Fluid Mechanics II Muzammil Tanveer

Fluid Mechanics II
Muzammil Tanveer
mtanveer8689@gmail.com
0316-7017457
Dedicated
To
My Honorable Teacher
Dr. Rao Muzamal Hussain
&
My Parents
1
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
Lecture # 01
Fluid:
A fluid is a substance that deform continuously under the application of sheer
stress (tangential stress). No matter how small or large the sheer stress.
Examples: Water, milk, oil, jam, lipstick etc.
Stress:
Forcer per unit area (F/A) is called stress. It is denoted by . It has two types
(i) Sheer stress / Tangential stress
(ii) Normal Stress
Sheer stress:
Tangent component of force per unit area is called sheer stress.
Normal stress:
Normal component of force per unit area is called Normal stress.
Types of forces:
There are two types of forces
(i) Surface force
(ii) Body force
Surface force:
All the force acting on the boundaries of medium through direct contact. OR Force
per unit area is called surface force.
The surface force is due to the surrounding fluid on the element under
consideration.
Examples: pressure, stress etc.
Body force: All the force develops without physical contact. OR Force per unit
volume (element of the body) is called body force. The body forces are distributed
throughout the volume of the body. Example: gravitational force, magnetic field
etc.
2
Element:
Element is a part of substance that has all the specification of that substance.
Types of fluid:
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid:
If fluid satisfy the Newton’s law of viscosity is called Newtonian fluid otherwise
called Non-Newtonian fluid.
du
∝
dy
du
 
dy
Flow:
The quantity of fluid passing through a point per unit time is called flow.
Density:
Mass per unit volume is called density.
Viscosity:
It is the measure of resistance against the motion of fluid. It is denoted by . It is
also called absolute viscosity and dynamic viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity:
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density. It is denoted as   Eta 



Compressibility:
Compressibility is the measure of change in fluid w.r.t volume and density under
the action of external forces.
3
Compressible fluid:
A type of fluid in which change occur due to volume and density changes by the
action of pressure (temperature) is called compressible fluid.
Examples: gases.
Incompressible fluid:
A type of fluid in which no change occur due to volume and density changes by
the action of pressure (temperature) is called incompressible fluid.
Ideal fluid:
A fluid that have zero viscosity and incompressible is called ideal fluid.
*An incompressible and inviscid fluid are called ideal fluid,
Viscous fluid:
Fluid that have non-zero viscosity or finite viscosity and can exert sheer stress on
the surface is called viscous fluid or real fluid.
Inviscid fluid:
Fluid having zero viscosity is called inviscid fluid.
Steady flow:
A type of flow in which velocity of any other fluid property does not change with
time.
 P V
0 , 0 , 0
t t t
Unsteady flow:
A type of flow in which velocity of any other fluid property change with time.
 P V
0 , 0 , 0
t t t
Rotational flow:
A type of flow in which fluid particle rotate about their own axis is called
rotational or rotating flow.
4
Irrotational flow:
A type of flow in which fluid particle does not rotate about their own axis is called
irrotational flow.
Stream lines:
The imaginary line drawn in the fluid where the velocity along the tangent.
Potential line:
If we draw the line joining the points of equipotential on the adjacent flow lines,
we get potential lines.
Laminar and Turbulent flow:
A type of flow in which stream line does not cross each other is called Laminar
flow otherwise called turbulent flow.
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Lecture # 02
Stream lines:
A curve drawn in the fluid such that tangent to every point of it is in the direction
of fluid velocity Z
Steady flow:
The flow does not change with time.
Stream lines have same pattern at all points. Y
Unsteady flow:
Flow pattern changes with time. Stream line changes from point to point.
Differential Equations of stream lines:
Since the tangent drawn at every point in the fluid motion is in the direction of its
velocity. So,

r  xi  y j  zk

d r  dxi  dy j  dzk

 d r
V 0
dx
i j k
u v w  0i  0 j  0k
dx dy dz
 vdz  wdy  i   udz  wdx  j   udy  vdx  k  0i  0 j  0k

By comparing on both sides
6
dx dy dz
  is the equation of stream line.
u v w
Vortex motion:
The most general displacement of a fluid involves rotation such that the rotational
vector (vortex vector or vorticity)      q  0 or   Curlq  0
where   Xi  .
Vorticity vector:
 
Let q  ui  v j  wk be the fluid velocity such that Curlq  0 then

    q vorticity vector

Let    x i   y j   z k i.e.  x ,  y ,  z are the cartesian components of 
i j k
   
Then  x i   y j   z k  Curlq 
x y z
u v w
 w v   u w   v u 
 xi   y j   z k    i     j    k
 y z   z x   x y 
On comparing
 w v   u w   v u 
x   ,  y    ,  z    
 y z   z x   x y 
In two dimensions cartesian coordinates vorticity is given as
i j k
    v u  
 x i   y j   z k    z    k
x y z  x y 
u v 0
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1  1 Vr
In polar coordinates  z  V  V 
r r r 
Vortex line:
Vortex line is a curve in the fluid such that tangent to it at every point is in the
direction of vorticity vector.

   x i   y j   z k & r  xi  y j  zk be the position vector of the point P on the
vortex line.
   
Then  / / d r i.e   d r  0
i j k
` x y  z  0i  0 j  0k
dx dy dx
 dz   dy   0
y z ,  x dz   z dx   0 ,  dy   dx   0
x y
dx dy dz
  gives the equation of vortex line.
x y z
Vortex tube or Vortex filament:

Vortex tube is a bundle of vortex lines. If we draw vortex lines from each point of
a closed curve in the fluid, we obtain a tube called a vortex tube.
A vortex tube of infinitesimal cross section is called a vortex filament.
Figure: 1
8
Figure 1 shows the evolution of a vortex tube.
*Note: A vortex line or tube cannot terminate or originate at internal points in a
fluid. Only for closed curves. They can terminate on boundaries.
Question: If the velocity components are given as u = kx , v = 0 , w = 0
Then show that the motion is not rotational.

Solution: q = [ u , v , w]  q  ui  v j  wk 
Here u = kx , v = 0 , w = 0
i j k
      
Curlq     kx   k  0
x y z  y 
kx 0 0
The motion is irrotational.


Question: If q   ax 2 yt , by 2 zt , czt 2  . Find the vorticity vector where a,b,c are
constants.
Solution: We know that  x , y , z are the cartesian components of vorticity vector.
 czt 2 by 2 zt   ax 2 yt czt 2   by 2 zt ax 2 yt 

x   ,  y    ,  z    
 y z   z x   x y 
 x  by 2t ,  y  0 ,  z  ax 2t
The vorticity vector is  by 2t ,0,  ax 2t 
Circulation:
If C is a closed curve, then circulation about C is given by
    
   q . dr   n . curlqdS   n . dS    d S
C
S S S

*The quantity n . dS is called the strength of the vortex tube.
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A vortex tube with a unit strength is called a unit vortex tube.
Different types of Vortices:
(i) Forced vortex:
In this type the fluid rotates as a rigid body with constant angular velocity.
(ii) Free cylindrical vortex:
In this type the fluid moves along streamlines which are concentric circles in
horizontal planes and there is no variation of total energy with radius.
(iii) Free spiral vortex:
In this type there is a combination the free cylindrical vortex and a source (radial
flow).
(iv) Compound vortex:
In this type the fluid rotates as a forced vortex at the centre and as a free vortex.
Vortex pair:
A pair of vortices of equal and opposite strengths is called a vortex pair.
Let K and −K be the strengths of the two vortices at A (z = z1) and B (z = z2)
respectively. Then the complex potential is
W = iK log (zz1)  iK log (zz2)
The velocity at A is due to the presence of the vortex at B and vice-versa.
Vortex Rows:
When a body moves slowly through a liquid, rows of vortices are sometimes
formed. There vortices can, when stable, be photographed.
Here we consider infinite system of parallel line vortices and two-dimensional flow
will be presumed throughout.
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Lecture # 03
Flow along a curve:
Let A and B be any two points in the fluid and ABP curve or path joining them
lying entirely within the fluid divide the curve ABP into number of small elements.
Let P and P ' be an element of the curve of length s .
B T

Let V be the velocity vector and T is the flow along P'
s  
the element PP ' is defined as the product of tangential
 P V
component of velocity vector V with the length s of A
the element PP ' .



Flow along PP '  V .T  

 s
Flow along ABP  Lim  V .T
s  0
 
 B
 ds ___  i 
Flow along ABP   V .T
A
 

If  is angle between V and T then equation (i) becomes
 B
Flow along ABP   V T cos d
A
B
Flow along ABP   V cos d ___  ii 
A
dr
Since T   by differential geometry
ds

dr  Tds _____  iii 
Put (iii) in (i)

In general, we can write as
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 B
Flow along ABP   V . dr ___  iv 
A

Since V  ui  v j  wk

r  xi  y j  zk
dr  dxi  dy j  dzk

V .dr  udx  vdy  wdz
B
Flow along ABP   udx  vdy  wdz
A
Question: The velocity components are u  x 2 y , v  x 2  y 2 . Find the flow along

y = 3x2 and y = 3x where 0  x  1 , 0  y  3.
Solution: Given that u  x 2 y , v  x 2  y 2
(a) y = 3x2  dy = 6xdx
 B
Flow along AB   V . dr
A
B
Flow along AB   udx  vdy
A
B

Flow along AB   x 2 ydx   x 2  y 2  dy 
A
B
Flow along AB   x 2  3x 2  dx   x 2  9 x 4   6 xdx 
A
1
Flow along AB   3 x 4 dx   6 x3  54 x 5  dx
0
1
Flow along AB    3 x 4  6 x 3  54 x 5  dx
0
1
 x5 x4 x6 
Flow along AB   3  6  54 
 5 4 6 0
12
 3 6 54  3 3
Flow along AB       0    9
5 4 6  5 2
6  15  90 69
Flow along AB  
10 10
(b) y = 3x  dy = 3dx
B 
Flow along AB   V . dr
A
B
Flow along AB   udx  vdy
A
1

Flow along AB   x 2 ydx   x 2  y 2  dy 
0
1
Flow along AB   x 2  3 x  dx   x 2  9 x 2   3dx 
0
1
Flow along AB    3x 3  24 x 2  dx
0
1
 x4 x3 
Flow along AB   3  24 
 4 3 0
 3 24  3 3  32
Flow along AB      0   8 
4 3  4 4
29
Flow along AB 
4
Circulation:
The circulation of the fluid along the simple closed curve lying entirely within the
fluid is denoted by  and is defined as the line integral of tangential component of
velocity taken along close curve C.
*Circulation is the measure of rotation of the fluid.
  
  V cos ds
   V . dr   V .Tds
C

Circulation of circuit is equal to the sum of circulation of its sub circuit.
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C  C1  C2
From here we can define the relationship between vorticity and circulation as
 
 
   V . dr     V ds   By Stoke ' s Theorem 
C S

where vorticity    V
Question: The velocity component for a certain flow field are given by
u = x+y , v = x2 −y
Calculate the circulation around the squares enclosed by the lines x = ±1 , y = ±1
Solution: The square enclosed by the lines x = ±1 , y = ±1 as shown in figure.
D y = +1 C
The circulation around this square is given by

   V . dr   u dx  vdy
ABCDA ABCDA
x = −1 x = +1
    x  y  dx   x 2  y  dy
Since  x  y  dx   x 2  y  dy  
A B
     _____  i  y = −1
AB BC CD DA
Circulation around straight-line AB. So, x varies from −1 to 1.
     x  y  dx   x  y  dy
2

AB AB
 y  1  dy  0
1 1
x2
   x  1 dx  0  x
1
2 1
 1   1  1 3
   1    1    2
2  2  2 2
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Circulation along straight-line BC. So, y varies from −1 to 1.
     x  y  dx   x  y  dy
2

BC BC
 x  1  dx  0
1 1
y2
  0  1  y  dy  y 
1
2 1
 1  1 1 3
 1     1      2
 2  2 2 2
Circulation around straight-line CD. So, x varies from 1 to −1.
     x  y  dx   x  y  dy
2

CD CD
 y  1  dy  0
1 1
x2
   x  1 dx  0  x
1
2 1
 1   1  1 3
   1    1    2
 2   2  2 2
Circulation along straight-line DA. So, y varies from 1 to −1.
     x  y  dx   x  y  dy
2

DA DA
 x  1  dx  0
1 1
y2
  0  1  y  dy  y 
1
2 1
 1  1 3 1
  1    1       2
 2  2 2 2

Put in (i)    V .dr  2  2  2  3  4 ____  A
ABCDA
15
v u
Verification: Since   2 x  1 By stokes theorem
x y
  v u 

C V . dr  S  x  y  dxdy
1 1 1 1
 x2 
     2 x  1 dxdy    2  x  dy
1 1 1 
2  1
1 1
1
    x  x  dy   1  1  1  1 dy
2
1
1 1
1
1
  2  dy  2 y 1  2 1  1
1
  4 ____  B 
From (A) and (B)

 

   V . dr     V ds 
C S
Question: The circle u = 3x+y , v = 2x−3y with parametric equation as

x = 1+2cos , y = 6+2sin
Calculate the circulation around the circle.
Solution: Given that u = 3x+y , v = 2x−3y
x = 1+2cos , y = 6+2sin
dx = −2sind , dy = 2cosd
The circulation around the circle is given by

   V . dr   udx  vdy
    3x  y  dx   2 x  3 y  dy
16
2
   3  6cos  6  2sin    2sin  d    2  4cos  18  6sin   2cos d 
0
2
   9  6cos  2sin    2sin d    16  4cos  6sin   2cos d 
0
2
  18sin   12sin  cos  4sin   32cos  8cos 2   12sin  cos  d

2

0
2
  18sin   24sin  cos  4sin   32cos  8cos 2   d

2

0
2
  1  cos 2   1  cos 2  
   18sin   12sin 2  4  2
  32cos  8 
2
  d
0     
2
cos 2  sin 2   sin 2 
  18cos  12  2     32sin   4    
2  2   2 0
  18  6  2  2  0   32  0   4  2  0   18  6  0  0  0
  18  6  4  8  18  6
  4
Kelvins Theorem: (For rotation or circulation) or State and prove
Kelvins theorem for circulation:
Statement:
For an inviscid (non-viscous) incompressible fluid circulation around any closed
curve C moving fluid constants at all times provided that the central forces remain
conserved.
Proof:
Let C be the closed curve in fluid such that the curve moves with the fluid so that
at all instant circulation consist of same fluid particle. Circulation is defined as

   V . dr
17
D
To prove that circulation is constant it is sufficient to show 0
Dt
D D  D 
Now
Dt Dt 
 V . dr  
Dt
V . dr  

D  D DV
Dt  Dt
 V .  dt   dr. _____  i 
Dt
D Dr
Since  dr   d    dV   Bernoulli equation 
Dt  Dt 
D 1   1
Similarly V .  dr   V .dr  d V .V  d  V 2  ____  ii 
 
Dt 2 2 
Using equation (ii) in (i)

D 1  DV
  d  V 2   dr. ____  iii 
Dt 2  Dt
From Euler’s equation of motion
DV 1
 F  P ____  iv 
Dt 
As we know forces are conservative.
F   _______  v  Where  is force potential.
Using (v) in (iv)

DV 1
   P ____  vi 
Dt 
By taking dot product of equation (vi) with dr
DV 1
. dr   .dr  P.dr ____  vii 
Dt 
       
  .dr   i j k  . dxi  dy j  dzk
 
 x y z 
18
  
 .dr  dx  dy  dz
x y z
.dr  d 
Similarly P.dr  dP
Equation (vii) becomes
DV 1 P
dr.  d   dPd  d   d   ____  viii 
Dt  
Since fluid is incompressible i.e.  = constant
Using equation (viii) in (iii)
D  1   P 
   d  V 2   d  d   
Dt  2    
D 1 P
 d  V 2    
Dt 2 
Since V, P and  are constant. Therefore, their derivative will also zero.
D
Dt 
  d  constant   
00
  is constant. Hence circulation remains constant.
19
Lecture # 04
Remark:
1 
K.E for finite liquid is K . E    dS
2 S n

The velocity potential is V  
As q = (u,v,w)
 q    u  v  w
Acyclic:
Acyclic motion is defined as the irrotational motion in which velocity
potential is single valued (as the rectilinear flow of fluid).
Theorem:
Show that acyclic irrotational motion is impossible in a finite volume of fluid
bounded by rigid surfaces at rest
OR
In infinite fluid at rest at infinity and bounded internally by rigid bodies at rest.
Proof:
If possible, suppose that acyclic irrotational motion is possible and let  be the
velocity potential. Then, K.E. of the fluid is
 2
K. E  T    d
2 

 2  
   d    dS ____  i 
2  2 S
n
Where S is the sum of all the rigid boundaries when  is finite or the sum of
internal rigid boundaries when  is infinite.
Now, since the boundaries are rigid, then at every point of S, the normal velocity is

zero i.e.  0 _____  ii  at each point of S.
n
20
From (i) and (ii) we get
 2
  d  0
2 

2
    d  0

  q d  02
 q  

 q2  0
 q0
Fluid is at rest. Hence there is no motion of fluid. Hence Acyclic irrotational

motion is impossible.
Corollary:
If the solid boundaries in motion are instantaneously brought to rest, show that the
motion of the fluid will instantaneously cease to be irrotational.
Proof:
If possible, assume that the motion remains irrotational, then the K.E. is given by
 2  
T q d    dS ____  i 
2 
 2 
S
n
When the surface S (solid boundary) is brought to rest instantaneously, then q = 0

at each point of S then
 q  0 then    0
  = constant at each point of S and

 0  constant at each point of S
n
Since q = 0 in  i.e. there is no motion. Thus, the motion is no longer irrotational.
21
Uniqueness Theorem:
If the region occupied by the fluid is finite, then only one irrotational motion of the
fluid exists when the boundaries have prescribed velocities.
OR
Show that there cannot be two different forms of acyclic irrotational motion of a
given liquid whose boundaries have prescribed velocities.
Proof:
If possible, let 1 and 2 be two different velocity potentials representing two
motions, then
 21  0   22 _______  i 
Since the kinetic conditions at the boundaries are satisfied by both flows therefore
at each point of S
   
 q 2 d    2 d    dS
2  2  2 S n
 
1 1  0  1  0 ______  ii 
n n
 
2 2  0  2  0 ______  iii 
n n
From (ii) and (iii)
1 2
 ______  iv 
n n
Let  = 12
 2   21   22
 2  0 at each point of fluid.
 1 2
And    0 at each point of S.
n n n
  represents a possible irrotational motion.
Also, the K.E given by
  
 q 2 d    dS  0
2  2 S n
Since the boundaries are rigid then at every point of S the normal velocity is zero
i.e.

0
n
 q = 0 at each point of fluid
    0
22
   0 at each point of fluid
 1  2  0
 1  2
which shows that the motions are the same. (Moreover  is unique apart from an
additive constant).
Theorem-II:
If the region occupied by the fluid is infinite and fluid is at rest at infinity, prove
that only one irrotational motion is possible when internal boundaries have
prescribed velocities.
Proof:
If possible, let there be two irrotational motions given by two different velocity
potentials 1 & 2. The conditions on boundaries are
1 2
 ______  i 
n n
And q1  q2  0 ____  ii  at infinity
Let us write  = 1 2 _____(iii)
 2   21   22
 motion given by  is also irrotational.
*Remark: The above two uniqueness theorems are

Further from (iii) we get
subject to
 1 2
   0  from  i 
n n n
 q . n  0
prescribed boundary condition.

 q  0 on the surface
useful in finding solutions of
Also q    1  2
q  1   2 
q  q1  q2 at infinity.
Hence, we get  = constant

1 2 = constant _____(iv)
1 2 = 0  1 =2
Hence, only one irrotational motion is possible.
23
Lecture # 05
Single Infinite Row of vortices:
The complex potential of an infinite row of parallel rectilinear vortices (line
vortices) of same strength ‘K’ and a distance ‘a’ apart. The vortices are placed at
points z =  na ; n = 0, 1, 2, ……, symmetrical about y-axis. The complex potential
due to these vortices is
W = iK log z + iK log (za) + iK log (z2a) +…..+ iK log (zna)+ iK log (z+a)
+ iK log (z +2a) + …… + iK log (z + na)
Double Infinite Row of Vortices:
Let us suppose that we have a system consisting of infinite number of vortices each
of strength ‘K’ evenly placed along a line AA' parallel to x-axis and another
system also consisting of infinite number of vortices each of strength ‘K’ placed
similarly along a parallel line BB ' . Let the line midway between these two lines of
vortices be taken as the x-axis.
(0,0)
24
Let one vortex on infinite row AA' be at z  z1 and one vortex on infinite row BB '
be at z  z2 , so that the system consists of vortices K at z  z1  na and vortices
‘K’ at z  z2  na , n = 1, 2, ….
The complex potential of the system is
   z  z1  na  z  z1  na  
W  iK  log  
n 0   z  z2  na  z  z2  na  
Velocity potential:
If the flow is irrotational a potential function  can be formulated to represent the
velocity field. From vector identity
    0
The velocity of an irrotational flow can be defined by a potential function so that
V  
  
 u , v , w
x y z
  
In polar form Vr   , V   , Vz  
r  z
Kinetic Energy of irrotational motion:
Let S be the surface enclosing the volume  of the fluid then
1
K .E   V 2 d
 2
 2  2  
 V 2  V  V  V .V
1  
K .E 
2 
V 
.V d ____  i 

Since the flow is irrotational therefore
25

V  
1
K .E      .   d
2 

1
K .E     .  d _____  ii 
2 

Let .    2   .
.     .   2  0
1
 ii   K .E  .   d _____  iii 
2 

By using the Gauss Divergence theorem

 
 . AdV
V
  A.n dS S
1
Eq (iii)  K. E      . n dS
 
2 S
1 
K. E   dS
2 
S
n
Kelvin’s Minimum Energy Theorem:

Statement:
The kinetic energy (K.E) of an irrotational flow for an incompressible fluid
occupying the connected region is less than the K.E of any other flow of the fluid
having the same normal velocity.
Proof:
Let S be the simply connected region enclosing a volume  of an incompressible
fluid, Let V be the velocity of fluid. Since the flow is irrotational. Therefore,

V  
26
D 
From equation of continuity
Dt

   .V  0  _____  i 
D
Since the fluid is incompressible  0
Dt

Eq (i) becomes 
  .V  0 

 .V  0 _____  ii 
Let T be the kinetic energy for the flow then

1
T  V 2 d
2 
 2  2
V 2  V  V
  2
T  d
V ____  iii 
2 
Let T ' and V ' be the K.E and velocity of any other flow of the fluid respectively.
So, that
 
V '  V  V0
From equation of continuity

D
  . V '   0
Dt
D
Since the fluid is incompressible i.e. =0
Dt
  . V '   0
 . V '  0
 

  . V  V0  0 
 
 V V0  0 ____  iv 
27
It is also given that the flow has same normal velocity

V . n V ' . n
  
V . n  V  V0 . n
 
  
V . n  V . n  V0 . n

V0 . n  0 ___  v 
The K.E T ' of any other flow is

1
T'   V ' 2 d
2 
   2
T' 
2 
 V  V0 d 

    

T' 
2 

 V 2  V02  2V .V0 d 
     
T' 
2 
V 2
d 
2  V0
2
d    V .V0 d  
  
 
 
T '  T  T0    V .V0 d _____  vi   by  iii 


Since the flow is irrotational V  

T '  T  T0     .V0 d  



T '  T  T0     .V0 d  ____  vii 

  
 
Since   V0  .V0   .V0
  
  V   .V   .V
0 0 0
28
 
eq  vii     
T '  T  T0      V0  .V0 d


From Eq (ii) .V  0  .V0  0

T '  T  T0    .  V0 d  
_____  viii 

By using the Gauss Divergence theorem

 
V
. AdV   A. n dS S

T  T  T0    V0 . n dS
'

From eq (v) V0 . n  0
T '  T  T0
 T' T
Or T  T'
29
Lecture # 06
Laplace equation:
If fluid is an incompressible and  is a velocity potential then  2  0 is called
Laplace equation.
Proof:
We know that the standard form of equation of continuity is

 . V   0 ____  i 
t
D 
Since   V .
Dt t
D 
   V .   ____  ii 
Dt t

From (i)  . V 
t
D
Put in (ii)    V   V .  
Dt
D
    .V   V .    V .  
Dt
D
    .V   V .    V .  
Dt
D
    .V 
Dt
D
   .V   0 ____  iii 
Dt
Since fluid is incompressible  = constant.
D
 0
Dt
30
Equation (iii)   .V  0
 .V  0 _____  iv 
Also, flow is irrotational V  
Put in (iv) .    0
 2  0
 2  0
 2  0
 2  2  2
    0 which is required Laplace equation.
x 2 y 2 z 2
Stress:
It is defined as stress in a medium result from forces acting on some portion of
medium
F
stress 
A
Normal stress:
 Fn
 n  Lim
 A 0  A
n
n
Tangential stress or sheer stress: Fy

Y
 Ft
 n  Lim
 A 0  A
n
n P
Fx
Let us consider the stress acting on planes whose
Fz
outward normal are in X,Y,Z directions. Then
X
 Fx
 xx  Lim
 A 0  A
x
x Z
31
As we have following sheer stress
 xx  xy  xz
 yx  yy  yz
 zx  zy  zz
Note: (i) We have double subscript notation to label stresses like  yx etc.
x denotes the direction in which stress acts and y denotes the plane on which stress
acts.
(ii). X-plane = YZ-plane
mass m
(iii). Density = 
volume V
(iv). By Newton second law
F = ma
dV dV
F m a 
dt dt
dV
if   m then F  
dt
Generalization equation of motion:
Consider a fluid element whose center point is P and stress  xx . P1 and P2 is its
right side and left side corner point respectively. Z
Length element along X-axis is  x P1 z
P2 P
Length element along Y-axis is  y
y
x
Length element along Z-axis is  z
X
 xx x
At point P1  xx  . Y
x 2
32
 xx x
At point P2  xx  .
x 2
Consider the X-component of surfaces forces
  x    x 
dFsx    xx  xx .  yz   xx  xx .  yz
 x 2   x 2 
  y    y 
  yx  yx .  xz   yx  yx .  xz
 y 2   y 2 
  z    z 
  zx  zx .  xy   zx  zx .  xy
 z 2   z 2 
  x  x 
dFsx   xx  xx .   xx  xx .  yz
 x 2 x 2 
  y  y 
  yx  yx .   yx  yx .  xz
 y 2 y 2 
  z  z 
  zx  zx .   zx  zx .  xy
 z 2 z 2 
  x    yx y    zx z 
dFsx   2 xx .  y z  2 .  xz  2 .  xy
 x 2   y 2   z 2 
 xx  
dFsx  x yz  yx x yz  zx x yz
x y z
    
dFsx   xx  yx  zx  x yz ____  i 
 x y z 
Now for body forces dFBx  mg x
33
Net force along X-component dFx  dFsx  dFBx
    
dFx   xx  yx  zx  x yz  mg x
 x y z 
 V  x y  z
  xx  yx  z x 
dFx      V  mg x
 x y z 
By Newton second law of motion
dFx  max
    
max   xx  yx  zx  V  mg x ____  ii 
 x y z 
m
   m  V
V
    
Vax   xx  yx  zx  V  Vg x
 x y z 
dV  du dv dw 
Since a   ax , a y , az    , , 
dt  dt dt dt 
du   xx  yx  zx 
V     V  Vg x
dt  x y z 
V  0 because if V  0 then one of our components x, y, z becomes zero and
our body can never move. So, V  0 we divide V and 
du 1   xx  yx  zx 
      gx _____  iii 
dt   x y z 
Similarly, for y-direction
34
dv 1   xy  yy  zy 
     gy _____  iv 
dt   x y z 
Similarly, for z-direction
dw 1   xz  yz  zz 
     gz _____  v 
dt   x y z 
If u  u  x, y, z , t  then
du u x u y u z u t
 .  .  .  .
dt x t y t z t t t
du u u u u
  u  v w
dt x y z t
Equation (iii) becomes
u u u u 1   xx  yx  zx 
u v w       gx ____  vi 
x y z t   x y z 
Similarly, the equation of motion in ̂ and directions are
v v v v 1   xy  yy  zz 
u  v w      gy ____  vii 
x y z t   x y z 
w w w w 1   xz  yz  zz 
u v w       gz ____  viii 
x y z t   x y z 
Equation (vi),(vii),(viii) provide the equation of motion of fluid element at P(x,y,z)
Euler equation of motion for in-viscus (real) fluid:
We consider X component of general equation of motion
u 1    xx   yx   zx 
      gx ____  i 
t   x y z 
35
We may have some assumption
Set-I:
 x y   yx  0
 yz   z y  0
 x z   zx  0
Set-II:
 xx   P   xx
 yy   P   yy
 zz   P   zz
Set-III:
 xx  yy  zz  0
Diff. set II w.r.t x,y and z
  xx P  P
    xx    xx 0
x x x x
 P
y
yy
 
y


y
 yy    Py  yy 0
  zz P  P
    zz    zz 0
z z z z
Put all these values in (i)
du   P 
    0  0  gx
dt   x 
du P
    gx _____  ii 
dt x
36
Similarly, for y and z component
dv P
   gy _____  iii 
dt y
dw P
    gz _____  iv 
dt z
As we know that

V  ui  v j  wk

dV du  dv  dw 
 i j k
dt dt dt dt
Multiplying by 

dV du  dv  dw 
  i j k ____  v 
dt dt dt dt
Put equations (ii),(iii) (iv) in (v)

dV  P   P   P
  g x  i      g y  j   

     gz k
dt  x   y   z 

dV   P  P   P  
   i j k    g x i  g y j  g z k
 
dt  x y z 

dV 
   P   g ___  vi 
dt
d d 
Since is a material time derivative,   .V
dt dt t

 V    
Equation (vi)    
 .V V   P   g is the Euler equation of
 t 
motion.
37
Lecture # 07
Bernoulli Equation:
We know that Euler equation of motion is

 V    

 t

 .V V    g  P  ____  i 
 
From vector analysis, we know that
     
   
 V 2    V .V  2 .V V  2V    V  
     
 V .V   2V     V   2  .V V
  1    
 
 .V V   V .V  V    V
2
   

Let g   g k   g  z

 V 1     
   
  V .V  V    V      g z   P 
 t 2 

 V 1     

 t 2
    
  V .V    V    V     g z  P
 
 

 V 1     
  
  V .V    g z  P   V    V 
   
 t 2 

 V 1    1  
Divide by  
 t

2
 V .V   g  z

 P  V    V  
 

1 V 1  
Rearranging

P  g z 
t 2
2
 V  V    V ___  ii  
is called the Bernoulli equation for unsteady flow.
38
Bernoulli Equation for steady flow:

V
For steady flow 0
t
1 1  
Put in (ii) 

P  g z  0  V 2  V    V
2
 
1 1  


P  g z  V 2  V    V
2
 
Taking dot product on both side with ds
1 1  
 2
2
  
P.ds  g z.ds  V .ds  V    V  .ds ____  iii 
 
   
  
As V    V  ds  V    V  .ds  0
  
Also P.ds  dP
z.ds  dz
V 2 .ds  dV 2
1 1
Put in (iii) dP  gdz  dV 2  0
 2
1 1
Now integrate above equation  dP   gdz   dV 2   0
2
1 1
P  gz  V 2  constant
 2
*This is called Bernoulli equation for in viscous, incompressible, steady and
rotational flow along the stream line.

 
*This equation is also true for both rotational   V  0 and irrotational

 
  V  0 flow.
39
Navier-Stokes equation:
As we know that the X-component of general equation of motion is
 u    xx   yx   zx 
      gx ____  i 
t  x y z 
Now we will make following assumptions
Set-I:
 v u 
 xy   yx      _____  ii 
 x y 
 w v 
 yz   zy     _____  iii 
  y  z 
 u w 
 zx   xz      _____  iv 
 z x 
Set-I:
2  u
 xx   P   .V  2  ____  v 
3 x
2  v
 yy   P   .V  2  ____  vi 
3 y
2  w
 zz   P   .V  2  ____  vii 
3 z

As V  ui  v j  wk
 u v w
.V   
x y  z
2  u v w  u
Equation (v) becomes  xx   P       2 
3  x y z  x
40
  xx P 2   u v w   2u
Diff. w.r.t ‘x        2
x x 3 x  x y z  x 2
  xx P 2   2u  2v  2w   2u
       2 ___  viii 
x x 3  x 2 yx zx  x 2
  yx   2v  2v 
Diff. equation (ii) w.r.t ‘y’     ___  ix 
y   y  x y 2 
  zx   2u  2w 
Diff. equation (iv) w.r.t ‘z’   2   ___  x 
y  z xz 
Using equation (viii), (ix), (x) in (i)
u P 2   2 u  2 v 2w   2u   2v  2v    2u  2 w 
   gx        2 2     2   2  
t x 3  x 2 y  x z x  x   y  x y   z  x z 
Rearranging
u P 2   2u  2v  2 w   2u  2u   2v  2v    2u  2 w 
   gx    2           2 
   2 
t x 3  x yx zx  x2 x2  y x y   z xz 
u P 2   2u  2v 2w    2u  2 v  2 v    2u  2u  2 w 
   gx    2      2   2 
   2 2 
t x 3  x yx zx   x y x y   x z xz 
u  P 2   u v  w  2    u  v w 
   gx         u      
t x 3 x  x y z   x  x y  z 
u P 2    

t
  gx  
x 3 x

.V   2u  
x

.V  

For incompressible fluid .V  0
u P 2  
   gx    0    2u    0 
t x 3 x x
41
u P
   gx    2u is the X-component of Navier-Stokes equation.
t x
Similarly, for Y and Z components.
v P
  gy    2 v
t y
w P
   gz    2 w
t z
Parallel flows:
A flow is called parallel if there is only one velocity component. If
 
V  ui  v j  wk then V  ui when v  w  0
The practical application of this simple case if the flow between parallel flat plates
(planes). Circular pipes and concentric rotating cylinder in such one component
flow the Navier-Stokes equation simplify, consider by and infect permit and exact

solution e.g.  .V 0
u v w u
    0 becomes 0
x y z x
42
Lecture # 08
Couette flow:
The simple Couette flow or simple sheer flow is the flow between two
parallel plates one which y = 0 is at rest and other is y = h moving with the
uniform constant velocity ‘u’ parallel to itself.
Consider the steady laminar flow of inviscous,
incompressible fluid between the two infinite
horizontal parallel flat plates. Let X-axis be
the direction of the flow and Y-axis perpendicular
to the direction of flow. Consider the distance
between the plates be ‘h’ and the width of the
plates in Z-direction be finite.
Case-I: The X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
du P
   gx     2 u ___  i 
dt x
*The assumptions are
(i) One dimensional flow i.e u = u(y) , v = w = 0
(ii) Viscous medium i.e µ ≠ 0
(iii) Incompressible flow i.e.  ≠ 0
(iv) Steady flow i.e. independent of time
(v) No pressure i.e pressure gradient is zero.
(vi) No body force i.e. gx = 0
From equation (i)
du 1 P  2 
   u  gx
dt  x  
43
du u u u 1 P    2u  2u  2u 
u v w    x 2  y 2  z 2   g x
dt x y z  x   
According to these above assumptions
  2u  
0 2  0
 y  
d 2u
 2 0
dy
Integrating w.r.t ‘y’
du
  c1
dy
Again integrating
y  c1 y  c2 ___  ii 
According to boundary condition

u = 0 at y = 0 ____ (iii)
u = U at y = h ____(iv)
Using (iii) in (ii) we have
0 = c1(0) + c2  c2 = 0
(ii).  u = c1y ___(v)
Using (iv) in (v) we have

U
U = c1 h  c1 
h
Put in (v)
U
u .y
h
u y
 is the required velocity field for Couette flow.
U h
44
Case-I: When both plated moves with uniform velocity i.e
According to boundary condition
u = u1 at y = 0 ____ (vi)
u = u2 at y = h ____(vii)
From equation (ii)
y  c1 y  c2 ___  viii 
Using (vi) in (viii) we have

u1 = c1(0) + c2  c2 = u1
Put in (viii)  u = c1y + u1 ___(ix)
Using (vii) in (ix) we have
u u
u2 = c1h+u1  c1  2 1
h
Put in (ix)
u2  u1
u y  u1
h
u
 u2  u1  y  u1h which is the required solution.
h
Generalization of Couette flow:
It is simple Couette flow with non-zero pressure gradient. Therefore, the boundary
conditions are same. The X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
du u u u 1 P    2u  2u  2u 
u v w      g x ___  i 
dt x y z   x    x 2  y 2  z 2 
According to assumptions
(i) One dimensional flow i.e u = u(y) , v = w = 0
(ii) Viscous medium i.e µ ≠ 0
(iii) Incompressible flow i.e.  ≠ 0
(iv) Steady flow i.e. independent of time
45
(v) No body force i.e. gx = 0
1 P    2u 
Equation (i)  0 
  x    y 2 
1 P    2u 

  x    y 2 
d 2u 1 dP
2

dy  dx
On integrating w.r.t ‘y’
du 1 dP
 y  c1
dy  dx
Again, integrating w.r.t ‘y’
1 dP y 2
u  c1 y  c 2
 dx 2
1 dP 2
u y  c1 y  c 2 ____  ii 
2  dx
Using boundary condition
u = 0 at y = 0 _____(iii)
u = U at y = h ____ (iv)
Using (iii) in (ii) we have
1 dP 2
0  0   c1  0   c 2  c 2  0
2  dx
1 dP 2
Put in (ii) u  y  c1 y ___  v 
2  dx
1 dP 2
Using (iv) in (v) we have U  h  c1 h
2  dx
46
U h dP
c1  
h 2  dx
1 dP 2  U h dP 
Put in (v) u y   y
2  dx  h 2  dx 
1 dP 2 U h dP
u y  y y
2  dx h 2  dx
U hy  dP  1 dP 2
u y     y
h 2  dx  2  dx
U hy  dP   y
u y   1   ____  vi 
h 2  dx   h
Which is the equation for the velocity field of generalized Couette flow.
Equation (vi) can be written as
u y hy  dP   y
    1  
U h 2  U  dx   h
u y  y  1  dP   y
  h2     1   ____  vii 
U h  h  2  U  dx   h
h2   dP 
*Let   U  be the dimensionless pressure gradient. Equation (vii)
2   dx 
u y  y  y
becomes      1   ____  viii 
U h  h  h
dP
Case-I: If  > 0  0 *Pressure is decreasing in the direction of flow.
dx
dP
Case-II: If  < 0  0 *Pressure is increasing in the direction of flow.
dx
dP u y
Case-III: If  = 0   0 equation (viii) becomes  which is the
dx U h
solution of simple Couette flow.
47
Lecture # 09
Plane Poiseuille flow:
If two parallel plates are stationary, the fully developed between the plates is
generally referred to as place Poiseuille flow.
Let plane is situated at
h h
y and y  .
2 2
The X-component of Navier-Stokes
equation is
u u u  u  1 dP    2 u  2 u  2 u 
u v w      gx
t x y z  dx    x 2  y 2  z 2 
Now without body forces. (Apply assumption)
 1 dP   2 u
0 
 dx   y 2
d 2u 1 dP
  _____  i 
dy 2  dx
Integrate w.r.t ‘y’
du 1 dP
 y  c1
dy  dx
Again, integrate w.r.t ‘y’
1 dP y 2
u  c1 y  c 2
 dx 2
1 dP 2
u y  c1 y  c 2 _____  ii 
2  dx
Boundary conditions are
h
u  0 at y  ____  iii 
2
48
h
u  0 at y   ____  iv 
2
Using equation (iii) and (iv) in (ii)
1 dP h 2 h
0  c1  c 2 _____  v 
2  dx 4 2
1 dP h 2 h
0  c1  c 2 _____  vi 
2  dx 4 2
Adding equation (v) and (vi)
 1 dP h 2 
0  2   2c2
 2  dx 4 
h 2 dP
2c2  
4  dx
h 2 dP
 c2  
8  dx
On subtracting (v) and (vi)
h 
0  0  2  c1   0  c1  0
2 
Equation (ii) becomes
1 dP 2 h 2 dP
u y 0
2  dx 8  dx
 h 2 dP  4 y2 
u 1  2 
8  dx  h 
Which is velocity profile of the fully developed laminar flow between two parallel
plates is parabolic. Thus, if the pressure gradient viscosity and place spacing are
specified then the velocity distribution can be determined.
49
Poiseuille flow or General Poiseuille flow:
Steady viscous fluid flow drives by an effect of pressure gradient established
between the ends of a long straight pipe of uniform circular cross-section or
between two parallel plates both are at rest. This flow is symmetric and axis
symmetric. If v = (u,v,w) then u ≠ 0 and v = w = 0. Also u = u(y,z).
X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
u u u u  1 dP 
u v w     2u  g x w here  
t x y z  dx 
u u u  u  1 dP    2 u  2 u  2 u 
u v w      gx
t x y z  dx    x 2  y 2  z 2 
Without body forces (by assumption)
 1 dP   2u  2u 
0   2
   u  u  y, z 
 dx  y z 2 
Similarly, for y-component

 1 dP dP
0   0  P  P z 
 dy dz
 pressure is also independent of z.
So, P = P(x). The X-component becomes
 1 dP
0    2u  u  u  y, z 
 dx
1 dP  2
0   u
 dx 
dP
   2u
dx
1 dP  2 u  2 u
  _______  i 
 dx  y 2  z 2
Now we make some substitutions
50
y z u
y*  , z*  , u* 
h h   dP 
h2  
 dx 
  dP 
u* h2  
 y  hy * , z  z * h , u   dx 

Putting these values in (i)
1 dP 2  * 2   dP  2  * 2   dP 

 dx   h y * 2  u h  dx   2  u h  dx 
      hz *    
  dP 
h2   2
1 dP  dx    2 
   y *2   z *2 
 dx h2  
1    2u *
  2 u *  1  0 Which is called Poiseuille equation.
Steady laminar flow through a circular pipe (The Hagen-Poiseuille

flow):
Consider the steady laminar flow of a viscus incompressible fluid in an infinitely
long straight, horizontal circular pipe of radius R as shown in figure.
Let z-axis be along the axis of
x
the pipe and r denote the radial 
Vz(r)
direction measured outward from
the z-axis. Let the direction of the z
flow be along the axis of pipe i.e z-axis. R

The axially symmetric flow in a circular
Flow. Clearly the flow is one-dimensional. y
The velocity component in the radial and tangential direction are zero. Vr = V = 0.
Under these assumptions the equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates is
51
1  1  V V z
 r .V r    0
r r r  z
V z
Reduce to  0 _____  i   V r  V  0
z
Showing that Vz is independent of z due to axial symmetry of the flow. Vz will be
independent of . Also, Vz is a function of r only i.e. Vz = Vz(r) _____(ii)
The Navier-Stokes equation without body forces in cylindrical coordinates reduce
to
1 P 
0 
 r 
1 P 
0  _______  iii 
 r  
1 P   V z 1 V z  
2
0   2
 
 z   r r  r  
Equation (iii) can be written as
P P
 0
r 
P = P(z) or P is a function of z alone and
P   2Vz 1 Vz 
 2 
z  r r r 
P  2Vz  Vz
  
z r 2 r r
r
Multiply by

r dP d 2Vz dVz
r 2 
 dz dr dr
52
r dP d  dVz 
 r
 dz dr  dr 
Integrate w.r.t ‘r’
dVz r 2 dP
r  A
dr 2  dz
dVz r dP 1
  A  divide by r
dr 2 dz r
Again integrating
r 2 dP
Vz   A ln r  B _____  iv 
4  dz
Where the arbitrary constant A and B are to be determined from the boundary
condition. The first boundary condition is found from the symmetry of the flow
which requires that Vz must be finite on the axis of the pipe (r = 0). It follows that
we must take A= 0 because otherwise Vz would be infinite at r = 0. Thus equation
(iv) reduce to
r 2 dP
Vz  B
4  dz
The second boundary condition Vz = 0 at r = R. With this boundary condition the
constant B is obtained from (v)
R 2 dP R 2 dP
0 B  B
4  dz 4  dz
Put the value of B in (v) we get the axial velocity distribution of Hagen Poiseuille
flow through pipe as
r 2 dP R 2 dP
Vz  
4  dz 4  dz
2
R 2 dP  r 2  R 2 dP   r  
Vz   1  Vz   1     which has the form of
4  dz  R 2  4 dz   R  
paraboloid of revolution.
53
Lecture # 10
Couette-Poiseuille flow:
As we have V   u, v, w . For one dimension (parallel flow) we can write as
V   0,0,0  i.e. v = 0 , w = 0 and u ≠ 0. Also, the equation of continuity in 2-D is
u u
  0 where u,v are component of V and we have v = 0
x y
u
 0
x
So, u = u (y) , u ≠ u(x) , u is a function of y and independent of x i.e. there is no
change in u w.r.t x.
Now from the Navier-Stokes equation in 2-D x-component
u u 1 P   2u  2u 
u v    2  2 
___  i 
x y  x   x  y 
v v 1 P 2y 2y 
y-component u v    2  2 
___  ii 
x y  y   x  y 
u
As we have  0, v  0 and u  u  y 
x
Using these values in equation (i) and (ii)
1 P  2u
(i)  0 
 x y 2
 2u 1  P
 
y 2  x
  2u 1 P 
   
 y 2  x 
 2u  P
   _____  iii 
y 2 x
54
1 P P
(ii)  0  0
 y y
It means P ≠ P(y) , P = P(x) . P is a function of x. Thus, from equation (iii)
 2u P
 2 _____  iv 
y x
Now we take Poiseuille and Couette at a time. For example, the equation (iv) is
of Poiseuille but conditions are of Couette. The boundary conditions are
y = 0 then u = 0
y = h then u = U
u=U
Equation (iv) can be written as
d 2 u 1 dP

dy 2  dx u = u(y)
 du  1 dP
 dy    dx
 
y=0 u=0
 du  1 dP
d   .dy
 dy   dx
On integration
du 1 dP
 . y  c1 _____  v 
dy  dx
Again, on integration
1 dP 2
u . y  c1 y  c 2 _____  vi 
2  dx
By applying boundary conditions
When y = 0 , u = 0
(vi)  0 = 0 + 0 + c2  c2 = 0
55
1 dP 2
u . y  c1 y _____  vii 
2  dx
When y = h , u = U
1 dP 2
(vii) U  . h  c1 h
2  dx
h 2 dP
c1 h  U 
2  dx
U h dP
c1  
h 2  dx
Put in (vii)
1 dP 2  U h dP 
u  .y    y
2  dx  h 2  dx 
1 dP 2 U h dP
u .y  y y
2  dx h 2  dx
U h dP 1 dP 2
u y y .y
h 2  dx 2  dx
y h dP  y
u U  y 1  
h 2  dx  h
y h 2 dP y  y
u U   1  
h 2  dx h  h
Which is combine Couette Poiseuille equation.
For non-dimensional
u y h2  dP  1 y  y
   . 1  
U h 2  dx  U h  h
u y y y h2  dP  1
  P  1   w here P   .
U h h h 2  dx  U
P is non-dimensional pressure.
Non-dimensional equation of Couette Poiseuille at a time.
56
u y
Let u *  , y*   u *  y *  P y * 1  y * 
U h
This is the required Couette Poiseuille flow at a time.
Flow between two concentric rotating cylinders:
Consider the steady laminar flow of a viscous incompressible fluid between two
infinitely long concentric rotating cylinder with radii R1 and R2 (R2 > R1). Let  1
and  1 be the steady angular velocities (speed / rotating speed) of the inner and
outer cylinder respectively as shown in figure.
Assume the flow between the cylinders to be peripheral (circular or round about)
so that we have only the tangential component of velocity V i.e. Vr = Vz = 0. The
equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates is
1  1  V Vz
 rV r    0
r r r  z
V
Reduces to  0 ____  i   Vr  Vz  0

So, that V does not depend on  and V = V(r,z). Also, since the cylinders are
infinitely long. So, V cannot be a function of z. Thus, we have
V = V(r)_____(ii)
The Navier Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates are
R – component
 u r  u r u   u r u 2 u r  P
  ur    uz    gr
 t t r  r z  z
57
 1   u r  u r 1  2u r 2  u  2u r 
  r  2  2  2 
 r r  r  r r  2 r   z 2 
-Component
  u u u  u u r u u  1 P
  ur      uz       g
 t t r  r z  r 
 1    u  u 1  2 u 2  u r  2 u 
  r  2  2  2 
 r r  r  r r  2 r   z 2 
z-component
 u z  u z u  u u z  1 P
  ur   uz    gz
 t t r  z  r z
 1    u z  1  2u z  2u z 
  r  2 
 r  r   r  r   2
 z 2 
The Navier Stokes equation in cylindrical polar coordinates for present case
reduces to
V 2 P
  _____  iii 
r r
1 P   2V 1  V V 
0  2
  2  _____  iv 
r    r r  r r 
P
0 _____  v 
z
Equation (v) shows that P is independent of z. So, P = P(r,).
Since V is a function of ‘r’ only. It follows that form equation (iii) the pressure
P
must be function of ‘r’ only i.e. P = P(r). Hence the term in (iv) is zero. The

equation (iii) and (iv) can be written as
V 2 dP
  _____  vi 
r dr
58
d 2V 1 dV V
  2 0 _____  vii 
dr 2 r dr r
Equation (vii) can be written as
d 2V d  V 
2
  0
dr dr  r 
On integration
dV V
  2A  2A is constant
dr r
1  dV 
r  V   2 A
r  dr 
d
 rV   2 Ar
dr
Again, on integration
r2
rV  2 A.  B
2
rV  Ar 2  B
B
 V  Ar  _____  viii 
r
Where A and B are constant of integration. The boundary conditions of this
rotating cylinder are
V  R11 at r  R1  v  r
V  R22 at r  R2  v  r
Using these conditions equations (viii) becomes

B
R11  R1 A  ____  ix 
R1
B
R22  R2 A  ____  x 
R2
59
Solving these equation (ix) and (x)
R222  R121
A
R22  R12
 R12 R22 2  1 

B
R22  R12
Put these values of A and B in (viii)
 R222  R121  1   R12 R22 2  1  

V  r  2 2   
 R2  R1  r R22  R12 
60
Lecture # 11
We know that
 R222  R121  1   R12 R22 2  1  

V  r  2 2   
 R2  R1  r R22  R12 
1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1  r  
2
V  2  ____  A
R2  R12   r  
Angular Velocity:
V
Let  be the angular velocity of the fluid then V  r    from equation
r
(A) we get
1  1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1  r  
2
  2  
r  R2  R12   r  
1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1   
2
 2 
R2  R12   r2  
1   R222  R121  r 2  R12 R22 2  1  

 2  
R2  R12  r2 

1  R222 r 2  R121r 2  R12 R222  R12 R221 

 2
R2  R12  r2 

Re-arranging
R12  R22  r 2  1  R22  R12  r 2  2
 _____  B 
 R22  R12  r 2
Pressure distribution:
The radial pressure distribution resulting from the peripheral motion can be
determined form the equation
61
V 2 dP
 
r dr
dP 
 V2
dr r
2
dP  1  2  R12 R 22  2   1   
  R 2  2  R1  1  r  
2
 .  
dr r  R 2  R 2 2   r  
2 1
dP  1  2 2  R14 R24 2  1 2   R12 R22 2  1   

 .  R22  R1 1  r  
2 2
  2 R22  R1 1  r.
2 2

dr r  R2  R2 2  
 r 2 
  r  
2 1 
dP   2  R14 R24 2  1 2  2  R222  R121  .R12 R22 2  1  

  R2 2  R1 1  r  
2 2
 
dr  R2  R2 2  
 r 3 
 r 
2 1 
On integration
Since P = P1 at r = R1 we get
2
  2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2  1  
P1 
2 2
 R 
2 2  R2

1 1   2
 2  R2

2 2  R2

1 1  .R2 2
R
1 2  2  1  lnR1   c1
 2 1 
R2
 R  2 2R1 
2
  2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2  1  
c1  P1 
2 2
 R 
2 2  R2

1 1   2
 2 R2

2 2  R2

1 1  .R2 2
R
1 2  2  1  lnR1
 R2  R1  
2 2 2R1 
Put the value of c1 in equation (C)
2
  2 4 4
r2 R1 R2 2 1  
 R22  R1 1    2 R22  R1 1 .R1 R2 2 1  ln r 
2 2 2 2 2
P
2 2 2
 2 1 
R2
 R  2 2r 
2
  2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2  1  
 P1 
2 2
  R 
2 2  R 2

1 1   2
 2  R 2

2 2  R 2

1 1  .R 2 2
R
1 2   2  1  lnR 1 
 2 1 
R 2
 R  2 2 R1 
62
2
  2  r2 R12  R14R24 2 1  1 1  
 R22 R11      2  2 2 R22 R11 .R1 R2 2 1 lnr lnR1 
2 2 2 2 2
P  P1 
2 2
 2 1 
R2
 R   2 2  2  r R1  
2
  2  r2  R12  R14R24 2 1  1 1   lnr  
P  P1 
2 2
 R 
2 2  R2
 
1 1    
 2 2  2 R2

2 2  R2
  .R
1 1 1 2
2 2
R  2  
1  
 2 1  
R2
 R  2  2  r R1  ln R
 1  
_____(D)
This equation is the required pressure distribution and can be used to find the
pressure of rotating cylinder.
Maximum Velocity:
dV
The maximum velocity will occur at the position r where 0
dr
1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1  r  
2
Now from equation (A)  V  2 
R2  R12   r  
dV 1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1   
2
 2 
dr R2  R12   r 2
 
dV
Put 0
dr
1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

 R2 2  R1 1   
2
0
R22  R12   r 2
 
1   R222  R121  r 2  R12 R22 2  1  

 0
R22  R12  r2 

R 2
2 2  R121  r 2  R12 R22 2  1   0
R  2
2 2  R121  r 2   R12 R22 2  1 
R  2
2 2  R121  r 2  R12 R22 1  2 
63
2 R12 R22 1  2 
r 
R 
2
2 2  R121 
r  R1R2
1  2 
R222  R121
r  R1 R2
1  2 
 R 2 
R22  2  1 2 1 
 R2 
r  R1
1  2  ____  E 
R 2
2  1 2 1
R2
For objectives
 Several possible situations can arises depending on the value of angular
velocities 1 and 2 .
 If 1  2 the numerator is negative. Then since R2>R1 we have
2
R 
2   1  1  0 and there is no real value of r. This implies that fluid
 R2 
velocity increases continuously from V  R11 at the inner surface to
V  R22 at the outer surface.
 If 2  1 , the numerator is positive. However, there are three possibilities
2
  R1  
depending on the denominator 2    1  being positive, negative or
  R2  
zero.
2
R 
(i) If 2   1  1 the denominator is positive and there is a real value
 R2 
occurs at a definite radius r.
2
R 
(ii) If 2   1  1 the denominator is negative and there is no real value of
 R2 
radius r.
64
2
R 
(iii) If 2   1  1 the value of radius r is indeterminate.
 R2 
To summarize the tangential velocity attains a Maximum value at some radius
2
R 
attains a maximum value at some radius R1 < r < R2 only if 1  2   1  1
 R2 
Shearing Stress:
The shearing stress in this case can be determined from
 d  V  1 V 
 r    r     r

 dr  r  r  
Since Vr = 0
 d V 
  r    r   
 dr  r 
 d 1 1  2  R12 R22 2  1    

2  2 2
  r    r  . 2 R   R1 1  r  
2
  
 dr  r R2  R1   r   
d  2
r  R12 R22 2  1   
  r  2 .  R2 2  R1 1   
2

R2  R12 dr   r2  

r 2 R12 R22 2  1  
  r  2 . 0  
R2  R12  r3 
 2 R12 R22 2  1  

r
  r  2 . 
R2  R12  r3 
2 R12 R22 2  1 

  r  ____  F 
R 2
2  R12  r 2
The shearing stress at the walls of inner cylinder is
65
2 R12 R22 2  1  2 R22 2  1 
 r r R   _____  G 
1
R 2
2  R12  R12 R 2
2  R12 
The shearing stress at the walls of outer cylinder is

2 R12 R22 2  1  2 R12 2  1 
 r r R   _____  H 
2
R 2
2  R12  R22 R 2
2  R12 
Torque on the cylinder:

Let us determined the torque or moment of shearing forces acting on the cylinders.
The shearing stress at the walls of inner cylinder is given as
2 R22 2  1 
 r r R 
1
R 2
2  R12 
And the shearing force per unit length of the inner cylinder is
F   r r  R  2 R1
1
2  R22 2  1 
F  2 R1
R 2
2  R12 
4 R1R22 2  1 

F
R 2
2  R12 
The torque experience by a unit length of the inner cylinder is given by

T1  F  r
4 R1R22 2  1 

T1   R1  r  R1
R 2
2  R12 
4 R12 R22 2  1 

T1 
R 2
2  R12 
The torque of the shearing forces acting on the outer cylinder is

T2 = −T1
66
Note that torque is independent of r. The moment or torque exerted by the
cylinders upon each other is of interest in viscometery by knowing the geometry
and measuring T(T1,T2) at either cylinder. One can calculate the viscosity of the
fluid, as first suggested by Couette (1890). This is still a popular method in
viscometery.
67
Lecture # 12
Flow through a cylinder of uniform cross-section:
Consider the steady laminar flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a
cylinder of orbitrary but uniform cross-section as shown in figure below. Let z-axis
be taken as the axes of the pipe. Since the flow is parallel to z-axis. The velocity
components u = v = 0 everywhere. Moreover, the flow being steady so

0
t
The equation of continuity thus reduces to
w
0
z
So, that w = w (x,y). Thus, for the present problem

u = v = 0 , w = w (x,y) , 0
t
X
O
Z
The Navier-Stokes equation without body forces becomes

1 P 1 P
0 _____  i  , 0   _____  ii 
 x  y
1 P   2w  2w 
0   2  2  _____  iii 
 z  x y 
1 P 1 P
From (i) and (ii)   0
 x  y
68
P P
 0  P  P z
x y
From equation (iii)
1 P    2 w  2 w  
0    
 z   x 2 y 2  
1 P    2 w  2 w 
 
 z   x 2 y 2 
  2 w  2 w  P
  2  2 
 x y  z
  2 w  2 w  P P dP
Moreover,   2  2   
 x y  z z dz
The L.H.S of this equation is a function of x and y only while R.H.S is a function
of z only and since these are equal. Each side must be constant (say) −P. The
minus being taken as we except P to decreases as z increases. Thus,
2w 2w P dP
  ___  iv  Where P  
x 2 y 2  dz
Along with w = 0 on the walls of the cylinder. Hence the problem of finding the
velocity distribution reduces to that of finding the solution of equation (iv) subject
to boundary condition w = 0 on the cross-section of the pipe (cylinder) cuts the
XY-Plane.
The problem can be further simplifying if we write
P 2
w  w1 
4
 x  y2  _____  v 
 2 w  2 w1 P
Then  2  ___  vi 
x 2 x 2
 2 w  2 w1 P
And  2  ___  vii 
y 2 y 2
69
Substituting these partial derivatives in equation (iv) we find that w1 has to satisfy
the two-dimensional Laplace equation.
 2 w1 P  2 w1 P  P
   
x 2 2  y 2 2  
 2 w1  2 w1 P P
   
x 2 y 2  
 2 w1  2 w1
 2 0
x 2 y
With boundary condition w = 0 equation (v) becomes
P 2
0  w1 
4
 x  y2 
P 2
 w1 
4
 x  y2 
In cylindrical polar coordinates (r,,z) equation (iv) can be written as

 2V z 1  V z 1  2V z P
   
z 2 r z r 2  2 
 dP
Where Vz  Vz  r ,  and P  is pressure gradient.
dz
Reynold Transport Theorem:
D G 
Dt    G dV 
V

V
t
dV    .n ds
s
G q
Where G is any fluid property per unit volume.

Transport of mass:
Assume the fluid property G with density  and there is no sink or source of mass
inside the system, then
  dV
V
is the mass of fluid with volume V.
70
D
  dV  0 ____  i 
Dt 
V
By using Reynold Transport theorem

D  
Dt  V   dV   V   t dV     q .n ds
s
G  
 
 V   t dV     q .n ds  0
s
 by ( i )
Now by using Gauss Divergence theorem



V
t
dV      .   q  dV  0
V
  
 V    t   .   q   dV  0

  .  q   0
t

 q       .q  0     0 By Kelvins theorem
t

   .q  0
t
For incompressible

0
t
 0    .q  0    .q  0
  .q  0
71
Transport of any dynamical:
Let G = F be any fluid property per unit mass then prove that
D DF
Dt FV
dV  
V
Dt
dV
Proof: We know that the Reynold theorem

D G 
Dt    G dV 
V

V
t
dV    .n ds
s
G q ____  i 
Put G = F
D  
Dt     F dV 
V
 V   t   F  dV      F  q .n ds
s
By using Gauss divergence theorem

D 
    F dV     F  dV      .   F q  dV
Dt V V
t V
D   F 
Dt F
V
dV      F
V
t
  dV 
t      F
V
 .q  q .   F   dV
D  F
Dt  V 
 F dV  F
 V  t dV   V  t dV   V   F .q dV   V  q.   F  dV

D  F
  F dV   F dV    dV    F .q dV   q. F  F   dV
Dt V V
t V
t V V
Rearranging
D     F 
Dt F
V
dV     F  t
V
   .q  q .   dV 

    
V
t
 q. F  dV

D     F 
    F dV     F     .q  0  dV        q. F  dV    0
Dt V V  t  V  t 
72
D  D  DF DF F  D
 F dV  F   .q dV   dV    q.F & 
Dt   
 
V V  Dt  V
Dt Dt t t Dt
By Equation of continuity
D
  .q  0
Dt
D DF
 F dV  0   dV
Dt 
V

V
Dt
D DF
 F dV   dV
Dt   Hence Proved.
V V
Dt
73

Fluid Mechanics II Muzammil Tanveer

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Fluid Mechanics II

 vdz  wdy  i   udz  wdx  j   udy  vdx  k  0i  0 j  0k

Vortex tube or Vortex filament:

The motion is irrotational.

 czt 2 by 2 zt   ax 2 yt czt 2   by 2 zt ax 2 yt 

The vorticity vector is  by 2t ,0,  ax 2t 

the element PP ' .

Put (iii) in (i)

Question: The velocity components are u  x 2 y , v  x 2  y 2 . Find the flow along

Circulation around straight-line AB. So, x varies from −1 to 1.

From (A) and (B)

Question: The circle u = 3x+y , v = 2x−3y with parametric equation as

  18sin   12sin  cos  4sin   32cos  8cos 2   12sin  cos  d

  18sin   24sin  cos  4sin   32cos  8cos 2   d

Using (v) in (iv)

Fluid is at rest. Hence there is no motion of fluid. Hence Acyclic irrotational

When the surface S (solid boundary) is brought to rest instantaneously, then q = 0

 motion given by  is also irrotational.

*Remark: The above two uniqueness theorems are

prescribed boundary condition.

Hence, we get  = constant

Since the flow is irrotational therefore

Let .    2   .

By using the Gauss Divergence theorem

Kelvin’s Minimum Energy Theorem:

Let T be the kinetic energy for the flow then

From equation of continuity

The K.E T ' of any other flow is

    

By using the Gauss Divergence theorem

Also, flow is irrotational V  

Put in (iv) .    0

Tangential stress or sheer stress: Fy

According to boundary condition

Using (iv) in (v) we have

Using (vi) in (viii) we have

Similarly, for y-component

Steady laminar flow through a circular pipe (The Hagen-Poiseuille

flow be along the axis of pipe i.e z-axis. R

Using these conditions equations (viii) becomes

 R12 R22 2  1 

Put these values of A and B in (viii)

 R222  R121  1   R12 R22 2  1  

 R222  R121  1   R12 R22 2  1  

1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

1  1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

1   R222  R121  r 2  R12 R22 2  1  

1  R222 r 2  R121r 2  R12 R222  R12 R221 

dP  1  2 2  R14 R24 2  1 2   R12 R22 2  1   

dP   2  R14 R24 2  1 2  2  R222  R121  .R12 R22 2  1  

1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

dV 1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

1  2  R12 R22 2  1   

1   R222  R121  r 2  R12 R22 2  1  

 d 1 1  2  R12 R22 2  1    

 2 R12 R22 2  1  

2 R12 R22 2  1 

The shearing stress at the walls of inner cylinder is

The shearing stress at the walls of outer cylinder is

Torque on the cylinder:

4 R1R22 2  1 

The torque experience by a unit length of the inner cylinder is given by

4 R1R22 2  1 