Aakash Model Test Paper

Chemistry (Class XI) Solutions of Model Test Paper-1
Solutions
of
Model Test P aper - 1
( for School / Board Exam s)
Exams)
CHEMISTRY
Topics : Complete Syllabus of Class XI
Ans 1. S.I unit of density is kg m–3 [1]

Ans 2. The decomposition of H2O2 is retarded by phosphoric acid. [1]
Ans 3. Electron gain enthalpies of noble gases are positive as energy is required during the addition of an electron
in an isolated gaseous atom of noble gases because they have stable electronic configuration. [1]
OR
(n – 2)f1–14 (n –1)d0–1 ns2 [1]
Ans 4. K+ has more effective nuclear charge as compared to Cl– which translates to greater attraction felt by the
outermost electrons thus makes the ionic radius smaller for K+ [1]
Ans 5. Let oxidation state of S be x in Na2S2O3 [1]
2(+1) + 2(x) + 3(–2) = 0
2(x) = 4
x=2
OR
×× ××
F × Be× F [1]
××
××
×× ××
Ans 6. Orthoboric acid has a layer structure in which planar BO3 units are joined by hydrogen bonds. [1]
H
O
H B
O O
H H
O O
H B H
O H
O O Boric acid [Dotted lines represent H-bond] [1]
H B H H
O B
O O
O
H
H
Ans 7. Mn3+ (aq)  Mn2+ (aq) + MnO 2 (s) + H+ (aq) [½]
Oxidation half equation
4
 MnO2 (s) + e 
Mn3+ (aq) 
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(63)
Solutions of Model Test Paper-1 Chemistry (Class XI)
Charge can be balanced by H+
 MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + e

Mn3+ (aq) 
The O atoms and H+ ions are balanced by adding 2H2O molecule as
 MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + e .... (i)

Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2O(l)  [½]
Similarly the balanced reduction half equation is
Mn3+ + e–  Mn2+ .... (ii) [½]
on adding equation (i) and (ii) we get
2Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2 O(l) 

 MnO2 (s) + Mn2+ (aq) + 4H+ (aq) [½]
Ans 8. (a) 4–Nitrophenol [1]
(b) 3–Methylhexa–1, 5–diene [1]
Ans 9. (i) 0.0042 = 2 Significant figures [1]
(ii) 5.012 = 4 Significant figures [1]
OR
Average atomic mass
35  75.77  37  24.23
= [1]
100
2651.95  896.51
=  35.48 u [1]
100
c
Ans 10.   [½]

3  108
  6.86  107 [½]
4.37  1014
∵ 1 nm = 10–9 m or 1 m = 109 nm [½]
 = 686 nm [½]
OR
(i) High temperature [1]
(ii) Low pressure [1]
Ans 11. Electronic configuration of Cu = [Ar]3d104s1 [1]
Electronic configuration of Cr = [Ar]3d54s1 [1]
nR
Ans 12. For graph between V and T, slope is represented by . So, greater is the pressure lesser is the slope
P
[1]
Hence, the correct order of increasing pressure is
P1 < P2 < P3 < P4 [1]
Ans 13. (a) BOD is biochemical oxygen demand. It is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down
the organic matter aerobically present in a certain volume of a sample of water. [1]
(b) Haze in the atmosphere accompanied by high levels of ozone and nitrogen oxide caused by the
action of sunlight on pollutants is called as photochemical smog. [1]
(c) Excessive thining of ozone layer when more than half of the ozone gas in a particular area is depleted
and harmful ultraviolet rays can pass through to reach the Earth’s surface is known as ozone hole [1]
(64)
OR [1×3=3]
Pollutant (Any Three) Sources (Any Three)
Oxygen demanding materials Bacteria and viruses in domestic sewage

1. (a) Microorganism (or infectious agents) and animal wastes.
Nitrates and phosphates : Fertilizers, industrial
(b) Plant nutrients wastes.
Detergents, insecticides, herbicides: Sewage,
(c) Organic Compounds animal waste, decaying animals and plants,
waster from the food processing industry
2. Minerals and chemicals Inorganic chemicals, acids, bases, salts, heavy

metals from chemical industry.
3. Sediments Silt :Soil erosion, strip mining
4. Radioactive substances Radioactive minerals: mining and processing

of radioactive material, such as uranium
5. Thermal power plant Waste heat : In the form of hot water from
cooling towers
Ans 14. (a) 3B2H 6 + 6NH3 3[BH2 (NH3)2]+ [BH4]– [1]

heat
2B3N3H6 + 12H2
(inorganic
benzene)
 
(b) H3BO3   HBO 2   B 2 O3 [1]
(c) B 2H6 (g) + 6H2 O(s)  2B(OH)3 (aq) + 6H2 (g) [1]
OR
(a) 4BF3  3LiAlH4 

 2B2H6  3LiF + 3AlF3 [1]
(Z ) (X)
(b) B2H6  6H2 O 

 2H3BO3  6H2 [1]
(X) (Y )

(c) B2H6  3O 2   B2 O3  3H2 O [1]
(X)
c
Ans 15.   [½]

c 3  108 m/s
1    5.093  1014 s1 [½]
1 589  10 9 m
c 3  108 m/s
2    5.088  1014 s1 [½]
2 589.6  10 9 m
E = E2 – E1 = h(5.093 – 5.088) × 1014 [½]
= 6.6 × 10–34 × 1014 × (0.005) = 3.3 × 10–22 J [1]
(65)
Ans 16. d = 1.25 g/mL

Molarity = 3 M
No. of moles of solute

Molality = [½]
Mass of solvent (kg)
3 M implies 3 moles of solute in 1 L of solution [½]
mass of solution = d × v
= 1.25 × 1000 = 1250 g [½]
Mass of solvent = Mass of solution – Mass of solute
Mass of solute = 3 × 58.5 = 175.5 g [½]
3 3000
molality = ×1000 = [½]
1250  175.5 1074.5
= 2.79 m [½]
15
Ans 17. C6H6 (l) + O2 (g) 
 3H2 O(l) + 6CO2 (g) H  ??
2
6C(s) + 3H2 (g) 

 C6H6 (l) ... (i) H°f = 49 kJ/mol
1
H2 (g) + O2 (g) 
 H2O(l) ... (ii) H°f = –286 kJ/mol
2
C(s) + O2 (g) 
 CO2 (g) ...(iii) H°f = –394 kJ/mol
On applying (3(ii) + 6(iii) – i), we get [1]
15
C6H6 (l) + O2 
 3H2 O + 6CO2 H = 3 × (–286) + 6 (–394) – 49
2
= – 858 – 2364 – 49 = – 3271 kJ/mol [1]
Molar mass of benzene = 12 × 6 + 6 = 78 g
On burning 78 g ______ 3271 kJ heat is liberated
3271
 burning 1000 g ____  1000 kJ heat is liberated
78
= 4.19 × 104 kJ [1]
OR
G = H – TS [1]
For spontaneous reaction, G = –ve thus [1]
H 400
TS >H or T  or T   2000 K [½]
S 0.2
Above 2000 K, the process will be spontaneous [½]
Ans 18. (i) (a) Dipole-dipole forces [1+1]
(b) London forces
(ii) Let mass of dihydrogen = 20 g
then mass of dioxygen = 80 g
PH2  xH2  PT [½]
(66)
20
PH2  2 ×1
20 80

2 32
10
PH2   1
10  2.5
PH2  0.8 bar [½]
Ans 19. G = H – TS
G = –RT ln K or –2.303 RT log K [½]
or –2.303 RT log K = H – TS [½]
1 1
A2  B2 
 AB Hf  90.4kJ/mol (i)
2 2
1
A2  B2   AB 2 Hf  33.8 kJ/mol (ii) [½]
2
on subtracting equation (i) from (iii)
1
AB + B2 
 AB2 H  33.8  90.4  56.6 kJ/mol (iii)
2
–2.303 × 8.31 × 298 log K = –56.6 × 103 – 298 (–70.8) [½]
log K = 21098.4 – (56.6 × 103) = –5705.85
log K = 6.22 [½]
or K = 1.67 × 106 [½]
Ans 20. (i) Lithium resembles magnesium mainly due to same charge/radius ratio or same polarising power [1]
(ii) Solubility of group 2 metal carbonates decreases with increasing size of cation M2+.
This is because
lattice energies of carbonates do not change greatly with increase in cation size as CO32– is much
bigger than any of group II cation. So solubility is mainly determined by hydration energy which
decreases down the group. So solubility of MCO3 also decreases on moving down
BaCO3 < SrCO3 < CaCO3 < MgCO3 < BeCO3 [1]
(iii) Alkali metals dissolve is liquid NH3 to produce blue coloured solution due to the formation of
ammoniated electron [1]
Ans 21. Hard water is the one which does not produce lather with soap easily due to the presence of calcium and
magnesium salts in the form of their bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates. [1]
Soft water is the one which is free from the soluble salts of calcium and magnesium. It gives lather with
soap easily. [1]
Methods to remove permanent hardness : (Any two)
(i) Treatment with washing soda [1]
(ii) Calgon’s method
(iii) Ion exchange method
(iv) Synthetic resin method
OR
H2O2 as oxidising agent (in acidic medium) [1½ × 2 = 3]
2Fe2+ (aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+ (aq)  2Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O
H2O2 as reducing agent (in basic medium)
I2 + H2O2 + 2OH–  2I– + 2H2O + O2
(67)
Ans 22. (a)
 
I II
Due to aromatic character, benzene has extra-ordinary stability [1]
(b) (Major) [1]
This is based on Kharash effect or Anti-Markovnikov’s rule which states that “in the presence of peroxide,
the negative part of the addendum goes to that carbon atom which has more number of hydrogen atom”
[1]
Ans 23. (i) (a) Ethyne on passing through red hot iron tube at 873K undergoes cyclic polymerisation
Red hot
iron tube
873 K
[1]
C2H2 or ethyne Benzene
Br
FeBr3
(b) + Br2 + HBr [½]

[½]
(ii) Ethane is saturated hydrocarbon & ethene is unsaturated hydrocarbon so ethene can decolourise
bromine water or alkaline KMnO4 but ethane cannot. [1]
CH 3 CH 3 + Br2 No reaction
CH2 CH2+Br2 CH2 CH2

Br OH
The second reaction proves than ethene being unsaturated can decolourise bromine water.
Ans 24. (i) (a) Stability of carbanion 3° < 2° < 1°. So here the order is
 
 CH3 3 C  CH3  CH  CH3  CH3  CH2 [1]
(b) Acidic strength of an acid is governed by the stability of its conjugate base.
HCOO– CH3COO– ClCH2COO– [½]
Among the three conjugate bases the stability order is ClCH2COO– > HCOO– > CH3COO–. So
accordingly the acidic strength is
ClCH2COOH > HCOOH > CH3COOH [½]
(68)
(ii) Here the isomerism given is functional isomerism

CH 3CH 2CHO CH 3 C CH3
Aldehyde O [1]
Ketone
Ans 25. (i) The suppression in the dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the addition of a strong electrolyte having
a common ion is called common ion effect. [1]
eg. Ionisation of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and effect of addition of a small amount of acetate ion


CH3 COO (aq)  H (aq)
CH3 COOH(aq) +
 CH3 COO  (aq)  Na+ (aq)

CH3 COONa (aq)  [1]
Common Ion
Due to the presence of common ion (CH3COO–), the equilibrium will be shifted towards backward
direction according to Le Chatelier's principle
(ii) H2 O(g) + CO(g)

H 2 (g) + CO2 (g)
[1]
t=0 1 1 0 0
t = eqlm. 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
Kc 
H CO   0.4  0.4  16  0.44
2 2
H OH  0.6  0.6 36

2 2
[1]
ng
KP = KC (RT) as ng = 0 [½]
 Kp = Kc = 0.44 [½]
OR
(i) When an equilibrium is subjected to any kind of stress, it shifts the direction so as to minimize the
effect of stress. [1]
(a) With the addition of H2, the reaction will proceed in the forward direction [1]
(b) Removal of CO will shift the reaction in backward direction. [1]
(ii) Conjugate base of HCN is CN– and conjugate base of NH4+ is NH3 [2]
O Shape : Bent
Ans 26. (i) (V – Shaped)
[½ + ½]
H H
N
H H Shape : Pyramidal [½ + ½]
H
(ii) Resonating Structure of CO2 [1]
+ – – +
O C O O C O O C O
(iii) [1]
N N
H H
H F F
F
NH3
Dipole moment of NH3 is higher than NF3. This is because the orbital dipole due to lone pair in
the same direction as the resultant dipole moment of three N – H bonds in case of NH3 [1]
(69)
OR
(i) The amount of energy released when isolated gaseous cations and anions are brought from infinity
to their respective equilibrium sites in the crystal lattice to form one mole of ionic compound is called
Lattice energy. [1]
(a) L.E  Charge on ions [1]
1
(b) L.E  [1]
size
(ii) Ionic compounds : NaCl and CsCl [1]
Covalent compounds : CH4 , CO2 [1]
Ans 27. (i) (a) CH3 H This cannot show cis-trans as both the substitutents on one doubly bonded
C= C
CH3 C2 H5
Carbon are same. [1]
C6H5 H H H
(b) [1]
C= C C= C
H CH3 C6 H5 CH3
trans cis isomer
(ii) (a) CH 3 CH CH2 +HCl CH3 CH CH3 [1]

Cl
(Major)
(b) dry ether [1]

2CH3 Cl + 2Na CH3 CH3 +2NaCl
alc. KOH/
(c) CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH= CH CH3 [1]
–HBr
Br But-2-ene(Major)
OR
(i) (a) Displacement of  electrons along a carbon chain in the presence of electron
withdrawing or electron donating groups is called inductive effect. [1]
(b) Electrophiles are electron deficient chemical species.
+
+ Cl + Cl
–H [1]
(Electrophile) Chlorobenzene
(ii) Hyperconjugation involves delocalisation of -electrons of C – H bond of an alkyl group directly

attached to an atom of unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p–orbital [1]
In (CH3)3C+ there are 9  Hydrogen while in CH3CH2+ there are only 3  Hydrogen So (CH3)C+ is more
stable due to more number of hyperconjugating structures. [1]
(iii) 2-Methylpentane and 3-Methylpentane are the position isomers [1]

(70)
Solutions
of
Exams)
CHEMISTRY
Ans 1. Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place are known as redox reactions. [1]
Ans 2. Electron gain enthalpy is defined as the enthalpy change associated with the gain of electron by the
1 mole of isolated gaseous atom. [1]
OR
Neon [1]
Ans 3. Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– < N3– [ionic radii] [1]
Ans 4. Metals like Pt and Pd which can adsorb a large volume of hydrogen. Due to this they are used as the
storage media especially in cars working on hydrogen fuel cells. [1]
OR
Protium 11H [1]
Deuterium 21H or D
Tritium 31H or T
mass of solute
Ans 5. % by mass =  100 [½]
mass of solution
2
=  100  10% [½]
20
Ans 6. V=?
w = 8.8 g
M = 44 g/mol
T = 31.1°C = 304.25 K [½]
P = 1 bar
nRT
V  [½]
P
w 8.8
n   0.2 [½]
M 44
0.2  0.083  304.25
V=
1
V = 5.05 L [½]
(71)
Ans 7. (a) Oxygen has a smaller electron gain enthalpy than sulphur. due to small size of oxygen, the inter-
electronic repulsions in relatively compact 2p subshell of O atom is more than those in relatively
extended 3p subshell of Sulphur atoms. This means that the incoming electron experience less
attraction in Oxygen atom than in Sulphur.
[1]
(b) Oxygen has lower first ionisation energy than nitrogen because nitrogen has extra stable half filled
electronic configuration. Oxygen has lower ionisation energy than fluorine because in oxygen the
effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electron is less as compared to fluorine. [1]
OR
Elements of groups 3–12 in which the last electron enters the d-orbital of penultimate shell are called
transition elements. The general electronic configuration of transition metal is (n – 1 )d1–10 ns0–2 [2]
Ans 8. (a) n = 4 , l = 0, 1, 2 , 3
4s, 4p, 4d , and 4f are possible. So, we will have 16 electrons that can have
1
ms  
2
[1]
4s 4p 4d 4f
(b) n=3 l=0

3s can have 2 electrons [1]
Ans 9. (a) w = 52 g of He
M = 4 g/mol
52
n  13 moles [½]
4
 Number of atoms in 52 g of He = 13 NA = 7.83 × 1024 atoms [½]
(b) 52 moles of Ar
 Number of atoms in 52 moles of Ar = 52 NA = 3.13 × 1025 atoms [1]
Ans 10. Principle of steam distillation- Steam from a steam generator is passed through a heated flask containing
the liquid to be distilled. The mixture of steam and volatile organic compound is condensed and collected .
The compound is later separated from water using a separating funnel [2]
OR
But-1-ene Cyclobutane
[2]
2-Methylpropene
But-2-ene Methylcyclopropane
0 0 1 1
Ans 11. 2Na(s) + H (g) 
 2NaH(s) [1]
2
Here, Na is undergoing oxidation and forms Na+ and H2 is undergoing reduction to form H–. So the given
reaction is a redox reaction [1]
(72)
Ans 12. (a) PbCl2 + Cl2  PbCl4

Cl2 is a good oxidising agent, So it oxidises Pb2+ to Pb4+ [1]
(b) Silicon shows a higher covalency than carbon due to the presence of empty 3d-subshell hence silicon
can expand its octet. [1]
OH +OH +OH +OH OH

– –
Ans 13. (a) [1]
–
(b) (i) CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 and CH3 – CH = CH – CH3. Here the two compounds differ in the
position of double bond . So they are position isomers. [½]
(ii) CH3 – N – CH2 – CH2 –CH3 and CH3 – CH2 – N – CH2 – CH3. Here the two compounds differ
in the alkyl chain across the functional groups i.e around N. So they are metamers [½]
(c) Acidic strength of carboxylic acids by can be explained on the basis of the stability of conjugate base
and which depends on inductive effect in the given question.
Cl3CCOO– > Cl2CHCOO– > ClCH2COO– [½]
The permanent shifting of sigma electrons along the carbon bond line towards the electronegative atom
or group is called-I effect or negative inductive effect.
< [½]
Ans 14. (a) Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reaction because of the presence of C = C (double bond). So
alkenes are attracted by electrophiles i.e electron deficient species. [1]
Br
+ + Br–
CH3 CH CH2 + H CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH CH3
(b) Compounds obtained as products are [1]
CH 3 CHO and CH 3 C CH 3
O
CH3
So, compounds X is CH3 HC C (2 – Methylbut-2-ene) [1]
CH3
OR
CH2OH
Conc. H2SO4
(a) [1]
443 K
dil. KMnO 4
CH 2 CH 2 273 K
CH 2 CH 2
(b) [1]
OH OH
alcohol
CH2 CH2 + KOH CH2 CH
(c) [1]
Br Br Br
(73)
Ans 15. (a) (i) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 + HBr [1]
Peroxide
CH 3 CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 CH2
Br
1-Bromohexane
(Major)
(ii) [1]
(Major)
(b) Benzene has sp2 hybridised carbon
n–hexane has sp3 hybridised carbon
ethyne has sp hybridised carbon [½]
More is the % s-Character of carbon more is the acidic behaviour. So correct order is ethyne > benzene >
n-hexane [½]
        
2 2 2 2
2 pz    2 px     2 py    * 2 px     * 2 py 
2 2 2 1 1
Ans 16. O2   *  *
1s 1s 2s 2s
1 1
O2  B.O =
2
 Nb  Na   10  6  2, paramagnetic
2
[½]
1
O2  B.O =
2
10  5  2.5, paramagnetic [½]
1
O2  B.O =
2
10  7  1.5, paramagnetic [½]
1
O22   B.O =
2
10  8  1 , diamagnetic [½]
More is the bond order, more is the stability
So, O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22– [1]
OR
(a) Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium or magnesium. It can be
removed by boiling of water. [1]
(b) On the basis of molecular masses of NH3, H2O & HF their boiling points are expected to be lower than
those of subsequent group member hydrides. However due to higher electronegativity of N, O & F the
magnitude of H-bonding in their hydrides will be quite appreciable. Hence the boiling point of NH3, H2O &
HF will be higher than the hydrides of their subsequent group members. [2]
(74)
Ans 17. (a) Li+ is the smallest ion & thus will be most hydrate. So it will have least mobility. Lesser is the extent
of hydration, greater is the ionic mobility, since extent of hydration decreases from Li+ to Cs+. Therefore
ionic mobility increases from Li+ to Cs+. [1]
(b) Li is the smallest atom among alkali metals. When Li reacts with nitrogen gas at room temperature,
it froms Li3N which is stable because lattice energy released from the formation of Li3N is high enough
to make the overall reaction exothermic. [1]
(c) Anomalous behaviour of Li is due to [1]
(i) Exceptionally small size
(ii) High polarising power of Li+ ion
Ans 18. (a) B2O3 > Al2O3 > Ga2O3 > In2O3 [Acidic Character] [1]
(b) PbI4 is not formed because PbI4 is not stable. The I– acts as a strong reducing agent which reduces
Pb4+ to Pb2+ [1]
(c) SiCl4 can be easily hydrolysed . This is due to the presence of vacant 3d orbital in Si while in CCl4
there is no vacant orbital present [1]
OR
(a) Anhydrous aluminium chloride is partially hydrolysed with atmospheric moisture to liberate HCl gas
and moist HCl appears white in colour. [1]
(b) Due to non-availability of d-orbitals boron is unable to expand its octet. Therefore the maximum
covalence of boron cannot exceed four. [1]
(c) Boric acid is considered as weak acid because it is not able to release H+ ion on its own. It receives
OH– from water molecule to complete its octet and in turn releases H+ ions from water. [1]
Ans 19. PM = RT
for same gas [½]
P1 P2
 : [1]
1 T1 2 T2
1 = 5.46 g/dm3 2 = ?
T1 = 300 K T2 = 273 K
P1 = 2 bar P2 = 1 bar
2 1
 [1]
5.46  300 2  273
2 = 3 g/dm3 (density of gas of S.T.P) [½]

Ans 20. (a) Those physical quantities whose value depend only upon the state of the system and does not depend
upon the path by which this state has been attained are called state functions e.g H, U [1]
(b) The enthalphy change when one mole of a liquid at constant temperature and under pressure (1 bar)
undergoes vaporisation is called standard enthalpy of vaporisation. [1]
(c) Two state functions are internal energy and enthalpy [1]
OR
(a) After freezing, the molecules attain an ordered state hence entropydecreases [1]
(b) At 0 K, the constituent particles are static and entropy is minimum. If temperature is raised to 115 K
these begin to move and becomes disordered. Therefore entropy increases. [1]
(c) One gaseous molecule is breaking into two gaseous atoms therefore entropy increases. [1]
(75)
Ans 21. (a)  = 1.41 g/ml
mass of nitric acid

 69%
mass of solution
69
Moles of nitric acid (n) =  1.095 moles 1.1 moles [½]
63
Mass of solution = 100 g
M 100
Volume of solution = = =70.92 mL 70.9 mL [½]
ρ 1.41
n 1 .1 × 1 0 0 0
Now, Molarity = ×1000= [½]
7 0 .9 7 0 .9
= 15.51 M [½]
(b) PV = nRT
1.97
or 1  1   0.0821  298 [½]
M
M = 48.2 u [½]
Ans 22. The conclusions made by Rutherford w.r.t the structure of atom are [1 × 3 = 3]
(i) Presence of large empty space in the atom
(ii) Positive charge is concentrated at a very small region and not uniformly distributed in whole atom.
(iii) Positively charged core is known as nucleus.
Ans 23. (a) In Boron hydride, Hydrogen atoms does not have lone pair for back bonding to compensate electron
deficiency. Thus BH3 does not exist. [1]
(b) [SiF6]2– is known whereas [SiCl6]2– is not known because it is difficult to accommodate 6 large Cl–
ions around Si4+ due to its small size. [1]
(c) Aluminium and nitric acid react to form Al2O3. This Al2O3 layer protects the further oxidation of
aluminium container thus makes it unreactive towards conc. nitric acid. [1]
Ans 24. (a) CFCs are Chlorofluorocarbon. [1]
(b) CFCs are depleting the ozone layer [1]
(c) Carbon dioxide [1]
Ans 25. (a) Wurtz reaction is
Na
2R  X R  R NaX [1]
dry ether Alkane
Wurtz reaction is not suitable for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon atoms
because instead of single alkane, mixture will be obtained and which is very difficult to separate due
to similar physical and chemical properties of products obtained.
Na
CH3 Cl  C2H5 Cl 
dry ether NaCl
 CH3  CH3  CH3  CH2  CH3  CH3  CH2  CH2  CH3 [2]
alc. KOH
(b) CH 3 CH CH3 CH 3 CH CH 2 [1]
Br Propene
2-Bromopropane HBr
CH3 CH 2 CH2 Br
[1]
1-Bromopropane
(76)
OR
 Ca  OH 2  C2H2
CaC2 + 2H2 O  [1]
A
Red hot Fe
tube
C2H 2
[1]
(A)
(B)
Cl
Cl2/Anhy AlCl3
[1]
(B) (C)
SO3H
Conc. H2SO4
 [1]
(B) (E)
COCH 3
Anhy AlCl 3
CH3COCl [1]
(B) (D)
Valence electrons(P) + No. of monovalent atom ± Charge

Ans 26. (a) Hybridisation state (N) = [½]
2
(i) PF5
55
N= 5 [½]
2
sp3d hybridised and shape is Trigonal bipyramidal
(ii) BrF5
75
N=  6 sp3 d 2 hybridised [½]
2
Shape is square pyramidal. [½]
(iii) XeF4
84
N=  6 ,sp3 d 2 hybridised [½]
2
Shape is square planar [½]
(b) Ice floats over water because it is less denser than water due to its cage like structure [1]
(c) MgO has higher lattice enthalpy due to the larger magnitude of charge on the ions [1]
(77)
OR
(a) Electronic configuration of N2 molecule
 1s 2  * 1s 2  2s 2  * 2s 2   2px  2    2py 2  2pz 2 [½]
1
B.O = 10  4  3 [½]
2
Electronic configuration of N2+
 1s 2  * 1s 2  2s 2  * 2s 2   2px 2    2py 2  2pz1 [¼]
1
B.O =  9  4  2.5 [¼]
2
More is the bond order stronger is the bond thus more is the bond dissociation energy.
(b) Hybridisation Geometries
dsp2 square planar [1]
sp3d Trigonal bipyramidal [1]
sp3d2 Octahedral [1]
Kc 
 CH OH
3
Ans 27. (a)
CO H 
2
2
(i) Here, if volume of vessel is reduced to half then Qc will be
 CH OH3
2 4  CH3 OH
Qc  
CO H2  i.e Kc < Qc
2 2
 CO   H2  [1]
 2   2 
 
So will proceed in backward direction.

(ii) Since, the reaction is exothermic, so on increasing temperature reaction will proceed in backward
direction. [1]
(b) AgNO3  Ag+ + NO3–

K 2CrO4  2AgNO3
Ag2CrO4  2KNO3
Ksp = 2.4 × 10–12

millimol of AgNO3 = 20 × 0.001 [½]
mole of K2CrO4 = 0.002 [½]
20  0.001
[Ag+] = [AgNO3] = [½]
1020
0.002
CrO24    K 2 CrO 4    103 [½]
1020
 Ionic product = [Ag+][CrO42–]
(78)
2
 20  0.001   0.002 
IP =     103  [½]
 1020   1020 
IP = 7.53 × 10–13
IP < KSP, So no preicipitation will take place [½]
OR
(a) Conjugate acid of NH3 is NH4+ [1]
(b)

2H2O(I) + 
H3 O (aq) + OH (aq)
Kw = [OH–] [H3O+] = 10–14 [½]

Let, x = [OH–] = [H3O+] from H2O. The H3O+ concentration is generated (i) from the ionization of HCl
dissolved i.e., [½]

HCl (aq) + H2O(I) +
H3 O (aq) + Cl(aq)
and (ii) from ionization of H2O . In these very dilute solutions, both sources of H3O+ must be considered
[H3O+] = 10–8 + x [½]
Kw = (10–8 + x)(x) = 10–14 or x2 + 10–8x – 10–14 = 0
[OH–] = x = 9.5 × 10–8
So, pOH = 7.02 and pH = 6.98 [½]
(c)

Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) 2+
Cu (aq) + 2Ag(s) [½]
Kc = 2 × 1015
Cu2  
QC   2
 Ag 
1.8  10 2
Qc  [½]
 
2
3  10 9
1.8  10 2
= = 0.2 × 1016 or 2 × 1015 [½]
9  10 18
∵ QC = KC  Reaction is at equilibrium. [½]

(79)
Solutions
of
Exams)
CHEMISTRY
Ans 1. MnO4– is oxidising agent [½ + ½ ]

I– is reducing agent
OR
Zero [1]
Ans 2. Elements in the same group have same number of valence electrons and similar electronic configuration.
Due to this reason they have similar physical and chemical properties. [1]
Ans 3. Due to small size, Li has very high hydration enthalpy which compensates its high ionisation enthalpy thats
why Li is strong reducing agent. [1]
Ans 4. The inability of the elements in the 7th, 8th and 9th groups of the periodic table to form hydrides is called
hydride gap [1]
OR
Halogen being electronegative forms X– ions in many reactions while hydrogen can only form H– ion with
highly electropositive metal. [1]
ng
Ans 5. Kp = K c RT  [1]
ng = np– nr = 2 – 2 = 0
 Kp = Kc = 54
Ans 6. Real gases deviate from ideal behaviour at high pressure and low temperature. This is because at high
pressure and low temperature [1]
(i) forces of attraction or repulsion between the molecules may not be negligible [½]
(ii) volume occupied by the gas may be so small that the volume occupied by molecules may not be
negligible. [½]
Ans 7. Here Mg2+, Al3+, Na+ and Ne are isoelectronic. so, more is the positive charge smaller is the size. So out
of all Ne will be the largest one because in Ne effective nuclear charge is minimum. [2]
Ans 8. (a) Anions have extra electrons in comparision to neutral atom. This leads to more inter-electronic
repulsions and less effective nuclear charge thus bigger size. [1]
(b) Neon, Argon [½+½]
OR
Na2O + H2O 
 2NaOH (Na O forms basic solution with water) [1]
(Base) 2
Cl2O7  H2O 
 2HClO4 (Cl O forms acidic solution with water) [1]
2 7
Acid
(80)
Ans 9. According to first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed although it may
be changed from one form to another. [1]
This implies that one form of energy can be converted to other but it can not be created or detroyed [1]
Ans 10.
H H
H
H H
H
H H H H H [1+1 = 2]
Eclipsed H
Staggered
OR
The principle of paper chromatography is that different components of a mixture are differently adsorbed
on adsorbents [2]
Ans 11. These are the reactions in which a single species is oxidised as well as reduced simultaneously. For
example [1]
Oxi
+3 +5
3ClO–
2 Cl –1 + 2ClO–3 [1]
Red
Ans 12. [1]
Diborane B2H6 has 4 terminal hydrogen atoms and two boron atoms lie in one plane. Above and below
this plane two bridging H–atoms are there. Four terminal bonds are 2c – 2e– bonds and two bridged bonds
are 3c – 2e– bonds [1]
2Na/Dry ether
Ans 13. (i) (a) 2CH3 Br CH 3 CH 3 + 2NaBr in Wurtz reaction, higher alkanes are formed from alkyl
halides [1]
(b) Friedel Crafts alkylation
CH 3
anhy AlCl 3
+ CH 3Cl + HCl [1]
Toluene
In this reaction, alkyl group is added to benzene ring in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
CH3 CH3

(ii) CH3 C CH2 , CH3 C
CH3 CH3
1° 3°


CH3 CH2 CH2 , C H3 CH CH2 CH3
1° 2°
3° > 2° > 1° (stability of carbocation)
So, most stable carbocation is (CH3)C+ [1]
(81)
Ans 14. (a) [1]
(b) [1]
Br
Br 2
(c) Anhy. FeBr3 [1]
Ans 15. (i) Electrophiles are electron loving chemical species or electron deficient species and attack at electron
rich centres eg. Cl+, H+ [½]
Nucleophiles are nucleus loving chemical species or electron rich species and attack at electron
deficient centre eg CN– . Cl– [½]
(ii) (a) H C N CH3 [½]
O H
It has 1  bond and 8  bonds [½]
(b) Nitration involves attack of NO2+
So, most e–
rich species will undergo nitration most easily and
among the three toluene is most e– rich as it contains ring activating –CH3 group therefor,
undergoes nitration easily [1]
Ans 16. (i) H2O belongs to electron rich covalent hydrides [1]
NaH belongs to ionic hydride [1]
(ii) 15 volume solution of H2O2 means that 1 L of this H2O2 solution will gives 15 L of oxygen at STP
2H2O2 (l) O 2(g) + H2O(l)
2 × 34 g
[½]
22.4 L at STP
68 g of H2O2 liberates = 22.4 L of O2

68  15
g H2O2 liberates = 15 L of O2
22.4
45.5 g of H2O2
 strength of H2O2 in 15 volume H2O2 solution = 45.5 g/L [½]
Ans 17. (i) Li+being smallest in size is maximum hydrated so the size of Li+(aq) is maximum among all alkali
metal ions. This is the reason for lowest mobility among all the alkali metals ions [1½]
(ii) Alkali metals are prepared by electrolysis of their fused chloride instead of aqueous solution because
the standard reduction potential of all alkali metals are less than the standard reduction potential of
hydrogen. So during electrolysis of aq solution, H2 gas will be produced instead of alkali metals [1½]
OR
(i) (a) Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2[Be(OH)4] [1]
(b) 2Ca NO3  2  2CaO + 4NO2  O2


[1]
(ii) This is because halides of Be are covalent and those of Ba are ionic. [1]
(82)
Ans 18. (i) We know G = H – TS

If H and S = +ve
At low temperature, G is positive hence non spontaneous [½]
At high temperature, G is negative hence spontaneous [½]
(ii) for a mole of ideal gas qv = Cv T = U [½]
qp = Cp T = H [½]
H = U + (PV)
H = U + (RT) [½]
 H = U + RT
On putting H and U in the above equation
Cp T = CVT + RT or Cp = Cv + R [½]
Ans 19. (i) (a) for ideal gases Z = 1 at all temperature and pressure [1]
(b) Above the Boyle temperature ; Real gas show positive deviation Z > 1 from ideality. This is
because with increase in temperature, the molcecules move far from each other. Therefore force
of attraction between the molecules become feeble and gas becomes less compressible than
ideal gas. [1]
(ii) The graph is representing Boyle’s law which states that “At constant temperature the product of
presure and volume of a fixed amount of gas remains constant” [1]
1 k
P [At constant T]  P   PV = k = constant
V V
OR
Viscosity : The force of friction which one part of the liquid offers to another part of the liquid is called
viscosity. [1]
Surface tension: The force acting at right angles to the surface along one centimetre length of the surface.
[1]
Vapour pressure: The pressure exerted by the vapour present above the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid
at that temperature.
Ans 20. (i) A  B, H = –ve
S = ?
for backward reaction
G = –ve
H = +ve
∵ G = H – TS
So, S = +ve for backward reaction then S = –ve for forward reaction [1]
(ii) G = G° + RTln Q [½]
At equlibrium G = 0 [½]
 G° = –RT ln K [½]
8.314
= – 2.303 RT log k = –2.303 ×  300 log 102 = –11.48 kJ [½]
1000
(83)
NO H2O
4 6
Ans 21. (i) Kc  [1]

NH3  O2 
4 5
(ii)

For N2 + 3H2
2NH3
P 
2
NH3
Kp 
P P 
3 , unit of Kp is atm–2 or bar–2 [1]
N2 H2
(iii) Lewis acid is a substance which can accept a pair of electrons while Lewis base is a substance
which can donate a pair of electrons.e.g BF3 is a Lewis acid while NH3 is a Lewis base. [1]
Ans 22. (i) No two electrons in an atom can have the identical set of four quantum numbers or the set of four
quantum numbers of an electron in atom is exclusive thats why pauli exclusion principle is called
exclusion principle. [2]
(ii) When light of a suitable frequency is made to fall on the surface of a metal. Then electrons are ejected.
These electrons are called photoelectrons and this effect is known as photoelectric effect. [1]
OR
Energy of photon E = h [½]
E = 6.63 × 10–34 × 5 × 1014 s–1 [½]
= 3.315 × 10–19 J [½]
Energy of 1 mol of photons = E × NA [½]
= 3.315 × 10–19 × 6.022 × 1023 [½]
= 199.62 kJ/mol [½]
Ans 23. (i) C2H5O2N isomers are [2]
O
+
CH 3CH2N CH 3CH2 O N O
O– Ethylnitrite
Nitroethane
(ii) [1]
Ans 24. (i) (a) Use of sunlight and microwaves [1]

(b) Use of sound waves [½]
(c) Use of enzymes [½]
(ii) Green chemistry is a way of thinking and is about utilising the existing knowledge and principles of
chemistry and other sciences to reduce the adverse effect of pollution on environment. [1]
(84)
OR
(i) Greenhouse gases are responsible for trapping heat and thereby warming up earth’s atmosphere to
a temperature which is vital for the formation of molecules of life such as water, amino acids, etc. If
there are no greenhouse gases, the earth would have remained as cold as Mars and life would not
have originated. [2]
(ii) CO2 absorbs infrared radiations from atmosphere which lead to global warming. If CO2 level increases
beyond 0.03%, the natural greenhouse balance may get disturbed. CO2 is a major contributor to global
warming therefore, it is considered as serious pollutant. [1]
Ans 25. (i) The net dipole moment of cis but-2-ene is not zero but in trans-but-2-ene net dipole moment is zero
so, interparticle attraction is more in cis but-2-ene and so its boiling point [1]
(ii) Mechanism of nitration of Benzene.
H

Step 1 : HO 3SO H + H O NO 2
H O NO 2+ HSO–4 [½]
+
H
+
Step 2 : H O NO 2

H2 O + NO 2 [½]
+
Nitronium ion
H
+
+ NO 2 NO 2
Step 3 : + H [½]
H +
H H
NO2
+ NO 2 NO 2
+
Areniumion
H NO2
HSO4–
Step 4 : NO 2 + H 2SO4 [½]
+
H
(iii) Propene is more stable than ethene because propene contains 3––H atoms.
This leads to –electron delocalisation (hyperconjugation) which leads to more stabiliy. [1]
H + H
H H
H C C C H C C CH2
H
H H e– H H
–H
atom
H H [1]
+
H C CH2 CH2 HC CH2 CH2
H+
H
(85)
OR
ozonolysis
(i) Alkene   2 Aldehydes
(44 u)
From this we know that aldehyde with molecular mass 44 u is acetaldehyde

CH3 C O + O C CH 3
H H
So, the alkene ‘A’ is CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 [1]
(1) O3
CH 3 CH =CH
CH CH 3 (2) Zn/H2O
2CH3 CHO
[1]
(A)
Hg2+/H+
(ii) (a) CH 3 C  CH + H 2O 333 K
CH 3 C = CH 2 [1]
OH
Tautomerisation
CH 3 C CH 3
O
CaO
(b) CH3CH2CH2COONa + NaOH 

 CH3CH2CH3 + Na2CO3 [1]
OH
(c) Zn dust + ZnO [1]


Ans 26. (i) MO diagram for peroxide ion [2]
2P* y 2px –
2p 2P y 2px– 2p
2P 2
2S
*
Energy
2s 2s
2S
*1S
1s 1s
1S
AO MO AO
(ii) H-bonding is of two types [1]
(a) Intermolecular H–Bonding [1]
(b) Intramolceular H–Bonding
e.g., Intermolecular H-Bonding  When H of one molecule is bonded to F, O, N of other molecule [½]
(86)
H – F .... H – F
e.g. Intramolecular H-Bonding When H of molecule is bonded to F, O, N of same
molecules [½]
OR
conc. H2SO 4 CH 3CH = CH 2

(i) CH3CH2CH2OH 443 K Propene [1]
(A)
O2/Ag
CH 3 CH CH 2 575 CH
K CH 3 CH 2
O [1]
(B)
H 2/Pd
CH 3 C CH CH 3 CH CH2
(ii) BaSO 4 [2]
Propene
(A)
(i) O3
CH3 CHO + HCHO (ii) Zn/H2O
(B) (C)
(iii) CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CH2 CH 2 [1]

Br Br
1,2 – Dibromoethane
Ans 27. (i) (a) Atomic masses of most elements are fractional because they exist as a mixture of isotopes of
different masses. [1]
Total No. of Atoms

(b) Number of Moles = [½]
Avogadro's number
1.29  1024
=  2.142 moles [½]
6.022  1023
Given Mass 34
(c) Moles of NH3 =   2 moles [½]
Molar mass 17
Volume occupied by 2 mol of NH3 gas at S.T.P = 2 × 22.4 = 44.8 L [½]
(ii) nCH3 OH  M.V = 0.25 × 2.5
0.625 mol [½]
mCH3 OH  nCH3 OH × (mol. mass)CH3 OH [½]
= 0.625 × 32 = 20 g [½]
mCH3 OH 20
VCH3 OH  
dCH3 OH 0.793
= 25.22 mL [½]
(87)
OR
(a) Mass of ethanol = 9.2 g
Molar mass of C2H5OH = (2 × 12) + (5 × 1) + 16 + 1 = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46 g mol–1 [½]
Mass of H2O = 1.8 g
Molar mass of H2O = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18 g mol–1 [½]
9.2
Number of moles of ethanol =  0.2mol [½]
46
1.8
Number of moles of water  0.1 mol [½]
18
nethanol 0.2 0.2

Mole fraction of ethanol = =   0.67 [½]
nwater  nethanol 0.1  0.2 0.3
Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.67 = 0.33 [½]

(b) N2 + 3H2  2NH3
(i) 1 mol of N2 requires 3 moles of H2 or 28 kg of N2 requires 6 kg of H2 [½]
6
 25 kg of N2 will require =  25  5.36kg of H
28 2
H2 is present in excess, hence, N2 is the limiting reagent. [½]

(ii) 1 mole of N2 produces 2 moles of NH3 or 28 kg of N2 produces 34 kg of NH3 [½]
34
25 kg of N2 will produce =  25  30.35kg of NH [½]
28 3

(88)
Solutions
of
Exams)
CHEMISTRY
Ans 1. CH3COONH4 is the salt of weak acid and weak base
1
pH  7  pK a  pKb  [½]
2
1
pH  7   4.74  4.74  7 [½]
2
Ans 2. Strength = 30.36 g/L or 3.036% H2O2 solution
Percentage strength
volume strength of H2O2  11.2   10 [½]
Molar mass of H2O2
11.2  3.036  10

34
= 10 volume H2O2 [½]
Ans 3. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: It states that position and momentum of moving microscopic particles
cannot be determined simultaneously with exact accuracy or certainty. [1]
Ans 4. When a light of suitable frequency is made to fall on the surface of a metal, electrons are ejected. These
electrons are called photoelectrons and this effect is known as photoelectric effect. [1]
1 3 5 7
Ans 5. CIO , C lO2 , C lO3 , C lO4
Here, ClO4– does not undergo disproportionation as Cl is in highesst oxidation state i.e. +7 [1]
OR
Here, Fe2O3 undergoes reduction and forms Fe, so the substance reduced in the given reaction is Fe2O3. [1]
Number of moles of ethanol

Ans 6. Molarity  [½]
Volume of solution(L)
nethanol
x ethanol   0.04
nethanol + nH2O
nethanol 4
 [½]
nwater 96
(89)
Say we have 4 moles of ethanol in 96 moles of water
 Mass of solution = 4 × 46 + 96 × 108
= 184 + 1728
= 1912 g [½]
vol of solution = 1912 mL = 1.912 L (as d = 1 g/ml)
4
M  2.09M [½]
1.912
Ans 7. If H and S both are negative than the reaction is only feasible at low temperature because then only
G of the reaction will be negative [2]
OR
Heat of combustion is heat released under standard condition during the complete combustion of 1 mol
of substance in the presence of adequate oxygen [1]
Heat of combustion gives the idea about the stablity of a substance as well as the calorific values. [1]
Ans 8. Homologous series is a series of compound which have common general formula and in which each
member differs from the next member by a constant unit i.e. CH2. For example CH4, C2H6, C3H8 are
members of homologous series [2]
OR
For a cyclic, planer and close conjugated molecule to be aromatic, it must contain (4n + 2) electron where
n is an integer including zero e.g., benzene [2]
– +
Ans 9. CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO (aq) + H (aq) [1]
Initially c 0 0
At equilibrium c(1 – ) c c
Ka 1.74  105
   0.0186 [½]
C 0.05
[CH3COO–] = C = 0.05 × 0.0186
= 9.32 × 10–4 M [½]
Ans 10. (i) The tendency of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called
electronegativity [1]
(ii) First element of a group shows difference in the properties from other elements of the group because
of [1]
(a) Its small size
(b) Absence of d-orbital
(c) High electronegativity
Ans 11. (i) They all have same number of electrons i.e. they are isoelectronic. [1]
(ii) Ca2+ < K+ < Cl– < S2– < P3– [1]
(90)
8
Ans 12. nO2   0.25 [½]
32
4
nH2  2 [½]
2
Total pressure P = PO2  PH2 =

no2 RT

nH2 RT

nO
2 
 nH2 RT
V V V
 0.25  2   0.083  300

= [½]
1
 P = 56.02 bar [½]
Ans 13. (i) Ozone layer is getting depleted due to some pollutants like CFCs and oxides of nitrogen. [1]
(ii) Due to the ozone hole, some harmful ultraviolet rays can pass through it to reach the Earth’s surface
[1]
(iii) CO2 absorbs infrared radiations from atmosphere which leads to global warming. If level of CO2
increases beyond 0.03%, the natural greenhouse balance may get disturbed CO2 is a major contributor
to global warming. [1]
Ans 14. (i) Graham’s law of diffusion states that under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, gases
diffuse with rates inversely proportional to the square root of their vapour densities. [1]
RH2 VH2 .t O2 MO2

(ii)   [1]
R O2 VO2 .tH2 MH2
50  t O2 32
 [½]
100  40 4
t O2  32 min [½]
Ans 15. Al = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [1]
Si = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 [1]
Since Si contains 14 protons in comparison to Al’s 13 protons, the unpaired electrons of Si will experience
more effective nuclear charge due to the greater number of protons in Si [1]
PCO 2
Ans 16. K p  [½]
PCO  2
CO2 + C  2CO(g)
Initially 0.48 0 [½]
at equilibrium 0.48 – p 2p
(91)
 2p 2
 Kp  3 [½]
 0.48  p 
4p2 = 1.44 – 3p
4p2 + 3p – 1.44 = 0
p  0.33 [½]
 At equilibrium PCO2  0.48  0.33  0.15 bar [½]
PCO  2  0.33   0.66 bar [½]

OR
(i) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3; H = –ve
(a) With increase in temperature, reaction will proceed in backward direction [½]
(b) On decreasing pressure, reaction will proceed in the direction so as to increase the number of
gaseous moles ie in backward direction.
[½]
(ii) 3NaOH + AlCl3 Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
0.04  0.04 
[NaOH] = M  [OH–] =   M  0.02M
2  2 
[AlCl3] =
0.002
2
M  Al
3


 2 

 0.002 
  0.001 M [½]
Ionic product = [Al3+][OH–]3

= (0.001)(0.02)3
IP = 8 × 10–9 [½]
Ksp = 5 × 10–33
IP > Ksp, so Al(OH)3 will precipitate
(iii) HI > HBr > HCl > HF [½]
As we go down in a group acid strength of HX increases due to decreases in the bond dissociation
enthalpy of H-X [½]
Ans 17. (i) q = 701 J
w = –394 J [½]
According to first law of thermodynamics
U = q + w = 701 – 394 = 307 J [1]
(ii) The pH of water will not be same at 4°C and 25°C. This is because with the change in temperature
Kw will change so [H+] ion will change and so pH will also change [1]
Ans 18. (i) In summers, due to high temperature, the pressure inside the tyre also increases and thus to prevent
the bursting of tyres it is inflated to a slightly lesser pressure in summers. [1]
(ii) Falling liquid drops are spherical in shape due to surface tension. The inward forces on the surface
molecules of the liquid droplet tend to cause the surface to volume ratio as small as possible i.e.
spherical. [1]
(iii) H and He both have negligible interparticle attractive forces. Due to this their critical temperatures are
very low hence difficult to liquefy them. [1]
(92)
OR
(a) According to first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed although
it may be changed from one form to another. [1]
(b) (i) Extensive properteis: Properties that depend on the quantity of matter contained in the system,
e.g., mass, volume, etc. [½]
Intensive properties: Properties which depend on the nature of the substance and not on the amount
of substance, e.g., viscosity, etc. [½]
(ii) During isothermal process, temperature remains constant while during isobaric process, pressure
remains constant. [1]
Ans 19. (i) According to this law, the standard enthalpy of reaction is algebraic sum of standard enthalpies of
reaction into which the reaction may be divided at constant temperature. [1]
(ii) For 1 mole of an ideal gas
Heat at constant volume = qv = CvT = U [½]
Heat at constant pressure = qp = CpT = H [½]
H = U + (PV) [½]
H = U + (RT)
CpT = CvT + RT
or Cp – Cv = R [½]
OR
(i) Bond enthalpy: When a bond is formed between two atoms in gaseous state to form a molecule,
some heat is always evolved which is called bond enthalpy. Infact, bond enthalpy is taken as the
average value of dissociation energies of same type of bonds present in one mole. [1]
(ii) Given:
C(s) + 2H2(g)  CH4(g); rH° = –74.8 kJ/mol ...(i)
C(s)  C(g); rH° = +719.6 kJ/mol ...(ii)
H2(g)  2H(g); rH° = +435.4 kJ/mol ...(iii)
Then, CH4(g)  C(g) + 4H(g); rH° = ? ...(iv) [½]
on applying, equation (ii) + 2 × equation (iii) – equation (i), we get
CH4(g)  C(g) + 4H(g)
rH° = 719.6 + 2(435.4) – (–74.8) = +1665.2 kJ [½]
This gives the enthalpy of dissociation of four moles of C – H bonds.
Hence, bond energy for C – H bond (average value) i.e., [½]
1665.2
 C  HH   416.3 kJ mol1 [½]
4
Ans 20. (i) Sodium is less reactive than potassium because of the smaller size, high ionisation enthalpy and
stronger metallic bonds. [1]
(ii) LiI is more soluble in ethanol than KI because of more covalent character in LiI. This covalent character
is attributed to the smaller size of cation (i.e. Li+) and high polarising power [1]
(iii) Due to the small size and high ionisation energy, Be and Mg do not impart colour to flame. [1]
(93)
OR
Quick lime is CaO and is used for cement manufacturing. [1]
Slaked lime is Ca(OH)2 and used for white washing [1]
Lime water is aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2 and used in qualitative analysis [1]
Ans 21. (i) 3Fe + 4D2O  Fe3O4 + 4D2 [1]
(ii) Heavy water is used (a) as a moderator (b) for the production of deutero compounds. [2]
OR
2D2 + O2  2D2O (heavy water) [2]
Reactivity of dihydrogen is more towards oxygen than deuterium since bond dissociation energy of
dihydrogen is less than deuterium. [1]
Ans 22. Volume of nitrogen collected at 300 K and 715 mm pressure is 50 mL.
Actual pressure = 715 – 15 = 700 mm [½]
273  700  50
Volume of nitrogen at STP = = 41.9 mL [½]
300  760
22,400 mL of N2 at STP will weighs = 28 g [½]
28  41.9
41.9 mL of nitrogen will weigh = g [½]
22400
28  41.9  100
% of nitrogen =  17.46% [1]
22400  0.3
OR
(i) Iodine from sodium chloride can be separated either by sublimation or by extraction with CCl4 followed
by evaporation [1]
(ii) CH3 CH2 CH CHO [1]
OH
2-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) Hyperconjugation is called no bond resonance because the hydrogen bonded to carbon loses its bond
with carbon during delocalisaton [1]
H H + H
H
+
H C C H C C
H H H H
(94)
–
B2H6, H2O2, OH
Ans 23. (i) CH3CH2CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH 2 CH2 OH [1]
alk. KMnO4
(ii) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH CH2OH [1]
OH
h
(iii) CH3 CH3 + Br2 CH3 CH 2 Br + HBr [1]
Ans 24. (i) The sodium fusion extract is acidified with nitric acid and then treated with silver nitrate. A white
precipitate (AgCl), soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of chlorine, a yellowish
precipitate (AgBr), sparingly soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of bromine and
a yellow precipitate (AgI), insoluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of iodine. [1]
X– + Ag+  AgX (X = Cl, Br or I)
(ii) (a) Pent-2-enol [1 + 1]
(b) 2, 2-Dimethylpropanal
Ans 25. Red P+HI [4]

CH3COOH CH3 CH3
Br2
Br2/CCl4 alc. KOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 Br
Br Br
red hot iron

CH CH C6H6
(ii) A branched chain hydrocarbon have lower boiling point that straight chain because of lesser surface
area and thus lesser van der Waal’s forces of attraction. [1]
OR
(i) Benzene to Benzoic acid
HO O
CH3 C
CH3Cl/Anhy AlCl3 alk. KMnO4

[1]
Toluene
(ii) Bromoethane to Butan-2-ol
Na/dry ether Br2/h

2CH3CH2Br CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH3 Br [1]

aq KOH
OH
(95)
CH3MgCl
(iii) CH2 CH2 + HCl CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 + MgCl2 [1]
dry ether
Cl
Na (i) O3 [O]
(iv) HC  CH CH2 = CH2 HCHO HCOOH [1]
Liq. NH3 (ii) Zn/H2O
+
(v) H [1]
CH3 CH CH2 + H2O CH3 CH CH3
OH
Propan-2-ol
Ans 26. (i) NH4+ ion
Hybridisation: sp3 [1]
Geometry: Tetrahedral [1]
(ii) O2+ contains 15 electrons
 1s 2  1*s   2s 2  *2s   2p   2p    2p  , *2p    *2p 

2 2 2 2 2 1
2 y x y
[½]
x
1
B.O  Nb  Na 
2
1
= 10  5  2.5
2
Magnetic behaviour = Paramagnetic [½]
(iii) A coordinate covalent bond or dative bond is a kind of 2-center, 2-electron covalent bond in which the
both the electrons are donated by the same atom. [1]
H
+
H N H
e.g.
H
Here, N is donor atom and e– pair is shared between both N and H [1]
OR
– –
O O O
(i) C C C [1]
– – –
O O O O– O O
(96)
(ii) NH3 and H2O are sp3 hybridised and expected bond angle is 109°28. But due to more lp bp repulsion
in water, the bond angle is lesser than that of ammonia. [1]
N O
H H H 104.5°
H [1]
107°
H
(iii) In BF3, B  F bonds are oriented at an angle of 120° to one other, the three bond dipole moments
give a net sum of zero because the resultant of the two bonds is equal and opposite to third. [1]
F B + =0
[1]
F
=0
Ans 27. (i) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq). + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
25
Moles of HCl =  0.75 [½]
1000
Moles of CaCO3 required = 2 × mol of HCl [½]
25
 2  0.75 [½]
1000
2  25  0.75  100
Mass of CaCO3 = =3.75 g [½]
1000
(ii) (a) 1s
(b) 4d
(c) 5p [3]
OR
(i) (a) The reactant which gets consumed in a reaction and limits the amount of product formed is called
the limiting reagent. [1]
(b) Mole: It is the amount of substance which contain same number of particles (atoms, molecules
or ions) as the number of atoms present in 12 g of Carbon-12. [1]
(ii) CaCO3 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(a) 1 mole of CaCO3 requires 1 mole of H2SO4
100 g of CaCO3 requires 98 g of H2SO4 [½]
98
 20 g of CaCO3 will require =  20
100
= 19.6 g of H2SO4
As H2SO4 is present in excess, hence, CaCO3 is the limiting reagent. [½]
(97)
(b) 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CaSO4

100 g of CaCO3 produces 136 g of CaSO4 [½]
136
20 g of CaCO3 will produce =  20
100
= 27.2 g of CaSO4 [½]

(c) 1 mol CaCO3 gives 1 mol CO2. [½]
 0.2 moles of CaCO3 will gives 0.2 moles of CO2
= 0.2 × 22.4 L = 4.48 L of CO2 [½]

(98)

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Chemistry (Class XI) Solutions of Model Test Paper-1

Ans 1. S.I unit of density is kg m–3 [1]

Charge can be balanced by H+

 MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + e

 MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + e .... (i)

2Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2 O(l) 

Pollutant (Any Three) Sources (Any Three)

Oxygen demanding materials Bacteria and viruses in domestic sewage

2. Minerals and chemicals Inorganic chemicals, acids, bases, salts, heavy

3. Sediments Silt :Soil erosion, strip mining

4. Radioactive substances Radioactive minerals: mining and processing

Ans 14. (a) 3B2H 6 + 6NH3 3[BH2 (NH3)2]+ [BH4]– [1]

(a) 4BF3  3LiAlH4 

(b) B2H6  6H2 O 

Ans 16. d = 1.25 g/mL

No. of moles of solute

6C(s) + 3H2 (g) 

PH2  xH2  PT [½]

Ans 22. (a)

(b) (Major) [1]

CH2 CH2+Br2 CH2 CH2

(ii) Here the isomerism given is functional isomerism

 CH3 COO  (aq)  Na+ (aq)

(ii) H2 O(g) + CO(g)

H OH  0.6  0.6 36

(ii) (a) CH 3 CH CH2 +HCl CH3 CH CH3 [1]

(b) dry ether [1]

(b) Electrophiles are electron deficient chemical species.

(ii) Hyperconjugation involves delocalisation of -electrons of C – H bond of an alkyl group directly

Protium 11H [1]

(b) n=3 l=0

Ans 12. (a) PbCl2 + Cl2  PbCl4

OH +OH +OH +OH OH

(b) Compounds obtained as products are [1]

CH 3 CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 CH2

(b) Benzene has sp2 hybridised carbon

n–hexane has sp3 hybridised carbon

ethyne has sp hybridised carbon [½]

More is the bond order, more is the stability

So, O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22– [1]

2 = 3 g/dm3 (density of gas of S.T.P) [½]

Ans 21. (a)  = 1.41 g/ml

mass of nitric acid

Valence electrons(P) + No. of monovalent atom ± Charge

 1s 2  * 1s 2  2s 2  * 2s 2   2px  2    2py 2  2pz 2 [½]

 1s 2  * 1s 2  2s 2  * 2s 2   2px 2    2py 2  2pz1 [¼]

(i) Here, if volume of vessel is reduced to half then Qc will be

So will proceed in backward direction.

Ksp = 2.4 × 10–12

Kw = [OH–] [H3O+] = 10–14 [½]

Ans 1. MnO4– is oxidising agent [½ + ½ ]

Ans 12. [1]

Ans 14. (a) [1]

68 g of H2O2 liberates = 22.4 L of O2

(b) 2Ca NO3  2  2CaO + 4NO2  O2

Ans 18. (i) We know G = H – TS

Ans 21. (i) Kc  [1]

Ans 24. (i) (a) Use of sunlight and microwaves [1]

From this we know that aldehyde with molecular mass 44 u is acetaldehyde

(c) Zn dust + ZnO [1]

Ans 26. (i) MO diagram for peroxide ion [2]

conc. H2SO 4 CH 3CH = CH 2

(iii) CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CH2 CH 2 [1]

 1s 2  1s   2s 2  2s   2p   2p    2p  , 2p    2p 