Experiment 2

LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBIRUM IN BINARY SYSTEMS

A Laboratory Report submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Physical

Chemistry II (Chem 117) Lab

GLAIZE ANNE G. GAMELONG

Lab Partners:

CHRISTIAN ROY TUQUIB

JASTIN DAVE ESTANDARTE

B.S in Chemistry III

Chem 117 Lab – Section 1

Date Submitted: May 30, 2017

ARNOLD C. GAJE

Laboratory Instructor
ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted to study liquid and vapor relationship

at equilibrium. It is also conducted to generate the equilibrium curves

for binary system of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate. Simple distillation

was done to separate the liquid and vapor phases. A mixture of

cyclohexane-ethyl acetate with known composition and volume is

initially distilled and boiled. The vapor rose up and was cooled down by

the condenser. The system then, stabilized and reached an equilibrium

state where temperature remained constant. Samples of liquid mixtures

were taken to determine their compositions and refractive index using a

refractometer.

In the last part of the experiment, a phase diagram of mole fraction of

vapor against mole fraction liquid and a diagram of temperature against

mole fraction of liquid and vapor were constructed. Upon construction

of these diagrams, equilibrium curves for binary system of cyclohexane

and ethyl acetate clearly showed the relationship between vapor and

liquid at equilibrium which correlates boiling temperature to

compositions. The experiment was considered a success since the

objectives that were set were achieved.

I. INTRODUCTION

Binary system is a two component system that may have one or two phases depending

on certain conditions. To better understand the concept of binary systems, construction of

phase diagrams were done.

Frequently, it is asked that what is there in a phase diagram. The construction of phase

diagrams is frequently used in various fields of science and engineering. It can provide or

give information and a précis of composition of mixtures as well as its interpretation. A phase

diagram is used to plot data points and show trends of how data points change in another set-

up. It can also be used to compare and determine the boundaries and phases present at a point

in the graph. In this experiment, furthermore, liquid-vapor equilibrium was the system of

interest.

For liquid-vapor systems, there can be three resulting phase diagrams. One showing a

nearly ideal solution or mixture which also indicates what component is more or less volatile.

The second is when the curve line goes upward, telling that for instance component B is more

volatile than A. However, if the line directs downward, then it implies that component A is

more volatile than B (refer to illustrations below). These diagrams, regardless of the direction

of the line, helps in studying the liquid-vapor equilibrium present in the system.

Liquid-vapor equilibrium is the state wherein liquid and vapor components of the

system are in equilibrium. In others words, it is the time where one can say that the liquid and

vapor phases coexist. In ideal solutions, several molecules can weaken the intermolecular
force which lets them breakaway and change into vapor. Similarly, that scenario happens in

ideal mixtures. Ideal mixtures and solutions usually use Raoult’s Law to calculate for the

mole fractions and vapor pressures. Dilute solutions and low pressure solutions, on the other

hand, uses Henry’s Law.

In the case of non-ideal solutions, this happens when the intermolecular forces acting

between different molecules are larger releasing more energy thus making the solution

exothermic. This also occurs when intermolecular forces acting between solvent and solute

are lesser than the ones acting between the same molecules.

All in all, the aim of the experiment is to associate boiling point with the liquid-vapor

composition of a binary system and to construct its phase diagram using the empirical boiling

point and mole fraction.

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
A. Materials
1. Refractometer

It was the device used to determine the refractive index of the

samples. Figure 1. Refractometer

2. Distillation set-up
The set-up is composed of a condenser, distilling flask,

round bottom flask, iron rings and stands, hot plate or

tirill burner, clamps and sometimes thermometer to

record the current temperature and temperature

changes.
Figure 2. Distillation
B. Reagents apparatus

Cyclohexane Ethyl acetate

Figure 3. Structures of Cyclohexane

and ethyl acetate (from left to right)
C. Procedures

Distillation of added Ethyl acetate in Cyclohexane

Initially, the boiling apparatus was set up with a 50.0 mL cyclohexane placed inside the

flask and then heated. As it attained the boiling point of cyclohexane, temperature was then

recorded and the set-up was removed from the heat source. The set-up was turned left-side

down and a 3.0 mL ethyl acetate was added to the flask. The mixture was again heated on a

hot water bath and boiling temperature was again recorded. A small amount of condensate

from the round bottom flask and also, a small amount of residue from the receiving flask was
collected into the Eppendorf tubes. The mixture was added with ethyl acetate ranging from

the smallest amount which was the 3.0 mL followed by 6.0 mL, 9.0 mL, 15.0 mL, and 21.0

mL every after collecting the condensate and residue of each composition. The boiling point

was also recorded for each composition. The refractive index was determined using the

refractometer and then recorded.

Distillation of added Cyclohexane in Ethyl acetate

Similar procedure in distillation was done, however, cyclohexane was the one added in

the same ratio of volumes above stated to the ethyl acetate solution. Determination of

refractive index was done using the refractometer.

Refractive index Curve Calibration

Firstly, the prism assembly was opened and the prism was cleaned with wipes. Then

few drops of the liquid sample were added to prism. Then the prism assembly was closed and

the lamp was switched on. The lamp was then adjusted such that the light shone on prism and

then the experimenter looked unto the eyepiece. Necessary adjustments were done in a way

that the index of refraction would be in the middle of the intersection of two lines seen under

the eyepiece. Then the refractive index was read and recorded. After every reading, the lamp

was turned off. And the prism assembly was opened and the prism was cleaned with wipes to

remove the sample and the assembly was closed afterwards.

III. RESULTS
The data presented in this laboratory report was acquired during actual experiment and

was compared to the data acquired during dry laboratory of the same experiment performed
 by other experimenters. Necessary graphs and diagrams were plotted using MS Excel

Software Application.

Table 1. Volume, Mole percent and Refractive Index of Different Mixture’s Composition
Cyclohexane Ethyl acetate Solutions
Composition Vol n Vol n V tot n tot Refractive Temperature
(mol% C6H12) (mL) (mol) (mL) (mol) (mL) (mol) index (OC)
9% 0.148 0.001 1.352 0.014 1.50 0.02 1.3756 25
18% 0.294 0.003 1.206 0.012 1.50 0.02 1.3780 25
27% 0.437 0.004 1.063 0.011 1.50 0.01 1.3850 25
36% 0.577 0.005 0.923 0.009 1.50 0.01 1.3874 25
45% 0.714 0.007 0.786 0.008 1.50 0.01 1.3951 25
54% 0.849 0.008 0.651 0.007 1.50 0.01 1.3991 25
63% 0.981 0.009 0.519 0.005 1.50 0.01 1.4045 25
72% 1.111 0.010 0.389 0.004 1.50 0.01 1.4094 25
81% 1.238 0.011 0.262 0.003 1.50 0.01 1.4151 25
90% 1.364 0.013 0.136 0.001 1.50 0.01 1.421 25
100% 1.500 0.014 0.000 0.000 1.50 0.01 1.4265 25
0% 0.000 0.000 1.500 0.015 1.50 0.02 1.3725 25
1.44
Refractive index (n)

1.42 f(x) = 0.01x^2 + 0.05x + 1.37

R² = 1
1.40

1.38

1.36

1.34
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
mol% cyclohexane
The table above

showed the volumes of the two component solvents present in the sample, its corresponding

mole percent, and the refractive index obtained using the refractometer at 25 OC and 1 atm.

Figure 4. The Calibration curve constructed by plotting mole

percent against refractive index (n) from Table1.
Table 2. Results Obtained after Distillation of Samples
Condensate Residue Boiling
point
Refractive mol % Refractive mol %
index cyclohexane index cyclohexane
 1.4265 1.0000 -- 1.0000 80.0
1.4140 0.7960 1.4223 0.9268 73.0
1.4040 0.6301 1.4178 0.8566 68.0
1.3995 0.5520 1.4100 0.7308 67.0
1.3960 0.4897 1.3985 0.5343 64.0
1.3927 0.4295 1.3910 0.3979 66.0
1.3899 0.3773 1.3862 0.3065 67.0
1.3831 0.2457 1.3877 0.3355 68.0
1.3725 0.0000 -- 0.0000 72.0
1.3779 0.1398 1.3752 0.0828 69.0
1.3825 0.2337 1.3775 0.1314 68.0
1.3884 0.3488 1.3826 0.2357 67.0
1.3940 0.4534 1.3932 0.4387 69.0
1.3975 0.5166 1.4300 1.0434 70.0

Liquid-Vapor Phase Diagram

85.0
80.0
Boiling Point

75.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000
mol % cyclohexane

Vapor Polynomial (Vapor)

Liquid Polynomial (Liquid)

The table

presented the mole percent of both the condensate and the residue of the sample mixtures

along with their corresponding refractive index and boiling point. Boiling point determination

was done using a thermometer in the distillation process and the refractive index was

determined using the refractometer. Using the calibration curve formula earlier obtained; the

mole percent of both condensate and residue were calculated manually as well as using

Wolfram Alpha.
Figure 5. The boiling point diagram constructed by plotting
mole percent of cyclohexane vs. boiling point from Table 2.
 1.2

1
f(x) = 9.07x^5 - 21.81x^4 + 16.01x^3 - 3.32x^2 + 1.05x - 0.01
R² = 0.98
0.8

0.6
Xvapor

0.4

0.2

Xliquid

Table 3. McCabe-Thiele diagram

Vapor Liquid Boiling
X X Point
1.0000 1.0000 80.0
0.7960 0.9268 73.0
0.6301 0.8566 68.0
67.0
0.4897 0.5343 64.0
66.0
67.0
0.2457 0.3355 68.0
0.0000 0.0000 72.0
0.1398 0.0828 69.0
0.2337 0.1314 68.0
67.0
69.0
70.0
Table 3 presented Figure 6. The McCabe-Thiele
the calculated and Diagram
interpolated mole constructed
fractions ofbythe
plotting
liquidmole fraction of vapor vs.
liquid
and vapor cyclohexane components in the cyclohexane.
azeotropic mixture.

The table above Figure

shows 7.theGraph of Activity coefficient of
Cyclohexaneforas a function of cyclohexane mole
calculated activity coefficients
fraction at 9 mol% intervals
both cyclohexane and ethyl acetate.
 2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
Xcyclohexane

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Activity, γ

Figure 8. Reconstructed T-Z phase diagram or van Laar model using activity
coefficient from Table 4.
Table 4. Activity Coefficients
YA YB
2.2865 1.0001
2.0578 1.0057
1.8366 1.0237
1.6491 1.0563
1.4911 1.1065
1.3590 1.1787
1.2502 1.2794
1.1624 Table 5. Experimental vs van Laar Data
1.4181
1.0940Experimental1.6088 Van Laar
T G (mixing) 1.8736
01.0441 G (excess) T (van laar) G (mixing) G (excess)
346.15 5897.827303 6768.498212 348.583 5939.281626 6816.072258
1.0126 2.2464
341.15 2655.558548 3992.581841 346.418 2696.565385 4054.234842
340.15 1.0001
976.3926254 2.7830
2625.852766 345.366 991.3650315 2666.118673
338.15 128.4377895 1965.444046 344.818 130.970462 2004.200754
337.15 -194.2123549 1734.685538 344.571 -198.4871581 1772.867657
339.15 -145.5610369 1799.868618 344.569 -147.8868375 1828.627244
340.15 207.9793551 2071.510699 344.826 210.8384216 2099.9875
341.15 839.0656229 2520.871628 345.392 849.4989114 2552.217187
340.15 1739.121949 3114.163945 346.347 1770.806026 3170.899132
341.15 2956.355487 3878.395184 347.804 3014.018068 3954.041796
342.15 4640.239599 4799.543529 349.926 4745.69774 4908.622151
 The table presented above shows the experimental data from the experiment and the

van Laar values calculated. The parameters presented were namely; the temperature of the

system, the Gibbs energy of mixing and its excess function.

GE vs. Xcyclohexane

7000

6000
G (mxg) Van Laa r

5000 G (mxg) experi menta l

ΔG (mixing)/J mol-1

4000

3000

2000

1000

-1000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figuare 9. Graph of mole fraction of cyclohexane (B) vs
Xcyclohexane
Excess function of Gibbs energy of mixing for experimental
and van Laar.

Gmixing vs. Xcyclohexane

Figure 10. Graph of mole fraction of cyclohexane (B) vs Gibbs

energy of mixing for experimental and van Laar.
 IV. DISCUSSION

A calibration curve was constructed from the mole percent of cyclohexane at 9%

intervals against its corresponding refractive index measured using a refractometer at 25 OC.

Initially, the components A (EtOAC) and B (Cyclohexane) are in their liquid phases.

Distillation was done in order to separate volatile liquids from non-volatile ones. Prior to the

experiment, fractional distillation for azeotropic compositions is appropriate since the vapor

in equilibrium to the fractionating column moves towards the liquid and then remains

unchanged.

After the construction of the calibration curve, the equation of the line was determined

using Excel. This equation was then used to determine the mole percent of the condensate

and residue of the sample mixtures.

According to the phase diagram, the attraction between cyclohexane molecules was

weaker as compared with the attractions of molecules present between cyclohexane and ethyl

acetate. Phase diagram of cyclohexane showed lesser deviation while cyclohexane-ethyl

acetate phase diagram showed large deviation. The attraction of cyclohexane molecules was

weaker since it only has dipole-dipole and London forces whereas cyclohexane and ethyl

acetate has hydrogen bonding which is relatively strong when compared to previously

mentioned forces of attraction.

Considering the system of interest which is azeotropic, it gives a negative deviation

from ideality. According to Atkins and de Paula (2014), azeotropic phase diagrams showing a

minimum indicate that the mixture is destabilized relative to the ideal solution. This also

states that the A-B (ethyl acetate-cyclohexane) interactions were unfavorable, so then the

boiling temperature is lowered. For this mixture, the excess Gibbs energy (G E) is positive and

the mixing is said to be less favorable than ideal where there might be contributions from
both enthalpy and entropy effects. Thus, the Gibbs energy of mixing is supported by the

calculated Gibbs excess energy.

Negative deviation, at the same time, indicates negative values of the Gibbs free energy

of mixing. Where, the components of the mixture were miscible with one another at a specific

temperature or limit. Note that this deviation was basically the consequence from the

distillation process.

Azeotropic mixtures or compositions are non-ideal solutions therefore using the

Raoult’s Law to predict the vapor pressures led to large deviations when compared to

available theoretical values. Instead of Raoult’s law, activity coefficients and van Laar

constants were calculated.

A diagram in the results part (Figure 9 and 10) showed a comparison of the

experimental values and values from the van Laar equations of the Gibbs energy of mixing

and its excess function presented unity or the values are said to be agreeable.

Since the system is non-ideal, therefore molecular interactions among molecules and

mixtures are present and predicted by calculating the activity coefficients of the components.

In the experiment, van Laar equation was also used to calculate activity coefficients as well

as Gibbs energy which was later on compared with the experimental values gathered and was

concluded to be in unity with each other.

Nevertheless, errors in the experiment can be accounted to personal or instrumental

errors. Personal errors might be in the reading of the refractive index and preparation of

mixtures. Instrumental errors might be due to the functionality of the refractometer or the

distillation set-up where leakages were not observed.

 V. CONCLUSION

Liquid-vapor equilibrium for binary system differs from that of the liquid-solid

equilibrium. In this experiment, it is important to acknowledge the type of solution to be

used. For different solutions require different or appropriate methods for analysis and

process. Ideal solutions use Raoult’s law to determine mole fractions and partial pressures

whereas non-ideal dilute solutions use Henry’s law.

A simple distillation is used in separating the liquid and vapor components. The liquid-

vapor system in this experiment is therefore determined using a phase diagram. The

determined diagram was said to be azeotropic with a graph showing a minimum and having

lower boiling temperature as well as azeotrope where the liquid and vapor components can’t

be separated. The position of the azeotrope also determines whether the components were

miscible to each other or not. For azeotrope found on the bottom, it can be concluded that the

fractionation shifted the vapor towards the azeotropic composition but not beyond and the

azeotropic vapor emerges from the top of the column. If found on the top, would mean that

distillation cannot separate two liquids because the condensate has the same composition as

the azeotropic liquid.

It is also concluded that from the phase diagram, the experimenter was able to correlate

the boiling point with liquid-vapor equilibrium by plotting the mole fraction against the

determined boiling point of the mixtures.

 VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thank you God almighty for the passion, knowledge and perseverance in

doing this laboratory experiment and report.

The experimenter would like to thank Christian Roy Tuquib and Jastin Dave Estandarte

for being responsible laboratory partners and in doing the things to be accomplished such as

assigned parts of the laboratory work.

Special thanks also to the whole class of Physical Chemistry Lab section 1, fellow

experimenters who gave necessary efforts on the calculations, organizations, and presentation

of data in Excel. May God bless you all!

VII. REFERENCES

ABBE-3L Refractometer Operator’s Manual. Fisher Scientific. 1997

Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (2014). Chapter 5: Simple Mixtures. Physical Chemistry 10th Edition.

New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

https://www.academia.edu/11843101/CHE144_-_Lab_Report_VLE_Lab_Report_2015_.pdf

(Accessed April 04, 2017)

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/MainSet1.htm (Accessed April 03, 2017)

Garland C.W., Nibbler J.W., Shoemaker, D.P., Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 8th ed.,

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Physical Chemistry II Laboratory Manual. Experiment 2: Liquid-vapor Equilibrium in Binary

System. University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017.

VIII. APPENDICES

Note: Most calculations were done using Excel and Wolfram Alpha.

Take the first run as an example:

 (50.00 mL∗0.7739 mLg ) of Cyclohexane
g
84.159 of Cyclohexane
mol
mol of Cyclohexane= x 100
g g
( 50.00 mL∗0.7739
mL ) (
of Cyclohexane 3.0∗0.9003
+
mL )
of ethyl acetate

g g
84.159 of Cyclohexane 88.106 of ethyl acetate
mol mol

= 100%

(50.00 mL∗0.7739 mLg ) of ethyl acetate

g
84.159 of ethyl acetate
mol
mol of EtOAC = x 100
g g
( 50.00 mL∗0.7739
mL )
of Cyclohexane 0∗0.9003
+
(
mL )
of ethyl acetate

g g
84.159 of Cyclohexane 88.106 of ethyl acetate
mol mol

Table 2.1
Chemical: Cyclohexane Ethyl acetate
Molar weight (g/mol): 84.159 88.106
Solutions
Density (g/mL) [at 20 C]: 0.7739 0.9003
p/M 0.00920 0.01022
Composition (mol % Vol n Vol n V tot n tot Refractive
cyclohexane) (mL) (mol) (mL) (mol) (mL) (mol) index Temperature
0.14 0.00 1.35 0.01
9% 8 1 2 4 1.50 0.02 1.3756 25
0.29 0.00 1.20 0.01
18% 4 3 6 2 1.50 0.02 1.3780 25
0.43 0.00 1.06 0.01
27% 7 4 3 1 1.50 0.01 1.3850 25
0.57 0.00 0.92 0.00
36% 7 5 3 9 1.50 0.01 1.3874 25
0.71 0.00 0.78 0.00
45% 4 7 6 8 1.50 0.01 1.3951 25
0.84 0.00 0.65 0.00
54% 9 8 1 7 1.50 0.01 1.3991 25
0.98 0.00 0.51 0.00
63% 1 9 9 5 1.50 0.01 1.4045 25
1.11 0.01 0.38 0.00
72% 1 0 9 4 1.50 0.01 1.4094 25
1.23 0.01 0.26 0.00
81% 8 1 2 3 1.50 0.01 1.4151 25
 1.36 0.01 0.13 0.00
90% 4 3 6 1 1.50 0.01 1.421 25
1.50 0.01 0.00 0.00
100% 0 4 0 0 1.50 0.01 1.4265 25
0.00 0.00 1.50 0.01
0% 0 0 0 5 1.50 0.02 1.3725 25

Table 2.2

Chemical: Cyclohexane Ethyl acetate

Molar weight (g/mol): 84.159 88.106 Solutions
Density (g/mL) [at 20 C]: 0.7739 0.9003
n n
Composition (mol % cyclohexane) Vol (mL) Vol (mL) Vtot (mL) n tot (mol)
(mol) (mol)
100.00 50.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.46
93.75 50.00 0.46 3.00 0.03 53.00 0.49
83.33 50.00 0.46 9.00 0.09 59.00 0.55
71.43 50.00 0.46 18.00 0.18 68.00 0.64
57.69 50.00 0.46 33.00 0.34 83.00 0.80
46.87 50.00 0.46 51.00 0.52 101.00 0.98
38.46 50.00 0.46 72.00 0.74 122.00 1.20
31.69 50.00 0.46 97.00 0.99 147.00 1.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.51 50.00 0.51
5.12 3.00 0.03 50.00 0.51 53.00 0.54
13.94 9.00 0.08 50.00 0.51 59.00 0.59
24.47 18.00 0.17 50.00 0.51 68.00 0.68
37.26 33.00 0.30 50.00 0.51 83.00 0.81
47.86 51.00 0.47 50.00 0.51 101.00 0.98

y = (0.0107*(X^2))+ (0.045*X) + 1.3714

Condensate Residue Boiling

Composition Point
Refractive mol % Refractive mol %
(mol %
index cyclohexane index cyclohexane
C6H12)
100.00 1.4265 1.0000 1.0000 80.0
93.75 1.4140 0.7960 1.4223 0.9268 73.0
83.33 1.4040 0.6301 1.4178 0.8566 68.0
71.43 1.3995 0.5520 1.4100 0.7308 67.0
57.69 1.3960 0.4897 1.3985 0.5343 64.0
46.87 1.3927 0.4295 1.3910 0.3979 66.0
38.46 1.3899 0.3773 1.3862 0.3065 67.0
31.69 1.3831 0.2457 1.3877 0.3355 68.0
0.00 1.3725 0.0000 0.0000 72.0
 5.12 1.3779 0.1398 1.3752 0.0828 69.0
13.94 1.3825 0.2337 1.3775 0.1314 68.0
24.47 1.3884 0.3488 1.3826 0.2357 67.0
37.26 1.3940 0.4534 1.3932 0.4387 69.0
47.86 1.3975 0.5166 1.4300 1.0434 70.0

Substance A B C T
EtOAc(A) 4.22809 1245.702 -55.189 337.15
Cyclohexane(B) 3.96988 1203.526 -50.287 337.15

-170.81x4 + 343.05x3 - 170.69x2 + 6.3575x + 72.028

144.67x4 - 228.43x3 + 136.8x2 - 44.916x + 71.975
Azeotrope: Vapor Liquid
T AZEOTROPE X
Equate both equations Curve 64 0.4897 0.5343
65.27559183
0.363793
65.27559242
Wolfram A
64.58010904
0.450176
64.58011161
* X is for mole fraction cyclohexane
337.730109

Activity coefficient, y van Laars Pi 0

1.536560391 0.365000669 0.659427385
1.670484829 0.455798278 0.606560432

A B Xa/Xb Xb/Xa 1+(xa/xb)(Al/Bl) 1+(xb/xa)(Bl/Al)

0.01 0.99 0.01010101 99 1.008088831 124.6272516
0.09 0.91 0.098901099 10.11111111 1.079199438 13.62635229
0.18 0.82 0.219512195 4.555555556 1.175784118 6.688796087
0.27 0.73 0.369863014 2.703703704 1.296184198 4.376277353
0.36 0.64 0.5625 1.777777778 1.450446801 3.220017985
0.45 0.55 0.818181818 1.222222222 1.655195347 2.526262365
0.54 0.46 1.173913043 0.851851852 1.940062889 2.063758618
0.63 0.37 1.702702703 0.587301587 2.363514641 1.733398799
0.72 0.28 2.571428571 0.388888889 3.059185377 1.485628934
0.81 0.19 4.263157895 0.234567901 4.413912598 1.29291904
0.9 0.1 9 0.111111111 8.207148819 1.138751124
0.99 0.01 99 0.01010101 80.27863701 1.012613739
(1+(xa/xb) (1+(xb/xa) Al/(1+(xa/xb) Bl/(1+(xb/xa) yA yB
(Al/Bl))^2 (Bl/Al))^2 (Al/Bl))^2 (Bl/Al))^2
1.016243092 15531.95183 0.359166692 2.93458E-05 2.286476234 1.00006757
4
1.164671426 185.6774768 0.313393684 0.002454785 2.057755089 1.00566835
6
1.382468291 44.7399931 0.264021006 0.010187715 1.836627176 1.02373538
4
1.680093475 19.15180347 0.217250215 0.023799235 1.649112241 1.05632907
9
2.103795923 10.36851583 0.173496234 0.043959838 1.491063825 1.10652145
3
2.739671637 6.382001536 0.133227889 0.071419331 1.359026387 1.17874355
4
3.763844015 4.259099633 0.096975504 0.10701752 1.250188512 1.27943291
6
5.58620146 3.004671395 0.06533969 0.151696548 1.162357413 1.41806633
8
9.35861517 2.20709333 0.039001568 0.206515181 1.093960317 1.60884861
5
19.48262443 1.671639643 0.018734677 0.272665392 1.044082164 1.87355044
9
67.35729173 1.296754123 0.005418874 0.351491675 1.012555586 2.24642371
3
6444.65956 1.025386584 5.66361E-05 0.444513597 1.000130418 2.78300250
2

T/K P*b P*a P L R

348.583 0.861409664 0.95996799 1.01325 -0.017684455 -0.017743248
346.418 0.804845375 0.904502533 1.01325 -0.049303093 -0.049306825
345.366 0.778436333 0.87277566 1.01325 -0.064819727 -0.064813986
344.818 0.764952396 0.856604057 1.01325 -0.072929342 -0.072936486
344.571 0.758935242 0.849393661 1.01325 -0.076618555 -0.076607597
344.569 0.758886673 0.849335475 1.01325 -0.076638495 -0.076637348
344.826 0.76514791 0.856838406 1.01325 -0.072817576 -0.072817688
345.392 0.779080698 0.873548934 1.01325 -0.064428929 -0.064429374
346.347 0.803041148 0.902332765 1.01325 -0.050354291 -0.050349885
347.804 0.840708832 0.947698301 1.01325 -0.029048027 -0.02904651
349.926 0.898035229 1.016997647 1.01325 0.00161229 0.001603336

Van Laar
L-R T in C vapour
5.88E-05 75.433 0.78472882
8
3.73E-06 73.268 0.68595097
9
-5.74E-06 72.216 0.62373954
7.14E-06 71.668 0.57454232
2
-1.10E-05 71.421 0.52839203
7
-1.15E-06 71.419 0.47959988
3
1.12E-07 71.676 0.42387938
7
4.45E-07 72.242 0.35687177
1
-4.41E-06 73.197 0.27312042
2
-1.52E-06 74.654 0.16474940
1
8.95E-06 76.776 0.01926257
4