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Whenever surveys of higher accuracy are carried out tachometry provides a good
check on distance measured with a tape or chain.
An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm is generally used for
tachometric survey. The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and
other an equal distance below the horizontal cross hair, the stadia hairs being mounted in the
ring and on the same vertical plane as the horizontal and vertical cross-hair.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
The principle common to all the systems is to calculate the horizontal distance between
two points A and B and their distances in elevation, by observing the angle at the instrument
at A subtended by a known short distance along a staff kept at B, and the vertical angle to B
from A.
In this method, the angle at the instrument at A subtended by a known show distance
along a staff kept at B is made with the help of a stadia diaphragm having stadia wires at
fixed or constant distance apart.
The readings are on the staff corresponding to all three wires taken.
The staff intercepts that is the differences of the reading corresponding to top and
bottom stadia wires will therefore depend on the distance of the staff from the
instrument.
When the staff intercept is more than the length of the staff, only half intercept is read.
For inclined sight, readings may be taken keeping the staff either vertical or normal to
the line of sight.
This is the most common method in tacheometry and the same ‘stadia method’ generally
bears reference to this method.
Subtense method
This method is similar to the fixed hair method except that the stadia interval is variable.
Suitable arrangement is made to vary the distance between the stadia hair as to set them
against the two targets on the staff kept at the point under observation.
Thus in this case the staff intercept i.e., the distance between the two targets is kept fixed
while the stadia interval, i.e., the distance between the stadia hair is variable.
As in the case of fixed hair method, inclined sight may also be taken.
Tangential method
In this method, the stadia hairs are not used, the reading being taken against the
horizontal cross-hair.
To measure the staff intercept, two pointing of the instruments are, therefore, necessary.
This necessitates measurement of vertical angles twice for one single observation.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
The principle of tacheometry is based on the properties of isosceles triangles, where the
ratio of the base from the apex and the length of the base is always constant.
D1/S1=D2/S2=D3\S3=f/i[constant]
Where,
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
FIELD WORK
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Field work no : 1
Date :
TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS
AIM:
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. The
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero.
PROCEDURE:
Select instrument station ‘O’. Set up theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the temporary
adjustments.
Keep the telescope of the tacheometer horizontal by making the vertical angle zero.
Select two stations A and B on the level ground and take stadia readings and thus find
the staff intercept S1 and S2.
The tacheometric constants K and C are determined from the principle of stadia
method.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
D = KS +C
D1= D2 = S1 = S2=
D1 = KS1 + C
D2 = KS2 + C
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
RESULT:
Multiplying constant K =
Additive constant C=
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Field work No : 2
Date :
AIM:
To find the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument station to
the staff station.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. The
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and additive constant is zero.
D = K S Cos2Ѳ +C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ / 2) + C SinѲ
PROCEDURE:
Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all temporary
adjustments.
Benchmark and staff station A were sighted and stadia readings were taken. The
vertical angle was also noted.
Calculations were done to find out the RL of A and horizontal distance D.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
OBSERVATIONS:
S1 = S2 =
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C Cos Ѳ
S1 = D2 =
Ѳ1 = V1 =
V1 = h1 =
S2 = h2 =
Ѳ2 =
V2 =
RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2 – h2 =
RESULT:
RL of A =
Horizontal distance D =
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Field work no: 3
Date:
AIM:
To find out the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff station
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. The
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero.
D = K S Cos2Ѳ+ C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) +C SinѲ
PROCEDURE:
Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the
temporary adjustments.
Benchmark and staff station A were sighted and stadia readings were we taken. The
vertical angle was also noted.
Calculations were done to find out the RL of A and the horizontal distance D.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
OBSERVATIONS:
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C CosѲ
V= K S (Sin2Ѳ/2)+C SinѲ
S1=
Ѳ1=
V1=
S2=
Ѳ2=
V2=
RL of instrument axis = RL of BM + h1 + V1
RESULT:
RL of A =
Horizontal distance D =
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Fieldwork no: 4
Date:
AIM:
To find out the gradient between A & B and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff stations A & B.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. The
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C Cos Ѳ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) +C Sin Ѳ
PROCEDURE:
Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all temporary
adjustments.
Benchmark and staff stations A & B were sighted and stadia readings were taken. The
vertical angles were also noted.
Calculations were done to find out the RL of A & B and the horizontal distance D1 &
D2.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
OBSERVATIONS:
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos 2Ѳ + C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) + C SinѲ
S1=S2= S3=
Ѳ1= Ѳ2=Ѳ3=
V1=
V3=
D1=
D2=
RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2 – h2
RL of B = RL of instrument axis = V3 – h3
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Gradient between A &B = level difference / total distance
RESULT:
RL of A =
RL of B =
Horizontal distance D1 =
Horizontal distance D2 =
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Field work : 5
Date :
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
AIM:
To find out the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff station.
INSTRUMENTS USED :
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and analletic lens.
The multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and additive constant is 0.
CASE 1
D = S / (tanѲ1 - tanѲ2)
V = D tanѲ2
CASE 2
D = S / ( tanѲ2 – tanѲ1)
V = DtanѲ2
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
CASE 3
When one of the angle of target are angle of elevation and other angle of
depression
V=DtanѲ2
where
PROCEDURE:
Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the
temporary adjustments.
Axial hair reading towards the BM was noted.
Vertical angles towards the given targets were also noted.
Calculations were done to get the required reduced level.
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
OBSERVATIONS:
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
Vertical angle Axial hair Horizontal
readings distance
Inst. at Staff
station (m) (m)
º ' "
CALCULATIONS:
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
RESULT:
RL of A =
Horizontal distance D =
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Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual