this date very properly begins the his-
tOl'Y of the electric telephone. In this
year Oersted, a pl'ofessor in the Univer-
sity of Copenhagen, discovered that a
magnetic needle tends to place itself at
right angles to a wire curryill~ a cun-ent
of electricity. He further developed the
laws regarding the deflections corre-
sponding to the directions of the cun'ent
in the wire, and those corresponding to
the positions ot the wire with respect to
the needle.
In the following year Arego and Davy
discovered thnt if a current be caused to
flow through an insulated wire wrallped
about a rod of steel the latter would ex-
hibit magnetic properties. It was Wm.
Sturgeon, howe""er, who, in 1825, made
nn electro-mngnet as we know It to-
day, and called it by that name. To
Sturgeon, therefore, belongs the credit
ot one of the greatest disco,'eries in the
history of science, Joseph Henry :llso
made his classic experimentfl 011 the
electro-magnet, and to him must be ac-
credited Il large amount of our knowl-
edge regarding It, Henry showed how.
to build a magnet capable of being opel"
ated over a great length of wire, a mOiOr
Impol'tant step.
 November.] THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
In 1831 Faraday and Henry, indl'pend-
entlydiscovered the con,erse of these
laws ·ot electromagnetism-that if the
Intensity of a magnetic field enclosed by
(l.. conductor he in any wise changed, a
current ot electricity will now· onl~­
while such change is taking place, amI
. Its stre.ngth wlIl depend directly on the
rate ot the change.
T.hese.two laws concerning the trans- . pend on tbe direction of tile Jines of
forIrultion of electric energy Into mag-
netic, and its converse. the transforma-
tion ot magnetic energy Into electric, are
<!p.rtainly the most important in the
whole realm of electrical science, as sin-
gle or together they form .the founda-
tions not only of the telephdlle and tele-
graph, but of electric lighting, electric
pOwer transmission, and of every other
achievement by which electricity has
revolutionized the methods of life
throughout the whole civilized world.
As these l~'vs form the very root of
. all telephone practice, a few illustra-
tions directly in line with the principles
of the telephone wilJ not be amiss, even
though they are very generally under-
stood; for they will give a clearer under-
standing of the development!; mnde by
subsequent inventors. If, as shown lil
Fig. I, a coil of wire be wrapped around
a rod (R) of iron or steel, and a battery
(B) placed in circuit with the coil, the
, 2@t!R.9 _., , d
G"---llr:=_C_U--.J1
B.
FIG. 1.
rod becomes e magnet upon the closure
of this circuit, and will attract an iron
armature (A) in tile viciulty of either of
Its poles. Any "ariatlon in the strength
of this'cunent will cause corresponding
variations in the attractive power of the
magnet. If the rod be of steel, and per-
ma!lently magnetized, it will exert an
attructive force of its own on the arma-
ture, and the current will, according to
its direction, increase or diminIsh tbis
attractive force.
About every magnet there exists a
fleld of force; that is, a region in which
nny body capable of. being magnetized
(such as iron) bas exerted on it, by the
magnet, an intluence of attraction or re-
pull';lon. This field of force is usually
graphically represented by closed curves,
radiating from the poles of tbe magnet,
'l·' ....!~'~l"11' ~-t:~ ...:"!....,.~\\i~Y 'f/I-f/}:':
\~\~:i~"
~\'.,. {! 9~~~,1N~,~J~'
\~~~(~:" 'l!~"""""':\ ,')f ~'1'#JI:f~~v/t
~;:
1! ~~~~ ii''f;'fI1,;-:t'/j
'\". r.~~~~\\~\~\. If P/(Il
~ •~ *If .~\\~:~I~~r./:~~w:
(·,.ttl. ~~ •.mi.yl./~~-.~
~~§\.;..\i\1i . ~W'iil~;~.,~
~~~~.~\ - ~~~
.-:-;Qr"-- ~~$.~:;.~....;~..~!'" ••-=?' - ~
~~.i);~\V.~·~~~~,.I!I~l"i.~~"""-~'
-w.; .~~;~J'~.1··iV\~1~0~j~.~i< .f;l~~~'~~
:?'/.~:. ,t;''\:((1 ~, ="" '!'ii' ',1. ~~~ ...,
1;;~~/1'jlt);~:~~~>, r/l~! '~'\\~~~
g14';iPI~\\\I\~~. ;;; ~. , .;,\\~1~ ;
f7r1-wl'!il~·\:\~'.:,. '\ \~\i.:\\'.,,~
~~t~~J~i~~~~~,~;\~~~l~
. ,,$~. n,\: •• ~~ ~_ .... _-_'Jf . \ , \. .......-:\.,
FIG.2.
as shown in Fig. 2, and the sh'ength of
tbe magnl!t is cOlllDlonly measured in
terms of the number of such lines radiat-
ing from one of its pole!!. H now, a
gall'ltnometer, (G), or otbel' current in-
dicator (Fig. 3) be placed in circuit witb
a coil, (C), and a magnet, (N S), moved
in the vicinity of the coil, or the coil in
thO;? Yicinity of the magnet. in such a·
manner as to chan~e the numbel' of lines
of force passing thl'ou;;:h the ('Oil, a cur-
rent is genel'Uted in the coil and Is in-
dicated by the galvanometer. This cur-
I'ent will flow only while the magnet is
being so moved. Its direction will de,
foree tbreading the coil and 011 whether
their number Is being Increased or di-
c·
. FIG. 3.
minisbed. Its strength will depend on
the rate at which their number is chang-
ing.
If n. mass of Iron be bl'oug;ht within the
field of a magnet, the field becomes dis-
torted by virtue of a larger nl.luiber of
lines finding their path through the
!':pace occupied by tbe iron than through
the same space when filled with air.
Therefore, if a closed coil be placed
about a pole of the magnet and a body
or Iron be moved to and from the pole,
the Intensity of the field In whicb the
coil lies wlll vary, and currents of elec-
tricity will fiow in the coli.
In 1837 Prof. Page of Salem, ;\:las8.,
discovered that a rod of iron, suddenly
magnetized or demagnetized would emit
certain sounds due to a molecular re-
arrangement caused by the changing
magnetic conditions. 'rhls phenomenon
is known as "Page's effect."
Late in the Thirties. PI·of. S. F. B.
:.uorse placed at one ~Ild of a Hne Stur-
geon's electro-magnet !.:U), iFI;:!,. 4), with
a pivoted armature (At anll at the other
end a. battery (B),' and a key (K), for
~
II~----~
FIG. 4.
making and breaking the circuit. By
manually closing and opening the key
the core of the magnet became mag'ne-
tized and demagnetized, thus alternately
attracting and releasing- the armature .
By this means signals Wh'e sent and re-
corded on a stl'ip of papm·. calTied on a
~·oller. (R). in front of the arml1.tnre, aud
thus for the first time intelligence was
('lectricnlly conveyed behn-e-n distant
point!!.
In 1854 a Frenchman, eha!". Bourselll.
predicted the transmission of speecb.
llnd outlined a. method corl'ect save ill
one pllrtlcular. but for whie-h 1'1'1'01' one
following his dil'E~ctiolls couill have pro-
duced a telephone of l?;l'eatpr etficienc~'
than that sulJscqupntly .le\'i:-ed by Bell.
His words at this date ~N'1lI almost pro-'
phetic: "Suppose a llJall spenl,s uear a
movable dis), sufficientl~' flexible to lose
nonl! of the vibrations or the voice. I\nd
that tbi! disk nltel'Datety makes and
3
breaks the current from a battery; you
lllay have at a distance another disk
which will simultaneously execnte tl1f.'
same vIbrations."
Philip Reis, a Gel'luan im-entor, COll-
stl'Ucted a telephone in 18G1. following
very closely the path outlined by Bour-
seuI. He mounted a flexihle diaphragm,
(II), (F'ig. 5). over an opening in a wooden
box, and on the center of the diaplmlg-m
fastened a small piece of platinum CP).
XeaI' this he mounted a heayy brass
spring, (S), with which the platinum al-
ternately mnde and timl;:e contact when
the diaphragm was caused to vibrate.
'These contact pOints formed the termi-
nals of a circuit containing a batto;?r.y,
(B), and ·the receiving instrnment. His
receiver assumed .v:lrious forms, promi-
nent among which was a l~nitting
needle, (N), wrapped wltl! slJ1~ Insulilted
copper wire D.ud mounted on a Cigar hox
p
-'-"'~r-'--
»\/: I. !
~11i-i-------',
Jj
PIG.S.
for a souuding beal·d. Its operation waH
as follows: 'Tile sound wa\'es set up by
the voice struck ngalllSt the diaphragm
of the trallsmitter, causin;; it to vibrate
in unison herewith. This made and
lJroke the circuit at tile I'ontact pOints,
and allowed intermittent Clll'l'ents to
fiow through the recein'!'.These cur-
rents. whi~h exact!~· synchronized .. with
the sound waves, c-aused a·· series of
s(lund!:! In the knitting lIepulp by virtue
of "Pagc's effect." 'The sounding board
"ihrated in unison with the moleeulur
vibl'ntions of the lleeule. and the sound
was thus greatly amplified. •
Heis' telf'phone COllld be depeIlded Ull-
on to transmit only musical souud>:, but
it is pl'obalJlc that it did actually tm.Il;'!-
nHt al'tieul:Jte sveech. The cuuse of this
partial failure will be understood from
the followiug facts: A simple n.lllsical
tone Is causell by 'vibrations of very
Simple form, while sound waves pro-
duced by tbe voice are very eomplex ill
theil' nature. 'These two forms of ,,;uyes
m'e shown graphically in Fh:. G. Sonnd
possesses tbree qU~l.1ities: Pitcb. depend-
Ing entirely on the f1'equency of the vi-
AJ\' "t\/\IJ
./ \f ~~ 'f \.~J'''
FIG. 6.
lll'atlolls; loud.uess, depl!ndiug on the
a Illl)litllde of the v!hrn non,", anrt
timbre or quality, depending on the
form of vihrations. The tOlle'1 of a flute
and a violin lIlay be the samc ;I.S to pitch
and louduess and yet be r::..l1icaUy <lif-
fi.'rent. This diffel'ellce Is in. timbre Ol'
quality.
Heis' tl'nllsmitter was ahle only to
make and brcak the Cil'cuit, and a move-
llH'lIt of the dlaphra~1II bardy suffiC'ient
to breal~ the <.'II'cuit pl'oduceU tlw same
('fft'pt fiS a ml1c-h goren tel' 1Il0yelllellt. 1.'111"
(,U1Tt>lIt thel'efore t!owed with full
stren;::th until the ci1'euit was liroken,
when it !!'topped .~::Jtirely. Thl! iOlt",I"
mcdiate strengths n('edN1 ft'!l' repl'odn("
 4 THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
Ing the dellclite modulations of the voice ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, COUXTER
were entirely wanting. This apparatus ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
could, there tore, exactly reproduce the
, pitch of a sound, but not its timbre and AND SPEED.
relative loudness.
For the next fifteen years no great Ad- The E. M. F. of a generator depends
vance was made In the art of telephony, upon the Dumber ot wires on the arma-
although many inventors gave It their ture, the strength of the field magnets
careful attention. and the speed. In any given machine
In 1876, Prof. Alexander Graham Bell the number ot wires on the armature is.
and Prof. Elisha Gray almost simul- ot course, fixed, and the E. lVI. F. can
taneously Invented suCcessful spf'ak!ng only be varied by varying the speed or
telephones. Although Bell has reaped the strength ot the field magnets. Sup·
the prQfit, the United States Patent Of- pose a generator having separately ex-
fice having awarded priority of InvE'ntion cited and cOllstant fields to be in motion
to him, 'qn equal share .of the honor is with the outside circuit broken: An E.
M. F. will be generated at the terminals
due to Gray. !
Bell possessed a greater knowledge of depending upon the speed and the
acoustics· than of electrical science, and strength of the field magnets. No cur-
it WRi;lprobably this that lE'd him to a~· rent will flow because of the circuit
preciate wherein others had tailed. HIS' being open. The power consumed in
Instrument consisted 'ot n permanent generating a current is equal to the
,bar-magnet, (B) (Fig. 7), having on one product ot the number of ,"olts of E.
end a coil of fine wire. In front ot the M. F. by the number of amperes of cur-
pole carrying thE' colI II. thin dinphragm, rent; and since the amperes are here
(D), of sott Iron was so mounted as to zero, the power consumed will be zero-
allow its free vibration close to the pole. that is, no power -Will be consumed by
Two of' these instruments are shown the generator other than that necessary.
connected in a circuit in Fig. 7. to turn It in Its bearings. Now let the
circuit be completed with a large re-
Two points will be noticed which have sistance: A small current wlll flow and
hen>tofore been absent: That no bnttery a small amount of power will be con-
is'used in the circuit, and that the trans- sumed equal to the product of the num-
mitting and Teceiving instruments are ber of volts by the number of amperes.
exactly alike. When the sott iron din- Let the total reslst:lDCe including that
pbragm of' tlie . transmitting instrument of the armature. he halved. and the
is spoken to it vibrates in exact accord- amperes will be doubled and with them
anet" with tbe sound wa,"es striking the power will be doubled, since the E.
against It. The movement of the' din- lVI. F. will remain uncbanged or prac-
phragm causes changes in the magnetic tically unchanged-we say practically
unchanged, since In point of fact the E.
M. F. will drop slightly at the termln·
als as the outside resistance Is de,
creased. With the outside circuit
broken, no current flows and the tull E.
.FIG.7. M, F. due to the speed will appear at
the terminals. When the outside cir-
field in which lIes the coll,which chnng- cuit is completed, current flows. a part
es, as shown above, cause an alternating of the tull E. M. F .• will be used up in
current to flow in the circuit. This cur- forcing this current through the arma-
rE'nt varies In .unison with the move- ture wires. and a less E. M. F. 'will ap-
ments of the diaphragm. The waves of pear at the terminals. As the outside
this current are very coniplex, and rep- resistance Is decreased and the current
resented grnphically are similar to those increased. the amount of the E. M. F.
of the voice shown in 1,'lg G. Passing used up In the armature will Increase
along the linE' wire,. tht!sc electrical im- with the current. and the amount of re-
pulses; so feeble that only the most deli- maining E. 1\I. F. will decrease. Since.
cate instruments' ean detect them, alter- however, under normal conditions. the
nately increase and decrt'ase tlie strength resistance of the armflture is always
,of the permanent' mngnet of the receiv~ small in comparison with the outside re-
Ing instrument, and thereby cause it to e:istance. the proportion of the E. 1\L F.
exert II. varying pull on its soft iron dia- used up in the armature will be -small,
phragm, which, as a rE'sult, takes up the and, the E. l\{. F. appearing at the ter-
vibrations and reproduces the sound minals will be nearly constant, regard-
faithfully. less of the variation in the outside re-
Bell's form ot instrument, with a few sistance within usual limits.
minor changcs, is the standard of to- In all thRt hAS been said. it should be
day. It is now ue:ed as a receiver only, remembered that· the fields are sup-
R. more efficient transmitter, depending posed to be suppliE'd from an outside
upon entirely different principles, having , source. and so be ot constant strength.
been invented. In, point ot fact. when. as usunl. dyna-
In concluding this sketch T~or!l Kel- mos magnetize their own fit'lds. the.
'in's words seem appropriate: "Who winding can be so arrAnged that the
can but admire the hardihood of inven- fields will fltrengthen ns the current in·
tion which devised such very slight crE'ases. and so maintAin or e,"en in-
means to realize the mathematical con- crease the' E. 1\1. F. ",Ith an increase of
ception that if elcctricity is to convey all ('urrent. The E. M. F. which appears
the delicacies of quality which distin- with an open ('ir('ult is CAlled the toml
guish articulate speeeh, the strength of E. l\I. F .• and that which appears when
Its current must vary continuously as the circuit Is clO!~E'd is called the effec·
nearly as may be in siDlple proportion tive E. 1\1. F. When the E. l\:[. F. of a.
to the velocity of a 'particle ot air en- ~enerator is spoken of' without quaiifi-
gagoo in constituting the sound."-:Amer- cation. it Is the. effel!tive E. M. F. which
iean Electrician. is meant. , .,',':~ :"
[November.
It the generator which bas been <Col'!-
sidered ha,"e its speed changed, the E.
M. F. will be changed In proportlQu:
and as the amperes of current under a
given resistance are proportional to tlle
E. M. F., it follows that the current
generated will likewise vary in propor-
tion to the, speed. It should he D.oted,
however, that since the po wei' is tli,e
product ot the volts and amperes, the
power will vary faster than the speed.
It the volts and amperes are both
doubled, the power will be quadrupled,
'and so for any chnnge-in other words,
the power varies as the square of the
speed. This will show at once the gr~at
ad,"antage ot high speed in dynamos.
The generation ot an E. M. F. is due"
to the motion ot a conductor in ilia
vicinity ot a magnet in such a directifm
as to cut the lines ot forcc. It matter's
not by whnt power tbis motion is pro-
duced. In a generator the power is roe-
chanical power applied fl'om without.
In a motor the conditions are the samt!,
except that the power Is derived from
the action ot the magnets on a CUITent
supplied from without. This does nilt
affect the generntion ot an E. M. P .•
which, precisely as in a' generator. is
produced by the motion of the armnture
colis in the magnetic field. It is a nnl-
yel'sal law of all electrie action that the
effect produced always opposcs the
force which produces it. In conse-
quence of this law the E. M. F. pro-
'luced in a motor acts to oppose the E.
l\!. F. which drives the motor. Hence
the E. 1\1. F. of a motor is called the
counter E. 1\1. F. Its magnitude follows
the same law as the E. 'M. F, of a ~t!Il­
erator, that is, it is propol·tionnl to lhe
strength of the field magnets and to the
speed. It follows at once that the
higher the speed at which a given mo-
tor armature is allowed to run, the
higher the counter E. 1\1. F. will be. and,
if the applied E. M. F. be constant, tIl(!
smaller the current flowing through it.
Could the speed be ,high enough, th.!
counter E. 1\1. F. would equnl the ap-
plied E. 1\1. F., and no current would
flow. Under these ,circumstances the
motor -could develop no power, 'auu
hence such a speed is impossible in n
motor. We see thus that the COUlltt:l'
E. :'II. F. must be·less than the applied
E. :'II. F. ' Should, however, an engine
be belted to the motor to nssist it, and
should the speed or the engine and UIO·
tor be increased, the counter E. 1\I. F.
would rise until at a celiain' speed it
would equal" the applied E. 1\1. F. ,~t
this point no cunent. would flow
through the motor armature, which
would do no work, but its former work
would be carried by the engine, and It-
st'lf would simply turu idly in its bear-
in~s. Should the speed be increast!d
still further, the E. 1\1. F. of the motor
would' increase' still furtha:. when it
'would exceed the applied E. M. F .• allll
the motor would become a generator
driven by the enginc.
The counter E. M. F. of a motor,act-
ing to oppose the current, it' would be
naturnl at first sight to look U'I}On 'it fI.8
heing of thesnme natme as the resist-
:llIce of a wire. In point of fact, how-
l~yel", its effect is quite different. While
the resistance of n. wire opposes the
eurrent, it does not stop it .. No mattl!j:
what thc resistance, current will til)W
through it-a large current it" the reRis't·
 November.]
ance be small, and a small current if the
,'eslstance be large. The effect of coun·
tel' E. 1\.1. F., howe,·er, is to act to till:!
extent or its amount as an absolute d:'1lI
to the current. Thus, suppose the l·t'-
sistance of the armature to be 10 ol1l11s,
and the applied E. ~L F. 100 ,"oits: If
the motor be held stationary, so that
there be no counter E. ~1. l~., the cur-
rp.nt will be .lll1Jl-lO amperes. Now
let the motor be l'cleased and allowed to
tUl'n at such a spt.>ed that a eountcr E.
11. ·F. of 90 volts Is de\"l~loped: These
HO volts simply neutralize til) of the ap-
plied volts, .and leave remainiug 10 "t"-
. tective volts to force current throu~h
the 10 ohms. Under these circum-
stances the current will \;)e -}8 -1 am-
pere. A rurther consideration will show
that' while the current Is exactly iu-
vel'Sely proportional to the resistance,
it- Is no~ Inversely proportional to. the
eounter E. ~L ~'. Thus, suppose the
applied .K M. F. to be 1UO Yolts, the
counter E. i\I. F. 00 Yolts, and the re-
Rist::mce of the wire 10 ohms: The ef-
fective El. M. F. is now 100-90=1 YOit,
and the current jl,j ampere. Now It!!
the speed be reduced so as to redur:e
the counter E. 1\1. F. to 98 yolts: TIle
effecti ve E. M. F. becomes 100-0S=:!
volts, and the current j1; amperes. In
other words, reducing the counter E. ~J.
~'. a little more than one pel' cent l1;!s
doubled the current. This principle is
at the base of the operation of shunt-
wound or constant speed motors, and is
very important.
It should be noted here that the worJ~
done by the current is not tllat due to
the effectiye voltage and the amperes.
Take the case above of an applied }J.
M. 1". of 100 YO Its, counter E. l\i. b'. fJ8
volts, wire resistance 10 OOms, and con-
sequently a current of 1';' ampere: It
might at first sight be Imagined thai:
the power expended by the current
would be 2 x 1" - tu volt ampere or Tii
watt,' but. this would be an error.
The powel' expended by the current is
that due to the full applied voltug~
ulUltiplied by the amperes, namely-
100 X 12,; - :!lDuIl. - 20 watts. The 1"0 watt
is the powel' expended in overcoming
the wire resistance; that is, it is the lost
power, since its only effect is to heat
the wire. The number of volts of coun-
ter E. 1\1. F., multiplied b)' the aJl1pere~,
namely. 98 x ·Iii - .lNi - 19lo, is the power
realized by the armature, as has been
said before, and we ob5er\"e that 191%+
to-ZO, as it should.
Next imagine a motor (still with it!!
field magnets kept at constant strength
by a current from without) to be at
work under the constant applied E. :\1.
F .• and loaded with a friction brnl.e:
The speed is such that the counter J<J.
1\1. F. allows a current to flow, whose
power equals that absorbed by thc
brake. Let the pressure of the brake
shoe on the br(lke drum be nef'rease'.1:
The amperes of current multiplied by
the volts of counter E. 1\1. F. is now in
excess of the work to be done, and tbe
speed increases. This increased speed
deveiops more counter E. M. F., which
checks the current, this process gOillg
on until the new counter E. 1\1. F. mul-
tiplied' by the new cunent equals tlu~ .
l'educ-ed power absol'bed by the brak('.
lYe ·thus see that a decrease of load i~·
accompanied by an Increase of speecl
and It decrease of current. On the other
:hanll, if the brake-shoe pressure be in-
THE ELECTRICAL WORK.ER.
creased the speed will slow down,
which, de\'elopin&, a smaller counter I-!.
M. 11'., will allow more current to flow,
until the product of the new counter E.
}L 1·'.. by the new current equals tile
new load. As has been shown, the in-
crease of current is much greater than
the decrease of counter E. M. F.; and
since the change in co.unter E. M. F'.
and speed' go together, the change in
r.peed will be or can be made compar:l-
tively small. This is effected by pro-
viding that in the first place the field
strength shall be constflnt, and in the
second place the wIre resistance of the
armature shan be small. The small re-
~istance of the armature insures that
tile counter E. M. F. shull ne(lrly equal
the applied E. M. F. As has been
shown, under these conditions the varia-
tion of current for different loads will
then be obtained with a small variation
in speed.
If the load on the brake be indefinitely
increased, the current will continue to
increase; and if the load be made too
great, the resulting current will be more
than the motor can carry. with It
bUl'ned-out armature as a result.
It will be seen that so far as the ar-
mature alone is concerned, the couIltt'r
K M. F. depends on the speed aione.
and the E. )1. I.'. is often said to be ~
matter of speed only. ~'his IItatem~nt
shOUld, however, be qualified by prefix-
ill;; ··with a constant field."-American
~\lachinist. '.. .0.; J.~
THE DE L .... V AL STE_"'~1 TlJRBIXE.
By 1!J. H. l-IUlltD.
Xo luYention of recent years is so full
of fascinating possibilities as that of the
steam turbine. Everyone knowS We
revolution that the ordlnal'y turbine
mude ill the application of water power.
Instead of utilizing merely the mass of
water. as tile oid-fashloned overshot and
undershot wheels did, the turbine re-
ceiyed the pressure of the weight of a
column of water from the leYel of tIle
head of the reServoir to the depth be-
low, at which It was operated. It is by
means of turbines that a small portion
of the enormous power of Niagara has
becn made available for the generation
of electricity.
About a year ago the New York Edi-
son Illuminating Company imported
from France, at its own expense and
risk, two De Laval steam turbines, with
a capacity of 300 horse-power each. At-
tached to each of these were t\VO 100 kil-
owatt Desrozier dynamos of the same
pattern as that adopted by the French
Government. Of course, as soon as the
Edison Illuminating Company was sat-
isfied that the steam turbines were suc-
cc:ssf'Lll, commercially and ccoilon.!cally,
it would substitute dynamos of Its own
make.
'1'he De La val steam turhhso, itS
,·Iewed from the outside, consists of two
parts, cylindricnl in forUl. The first of
these cylinders, situated fur-ihest from
the dynamos, contains the e:!:haust hox.
the stenm turbine wheel, the steam
chest and the six nozzles by which the
steam is directed on the wheel. The sec-
ond cylinder contains the some\vhltt
complicated gearing by which the rovo-
lutions of the turbine Ilre reduced to the
5
comparatlvely low speed necessary for
the dynamos.
Faucy to youl'self a small wheel thir-
ty inches in diameter including several
hundred cup-shaped discs, tWo-fifths or
an inch in width, open at both sides and
occupying some three inches of the rim.
It is out of this little wheel, stl'ongiy
built towards its center with layers of
steel plates so as to form a blunt cone
on each side. tImt 800 horse-power has
to come. The steam is fil'St admitted
into the steam chest at an initial pres-
sure of 120 pounds to the square inch.
It is tlJen fed to the turbine by six
needle ,alns with adjustable handles
on the out8id~. ~'hese valves are placel]
at equal distances around the turbine
so that when one is opened on one side,
the corresponding valve on the other
siue may also be opened to the snme ex-
tent so us to balance the motion of the
wheel as much as possible.
Below tbe needle point, wllich ol'eml
01' cioses each of these val vea, the sup-
ply pipe gl'adually expands until it han
an area six times as great, whel'e it
sU'ikes the wheel, as its opening. Then
·it covers tb,'ee of the cup,sllaped discs at
one time. Thus by a Simple calculation,
if thc steam is at a 11l'(,8~lU'e (If 120
poullds to the square luch at its entrance
into one of the needle yah·ee, it is ~x­
panded HUtil it. occupies six times the
space, when it would lla\'e a Pl'csSUr(;
of twenty pounds to the squal'e inch.
~lJis 18 ilut1icient to give the turbi!HJ
9,000 revolutions a minute-a speed \'~ry
far in excess of anything which COUld be
. attempted by a piston engine. It 1s well
known that all piston engines .bave a
llmlt or "peed ncct:!ssitated by the tiIue
reqult'etl to allow the steam to clet>.l' out
of the cylindH before a fresh supply Is
gi yen tor the next stroke. There is nlso
u loss of power in piston engines by the
cOllversloll of the horizontal into' circu-
lar motlen, becanst! the piston Illllst
come to rest at each end of the cylinder,
though it be for only the infinitesimal
part of a second. It has, therefore, long
been the dl'eam of inventors to mrrke an
engine by which the limit of speed
would not be controlled by the time nec-
essal'y for the clearance of the steam,
alldhy whieb the "dead centers" of pls-
tOll t:!ngines would be obviated. The
steam turbine seems to fulfill both these
conditions.
The steam, after passing through the
cups of the turbine tiuds itself in the
exhaust box. Attached to this box is a
pump w4ich maintains a ,acuum of
twenty-six inches and removes the
steau1 to be condensed in the ordinary
way. '.rhe turbine Itself is fixed to'u
thin shaft of 'steel only an inch and oue·
tenth in diametel·. Owing to a peculiar-
ity of the Dt! La,-al steam turbine, room
has to be left for the play of this shaft.
This is accomplished by fitting the outel'
cnd of the shaft niceiy, but not tightly,
.into a sleeve, the outer side of whi.ch is
spherical in shape so as to' be able to
play in a seat of the same kind, some-
thing on the piau of a ball-b~:l1'ing. Tile
inner end of the shaft passes through
ordinary hearings coated with babbit
metal. It ends in a small toothed wheel,
bevelled on both sides. which fits into
four larger wheels. two on each side.
These in turn are fitted to the shafts ot
the two armatures of the Desrozier dy-
u~mos. The larger wheels are tweh·.,
times the diameter of the swail olle on
 6 THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
the turbine shaft, so that the 11,000 revo-
lutions per minute are reduced to 750
per minute-the normal speed ot the
dynamos, " . to arise from its general use.
The two turbines imported by the Ed-
"1son Electric Illuminating Company
were erected one in the powel' house in
Thirty-ninth street, and the other in the
po'wer house in Twelfth street. They
have been subjected to frequent tests
during the year, though they have nev-
er heen used continuously tor any length
of time. A six hours' test recently
made, under ordinary operating condi-
tions, showed that 692.48 amperes were
generated at the positi~'e dynamo at u
pressure ot 127.25 volt,\!l, while at the
negative dynamo 709.18 amperes at U'
l>ressure of 128.28 volts were generateu.
This gives, by multiplying tbe volts anel
a~p,eres -ou-"·ea.eh side aud qdding the
results together, an avel'age of 179.0i7
watts. Assuming a dynamo efficiency
,ot ninety. PCI' cent, gives us a total
amount of work trom the turbine equal
equal' to 198,1:17;; watts, or dividing by
746, '200.72 ordinal'Y horse-powel·. This
was accomplished with a consumption
0("17.348 pounds of' water pel' Ul'alie
horse-power pel' hour.
'1'he apparatus w"aich gave these re-
sults occupies '"cry little space. Its to-
tal length Is 159 inches, its breadth 77
Inches, and its height 51- inches. It is
thus very economical in regard to space.
Steam turbines ,al'e used extensively in
electric lighting plants In Ft'ance and
Englaud. '1'he De I.aval type is the one
common in France, while the I'arsons
type isgenemlly used in England. The
city of POl'tsm(}uth uses Parsons steam
turbines exclusively for generating elec-
tricity, while the MetropOlitan Elech'ic
Company of London, has several steam
turbines in Its extensive plant. The rea-
son why tWs company introduced the
steam turbine is curious, to say the least,
It was found that the vibration in some
ot the pow~r houses was so great, owing
to the traffic in the adjOining streets,
that the ordinary steam engines pro-
duced an Unsteady current in: the dyna-
mos. ,The use of steam turbines was
tound to remedy this defect.
T/le wear and tear of the gearing of a
machine LUaklng 9,000 revolutions a
minute ought to prove, reasoning by un-
alogy, one of the most serions defects
of steam turbines. No matter what al-
loy or simple metal is used in the com-
position of the small wheel on the tur-
bine shaft, it must o8OOne1' 01' later wear
loose, thus materially interfering with
the horse-power efficiency of the entire
apparatus. There is -another possible
drawback to the steam turbine which
would have to be determined by an act-
ual test under ordinary operating condi-
tions. 'Ihe shaft of the turbine is only
one and one-tenth of an inch in diame-
ter. Supp.)se, as often, happens, the cur-
rent from the d~-namQ was short-circuit;
ed, what would happen to the shaft·!
TheL'lrgest conuecting rods in ordinary
steam plants are but like reeds when
short-circuiting occurs. Is" there any
reaS011 for believing that the slender
shaft of the turbine would not be shat-
tcred into a dozen pieces?
As regards tlle consuDlption of sterun
,per horse-power hour, the steam turbine
is more economical tban a non-condens-
ing engine. but less economical than a
modern triple expansion eng-incllf the
best type. It must be r£'membel'ed, GOW-
[November, "
ever, that the "steam turbIne is a compar- square Inches will be equal to two poles
atively new invention, and that great of 50 square Inches each, or tour polelO
im)lrovements in it might be expected of 25 square inches each, "The above
statement wiD be trne if the" magnetic
density per SQuare inch lsthe same 1n
each case, and that is the condition her,!
THE AD\'.-\'lIiT,\.GES Ol~ THE MlIL'rIPU· assumed. The number of, turns' of wirl!
LAR TYPE OF ELECTRIC that must be wound. on the magnets to
"MACHINERY. give this density will be proportional to.
the magnetic resistance of the megnetlc
By Wm. Baxter, Jr. circuit.
Let Figs. 1, 2 and 3 represent t!ll'et!
dynamo8--()ne with two, one with fOUl',
In the days previous to the advent of
the dynamo, it was customary to COll- and one with eight poles. 'rhe out!>!l1c
struct electric machines with many
poles, but when the modern develop·
ment of the electrical industl'Y began
it was found that two-pole machines
could be made that would gen~rate iust
as powerful currents as those ot the
multipolar type. As it is the naturlli
tendency of machinery builders to faYfil'
Simplicity, the less, complicated bipolar
machines became the faYodte. Aftm'
awhile the more far-sighted among elef;-
trieal engineers began to see thn, an
increase in thc number of poles would
be advantageous, notwithstanding the
apparently greater complication, Jo'roDl
that time onward the latter style of
construction began to grow in populari-
ty, and to-day is used almost exclusive-
ly for large machines, and to a very con-
siderable extent even in the smallcr
sizes.
The advantages of the multillolar type FIC··
aloe quite numerous, and so clearly :le-
tined that they can be easily pointcd
out; the disad"antages are ",ery few,
and of such a doubtful character tbat
it is a debatable question whether tbey
arc disadvantages or not.
l\Iost of" the points ur superiority of
this class of machines are due to the
fact that, under the same conditions, the
output per pound of WE:lght of machin~
can be made much greater than witll
,the two-pole type.• 'I'his advantage 'of
an increased capacity per unit of
weight can be utilized in se",eral way8;
thus, it becomes possible to improve
upon the results obtained with the bi-
polar construction in any direction in
which a gain may be desired.
Every' engineer will admit that if -
more work can be obtained from a given
weight of machine, running at tbe same
velocity, by a simple cbange in the de-
sign, this change is desirable and val-
uable; but there are many, even among
electrical engineers, who cannot fully
comprehend "'hy the mere increase ill
the number of poles should render su'!h
results pOSSible, and a few others :Ire
even disposed to assert that they :ir/! not
possible. ~n the following it is proposed
to show clearly why an Increase In the
number of poles will cause an increasl>d
output per unit of weight. '1'his fact be-
ing established, it will bc a simple mat-
ter to sbow bow the gain can be utilized FI£.3
either to reduce the size, the weight or diameter of the arinature is 'the same In
the velocity of a machine: the three cases; therefore, the numb..,r'
The output of an eiectl'ical machine, is of turns of wire upon it will be tht:,
proportional to the strength of the ma;;- same; The length of the annature, lIS
netic field multiplied "b~· tile number ot well as the width of the field, is as·
wires on the armature, and the velocity sumed to be the same in all .cases. '
of the latter. To make a comparison be- In Fig. 1 the total magnetism of. th~
tween machines wHh a diffcrent num- field passes from the pole P, tbrough
ber of poles, the velocity must be as- the armature, to the pole N, and back
sumed to be the same in all cases. The through the field rillg to P, as shown"by
sh'ength' of the field will be proportioll- the dotted lines.
al to the cross-sectional area; therefor~, In Fig. 2,' there are two P poles and
one pole with a Cl'oss-seetion ot 100 two N poles; therefore, if half -ns much
 November.J
magnetism' passes through each set, the
total amount passing through the arma-
ture will be the same as in Fig. 1. But
if only .half as much passes through
each puth, the cross section will naye
i' to be half as much; that is, C in Fig. 1
will be twice as great as C in Fi&:. 2.
In Fig. 1 it w11lbe noticed that a anu b
are equal ,and only half as great as C.
'.rhis is because C carries all the mag-
netism, while a and b only carry OIle-
half. For-1:he same reason, in Fig. 2,
a· and b are one-half itS great as C.
Therefore. a and b, in 1~li. 1 are twice
as wide as in Fig. 2.
In Fig. 3 there are four P and four N
poles; hence, the amoullt of ,magnetism
circulating In each set wlll be one-quar·
ter as much as in Fig. 1, and C, a and
b will be one-quarter as wide. as In
1l'lg.1.
.A little l;ellection will show that these
three machines will be of equal capacity
,if magnetized to the same density pel'
.square inch, because the effect of' the
two P poles In Fig. 2, and of the foul'
P poles In Fig. 3, is the same as the
one P pole in Fig. 1., As the armatures
In each case are the same size and have
the same number of turns of wire, the
output of the three machines must be
equal. But 1\ glance at the three figures
will show at once that there is a great
dilIerence in the amount of iron, both
I in the field and the armature, and ,ll"o
a considerable difference in the size c[
the machines. In order to demonstrate
fully that the three machines are of the
same capaCity, it remains to be proved
that 'the magnetic density per square
Inch is the same in each case.
As has already been stated, the num-
ber of turns of wire that must be wound
upon the field to obtain a given density
will be proportional to the magnetic re-
sistance or "reluctance," as it is called,
of the magnetic circuit. This resistance
Is composed of two parts-that of the
air space between the armature and the
poles of the field, and that of the Iron
In the field and armature through which
the magnetism passes. The resistance
of the air space will be the same In el\ch
case, but that of the iron wlll be pro-
portional to the length of the dotted
lines -whIch indicate the path of the
magnetic circuit. As wlll be noticed,
these lines are much longer In Fig. 1
than In Fig. 2, and longer in the latter
_than in Fig. 3. The dilIerence will be
found to be very nearly in the propor-
tion of 1, 2, 4. The number of tl1l'ns
of wire that must be wound upon thn
magnets in each case, to obtain the
same density, will be ·in the ratio ot I,
2, 4 for the resistance of the iron, plus
the same amount in each case to over·
come the resistance of the air space,
or "air gap," fiS Ii is called by electrieal
enginC'ere, If the rel'istaI!ce of aJr amI
iron were equal, 'or anywhere near
equlll, the number of turns of wire on
the magnets of the tbin machines would
be nearly in the proportion of 1, 2, 4;
but the resistance of the air for the
same length and area is several hun-
dred times greater than that of irou.
Therefore, in Fig. 1 about one-half the
wire wound on the field would be re-
quired to overcome the resistance of the
short air gap. From this we can see
that the Dumber of turns of wire wound
on the magnets ot each machine ;vould
be sbout as follows: For No.1 machine,
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
1 part for air gap and 1 part for iron
_ circuit, total 2; for No.2 machine, 1 purt
for air gap and ¥.! part for iron, total
l¥.!; for No.3 machine, 1 part for ail'
gap and % part for iron, total 1%; 01' in
the proportion of 1 for No. 1, %. for No.
2, and % for No. 3. The cross-sectioll
of the wire in the spools D in the t1..1ree
machines is drawn in about this propor-
tion, as will be seen at D', ,Ij'ig. 1, where
the sections of the three colls are super-
Imposed to facilitate comparison.
(To he contt'nued.J
PltESENT AND I'ROSPECTIYE 'WORK.
Sedalia, :i\Io.-An electric road is pro-
jected between this city and Monett,
La wrence Co., Mo. The enterprise Is
said to be backed by Boston and New
York capitalists.
Penn Yan, N. Y.-A new telephone line
is being. constructed between this place
nnd "'atkins. It is to be a copper line
and will be used chiefly for long-distance
telephoning.
Grand Rapids, l\Iich.--The Furniture
City Electric Co. has secured tbe con-
tract for wiring the Clark Block, one of
tlle largest ill the city. The building
whell tinished will be the home of the
Elks, National Guards and other socie-
ties. O"er t,ooo lights will be used.
1,'01·t Dodge, lo.-·Work has begun on
electric street car lines in this city.
Schenectady, N. Y.-It is reported that
the General Electric Co. contemplates
the erection of two new buildings and
that some of the business now carried
on at Lynn, :\Iass." will be transferred
to this city on completion of the new im-
provements.
----
Springfield, Vt.-Work on the electric
l'oad between this city and Charlestown,
N. H., has been resumed, and the con-
tractors say that cars will be running in
three weeks.
Newt Orleans, La.-The Edison Elec-
tric Light Co. will- build a three-story
plant, the contract for the work having
been let to Jas. Stewart & Co. of St.
Louis.
St. Louis, 1\lo.-'£he Boai'd of Public
Improvements has advertised for bids
for lighting the city for a period of
twenty years. Tile proposal calls for
25,000 thirty-two candle-power incan·
descent lights. This is a new departure
and if carried out St. Louis will be the
til'st large city to adopt incandescent
lights exclusively for street lighting. All
the city daily papers are against the in-
candescent scheme.
Tacoma, ·Wash.-The Metropolitan 'i'e}:
ephone and Messenger Company 1131'
been orgallized in this city to do a gen-
eral messenger and telephone business.
Susquehanna, Pa.-The Postal Tel.
Co. is at work and ready to connect this
pL'lce with Montrose, Great Bend, Hall-
stead and ~ew l\lilford with the system
at once.
7
A NEW TELEGRAPH COMPANY.
The preliminary move of the Postal
Telegraph-Cable Company to gain a.
foothold In Texas resulted in the recent
organization of a concern known as the
Postal Telegraph-Cable Company, of
Texns. This company was formed to
constru~t telegraph lines to all the prin-
cipal points ill the State and make con-
nections witb -the -lines Qf the main
postal company at several border points.
The president of this new company ill
Jud&:e J. H. McLeary, of San Antonio,
Tex., formerly Attorney General of the
State. The parent company owns a con-
trolUng intel'est in the stock and the
balance has been subscribed by r~si­
dents of 'l'exas and other portions of the
Southwest. Active work on these new
lines was be&:Un recently.
The Fifteenth Annual Convcntlon of
the American Street Railway Associa-
tion was held in St. Louis' October 20 to
23, nearly all the street railways in the
United States being represented, and
among the delegates we noticed our
friend, lIr. Wyman, or Milwaukee. The
St. Louis meeting WIlS the lal'gest and
most success[ul ever held by the associu-
tion. The convention was held in the
Auditorium BulJding, one comel' iJeing
partitioned 01I for business sessious, and
the balance of the space used by the dif-
ferent manufacturing and slJpplJ' COlU-
panles for exhibiting the latest devices
in electrical equlpments.
On November 10ih the seventp.eu-year
contract between the 'Westem TJuion
Telegraph Co. and the American BIO!!1 '1\'1.-
ephone Co. expired. The telet'hi,;l!~ com-
pany has paid the 'telegraph cOUlpauy a
royalty of 20 per cent on its net receipts
in conslders.tlon of the surrender hl' the
'Vestern Unton ot the Edis{lu t:':1llsmit-
tel' patent. The Bell Complllij' has 12aid
the Western Union millions of dollars
tIw'ing the life of the contmct, but it is
not known what, if ,any, arrangements
have been made for the future, and the
world Is waiting patiently to see wheth-
er It will be wllr or peace between the
two great monopolies.
Arguments in the suit of the United
States against the American Bell Tele-
phone Co. commenced before the Su-
preme Court on November 9th, and wiII
probably last several days. A decision
is looked for before the holiday 1'ecess.
The suit was ,begun February 9, IS!)3,
when the Attorney General filed a. bill In
equity against the American Bell Tele-
phone Co. and' Emil Berliner, :lsklng for
the annullment of the patent. An alter-
n3tlve prayer was mn.de th:lt if the pnt-
ent was declared wholly null and void
it would be repealed in part, as the court
deemed proper. The Ber.liner application
for patent was filed June 4, 1887, but the
patent was not issued until, fourteen
years then'after. The main pOints raised
by the United States nre: First-
That the patent is void for illegal delal"
In its issue. Second-That It is also
void on the ground that a prior patent
was granted upon the same application
to the same applicant for the same in-
vention. The patent covers what is
known as the microphone transmitter.
 8 THE ELECTRICAL WORXaR.
I.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TUE
NATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL
WORKERS.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY;
J. T. KELLY, Publisher and Editor,
904 Olive Street, ~t. Louis, Mo.
eNTERED AT THE ~O.TO"FlCE AT ST. LOUI •• MO., AS
SI:COND-CLAS. MaTTI: ...
"-1'!XE(ruTtVB BOARD.
H. W. SHERMAN. GRAND PRESIDENT.
1 Bauer Place. Rochester. N. Y.
;. T. KELLY. GRAND SECRETARY.
901 Olive Street. St. Louis. Mo.
JOHN HISSERlCH. GRAND TREASURER.
4027 Cottage Avenue. St. Louis. Mo.
F.J. ROTH.
lOU Parallel Street. Atchison, Kas.
J. H. MALONEY.
. Care Western Union Tel. Co.. Laredo. Tex.
P. H. WISSINGER.
741 W. Fayette Street. Baltimore. ~Id.
E. COLVI~,
258 Lincoln Street. Allston, Mass.
A. F. IRWIN.
425, GealY Street. San Francisco, Cat.
SU •• C"lj.,.lON. $.1.00 rE:" YEA" 'N ADVANCE.
As TUE ELECTRICAL WORKER reaches the men
who do the work and. recommend or order the
mnterial. its value a~ an advertising medium can
he readily appreciated.
St. Louis, Mo., November, 1896.
W. N. GATES. - SPECIAL ADVERTISING AGE!>.,.,'
Z9 Euclid Avenue. CLEVELAND, OHIO.
Our Unions should map out an interest-
ing pI'ogramme for the long winter even-
ings, and make the Union a social as
well as business al'lair. Our members,
particularly in large cities, are not well
enough acquainted 'with each other and
consequently there does not exist that
friendly feeling and interest in each
other's welfare which should exist
among Electrical 'Vorkers. If our
larger Unions had permanent headquart-
ers or reading-rooms where the members
could spend tl).eir leisure moments and
by rubbing against each other and be-
coming better acquainted take more In-
ter~ in' each other's welfare, a fraternal
feeling would spring up, that does not
now exist. The Union should also ar-
range for a course of lectures as there
is' generally sufficient local tallent to
make an interesting course. Also by giv-
ing smokers, 01' other entertainments and
inviting those who ure not yet members,
it will not be long when they will see
that it is to their interest to belong to
an org-anization that thus proyides for
the. social, benevolent and business inter-
ests ot its members. . thnt the city can in twenty years saye
The battle of ballots is over and trade
is ~lowly returning to the channels from
which by intent or otherwise it was di-
verted months ago. Since the election
the press associations have been· busy
circulating news of business reviYai.
While we can stand, and are grateful to
the powers that be for giving us an op-
portunity to work, we should not be
thrown olr our guard aud discard our
shield and helmet. If there eyer was a
time when we should stand by our
Unions and buIld them up, it is the - pense than when the lighting was done
present. The politiCal policy of this . by private contI·act.
country has been decided tor tour years,
ana aithough the victors worked day and
night to prevent the poor laborer from
commlting political suicide, yet we can
reasonably expect that their interest in
the American laborer ceased on the 3rd
of November. Up to that date with
them it was politics. It is now business,
and we are very much mistaken if an
attempt wlll not be, made to break up
labor organizations, so that tour years
hence it will not be necessary for the
Wall street philanthropist to stay up all
night looking after the interest of the
workingmen. During the prosperity
which'always follows a president.al elec-
tion tit eyen followed the election of
Groyer Cle,·eland), we should do our ut-
most to strengthen our Unions and en-
large our treasuries and b,e prepared to
present such a strong frbnt that even
~Iark Hanna will throw up his hands.
The Board of Public Improvements of
the city of St. Louis propose to make a
new tleparture in street lighting, and has
calied for bids for lighting the streets
and alleys for twenty years from Jan-
uary 1, 1900, with Incandescp.nt lights.
The specifications state that about 25,-
OUO thirty-two cand,e-~ower incandescent
lights will be required. We know of no
large city that has adopted incandescent
lighting for its streets, and as the city of delegates to the conventions chosen by
St. Louis seems to have made a bad
blunder In its conduit bill, it should be
very careful or it will make a worse
blunder in lighting, the city.
If the incandescent lights proposed to
be used are no better than the alley
lights at present in use in St. Louis,
they will be no improvement over the
gas lights of fOrmer days. While elec-
tric lighting is not in its infancy, im-
pI'ovements are constantly being made
both in electric and other methods of
illumination and no city should make a
contract binding it to a certain light for
twenty-three years fl'om the date of con-
tract.
The efficiency of the incandescent light
is very low, being only about one-fifth
that of the arc light, so that it will neces- as good a Union mun as ever lived. Ht!
sarily cost a great deal more to light the
city properly 'with incandescent lights
than it would with arc lights. Aside
from the objections that can be urged
against the change from arc to Incan-
descent, there is serious objections to
letting a contract for sv long a time.
- The cost of producing electricity may be
greatiy cheapened long before the ex-
piration of tile contl'aet, and yet the city m:lke us tired. 'l'he Union cannot b~
. would receive no benefit. Also, as the
city of St. Louis owns an efficient water-
works, why not own its own ,lighting
plant? It is only reasonable to presume
enough by operating its own plnnt to
pay for tile original cost of the plant,
and by iss.~!ng bonds for this purpose
there need be 110 additional tax on the
taxpayers. Chicago hall done· its own
lI~hting for yeft.!·s, Ilnd althouih itil
[November.
plauts may not h,we b~n run as eco·
nomically as they should be, tbe city
has had cheaper and better lighting than
it probably would hale had had the
lighting been done by privat.e contl'Uct.
DelI'oit has been operating its own
plant now for o,er a year and is ·fur-
nishing much better sen"ice at less ex-
It the general government can operate
an efficient posta! service, and if our
cities can operate extensive waterworks
and other Institutions, there is no reason
why they should not also operate their
own lighting plants.
·.i'he Sixteenth Annual Conyention of
the American -Federation of Labor will
convene in Odd Fellows' Temple, eorner
Seventh and Elm stl'eet, Cincinnati, 0.,
on Monday, December 14, 1896. In tbe
call for the con,entlon the executive
council says:
"In Issuing this call to our affilIated
Unions, we are pI'ompted to call atten-
tion to the emergency and necessity of
full and complete relll'esentation by all
who are entitled thereto. As we often
justly complain of the lack of interest
manifested by some ot our mt>mbcrs in
our local bodies, thcil' ,foilure to attend
the meetings, theil' failure to share til£'
burdens and responsibilities of the legis-
lation of our mo,ement, and their conse-
quent indil'lerence thereafter. and pos-
sibly their antagonism, so ,,1th a nUll-
ber of Unions affiliated, they fail to send
delegates and then possihly complain at
the legislation. They are unwilling to
bear part of the burden of' eYllen,:;e in-
CUl'l'cd in sending a delegate, and con-
sequently desire Imnmnity from the re-
I':ponsibillty of the legislation of the
their respectiYe Unions. ,
"'Ve entel'tain the earnest hope that
the CinCinnati con,cntton will prove Ii
new departure and that nll Unions which
can bear the financial burdlO'n or can
make even the telllilorary s!'!(:ritlee, will.
be represented. Certainly the condition!'
of the wa~e-earnel's or our countr,· are
such as should prolllpt us to devis~ tU!:
')est ways and menns by which they may
become the larger shllrers ill the product
of their labor. Surely the progress madt'
along the lines of economic -and soc\ni
reform is not such as to lull ou{'sel~es 01'
our fellow-workers into fancIed securit}-
of industrial elysium." .
-----
We often meet the ~an-who is just
repents. the numberless hatties he hn,.
fought for the Union nnd the heroic SlI".
rlfices he has Illade. He deplores ti~~
many changes tbat haye heen made and
tells us what he would do to rectify
them. 'VlIen asked to show his CA'lrl1:
Oh. he has left thnt in some hrnnC"h .two
or three years ago. and as it is so 10m!'
ag-o he has forgotten where. Such men
run on wind.-Quarrymen's Jom'nal.
In a recent circular the National
Unioll of United RI·p.wery 'Workmen
calls attention to the fact that the Union
lahel of their Ol')mnization has been in-
dm'sed hy the Exel'utlve Board of the
American Federation of Labor. and ask
Uuion men to insist that the Inbel is or..
all kegs and cases of beer. and pntronlzt'
only such dealers as handle Un!ou goods,
 N9vember.]
.L~ ADDRESS.
j. W. SU1.I.IVAN.
(!-'ratel'nal Delegate trom the American
. Fedel1ltlon of Labor, deIif'ered before
the British Trade Union Congress, III
Edinburg, September, 1896.)
·Fellow Trade Unionists: I have
tho.ught that I can best employ the time
aUotted to me here to-day In giving you
some Idea of how the organized wage-
workers of the United States succeed In
having laws passed for their benefit,
and how they defend themselv.es against
laws designed to oppress them.
In the work of obtaining legislation,
the labor organizations are practically
united; or, ·rather, they are ral'ely In an-
tagonism. "The nationallubor organiza-
tions are: J.;'irst-~rhe American Feder-
atton of Labor, which includes most of
tbe national trade ol'ganizations, and
comprises about 60 per cent of the labor
which is organized; Second-The five
orders In the railway service, namely,
the Hrotherhood of Locomotin! Engi-·
necrs, of firemen, of conductors, of
trainmen, and of telegraphers, all of
which federate on occaSions, after a
,'ote of the memhership. The numerical
force of the organized l1l!lway men may
be inferred from the statement in the
last l'eport of the grand chief of the en-
gineers that his brotherhood alone hall
S:i,OOO members. Third-The American
Hallway Lnion, ol'g:mizf>d three years
ago, with the object of consolidating all
railway workers without distinction.
It'ourtll-The r\:nlgl!ts of Labor. Outside
these groups are many local unions, such
as the buHdlng trades. .
Annuul state and national conventions
of the national bodies, as well as of the
tl1ldes separately, are held for the pur-
pose of advanCing organization, consid-
ering grievances of members or of the
a·sf!oclated bodleR, and discussing condi-
tions, propaganda and legislation. For
the last named object, committees, eith-
er SIJecial or permanent, are selected to
wult upon the luw-making bodies-Con-
gress, the State legislatures 01' the city
Councils-and .demand Jaw for the la-
borer. In this way, mainly, has all le~­
Ir.latlon for the American wage-carner
been' obtained,
. On this subject I said a year ago, ill
welcoming the delegates of the Ameri-
can Federation of Labor to New York:
"All non-union men are social ciphers.
On the labor market they ·possess no
freedom of contract;. In politics they
have no oi·ganizatlon to protest against
social Wl"Ongs. No force or non-union
artisans ever faced their employer with
a demand backed by power; no non-un-
Ionist ever helped to raise their shop-
mates' pay; no non-unionist ever assist-
ed in fixing a wage scale; no non-union-
ist' e,'er maintained a workingman's
newspaper; 111). non-tinionlst ever
checked a rapacious emllloyer; no non-
unionist ever put II. fellow-workman into
a political office; no non-unionist ever
sent up a commlttec to a Legislature.
Bnt (or the trade unions there would be
no eight-hour lllW, no arbitration boards,
lahor bureaus or factory inspectors; 1..,
wides)lread discussion of radical l)oJiti-
cal reforms; no instruction of the multi-
tude in their rights; no 'social question;'
no leg[slators fearing militant labor, and
no lawil on the statute books recogniz-
.THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
ing labor's interest 8S interpreted by la-
bor. We are protectorll to the helpless
non-unionists. "
All tbls is true. 'l'he trade unions,
through constant agitation and perSist-
entlJ worrying legislators, have placed
on the statute books nearly all the law
that exists favorable to wage-workers.
!\lr. Bascom, president of an American
college, hns recently said~ "In the ab-
sence of their organization, the wrongs
and distresses of the laborers are sim-
ply forgotten by the community." Our
labor laws date from a period, not so
long ago, when it was deemed no more
necessary to legislate as to the condi-
tions than as to the wages of the work-
ers-a time when there was no obstruc-
tion to any form of competition in la-
bor, whether of women or of chlIdren;
when for two laborers to combine in Ia
demand was a conspiracy; when public
opinion was strongly opposed to trade
unions. .,
\Vhllt advance has been made since
that day may be seen from a brief re-
view of the labor laws as they now
stand.
By II. Federal law, eight hours consti-
tute a day's work for all laborers, work-
men and mechanics who may be em-
ployed by or on behalf of the United
Statqs Government. In many of the for-
ty-fiye States there is a similar eight-
hour law for employes of the State; in
some States contractors on State work
are required to observe the eight-hour
day; in many States steam railway and
steet railway men have a legal ten-hour
day; in numerous municipalities and
townships the day Is eight or nine hours
on all pubIlc work; six State have pro-
vided that In the absence of any ex-
pl'ess agreement, eight hours shall be the
day. llud five States make it ten hours,
In the case of women and children, near-
ly all the States regulate the hours of
labor in manufacturlQ'g occupations, but
not in domestic and agricultural, the le-
gal day usually being ten hours. Pro-
tected by the legal Short-hour day, then,
um Government employes, the employes
of contractors on pubIlc works, and
women ond children. BeyODd this, it
has not been possible to advance the
line. The Legislature of .Nebraska did,
indeed, attempt in 1891 to estabIlsh a
general eight-hour law, except for farm
nnd domestic labor. But the Supreme
Court of that State declared the statute
to be unconstitutional, and Ilmlting the
work day of adult male labor by law,
except In the cases noted, thus stands
checked.
The wages of Government employes
nre, of course, fixed by law. United
States letter cal'l'iers receive from $600
to $1,000 per annum, accol'ding to local-
ity and length of service; New York City
street cleaners, of whom there are sev-
eral thousand, $60 per month; New York
policemen (not under the eight-hour
[a w), ~I,OOO to $1,200 a year; compOSitors
in the GOf'ernment printing otHce In
Washington $19.24 per week;· unskilled
laborers in the towns and cities of New
. ]~llg1and, ~2 a day. In Detroit, .t~lder­
men were recently voted $600 annually,
that workingmen might hold the office.
These ligures indicate the general level
of pay for Go\"ernment employes, That
level, serYing as a standard to be striven
for by other workingmen, is insisted up-
on by the unions.
9
,£he railway men have obtained a long
list of Rtatutes for their protection.
Among these are laws providing for
safety couplers, tor bridge guards,· for
llmiting the hours of continuous labor
for (in a few States) seats for norse ca;
drivers; laws increasing the Ilability of
railroad companies for the death or in-
jury of employes, and for wages due
from contractors and predecessors; laws
prohibiting forced contribUtions, and
Sunday labor under centaln conditions,
etc.
The mine la ws dUrer in the various
States, but in the most important min-
ing districts they provide for Inspection.
for safety apparatus and for hospitals:
They commonlY' prohibit payment in
company scrIp or in truck store orders,
regulate methods in weighing ('Oal, and
forbid the employment of women and
children in underground work. "fhere
the unions are strong, the mine laws
are stl'ingent and well enforced; where
the unions are weak, the laws arc few
and loose.
The factorY' laws of the United States
have generally followed the precedent
of the English factory acts of 1831, the
right of the State in the premises r~st­
lng on police power, The most import-
ant are: Statutes providing for thr!
health of employes in factories by the
removal of excessive dust, or for 8~cur­
lng Jlure air, or l·.,qulrlng fans or other
special de,'lces to remove noxioml dllst
or vapors peculiar to the trade; statutes
requiring guards to be placed about dan-
gerous machinery, belting, elevators.
wells and air-shafts; statutes providing-
for 61·e escapes and ndequate·staircases
with ralls, rubber treads, and for doora;
opening outward; statntes providing-
against injury to cpel'aU,'es .by the pla-
chinery us~l. and against overcrowding
in factories. The health laws fOl· fue-
torles al·O muny, and are more or less
adequat~ly enforced through inspectors.
Stimson, from whom I cite this list of
factory laws. says that factory i'egula-
tions anll weir enforcement "can only
be nttained by combination among the
wcrknum themselves."
The Arnel'lcan labor organizations
haye fought a long and hard fight to reg-
ulate the employment of children. WOlll-
en and convicts. To-day, in New York
and Illinois. no child under fourteen
years of age may work in a factory; in
Massachusetts the lowest age is thir-
teen; in other New Englund States it is
twelve to fourteen, The States men-
tioned stand first in manufactures. Chil-
dren may nor, in· several States. work
at occupations that are dangerous or un-
wholesome; or that might lead to moral
injury. Female employes are protected
in practicnlly all the States h~' pl'ovil'l
ions for lte"llth and decency. Th€'y mm::t
have their own toilet rooms. with
screened -doors; they must be In'Qvided
with seats where practicable; they are
not permitted to undertake certain dan-
gerous work. Convict labol', which has
he en 3. serIous Injury to free labor, has
of recent years been fOl'b[dden or reg-
ulated In many States. tn the South.
where it Is customary to hire out gangs
of convicts to prif'ate employers, e\'C'n
for railway construction, such practj£:es
are nearly at an end. The furtherest
advan('e in the suppression of conT!ct
competition with free labor has been ill
New York. A new clause In the Con-
 10
stltution of the State, adopted by popu-
lar vote last year, provides that after
January 1, 1897, no prisoner shall be al-
lowed to wort at any trade or occupa-
tion wherein the product or profit of his
work Is farmed out, contracted or sold
to any person or corporation, except to
the State itself, or one of its sub-divis-
ions-that is, convict labor shall not put
Into the market goods tilat shall bring
down the price of free lahor..
Other Important laws II!. force, In one
group or another of the States, mainly
through the exertions of the labor un-
Ions, are: LegaUztng the union label
and recognizing it :Is a trade-mark; ex-
cluding Chinese immigration wholly:
limiting immigration in general; prohib-
Iting the importation of aliens under
.contract; forbIdding the discharge for
. ·membership in a trade union; permit-
ting a laborer to break a con-
tract; prohibiting the employment by
corporations of private :u-med detectives
tn cases of stri'ke; establishing Labor
Day and a Saturday half-holiday in cer-
tain months; pre'venting compulsory la-
bor on election days; fixing the rime for
the payment of wagl's-weekly, fort-
nightly or monthly, and giving wages
priority in attachmeuts and assign-
ments.. Ohio and ~1!W York have set
up free employment bureaus. In edt!-
cational matters, the unions have called
in the assistance of the State. In man~'
States, besides fixil!/5 tlJe lowel:t age at
which II. cbildm:lY . work' in a factory
the law l'lovides 'that up to a certai~
age be shall attend' school a part of the
year before' going to work. In New
York, the State has for several years
provided free lectures for the working
people In the public schools und halls
during the wintel.'. These have beel1
successful beyond expectation-are Ut-
tended, in fact, by tens of thousands
weekly. In 18SG the labor unions of
New Jersey hnd an act drawn up per-
mitting any city of the State to tax
itself to establish a free public libr~Lry
upon It certain percentage of the citiz('ns
petitioning for it and a majority of votes
being cast at the polls for the projcet.
Sin<!\' then the larger cities ha.ve taken
advaatage of the law and established
. excellent librnri£'s in handsome build-
ings, which are frequented mostly by
tbe working classes. The free public li-
brary, as an Institution has become a
feature In the towns and Cities of the
United States within the last decade or
two, In this respect, Massachusetts
leads. 1'here are free public libraries in
all of the thIrty cities of that great
State. and In 260 of its 310 towns. EY-;
erywhere the labor unions belp to pr9-'
mote the establishment of these libra-~
ries.· -.
While carrying out the labor laws de-
I books. Organized labor increases wages
volves largely upon the police authori-
ties-Federal; State and municipal-the
cause of the wage-earncr is greatly as-
sisted by the labor bureaus. These are
the bureaus of labor and statistics, the
State factory inspectors, the State arbi-
tmtion bOllrds and the commissions of
immigration. 'J'hlrty-one of the forty-
five States now have bUI'eaus of lab'ori
statistics, while many States have the,
other bureaus mentionl'd. the officl's
('olliDlonly hl'ing in the State capitals.l
Nearly all haYe come imo being during,
the pallt twenty ymr;;. or, in other(
words, with the ~rowth (.t the labor
mm-eml'nt. The National Departmentl
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
of Labor was established in Washing-
ton in 1885, and Is doing much efficient
,,,ork. In all these labor bureaus, union
men have most of the places_ The sal-
aries usually range from $1,000 a year
for the lower grade of clerkshlps and
inspectorships to $3,000 or more for the
commissioners.
At the present time several of the un-
ions are demanding that tbe State shall
give them better conditions In their sp&-
cial trades. The sailors, the bakers and
the tailors are obtaining laws in their
fa VOl.'. The lIeecing ot the sailor is
doomed, the unwholesome underground
bakeshop is doomed, the sweatshop is
doomed, if the men ot these tradCR will
only continue their struggles with the
succcss they have had in the last three
years.
.A few words, before I close, on the
attitude of the American courts toward
union Olen. Twenty years ago the
courts were sentcncing men for conspir-
acy under laws that have since lost
much of their severity, except only in a
few States. In most respects our combi-
natious are no longer unlawful; ordina-
I'Y strikers are not conspirators. If the
courts are now condemning boycotters.
thcy are also giving attention to employ-
ers guUty of blacklisting. in regard to
which the unions have obtained stat-
utes. The- injunctions by courts of equi-
ty against strikers, have, with few ex-
ceptions, affected only railway men, and
have been issued under the Interstate
commerce act and anti-trust act, the
objectionable sections of which are sub-
ject to repeal.· While It has been said
that. considering the hostility of the
hcnch toward the trade unions, the
speediest way for a man to put himself
in jail is to join a trade union, the fact
is that, though strikes are many, the
strikers in jail are few. COUl·tS may be
circumvented. like many another human
institution. J.'rom the moment when a
striker disobeys 'judge-made law to the
moment he should disappear behind the
pI'ison door, there are numerous legal
loopholes to P!lrmit escape. If his union
is strong in votes and money, if he is re-
leased on ball, if his trial is postponed
indefinitely, if his misdemeanor is sub-
ject to a fine only, or if the pardoning
power is lenient, the disobedient agita-
tor may rest happy,
J.'iually. a. few general observations.
Organized labor in the United States bas
obtained law in its favor exactly in the
measure of its power, its education as to
its wants, and its ability to formulate its
demauds; wh~n -lacking aggressiveness,
when uncertain of its immediate needs,
when content with forming utopian
platforms, it. puts no law on the statute
in the United States by at least $200.-
000,000 aunually. No other.insi.itution
for improving labor's condition has ever
done that. Organized labor uplifts all
labor; thl' union man is protector to the
non-unionist, in fixing the standard of
wages and giving ~im betler conditions.
Organized labor is. learning that legisla-
tors and judges are made and unmade
by '-otes; it believes that if a riglJt is
wOI'th haYing it Is worth fighting for.
j\foreover, organized labor knows where
it is; it Is fully aware that only through
gradual changes, each step well calcu-
lated and well taken, can the prescnt
immornl social system be overturned
and universal jUl!ltice made to rel~.
[Novemb,!i.
FROM OUR UNIONS.
UNION NO.2, MILWAU.lHm. \VIS.
In case our Press Secretary does not
write, I will give you a few ·li!lf"", for
No.2, as we have been forgotten the
last few months in "The WOI·ker." No.
2 is getting along very nicely !lgain: The
hard feeling among some of our mem-
bers on account of the strike has be~n
worn out, and we al'e pulling the ropt:
one way again. All the boys from thl~
Pabst powl)r plant have joined No.2,
and you bet we have a nice lot of. mem-
bers again. With the aid of the Build-
ing Trades Council we are 'getting OUI:
line repaired in good shape, as it has
been in poor condition for SOllie time.
Our meetings are well attendC.i, aud WI'
have some very good speeches at them,
even 011 the strike of l\1ay, which·was :l
failure, but sympathy sn'jk€s never
seem to amount to anytbing a!lyhow.
Alldl'ae is wiring til£' Gerin:tnia. Buill!·
ing, one of the largest buildings er~.clc\'~
in this city, and hus some of our old
lUt:mbers working for biro. Honau.<;;.
:\Ieyer are wiring the new lJchlein Thea·
tel', and hu\"e Uniou men on the build·
ing. Keelyn &. Smith are workiug all
around the town, and have all Uuio!.
meu working for them. So you will S~
Milwaukee is getting to have more Un·
ion electrical workers than it hall b,,·
fore the strike.
We are trying to get all the electrica:
workers into No.2, and if we do, anc
we hayc thc best of hopes of gettin~
them, you will see No.2 to the lead oj
Electrical 'Workel's in a short timt!,
Petermann &. '.YulllJer are also d(>ill~
a nice li~ of elecn'ical work, and haY!
several (\f our members. work.ing fOJ
them, 130 you !Sce our boys are in all de
partments of the city, and all al'-e tryin~
to get new members, whicil make:; No
2 grow very nicely_
In closing, I will say that 1 all!' "l"
very far from right when I say om' Lo
cuI is for free silver and. Bryan. aD<
can anyone tell us wby we should DO'
be? .
GEO. POEHLMAN, Fin. Sec'y,
..
UNION NO.6, SAN FRANCISCO, -CAL
Local No. 6 is again before you. WI
wish to Impress upon your mind that WI
are working heart and soul for the wei
fare ot Local No.6, the 'Worker, and thl
National Brotherhood.
Organization has its ups and downs
as all of us know who are members o'
such. But Local No. 6 for the numbe'
of members it has in good stanrling, anI
nearly all are in good standing, bas.:
treasury account which :llmost any loea
of its fige can be proud of. It slHJw'
without argument that the boys fron
the foggy shore of the Pacific prE, WOLk
ing to a unit for it~ welfare. 'Ve "ill
in the near future, have a lodge room 0
our own, and a well-steel,ed mmt-ry
where our members can sproud thei
evenings' either in discussin~ subject-
which relate to their respective dE'rar:
ments, or anything til:!! amust'sO
creates harmony. It iI:, we believe, 'a~
serted that those who follow our vel:':
tion create dissension amon!\, themsl'!v<:.'~
and there is no such a thing' n,; 'GlIits "
h.-'trmony. We al:sert this is false, ';':
believe that tn an orc1-cr like Ot.!".- wiJp:
 November.]
.. --
its members associate with one another
contiIlually, prosperity is sure to follow.
Local ~o. I) in behalf of its champion
cUmbers wishes to know what rules gol'"
erned tile pole climbing contest of No.
73., The Local hau the same rules gOl"-
erningat the foot of the pole, but lil"e
feet from the top of the pole was a cross
arm and the contestant was l'equired to
place botil feet 011 the, arm before de-
scending. Our line climbing contest
was 30-foot poles, three in number, 75
feet apart. This was wop by Bro, J. J.
Camet'on in thirty seconds.
,Bro, 'Waltel' hentley met with what
n1ight have been Ii serious acciuent. He
I and his partnel', Deslllond, werei..placing
III lamp in front of a store on Sixth street,
II connecting it with 11 nigilt circuit. El"ery·
thing was finished, lIut before leaYing
he discovereu tile lump was not liuite
straight, and went up tile ladder to
I straighten it. The lamp being nigh and
the ladder short he had to stanu 011 the
I top step of the ladder. 'I.'here as IL gas
jet close by which he gmsped with oue
jhand to steady himself and took hold of t;tallCc had it mined (Ill thnt llny, No, 0 after
i the lamp with tile other. In a moment
I he waR in a vice-like grip which drew
him up, but lIe had presellce of minu to ,ered. Last ycnr at our picnic at Elgin,
'!'kiCk the ladder away fl'om undel'Deatll
and his own wei gilt broke hit; held. He ,was takeu In, Had it mined tllat, day
was uuconscious, but the cuntact with
the sidewalk brought him back to stem
Ireality . His hauds were quite badly ple can get to the hall no lI!:l.tter how Shl~Ult, the giant ot the cenvcntit'n, has
\burned in places, but he is getting
!nro'tlnd all rig-ilt,
I Bro, Gus Erickson is on the sick list,
l havin g contl'acted LUalal'ia fever up at
lSucrtlwento. It was a close call for Gus,
!but he is re(.'overiug slowly.
I J'. J. Cameron the other evening met a staudstill. "Election, Ob this elec- fore
!wlth an R.ecidellt ilt his bl'other's house.
\He :;lipp<:d on ihe tioor and dislocated his
',Jmec-<'up. ' '
i W'ell, brothers, when you see these
llines ill the 'Worker, we will huye passed
Ithe Fresldential election, one of the Ilot-
itest since Abraham Lincoln, and we
ipl'ophesy t!lat the Amel'ican Yoter will
,use tile same judgment now as they did
,then, bet'lluse the country demands it, I' nevel'theless it is a fact. l\IcKinley, Mc-
:ttUl no predictor of wllat the result will
,be, but I believe that the election of 18913
sho]Jld go as it did then-Uepubliean.
A. G. JOHNSON, PI'ess, Sec'y.
UKION, NO. 0, CHICAGO, ILL.
The Press SecI'etary not having had
time to wI'ite to the \VoI'ker for the last
three months, a report of our picniC,
which occurred on AUI,"llst 3U, at Gard-
ener Purk, has not been sent in'., The
picnic was a, ilnanciul success, 'but it
.;:ost an immense amount of labor to ac-
complish this ullder It gold standard.
We cleared about $2iiO,OO, Great credit
i!; due to every member of No, {) for the
interest taken in this grand atIair~ The
cl"o)wd Dumuel'ed abuut3,GOO peuple, aud
all I'lgree that they had a nice time, and
,seemed perf~ctly satistied. The games
and contests came off without an acci-
dent. 'I.'he pole clilllbing contest was the
main feature of the day, for which thel'C
were eleven cOlltestants. The pole was
a beallty. 83 feet long, spliced in such 'a
manlier tllat the splice could scal'cely be
'Nt'en. Thel'e was not a piece of iron in
it. It WIlS dovctailed together nnd wood-
en pin!! uscu. Bros. Bogan and 'V, E.
KUlllllI were the artists. 'l'he contestant
had to climb G~ feet in the dear. A man
by the. lIame of R. Shaw won the first
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
prize by accidentally slillping about 1S
feet, Time,::I4 seconus. He liues not be-
iong tu the Brotherhood, The lIe,;t ,climb
was made by Bro, C, Paulson of No. 2
)Iilwaukt:e, lIut he lost 011 a foul, as he
did not step under the line ~ix feet from
the ground, His time was 3;';! seconds.
Second pI'ize was won by Bro, \V. F.
Cooney, time, 231-2 seconds.
Bro. J. Poling won the rope throwing
contest over a wire 55 feet higll, He had
14 teet of line on the ground. Bro. Nel-
son won second prize.
The 200 foot race was won by Bro,
Baldwin. This race was for linemen
only.
The three-legged race was won by
Bros, Collins ami Collins. )Ial'l'ied ladies'
mce was won by )lr8, Ben Baldwin.
Yonng ladles; race was wou by Miss N.
Fcr",'USOll. Other games anll contests
too nmuel'ous to mention were canied
011,
U would lie well to state here for tile
beneHt of other Locn!s thllt a picuic is
a. very uncertain un,lcrtakillg, as for in-
would probably Laye b,!en in dellt for
two Yl'lIl'S auu might nel"er have reeoy-
Ill., we paid out $1,10ti.UU lIefore n cent
we would ta,'c been completely
swamped, A dance is ditIercnt, as peo-
bad the weathel' may be. :llld cons'e-
fluently the parties gh'ing 'it do not run
the chances they do at a picnic,
"'ell, BI'others, Chicago at present, if
you will allow me to use the pxpression,
is compleh,ly 011 the "bum." "'ork is at
tion,"
The Chicago Telephone Co, in the past
three months has laid uti over 250 men
in the COllstruction tlepartment, leavIng
only ltbout ;l5 men at work' 011 the Soutl1
Side and about 10 011 the NOI'th Side. ' is noted tor its fair women, so it there
This muy souud fishy to parties or
brothers who know that this, company
t'lnploy steadil)' allout 300 men, but
Kinley, you professed fl'ielld of the
slaye, "Oh Hunna," we hope to make
you suITer November 3.
I will not enter into politics in this let- shake their heels with us, especia!J.y
ter as you will find another letter in
these columns that touches on politics.
But, bl'others, I do feel guilty and I am
almost ashamed to face my fellowman,' ;:ood time, "l'he date will be announced
wilen I haye to tell him that in the past
I ha",~ been supportillg thl'se goldhugs
by castiug my yote for them for the past
twenty years.
If the lIoys know any place where
linemen are in demand, let us Imo\..... 'Ve
..:In send them,
A, M'FARLANE, Press Sec'y.
,[,~IOX NO, 10, INDIAXAPOLIS, IND.
HaYing been, elected to the office ot
Press Secretary to 11ll a vacancy, I will
endl'a'Vor to let the hl'others know that
Xo, 10 is still in existence.
'York is very 81acl, hel'e, In fact there
is none, so I wonld advise auy members
lookillg for work to 10l)k e!;:cwhere, be-
fore coming' to Indianapolis.
'The election has hrought a 'Humber ot
Xo. 10's 01« ulI'llll,el's home to vote,
Among' them areC. A. Ha~'es. formerly
president of No. 10; "T. O. Dndley. form-
erly rec:ordill/: secl'et:lry; Elsworth Cur-
tis. Ed. "-illi:l1l1son and Chas. Lucken-
bill, All the boys seem to be in Itood
11
health and none ot them "broke" in spite
of the hard times.
No. 10 is having a. hard fight to puJl
through the hard times, but we are l!till
living on hope and connnence.
Bro. Ed. Hartung was accio.1entally
shot in the leg whUe hunting, but Is
getting along very nicely and will' prob-
ably be able to work again in a tew
days. .
'I'he majority ot the boys are \"(,ry blue
over the way the election went, but 21'e
taking their medicine like men.
Well, I guess I will have to: pull the
switch for this time, and leave the cir-
cuit open for a while.
E. T. BUSSELLE, Press Sec'y.
UNION NO. 17, DETROIT, MICH.
Once more we bob up serenely, but
lIrothers, I hardly know what to send to
the 'Vorker this month, as every com-
mon topic is swallowed up by the great
political questions of the day and as
tbis letter will not be published until
election, I wlI! not, therefr;r~, go
it.ltO the great silver question, but will
Simply write ~L tew items IJertllining to
our craft in "Pingree's Potato Patch"
town,
The delegates to our last convention
':'ill ~e llai~~~ ,to hear that Bro. ' 'T.C.
suffered from an uftectiou of the head,
which has rendered him almost totally
upaf f~r quite a period, but hopes are
entel'talUed of the ultimate recovery of
~Is hearing. Poor Bro. "Billie" has had
It hard the last few yenrs.
I should haye annoUllced the fact be-
that Ero. Phill Armstrong has taken
ullto himsplf a, wife, a l"ery estimable
young lady. I hope all brothers will
join me in wishing Mr. and Mrs. Arzn-
str~lIg a long life of happiness and pros-
pel'lt~-, and J wlll also say that DetrOit
al'e any 10nesl)me electrical workers In
the, Brotherhood, they will please take
not-Ice,
We are getting ready tor our fifth an-
!lual ball, to be given in Arbeiter Hall
III a few weeks. We would like to hav~
ROllle of the boys fl'om the nearby cities
those from ,No.8 of Toledo, No. 78 of
Saginaw and' No. 75 of Grand Rnpids.
Come up boys and we will give you n
in the next Journal.
Bro, E, L. Hawes wrenched his back
very severely while at work recently
but is improving rapidly and he hopes t~
be all 0, K. before long.
Bro, Jat11es, Runkle Is in Ann Arbor
now helping to put in a new electric
l'llilway line, Jimmie is an all-around
man in the business, and a very devoted
Unionist. ' ,
\Ve are beg-inning to improve in many
ways. The brothers are aU taking an
increased interest, There is a good at-
tendance and very little of the old-time
hair-splitting d.isputes we used to hal"e,
and new members are coming in regu-
larly. The dawn has tollowed darkness.
and it is all due to the tew good loyal
Union men who, in the days of adversi-
ty which we pa ssed through herp, stood
Shoulder to shouldpr, ,vith hearts {It oak
'lnd steered the old ship No. 17 into n
!'lafe hnrhor. where, by the Eternal, we
}Jropose to keep hpr Itn<,hored.
DAN E, ELLSWORTH, Pre!!s SI'C'Y.

UNION NO. 18, KANSAS CITY, MO.
As It has been some time since any-
I, thing has been given the Worker from
'No. 18, I will endeavor to give a few
notes. 'To begin with, we gave our tirth
Ilnnual ball at llasino Hall Monday even-
ing, lIiovewber :l, and tuke pl'ide ill say-
ing that it was a gratifying success. As
usual, the hall was beuuululiy decorated
and Uluminated, this l.Ieing a distinct
teature ot our dance. At the end of the
hall a monster horseshoe was built,
studded with 225 incandescent lights;
the body decorated with red bunting;
the heel and toe calks with blue bunt-
ing, and in the <ltnter of the shoe ,the
word "\Velcowe" Diade With white porce-
lain knobs trimmed with dark blue bunt-
ing, each letter being U1uwinated with a
'l'ed incandescent lIgJlt. Under the word
"Welcome" hung our charter, decorated
in national colors. Under the horseshoe
was placed a tabie made of ali Sizes of
knobs. Upon thIS sat a nicely pollsheu
stand fixture with a 32-canaie power
lamp trimmed with a nice ol'1lamental
shade. 1.'hls represented the new way of
lighting. A swali electl'ic plant cow-
plete in all details was built in one
corner of the hail and from this wires
radiated in all directions, while long
festoons of lights in Ylll'ied colors ex-
tended across the room trom all siues.
, A switch-boal'd cowplete.in every detail
was built and arranged so as to switch
the 6'l5 incandescent lights from the
plant in the hall to the Edison wh'es to
avoid being In the dark in case of an ac-
cident. Resistance boxes were so ar-
ranged thllt lights could be cut down to
almost no candle power.
Our banner swung frow the ceiling in
the center of the hall, was likewise the
center of attraction. It is safe to assel1:
that Casino Hall was nev(!r more brl1-
llantly illuminated.
At 9 o'clock sharp the grand march
began. It was led by the "Colonel" and
Miss Susie Boyle, who were ably sec-
onded by Mr. and l\Irs. C. l~. Drollinger.
Over one hundred couples partiCipated
in the march, and the crowd kept pour-
ing in 'Ulltll over two hundred coupl-e
were present. Dancing continued until 1
,o'clock ,and everyone went honle well
satisfied with their evening's enjoyment.
.. ~'\.-. '." Prof. Lee's orchestra of eight pieces fur-
nished music for tue occasion.
The different committees who did so
much to make the ball tbe success that
It was, consisted of the following mem-
bers' ExecutiYe Committee-C. F. Droll-
Inge~, chairman; H. S. Shinn, W. H.
Finch, T. H. Curphy, I. C. Underwood.
Reception Committee-H. Watrons, W.
L. 'Hutchison, A. Watkins, F. B. Jack-
son Floor Committee-C. H. Adams, J.
H. Lynn, A. G. Knowlton, J. E. Finch,
E. B. Christie, F. J., Schodel. Floor man-
ager, J. J. Lynch.
No. 18 feel grateful towards the Edi-
SOl1 Electric Light Co. for their kindness
In donating the power, lamps nnd otber
apparatus tbat we!!t to make up our _diS-
play. We also desu'e to thank the \l. T.
Osborn Electric Co. for their kindness in
throwing open their sbop anll "torer!>om
to us.
Bro. E. B. Christie says t Imt he will
wait till the car stops the Iwxt time. He
says that there are SOUlt' hal'd-hearted
people In this world.
The "Colonel" had to walk home the
night of the fifth annual. My, but It is
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
very lonesome out in the country about
a o'clock In th'e morning.
Died April 1, 1896, Press Secretary of
No. 18. He was a member 1n good stand-
ing.
There Is nothing doIng. No. 18 is
merely existing to save funeral ex-
penses, THE COLONEL.
UNION NO. 26, WASHINGTON, D. C.
No. 26 seems to be getting along very
wen and we have not a man out of work
at the present time and prospects are
very good for the future. We expect to
add some new members shortly.
Harl'y H. Walker, while working at
the Columbia Theater fell from an iron
girder to the floor below, and was In-
stantly killed. Little is known of Mr.
Walker, but according to a statement
made by him, sowe time ago, It was
learned that he was an electrician by
tl'ade and has relatives In Massachu-
setts and Georgia, and any member of
the N. B. E. W. who knows anything of
lIl·. 'Walker's home 01' relatives will con-
fel' a favor by sending such Information
to S.1\1. WILDER, Sec'y. No. 26
508 Eleventh ~t., N. W.,
Washington, D.'C.
-------
J. T. Kelly, Grand Secretary:
I am authorized by Local Union No.
:!G to notify you that John 1\.1. Berger has
lJeen expelled from Union No. 26, and
also to instruct you to publish same in
next Issue of the Electrical Worker. He
was expelled for violating Art. XXVIII.,
~ee. 2 and 3 of our constitution.
R. F. METZEL, Fin. Sec'y.
UNION, NO. 27, BALTIMORE, MD.
Local No. 27 has been busy working
for the good of the Union for some time,
and has gained some very .good points,
but am sorry to say we have some yery
important trouble to settle yet. We are,
as all other Locals (I Imagine), supplied
with a large Dumber of lukewarm mem-
bers, who wiIi allow their foreman to
dictate to them in every question they
chance to have to decide, and In some
cases the ~en are compelled to comply
with a foreman's wish or jeopardize
their pOSitions, but by close observa-
tion I haye found that in the majority of
cases those wen who insist on dictating
to their men are of very narrow minds
and not over-competent to hold the po-
sitions they al'e filling. We hope some
day the companies will realize the im-
portance of having Ulen in whom they
can depend fOI' a safe and respectable
piece of work, for it is always as easy
to do good work as bad work.
Tbe past has been a very eventful
week with the boys of No. 27, not only
on account of the PI'esidential election,
but the c.lty election as well, for tbe last
City Council nppropriated $1,000,000 for
laying c'onduits pl'eparutol'y to putting
electric light I1nd other wires (in the city
of Baltimore) under gl·olmd. Tbe boy~
nil wOl'!;:erl manfully against the city do-
ing such work, knowing that It would
ecst nbout ten times the amount appro-
l)rinted for the work, nnd also that if
tbe city did it. there would in all prob-
ability be much discord and any amount
ne di8satisfactioll, nnu llJany law suits
with the ynrious companies wbo are
making the ducts, for not only will they
have to pay the necessary rt.-utal, but
they will IIkt'ly be con/iued to such a
small spaee that it will be impossible for
[November,
a: man to do any repail'ing on' any of '
wlrl.'s that chance to be in the back
tar 'side ot the duct, and if the'ducts :
laid like tbe ones the city bas laid
tbelr tire alarm wires 1 don't think n
prudent man will risk hi!'l life so far
to venture Into a hole where 2,000 vc
o'f curl'cnt Is passing. Notwitlistalldl
all the disadvantages we could' sh
against tbe ordlnan(:~, it became a !f
Rnd the city wlll proceed to lay '1
ducts. We will see how far they v
get with the money they have, II
also what It will cost to complete 1
work, and lastly, what satisfaction tl
will give and what beneat is derived
the city. We are glad to say tbat it
not the fault of the companies. for tl
were willing to lay their own condu
at their own expense.
I hope tbe boys will Indulge me a
tie, as I wish to return to a subject tl
I have already spoken of. Those y;
may chance to read this letter will I
that I am comparatively youug in 1
cause of Unionism. But, brothers,
tell YOll therE' Is more selfishness a
personality used in organized labl)r.
well as in busin.ess; than we will beli<
at first glance. I have seldonl'Seen tl"
ble occur that some one did not ht
preference, and Is led by personal '
sires beyond all bounds of pa'rliam.
tary law or justice, and will do thir
unbecoming to any wember of an
ganlzed body of men or a citizen of 1
United 'States.
Now, I would like to hear some (
express his views on this subje<,t, ani
think if every member of orgnnized
bor will think of his pledge of hon
not only to the or.ganlzatlon to which
may belong, but as an American citiz
he will leave many things undone tl
he way otherwise do.
CHAS. P. TAYLOn, Press Sec'~
"LINEMAN" CALLED DOWN_
Editor Electrical Worker.
I wish you would kindly gi've this J
ter as prominent a place in you I' n'
Issue as you did a letter In the Octol
number, signed by a party (1 cannot f
lllan) ca,l1Ing himself "Lin1:!man." I;
a member of Local Union No. 35, B
ton, Mass., and one wbo has the welf:
of the Union and its members at beE
and not ashamed of my name. 1 n:
not be able to express wyself in 1
language of "Lineman," but will try a
not be Dlisundel·stood. I think tbe 1
tel' of "Lineman," if left unllnswer
would refiect ,"cry much oli our Uni
especially when we consider .the f;
that two of the three men whom lie Sf
were discharged for being in the IJ!lTl
Labor Day {which Is the meaning he
signs to convey to YOUl' renders, a
which by the way is' utterly false) :
Ilt present wOl'king for the N. E. T. a
'1'. Co. in' this DiviSion.
I think I Yoice the sentimellt of 1
Fnlon as well as myself wheu I exon
ate llr. Cameron from all hl:w!() in 1
laying off of these me!] .. ';Ye have tr
to find out who "J .inem:m" i;;:. )'1l~ ns :
have been unable to do so, He is nr
ably one who thinks he has somr: ;;r;
nnce :lgalnst tbe comp:\n~', 01'. ~ir. Ca
pron, fur VCi'haps hu\-ing' l.Ict!n l1ischar~
at some time, and wallts to work
"pite out throu::b om' Union, which I
one wiII not nllow. 'Who. 01' whate'
he Is, be has ccrtalnly mjs~ed his calli
for a penon who can read faces, :1ll.1
 N(\vember,]
ibat same reading tell what people are
!hlnking ah,1nt, as he dill on the day of
ine J;8r:ule woul<l sUl'ely make more
noney as a minll-reader, or a detective
ihan he could possibly make liS a line-
\naJi, and. the UnIon would be bettel'
lVithout him.
Ilt·might be well tosmtc tliat at the
~I.'esent time the N. E. T, and T. Co.
~ave In theil' employ more union men
ihan Imy. other electrirlll cOlllll:lllY in
Ihls State, and I would not be surprised
~
. they empluyed more Vnion lllen than
n the other compat:ics combIned, and
do not think thut it is at all consistent·consider it un honor to be a melllber of
, lth the welful'e of the UnIon .. or Its
iDe~bers, to assail any of its otli~rs for
lome fancied Wl'ong by sllch lettel's as·
that·written by "I... lneman,"
I ThInk before you commit yourself on
~~per, and· always rellleUlber tliat you
~re meo and better still, gentlemen, and
g eo you have anything to w!'ite, do not
.e ashamed, to Sign your names to it
-e a man,' :. . - .
Trusting that I will see this In yOUI'
~e.xt issue, I am,
i i
Ii .D. A. Y'GILLVRAY,
A Member of L, U. No. 35,
I UNION NO. 38, CLEVELAND, O.
NO. as hils had rather bad luck this.
~
onth, We have had three members
· adly burned. B, F, 1\1urrin and H. E.
~
tt \l:ere doing some repair work in the
owerhouse of the Cle, eland Electric
n'eet Railway and got the posItive and
~egative. leads crossed and both were
~
dlY burned.' Murrin's mustache and
yebrows were burned off and his face
uite badly burned, .while Bro, Ott's arm
as severely ·burned. Bl'O. ·Wm. Mills
as doing some repaIr work on an alter-
~ating 'circuit, and while cutting a wire
lOt his hand on the cross-al'm, whIch, he
YS' was wet or the paint carrIed the
~
urrent, for it caught him and he fell
bout twenty feet, breaking his leg in
hree places just above tue ankle; ue
Iso received Internal injuries and in-
ured his spine, . .
I Bro. l\IcClellan burned his hund quite
IJadly, but I cannot give the particulars,
IS I have not seen him.
Election .make.s things quite lively . that I adyocated what I thought would
.trouud· Cleveland-I mean with argu-
!llentB. I was down to hear 1\1r, Debs·
:he other night, and they claim there' to speak according to the dictates OfOUl'
;vere 10,000 .in the' hall, and twice as
lIlany outside; for myself, I had to climb
'he fire-escape and got in the third story
lVindow,. I would climb twice as far to
lear him !lgaln, although it was not the
irst time I heard him, for I never miss
lD.opportunity to hear him.
· Any brother knowing the whel'eabouts
)f William 'Cunnlngham would gl'eatly
iblige by writing to No. 38.
IRA MISENER, Press Sec'y.
[JNION NO. 41, PHTLADELPHU, PA,
Om.' 'Local is in a "ery poor condition
:tow, Many of the membCl'S urc becom-
.u~ dis~"Usted with the way things are
:;,oing. Something must be done, and
~one soon at that. OUl' membership is
rast fuliing oft', the mcetings are grow-
.ng smaller, '.... he number of delinquents
,8 growing Im'gel'. In fact the situation
:s growing yery serious,
· General Sherman once telegraphed to
Ctenenll Gl'ant: "'Ve ha"e tlielll wherc
I\'e want them if we pu"h things," Gen-
Jrul Gl".lnt answel'ed: "Push things."
"fhis I thinl;: is the propel' thing to do at
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER,
the present time. Push things, for all'
they are worth. l'usb the movement
being made in l'egards to a social 01'-
g-anization and ,ye will then Imve some-
thing to attract the bL'oth",rs and a plnce·
where they C'.ln go at any and all times,
It will save money for om' brothers who
;.:-et out of work, because it will keep
them off the streets Ilnd out of saloons,
and when there is any wOl'k we will
know just where to :;0 to tinll them.
The organization will he mOl'e fmternal,
personal prejudices will be entirely for-
;.:-otten, and all electrical workers will
our Local and social organization,
In my last letter I neglected to state
that Bro. Jack Simmons was also elected·
a delegate to the Building Trades Coun-
cil, whicl! body is vel'y busily engaged
in ad\'ocating the rights of organized
labor.
Things ha"e been very dull here tor
the past two months. I suppose all
pending on the battle by ballots, which
bas been nobly fought. Everything will
surely ul'ighten 111> now.
The Cutter Electric Mfg. Co. previous
to the election laid off fOl·ty men (some
of whom had not lost a day in fom'
years) with instructions to show up
Thmsday follo'\'in~,' if McKinley was
l'lected; otherwise th('y lIced not put in
an appeal'nnce, It is needless to sny that
the men showed up and are busily en-
~aged in tilling ordel's whic'h they would
110t be doing in thc e\"e'nt of Bryan's elec-
tion.
I suppose Bro. W. H. Kelly of No. 45
is now satisfied as to my competcncy as
a judge, even if my. home is a Hepublic-
an nest. I am hililPY to note that there
are a few other Hepublican 11.ests in this
great counh'y. Bryan's home for in-
stance was not an Anarchial ranch for
l'evolutionists of his kind.
As regarlls qualificlltiOl1S, I admit I am
not' qualified to teach such bright men as
he what has caused 11:n·d .. times or his
duties as an Amel'ican citizen as good as
myself. But all membel's of this Bl'Ott-
erhood al'e not as bright as he, and do
not know it all .. "It ,,'as for theil' benefit
be best for us all." As free-born Ameri-
can citizens;.I thinl;: we all h.'we a right
own conScience without being pet'sonally
attacked in any ungentlemanly manner
by a brother seCl'etary, No. Emphati-
cally, no. A party fund is not necessary
to. induce me to advoc,l tc something
which in,-olves the counh'v's honor.
Something which means that national
~unor must be vindicated; that .every de-
pm'tment of the Go,-el'nment will be
maintained in its iute.(n·it~'; that revolu-
tion is reblll;:ed; that repudiation is dead;
that 1I10b law ",ill not hc tolerateJ; and'
that Aluerican llcuple will }lrescl'\ c· their
honesty, for they have shown the ,,;orld
that they arc not a nation of thieyes and
anarchists. And when this brother
secretary of No.4;; goes so far as to
call me a "sucker" he forgets tha t .1 ::tm
a broth('r of the or):'anization.. He also
forgets that thl:'l'e are p('()ple outside of
our own members who read the 'Vorker,
:md express themselves :tccordingly.
And furthel'mOl'l', when one brother call
another a "sucker" he does· not .deserye
heing (':tIled a hr"tht'l', and I l'oslth'cly
do nut reco~niz(' him as ·buch.
_-\s regards Hl'yan's "l'r08s (If gold"
13
and "crown of thorns" they were long
Since forgotten, and it was that fatal
cross made b~' the lead pencil on the 3rd
day of Xovember that crushed him and
his free silvcr hobby.
Yes, anll we e'-en landed "Sandy."
D. S, LOCHER, Press Sec'y.
THE GREA'!' AND ONLY LOCAL,
NO, 44.
Bro, James Bennett hilS returned to
lIis old love, the American Bell, and is
at present stationed in Buffalo 'We un-
del'stand that "Jim" Is stlll raising
chickens.
'l'he Gus and Electric Co, is laying a
new main through Exchange place. Bro.
Pratt is in charge of the work,
The biggest item in the electrical
world in Rochester is the fourth annual
ball·and electrical display of Local No.
44, N, B. E; W., at Fitshugh Hall, 1'\0-
,-ember 26th, 1896, It is gOing to be the
biggest success we. ha ve ever· had, for
all the boys are ~orking hard, and Bro.
Jack :Maguire is "pushing it along." The
decorations and electI'ical display nre in
charge of a committee of one from each
shop, with Bro. Breese at the head, We
l'xpect that Bl'O, l!OOI'C will have Ii nice
little booth, where all who want to look
ut theil' liver with the X ray machine
can be accommodated, The electrical
disViuy is gcing to be tine enough for
anylJody whose feet (like your sci'lbe'S)
:11'e not mates to {;"\!t the worth of toeir
money without any danCing, Ilnd those
that can dance will get a hal'gain.
'ViU tell you more about it "after the
buli,"
'Well, as I said in my last letter, we
got the banner, and it is 8. ·"bird." There
wasn't one In the parade that' could
touch it, Had Ollr own baud, too, If
any hall doubts about. 44 beillg in good
shape, nnd wel'en't satisfied with Out·
showing that day, they want to come
around aud see us, and as many of our
.friends as ('an get on the 1\oor of Fits-
hugll Hall, "'trip the light fant.stics"
1'\ovembcI' 26th,
We art! ~I:ld to be able to state that
Bro. Geol'ge Hearn is on deck again,
after his long illness,
The repol't that President GlIIerinot
and Br6, Horton are going to stllrt It
Germun school is totally false, and buth
bl'OtlU!l'S u('uy haYin~ any such inten-
tions.
Don't fail to get these ItenlS in the
Xovember issue, 01' Bro, Frank Keliloe
will be after the scribe with a slilarp
stick..
FRED l1'ISH, Press Sec'y,
UNION NO, 48, FT. WAYNE, IND,
.'\. A'ood little Union was organized.
here hy Bro. Charles Moore of No, 2.
'Ve have at present about twenty-six
mewhers, amI ,ve ayernge two 01' three
iniUn tions eYel'Y meeting. Our Ulen :lL(:
mostly "olu-timers," and we expect to
have as lively a little Union as there is
for a good many miles around. Bro,
elias. )1001'(', generally known as "For-
Il~'," has left llS and gone to Chicago to
loaf at the Garden City and rest up for
next season,
TIll' work for the new telephone com-
,,:IllY is nlmost tiuished, and u lot of the
hoys aL'e thinking of leaYing for gl'eener
pa8tlll'es.
The well known "Brockie BrOOKS" was
sent o.er the road for twn ;\'P:ll'S to the
~ficltigall City IJCll, Hc got t:;ugleJ up
 14
with a -horse and buggy. and too much
whisky, and got a two yenrs' lay ofr,
and Is not working tor the "long dis-
tance" people any more. He Is making
chairs and shoes and doing inside grain-
ing tor·a firm that don't lay oif a man.
Too bad, Brockie, old boy, but may be
it wOl be a. lesson to you. - .
Bro. C. F. Kent, ot No.9, is general
toreman here, and he understands how
to treat a Union man. Every man do-
Ing Hne work on the job Is a. Union
man. . \.,
Bro. Lyckholm left us the middle of
last month and went to Butte, Mont.,
and word comes back that he is State
foreman for the ~ telephone company
there. That's right, Pete, old boy. Let
the good work go on. Ita few more
good Union men get such jobs, it will be
no trouble at all for all Union men to
get work.
Some of the boys are laying plans to
go to Atlanta, Ga., to work for the
Home Telephone Co. before the win~er.
snow flakes begin to tall. Look out, No.
29, l'oU are going to have visitors. Don't
forget to keep us posted as to when that
work commences.
JOHN "RED" DUNCAN, Press Sec'y.
UNION NO. 66, HOUSTON, TEX.
There is not much news from No. 66
this month, but the boys are. all at work
and enjoying good health.
There has been so many circusses and
picniCS bere lately that the boys have
been very busy watcbing the ~lephan~8
and taking their girls to piCDlCS. '" e
have our meetings regularly eyery )-lon-
day night with a good attendance. The
boys all tllke· greut Interest in the wel-
fare of the Union and try to help each
other as much as possible.
Bro. H. W. Hereford bod the misfor-
tune to lose his mother on the 15th. The
boys all turned out to the sel'~ices and
assisted him in every way possible.
We are about to get two or three ne~
members, but cannot say much nbout It
this time, as I am not sure 1\S to how
many we will get, but will tell you more
about It In my next letter.
It Bro. Geo. Crossley Is nny\\;here In
existence, we would like to hear from
blm as the boys think he is dead or gone
astray. Tbey don't know which.
W. V. FISK, Press Sec'y.
UNION NO. 67, QUlXCY, ILL.
News is very scarce in Quincy at
present. The telephone boys were here
for a few days, but have gOlle to work
on a toll line from here to Springfield.
lll.
Bro. A. B. Otis paid Qunicy a short
visit a few days ago. He is still at Clay·
ton helping install a new plant there.
We still find a: new ligbt fo!' our cir·
cuit occasionally. )Ve added two recent-·
ly. Bro. Lou Constallce has aiso had a
new ligbt added to his family circle. It's
a bouncIng girl and has come to stay.
You ought to sec the unerring aim with
which Lou guides the carriage through
the cro""ded stret!ts. 'Ve al'c not able·
to filly just how mnnr curilstolles he hits
or how Clany crossings he misses, but he
gets there and back just the ~!!.lll!', as an
old man would.
'Yhlle trinilniu~ a guy stub for the
'l't>If>phoue Co. BI·o. "Etl" Hays met with
Do painful accident. The drawing-knife
slipped and cut his leg n!'ar the knee.
inflicting a painful wound. He 'va~ laid
THE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
up about three weeks, but is at present
able to be out again. . seetion not long.since, Dlllue it llOSiliIJ
As we said news is very scarce with
us, owing to the fact that your humble
seryant has been laId up for over seven
weeks with sciatic rheumatism, but th('
last week, with the help of battery and
other electrical aJ'lfllian('e!'l lITaciously fur-
nished by Bro. 'Vm. Hickman, we are
Improving rapidly and hope to be ablr.
to go to work soon. We wish to thank
Bro. Hickman tor hli'! klnrlne;;s. Also the
rest ot No. 67 for kindness shown 11S. It
·has bpen truthfully said. "A friend in
nped is a friend indeed."
(November.)
We will trY 011r Ii::hts on('e more and
Sf>e how they work on !I{cKinley. We
must h:1ve jumped n.('o~ ill some way as
011r items are n month behinn. bnt WE'
will trv to get thin!!s !'Itrai!!htpnf'd out
now. We fire ont flftE'r a two-months'
hl"'!'IIf' with !'I('illti(,lI. linn ri!!ht here we
wish to tell thp world that thp hrothers
in N(l. fl7 are all ri!!ht anr1 !'Itri('tly up to
"nndlp powpr. as we r('('f'ivpn our sick
hfmeftt re(!ularly. Not on~v thllt. hut the
hovs wprE' vpry I!OOO nhout ('omln:: in to
!Onend n fE'W minntE's. If no more. Thpy
('nme pverv tlmp thE'Y h:1d II ehlln('P. We
wl!'lh to thank tIle mE'mhpr!'l of No. 67
thrOll!?b the Worker tor Idndne!!s ~hown
Ill'n bpTlefit!'l re('!'lved.
Onr Prp!'llopnt. BI"O. n. !\I. !lrllllinson.
l",s 1111 hI'· ('an do. hut h:1!'l a !!nn!!' sl1f-
fl('ient to kE'pp thfn!!'~ !!'oln!!'. Thp T. H.
Lt_ ('n. hll!'l it'" npw hui1Oin(! IIhout eom-
nlptf'o. Thp Tplf'nhone hov!'l hnve not
hp('n In Quln('v for some time. Bro. A.
R Otl!': I!': at Clayton.
T I'Pp hy my lll!'t Worker that Bro.
"wm" Com·tnpv of Dlllll1s. Tex .. was
in!'ltnlmpntlll in Orl!'lIll1ZIIll!' n UnIon
th"rp. Will is II Trnlon m:m through and
th'·l'nl!'h.
T do hope :\[1'. Hllnllll won't be able to
nisor!!:mize Iflhor unions ai'! somc prE'dlct
hp will do find !\"ny hp hn.s d(lnp. Let 11!!
pnt onr shouldpr to the whf'f'l lind s('e
to it thnt hI' dOll't do it. He hE'at Bryan
ont of the Prei:id!'l1(,Y. hut he Nln't bellt
n1\ Inbor unions. I ('lIn't heln but think
that or!!anized Illbor WflS hlind to Its own
intprest. hut let me just !'IllY Hanna's
boodle did It. anll stop at thflt.
Nearly a1\ the membE'rs. Ilf No. 67 have
n steady position nt n fix('d salary. There
is. of course. n ff'w out of work. hut they
milk!' some monf'~' by doin(! in!'lide wirin/:
find fixtnre work. but ('ould do more It
it was hE're to do.
C. H. !lI'NE)IEE, Press Sec'y.
UNION NO. 78. SAGINAW, 1IICH.
(October.)
. The hot month!! oyer. the electrical
workers of this city hflve til ken as It
wer!'. a new lease upon lite. At a special
IIIpetin/: held last pvpnin!!. there was· a
fnn attendan('e IIml it Is (>xtremel~' ./:ratl·
fying ·to write that II general interest
prevailed throl1,!!hont thl' entire len(!tb
of the me!'tin!:. As the grf'ater nnmber
of our m(>mhers will be nt work Lllbor
Day it wns de!'med not advisnhle to tUI'n
ont in pa rll(1e, alt Iion:::h n motion to seud
the ('olor!'l of till' union with the Central
Lahor bo(ly. wns (,:1rri(>(1. Bm..Ross to
he the "~t:llahll·tl bpnr~r."
Tlw Hllpi.1 Tl'IIlI~it Rnilwny Company.
the intpntion of whir\l is to run betwe(::'
!'lnl!ln:lw nnd BIIY City. has at last se-
~ured n fmnchise and will soon com-
mence operations.
[November.
The terrible storm which ~truck til
for us to visit with a nnllluel' of ,m'an;
bl·others. which to us was somewh:.t .
:m offset to the tel'riblc damage wrea.k.
uy the elements.
(Nove~ber.) .
Business ·of importanee(,lI11ell my 11
tention litter writing the letter whi.
should have appeared in lnst monU
journal, and in consequence will ask y(
to publish that as well as the one I a
now writing, In the present number.
The Union here is booming. We h:
set our annual tor October 15. hut tI
('ommittee to whom the anallgemen
were ·left. thought better to postpone
until a month luter.
The Rapid Transit Railway -Compall
of which perhaps I have written t.
mUCh, did not live up to agreements, ar
have had their franchise rcvol•.ed. It
!'lIld by the enemies of the company: th
their scheme was to compel the lnte
Urbllll to buy them out, undO that failin
they hflve eYflcuated.
. I am mucb pleaseu to Ollec more wri
that everything is nIl right in om' 111
and that nIl members of tlie Uni-on a:
at work.
GEO. S. CRABBE, Press Sec'y.
LOOK OUT FOR HiM.
Ingomar, 0 .• Nov. 9, 1896.
While I was working for the Centr
Union Telegraph Co. fit Dayton, 0.,
short timc ago, Chas. Rinehart,·· wI
claimed to be a charter member of Ol
of the "St. Louis Unions. got a job wi
us and worl.ed one week and Qnit. Tl
night following' he was quite ill and tl
landlady where we were rooming did:
she could to allevillte his pain. The ne:
morning I left for Troy, 0 .. and told tl
la·ndlady to hold my clothing until
came back. On returning- three dn:
later. I was shown a forged order whi'
Rinehart had ;ziven for my ('Iothe~. so
wns out about $45.00. Tht' police fouT
the clothes where he had Jlawned thE'l
but I hnd to pay to ::et tht'm out. f
also stole my eIIiblematic hutton. whl.
he will probnbly wenl" and tt·y and pa
as a member. He is not only a thiE
but a for::er. He claims to ha.e reI
tives in Mobile. AlII. He is :;:lig-h-tly low
on left shoulder. smooth shllven. limps
IIttl!'. has a retrNl.tin(! ('hill. nllrro\y ey~
is about five feet ehrht in Iwi:::ht. and 11·
a sputtering, ·hesitating wuy of spen
Ing.
Chas.Rinehart Is the mo,;t ltnp!'in~ilJl'
man i ever met lind !'llleh coudnet (I
stroys the confidence ofstrllngprs·ln :
honest linemen. and it if! ::etting to 1
so tbat all fire looked upon with st
p\clon.
C. H. lIORXIXG~"'AR.
Member or No.1.
(ehall. ·Rinehart WIIS nf'''N' a n1emb
(If the N. B. E. W. He was prohnbly o·
of the freal;:s who blew into ~t. Lor
lifter tht' ('yclone. lind m:1Y hn-.:e I
tpndpfl some of the Dilen m(>!'tings whi-
we held at tllnt timp. Frefln~nt ('0:
nl:1\lIt<l like the IIbol"e nre reeein'(}
thl!'< offief'. If 01\1' meillhc·.·s w;"luM U
.'rtlinar:r bn!'lin!'s!'l I>'·ecll1'tion. th(~~' WOll
not he so of II' II imllosp..1 11110n. for 11:
ll1c>mhC>I' of th,. H:'othl'l'ho(,!l t':11! ea;<i
tpll. if he 11ndf>rstands thp. l':eeret we;
of 011r or,!!'nnizatlon. whr.thpr a !wrs
c1almln!!' to be n member Is all right
I!ot.)~d.
 November.]
iDh'ectory' of Local Unions.
I
~ (S"cretaries will please furnish the necessary in·
!fom:ad.,n to make this directory complete. Note
U.et tile time and piau of meeting. the name of the
iPTes\dent. the names and "dd,'esses of the Record·
m" "nd Financial Secr.,tari.,s ar., r""luired.j
rb. No.1, St. Louie, Mo.-Meds "",ery Tne$day at
e. cor. Ust and Frauklin avenue. F. P. Kinsley.
/pres .• 18>1 Morgan st.,; W. S" P~le~; R. S., .147
'Wells ave.; J. P. Cas"'Y, F. S .• 2702 Spnng avo
, No. Z, ~Ilhvallkee, Wis.-Meets 1st and 3d Sat·
I1rdll}'S .at JL W. cor• ..3d and P.r.airie sts."3d .floor.
1M. J. Quirk, Pres., 87 27th st.; J. W. Peterson, R. S.,
SO 9th st.; Geo. l'oeblman. F. S .. 647 2~~ st.
No.3, Denver, Col~E. L. Layne, Pres.• 1011
t
9th st.; Geo. P. Manning. Sec., 1633 Lawrence st.
N ... 4, New Orleans, La.-Meds 1st and 3d
I 'nesdays at Carondelet and Perdido sts. J. Mc·
~regor, Pres... Ull Rousseau st.; C. M. Ifale. R. S ••
.~ st. Mary st.; R. B. Joyce. F. S .. 331 S.'/3assin st.
· No.6; New York City, N. Y.-Meets every
hursdayat 85 E. 4th st. John F. Bergen. Pres .•
ZS Henry st.• Brooklyn; R. J. Baker. R. S .. 98 Henry
E t.. Brooklyn; III. E. Bergen. F. S .• 515 Henry st••
rooklyn.· ,
~
NO' 6, San Franciseo, Cal.~l!rIeets 2nd and'4th
edo.,sdays P.t Forest.er's Hall, 20 Eddy st. D.
ede. P""S.'318~, CleJUcn~ina st.; R .•P. Gale. R. S.,
(XU Larkin st.; A. F. IrwIn. F. S .. 425 Geary st.
No. '7, Spriugfield, l\Ias8.-Meets 1st and 3d
'ednesdays at room:ll. Tbeatre Dlk. Wm. Gregg,
es .• 1.18 Pattoa s!.; Jos. McGilvray. R. S .• 190
, bf!stnut st.; G. T. McGilvray. F. S .. City Hotel.
I N-e. 8. Toledo, -0. - Meets every Tuesday at
~ri~ndship Hall. cor.• Jefferson and Summit Sts.
I? Crowley. Pres., 512 Vance st.; J as. Burns. R. S .•
~
Broadway; W. Welsh. F. S .• 1907 Cberry st.
No.9, <:bt"ago, Dl.-Meets neT¥, Saturday at
!!4 E. ~fadlson st. C. D. Hatt. Pre~.• ~930 State st.;
. Cbnstensoo. R. S .• l~J S. In'lng ave.; C. W.
each. F. 5 .• 5931 Sangamon st.
Nu. 10, Indianapol18, Ind.-'Meets 1st and 3rd
ooday at 29% W. Pearl st. John Berry. Pres .• :care
~
headquarters Fire Dept.; E. Bussele. R. 5 .• 80
. Obio st.; E. C. Hartung. F.S .• RoomsS-7 Cyclo·
malUdg.
No. 11, Terre Haute, Ind.-Meets 2d and 4th
ocsdays at 8tb and Main sts. C. D. Updegraff.
,cs.. S29S.Niuthst.; ~[.Davis.R.S .• 918N.9tbst.;
• H. Scbaffer. F. S .• 114 N. 14tb st.
: No. 12, Evansville, In<1.-Meet ev!!ryTuesday
iu cor. 3rd and Sycamore st. Harry Fisher. Pres .•
!co (,lark st.; A. 1.. Swanson. R. S .• 1054 Water st;
1\. N. Grout. F. j; .. 202 ClArk st•.
: Nu. 14, Memphis, Tenn. - Chas. E. Blake.
~s.• 70 Mulberry st.; J. A. Myles. Sec., Wi De
t
tc9t.
~o. 15, Philadelphia, Pa.-Meets e,·eryTues·
ay at 711 Spring Garden st. E. G. Boyle. Pres .•
"cuo. Farmers' Hotel. 3d and Callowbill sts.; E.
Hennessy, R. S .• 1518 Freucb st.; Cbas. T. Lang.
F. S., 829 Race st. ' , ..
No. 16, Lynn, Mass.-·lIeet at General Elec"
tric Band Room. 9~ South st. Jas. Robson. Pres .•
~ W. Neptune st.; C. W. Perkins. R. S .• 6 Allen's
Court; 10;. J. Malloy. F. 5 .• 86 Cottage st.
, No. 1'7, Detroit, Dlicl!. -Meets 1st and 3d
il'hursdays at Trades Council Halt,224 Raoo.,lph
st. T. H. Forbes. Pres .• ll~ lZLh st.; F.Campbell.
R. S .• -!OS Abbott st.; J. G. Forbes. F. S .• 745 Mil·
~aokee avo W. . No. 43, Dayton, O.-J. J. McCarty. Pres .• care
'No. 18, Knlt~as Clty,Dlo.-Meets ~very Friday
ilt 1015 Walnut st. C. H. Ad"ms. Pres .• 612 Wall st.;
1'. W. Curphy. R. S .. 716 Delaware st.; J. H. Lynn,
F. S .• 1632 Jefferson st.
. No. 19, Cbieogo, In.-Meets 1st and 3d Tues-
"ala at 6S12 Cottage Grove avo F. Conklin. Pres .•
ro22 S. Chicago av.; T. J. Prendergast. R. S .. 7119
;;. Cbicagoav.; J. Drollim. F. S .• 9lS!l Aothonyav.
. No. '21, 'V1>eellng, W. "a.-Meets 1st and 3d
Tuesdays at 1'rades AsselUbly Hall. H. F. Wyse.
Pres., Box Ill; C. L. Ullery. R. S .• Box Ill; W. J.
Clark, F. S .• McClure House.
No. 2Z, Omaha, Ncb. -- Meets every Priday
Rt Labor Temple. 17 Douglas st. J. W. Watters.
p.-es .• 2211 Pierce st.; ~1. J. Curran. R. S., 1814 St.
Mo,ry's av.; M. T. Castor. F. S., 422 1'. 18th st.
No. 23, St. Paul,lUinn.-Meets 2d and 4tb Pri·
hys 'at Labor Halt. 3rd and Wabasba sts. Juo.
O'Donnell, Pres .. 4th and Waha.ba sts.; Tbos.
;)'·I'oole. R. 5.,333 E. 6tb st.; F. Volk. P. S.; 175
W. 6tb st.
No. 24, 1Ilinlleapolls, 1\[;nn.-lIIeets 1st and
3rd Wednesdays atM and.'l6 6th st. S. Geo. Heilig.
1·I~s .• 189th &t.; L. R. Stevens. R. S .• 18 Western
av.; A. Aune. F. S .• 3129 Longfellow av.
No. 25, l>nluth, ~Ullu.-Meet3 2d and 4th
rhnrsdays at room 6 Banning Blk. J. D. Hayes.
l'res .. care or Crowley Elect. Co.; J•. P. Runkle. R.
3.,414 E.1st st. N.; Jas. P. Oweus. F. 5 .• 414 E.1st st.
No. 26, "'aahlngton, I). C.-Meets every Fri·
lay at 827'ltb st. N. W. M. O. Spring, Pres .. 478
:entrnl Power Station; S. 1\1. Wilder. R. S .• 50S
•lth st. N. W.; R. P. Metzel. F. S .. 50911tb st. N. W.
rHE ELECTRICAL WORKER.
No. 2'7, Baltimore, Md.-Meets everv Monday
at Hall. cor. Fayette and Park avs. P. H. Wissin·
ger. Pres .. 741 W. Fayette st.; M. V. Wright. R. S .•
1427 Asquith 8t.; F. H. Russell. P. S.,14a1Asquith
st.
No. Z8, Lonlsville, Ky.-Meets 1st and 3d Tues,
days at Beck Hall. 1st st. near Jefferson Calvin
Beach. Pres .. 1020 W. Market st.; Ed. Herpt. R. S .•
607 Magnolia st.; Jno. C. Deibel. F. S.• 418 15th st.
No. 29, Atlanta, Ga.-Meets every Sunday at
61~ Alabama st. Geo. Foster. Pres .• 100 Walker
st.; D. J. Kerr. R. S .• 114 Ricbardson st; Geo. Ray·
mer. F. S .• 1U Rbodes st.
No. 30, Cinclnnatl,-o.-Meets 1st and 3d Mon·
days at 136 E. Court st. W. Willisms. Pres .. b05
Broadway; H. C. Genrich. R. S .. 420 E. 5tb st.;
J. F. Harmuth, P. 5 .• 215S Vernon st.. Clifton
Heights.
No. 31, Jersey City, ·N. J.-Meets 2d and 4tb
Thursdays at 116 Newarkav. Thos. Watson. Pres .•
513 Jersey av.; F. J. Anderson. R. 5 .. 2ZS Wasbing·
ton st.; T. L. Jones. P. S .• 137 Grand st.
·No.3Z, Paterson, N. J .-l\leets 1st and 3d ilion·
days at ~erman Union Hall. J. P. Colvin. Pres.,
963 MadIson av.; Jos. Maber. R. 5 .• 348 Grand st ..
Paterson Heigbts. Paterson. N. J.; Jobn Kane. F.S .•
2i~ Hamilton avo
No. 33, Newark, N. J.-Meets nery Monday
evening at No. 58 Williams st. ,W. J. Curtis. Pres .•
12 Beach st; J. M. Eder. R. S .• 180 Market st.; W.
E. Rosseter. P. S .• 175 Sberml),n avo
No. 34, Brooklyn, N. Y.-Meets Zd and 4tb
Fridays at Peters' Hall. 360 Fulton st. E. W.
Latham. Pres.. 151 Gates av.; G. M. Leggett: R. S .•
281 Adelphi st.; G. C. Paine. F. S .• 151 Gates avo
No. 35, Boston, Mass.-Meets every Wed.
nesday at Well's Memorial Hall. 987 Wasbington
st. M. Birmingbam. Pres .• 69 Dustin st .• Allston;
E. Colvin. R. S .. 258 Lincoln st .. Allsto!!; R. H.
Bradford. F. S .• 6 Temple st.
No.S6, Sacramento, Cal.-Walter Ross. Pres.,
1030 G st.; R. A. Fisk. R. S .• 13243d st.: Gus. Flan •
'nigan. F. S .• 911 L st. ' and State sts. F', Llt""i1ctOr!. Pres .• '~!':lDe st .•
No. 3'7, Hartford, Conn.-Meets 1st and 3d
Fridays at Central Union Labor Hall. 11 Central
Row. M. F. Owens. Pres.. 63 Hawthorne st.: D. F.
Cronin. R. 5 •• 49 Windsor st.; C. E. Byrne. 10'. 5 •• 16
John st. . F. J. SchaUerl. R. S .• 2514 Church st.; G. L. Gar·
No. 38, Cleveland, O.-Meets every Tbursday
at 393 Ontario st. P. P. Hovis. Pres .• 163 Central
ave .• Tom Wheeler. R. S .• 378 Pranklin av.; J. E.
Suloff. F. 5., 28 Norton st.
No. S9,.Provldence, R. I.-Meets 1st and 3d
Mondays at Pb~nix Bldg. 157 Westminster st. H.
B. Kelly. Pres .• 1950 Westminster st.; M. L. Carder.
R. S., 40 Wilson 8t.; G. D. Higgins. F. 5., 8 Car·
penter st.
No. 40, St. Joseph, Dlo.-Meets every Monday
at north·west corner 8th and Loc',lst sts .. "Brock.
aw's Uall." R. 1\1. Martin. Pres .• 1';02 N. 3d st.;
Wm. Dorsel. R. S .• 17a1Calhoullst; J.C.Schneider.
P. S .• ~ S. 5th st.
, ·No. 'Ii,Phlladelphia, Pa.:....l\leets evel'YTburs.
day at n. e. cor. 8th aod Callowhill sts.; Ge6. A.
Neal. Pres .• 3626 Wbarton st.; E. H. B. Cbew. R.
S •• 2953 N. 15th st.; W. C. Fisher. F. S .• 2S54 Park
avo
No. 42, Utica, N. y.'::l\Ieets 2d and 4th Tues-.
days at room 5. Western Union Bldg. L. S. Ward.
Pres .• room 5, Western Union ntdg.;' k. S. Allen.
R. S .• room 5. Western tJuion Bldg.; C. Ricbard.
son, F. 5 .• room 5. Western Union Bldg.
of Fifth st. R. R. Co.; 1:.. O. Williams. R. S .• 1135
W. 3d at.; F. DeWitt. P. S .• 420 E. Zd st.
No. 44, Rochester, N. Y. - J. C. Guerinot.
Pres .. 120 Campbo:ll st.; H. W. Sherman. R. S .• 1
Bauer pI.; Fred FIsh. F. S .• 123 State st .
No. 45, Buffalo, N.,Y.-Meets 1st and 3rd Sat·
urdays at 512 Wasbington st. Frank Hopkins.
Pres .• 81 Swan st.; J. O'Connell. R. S .• 614 Fargo
av.; C. E. Stinson, F. S., 21 Terrace st.
No. 46, Reading, Pa.-Lucian Bowman. Pres.;
Harry Weidner. R. S •• 225 Pearlst.; W. S. Hoffman.
F. S.,l09 Peacb st.
No. 48, Ft. Wayne, Ind.-Meets 1st and 3rd
Fridays at cor. of Main and Clinton sts. R. Bar·
tel. Pres .. Hotel Tremont; A. J. Latbouse. R. S .•
65 Hoffman st.; G. B. Taylor. F. ~., 31 Douglas avo
No. 49, Bloomington, In.-l\Ieets 2d and 4th
I\Iondays at Trade. Assembly Hall. C. F. Snyder.
Pres .• BOl< 1015; W. C. Gorey. R. S .• 409 S. Lee st.;
W. F. Witty. P. S .• 303 N. Gridley st. ' red color of the circu!:iting blood
No. 61, Serllnton, Pa.-Jas. Hardiug. Pres., 601
Meridian st.; P. Campbell. R. S .. 1210 Irving av.;
Ruben Robins. F. S .• I223 Hampton st.. . finger. 'This si.!~n ceases tlte moment
No ••~2, Davenport. la.-A. L. Wheeler. Pres .•
Atlantic House; J. H. Clark. Sec.. 215 Iowa st.
. No. 63, HarrlHhurg. Pa.-C. A. S,vager. Pres ..
115~ Market st.; .r.. ,;.ElUminger. R. S •• 25 N. 15tl1
st.; C. Anderson. F. 8 .. ,.5 Summitt st.
No. 54, Peoria,lH.-Meets 1st and 3rd Werl·
nesdays at 301 Main st. If. Sebearer. Pre5 .•.21<:'
W. Jefferson st.; Harrv Dunn. R. S., Ea~t PeorIa;
L. C. Ctawley, F. S .• 113 Wa.binlrton at •
15
No. 5'7, Salt Lake City, Ulah.-M.,ets 2d and
4tb Wednesdays. R. Blayr. Pres .. 22.. W.lst South
st.; Jobn Poland. R. S .. 224 W.lst South st.; E:. Mill.
P. S .• 15 W. 1st South st ..
No. 68, West Superior, Wis.-I\Ieets 1st and
3rd Wednesdays at rQOlUs 3 and.1160Z 3d st. R. P.
P6eger. Pres .. Superior Water. Ligbt & Power Co.;
G. C. Hehl. R. S .. -105 Hughitt av.; H. Burdette.
F. 5 .. 1819 Banks avo
No.59, Paducah, Ky.-]. B. Eretts. Pres.• No. 2
Engine HOllse; W. S. Nelson. R. S .• 220 S. 4th st.;
W. A. Koeneman. F. S .• 220 S. 4tb st.
No. 60, San Antonio, Tex.-Meets 1st and 3d
Saturdays. Meyers' HaU. Alamo Plaza. T. L. Rose.
Pres .• US Powder· house st.; E. Kuhlman. R. S .•
m Salina st.; C. A. Davis. F. S .• ·U5 Travis st.
No. 61, Los Angeles, Cal.-Wm.'Tubman. Pres.
Station 2; Chas. Viall. R. S .. Station 5; C. P. Loft·
house. F. S .• ;46 San Julian st. .
No. 62, Kalanlnzoo,lIUeh.-A. D. Ayres. Pres .•
5:H S. Burdick st.: L. Bellman. R. S .• 540 Pine st.;
G. E. :rifft. F. S .• 32.. Sarab st.
No. 63, TaUlpa, Fla.-Theo. GUnn. Pres .• Pt.
Tampa City; W. F.·Crofts. R. S .• lock box 264;
Arthur D. Henry. P. S .• bOl< 220.
No. 66, lIo'ustoll, Tex.-Meets' everi Monday
J. W. Howard. Pres .. 1713 Houston av.: S. T. Sikes.
R. S•• ~ McKee st.; P. A. Peters, P. S •• 907 Pres.
tOil avo .
No. 6'7, Quincy,ln.-D. M. Mallinson. Pres .•
ll20 Vine st.: S. L. Pe\·ehouse. R. S .• 1413 Spring
st.; W. F. Wagner. F. S:. 641 Locust st. .
No. 68, Little Rock, Ark.-C. J. Griffith. Pres .•
15tb and Rooker ~t.: G. W. Wilson. R. S .• 8Z6 :\Iar·
shall st.; W. N. Drogoon. F. S •• 1813 W. 3d st.
No. 69, Dallas, Tex.-Meets 1st and 3rd Satur'
day at Labor Hall. S. D. Claiborne. Pres .• 141 :;;.. ::
Jacinto st.; F. G. :\Iontgomery, R. S .• 190 Collins
st.; Geo. Eagan. F. 5 •• 107 S. Murphy st.
No. 70, Schenectady, N. Y.-Me ..ts ld and 4th
Tues~ays et 1"radcs Assel'Hbly RaIl. cor. C~ntre
Mt. Pleasant; Geo. Miller. l{. S .• 32 1:;;lIi3 st.; j'. D.
Betting. F. S .• 626 Villa road.
No. 71, Ga1vesto1l, Tex. - Meets 2d and 4th
Wednesdays. J. T. Payne. Pres .• 1314 Centre .st.,;
rett. F. S.
No."':', Danville. Ill.-G.ll. Girton. Pres .• 319
Franklin sl.; Jas. Merritt, Sec .• care of J'~m. Tel. &
'reI. Co .
No.7a, Spokau .. , Wash. - Meets 1st and 3rd
Tbursdays al uliver Hall. 336~ Riverside avo C. C.
"'an lnwegen, Pres",.l5Ot Boon a\·,; T.'H. Denter,
R. S .• box 635; Gus. Pagel .F. S •• Box 635.
No. 7-t, Fall Blver, lllass.-lIIeets every ilIon·
day lit cor. !.Iaiu anc Bedford sts. W. I. \ .... hitc.
Pres .. 59 Bowen. ~t.; Jas. MurVbV. R. S .• 100 4tb st.;
Tho~. ll .. iley. ". S., 135 Snell st.
No. ";;j, Gran.1 n"l.ids,l\lIch.-;\Ieets 1st aud
3d Frid~.ys. ~. ~,:'-=Goran. Pres.; ~d. Cannon. R. S.,
Clarendon Hotel; Geo.Higgins. F.S .• 63 Pleasant st.
No. 7IJ, Saginaw, llllc1>.-Jas. Hodgi!1s. Pres .•
1.309 Janes st.; Robt. Crawford. R. S., 145 Gag., st.;
Chas. Ross. F. S .• P. O. box 225. E. S.
No. 79, Atlstin, TeX.-Meets every Thursday
night at Maccabee Hall. J .. L. Vorkaufer, Pres .•
1206 San Jaciuto st.; Cltas. J. Jackson. R. S ..
Mayor's office; B. Y;.Lovei~y. F. S .• 109-1HE. 7th st. 1.0 e,
SURE TEST It'OR DEA.TH.
The Roentgen Rny has recently been
proposed as a SUl'e test In case of ap·
parent death, but aside. from: the dif-
ficulty of procuring the necessary ap-
paratus for making the test, it is doubt-
ful if it is as reliable as a simple test
disco,ered by a Frenchman about
h~·enty·five years ago and was awarded
the prize offered by the French Academy
of Science for the discovery of an in-
fallible si:;n of death which could be ap·
plied by the most ignorant, who gave the
following test: When in a darkened
room you hold your band with finger
touching ,finger in fl'ont of a candle (or
any otber) light, you will see the bright
through the skin where finger toucbes
death occurs and the most thorough in·
y~stigation shows that neither in r.::.ta-
lcpsy nor in any other variety or ;lP-
parmi death, is this sign ever wanting.
It di;;appears only with death. S:::icll~l'
Imows no 11l01'e reliable test of death. Ilm~
it Is doubtful whether a simpler one wiiI
evel' be discovered.
 f6 THE 'ELEC'l'RICAL WORKER.

Electricity To Electrical Reillg OI!.CC

••.. Worker~. boughta::!i
!lecbaaic8; Jleah.ni· :\1:v:hinilita. Miners. worn they
.... aad Ardliloeturo' Plumbers.' Chon En!i-
Drawln«; P1• .,.biDg: Reers.,. I1nmghumen. crea~c !l
Arehl_ro: Minlnl!' C!lrreAh:~. Steam En· positi1r(~
Ci~'il EnSiaeeriu8' in giov::ra. Stam Fitten.
all Braneheo: Steam H~/~n·nf'f!'.. Fr~ Ap- . dewauil f.::n·
E.r\...rinJr (Sbt·y •• I",n(/IM :Yl.d/("" Cu'. others like
lneo. and )iarine). "uh'r. :;'n,iu!1 li"Jd".ct
. n;. ,".1. I,. SludJ/. them. The
1_..--....
i.t.rndI...l .'1""
•.•t: •. lI<ft.te•• r .. fit is such
that they
wear Iong('r
PATENT AND than·
PATENTS TRADE-MARK
LAWYERS
oroinor....
garmentS.
Well paid
Patents Obtained
Trade'Marks Registered. Union
Operatot"S
800 RIALTO BLDG., . KNIGHT' only, liN
employed
ST. LOUIS, MO. BROTHERS to make
them, so
that when
WM~ H. BRYAN, M. AM. SOC. M. E. you wear
H. H. HUMPHREY, M. S. them )'0";1
stand up fa..
MECHANICAL AND - the·
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS princi.plC's
Electric Light, Railway and Power. Water Works.
Steam Heating. Steam "nd Power Plants.
~conomil: Sho!, ArrangelU"nt, Designing Special
Tools. Consultations. Estiruat"s. Plans, Specifica-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ labol·. Cd
oforganlzt.-d
your (bake
to buy these goods-he'll do it for the asking and you'll help the union ,~?u~c--or
tions. Superintendenc", Examinations, T"sts, Re-
ports and Purchasing. we'll send you tape m~asure, samples and self-measurement blank, with a .hinty, gilt
edged Russia leather pocket memorandum book free.
Rooms, and ::I. Turner Bulldln!r.
ST. LOUIS.
Hamilton· Carhartt . & CO~t Detroitr rvIich..
ELECTRICAL WORKERS MAX EINSTEIN.. SOLE AGENT FOR NORTH PL~TTE. N~~-::-.;.,
!'E~j) L"I YOIIR OIlDBRS FOil. • • • •
PER MONTH FOR ONE YEAR WILL PAY fOf{ ....
E!",BLEMATIC
BUTTONS
A luge Supplv nn h;\r.c!.
Solid Gold. 'UO ""cl:.
Rolled Gold, SOC e".cb.
$125•
The E~ectrical Worker's Course
THE CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY,
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
J.T. KELLY, Orand Secretary, Ask the Secr:etsry of your If:!dge. or sen~ to the School for
particulars, and speclal rates to N. B. E. w.
Liberal (;omnl.issions
•. •
90J Olive Street.. ST. LOUIS, MO. Make .11 Start Now • This will pay you several hundred p,r ce:1t.
TO EARN MORI;;. LI;;AR~ ,\I'JRE.

Longan, ATl'OR,NEYS
CABLES~.· .
S IMPLEX WIR.ES AND
• • AT LAW
Higdon
& Iiigdon Patents Obtained and Draw- .. For Underground, Submarine, Line and Inside Construction.
inj!"s !\Jade of Complex
••.••••.... Electrical In,·eutions.
SIMPLEX ELECTRICAL CO.,
,sT. LOUIS-Odd ·Fellows Bld'g. Znd Floor, 75-81Cornhill, Boston. • • • • ••• 851 '£hc Rookery, Cldc~-.go.
. Entrance ~.
W ASHINOTON-Roor.l 411. Pacific: Bldg. =~~=~=====:=~=:=:--~ -:-=--:=---=-==--=-..:..= .
Op. Patent Office.
A, M, MORSE & GO.! ;.
N S ~-- ~
BUCKEYE I
OVER 3000
Western G""+
~ C~PLETE
POWER Pt.~.NTS.

. "
E leClrlC C0., 4o.
"" r\..1":J
RUNNING
.~. 50 TO 1000 :-4.P.

Manufacturers of
E SIMPLE ANIl COMPOIJND
ST. LQV1S.
620 OLIVE ST. "'"
"'';', '--_ .. -

ELECTRICAL Is the Best Belting

•.• Made •••
Patent ....
APPARATU§ r,n. Leather Rawhide Belt •
~ulley
C"vermg. . .
227 TO 257..S. CLINTON STREET, I :"'?

~SHULTZ BELTiNG ~OMPANY, ST, LOUlS, MC,

CHICAGO. I INTEFiIOR
RAWHIDE .:\Jl... ut~ in n11 P'-Llleipa 1. Ci!it-~.
New.York: Greenwirl(and ThalUes f;trf:~ts.
. Antwerp: J;; l<ue 1l0UdCWYll~.
London: 'j9 Coleman Street.
I NEW YORK, N. Y., 22~
ROSTON; MASS., 164 Summer St.,
Pearl St., .A. B. I..,A.URE~1CE, ~lallaber.
r - Paris: 4G Av"nue de Breteu:J. GEO. 1', KELLY, ;\\:l.n~ger
RerUn: Eng.,I.Ufer 1. PHlt.ADI'LPiu.~, PA., 129 N. Third St., lAS. GARNl':.'TT, Manf<ger