Paaras Thakur

Chemical Bonding

❏ Dipole Moment
❏ MOT
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JEELIVE
 Dipole Moment

The existence of a hundred percent ionic or covalent bond represents an ideal

situation.

In reality no bond or a compound is either completely covalent or ionic.

As a result of polarisation, the molecule possesses the dipole moment. Dipole

moment is usually expressed in Debye units (D).
1 D = 3.33564 ✕ 10–30 C m
Dipole Moment

E.g. BeCl2 , CO2, BF3, CCl4, H2O , NH3 , NF3 , PCl5 , XeF3+
 Some more concepts in dipole moment

Lone pair Moment:

❖ L.P. has zero contribution towards dipole moment(D.M.) if it is present in pure

s or pure p orbital.
❖ L.P. contributes towards D.M. if it is in a hybrid orbital.

❖ Value of L.P. moment ∝ s- character (upto 50%).

sp > sp2 > sp3
❖ In general, L.P. moment is greater than the B.P. moment
Dipole Moment
Dipole Moment
Dipole Moment
Example Which among the following has maximum dipole moment
(A) HF
(B) HCl
(C) HBr
(D) HI
Example Which among the following has maximum dipole moment
(A) CH3F
(B) CH3Cl
(C) CH3Br
(D) CH3I
Some important trends related to dipole moment
Example Predict (zero or non-zero) dipole moment for these molecules
(a) BeCl2
(b) CO2
(c) BF3
(d) CH4
Example Predict (zero or non-zero) dipole moment for these molecules
(a) CCl4
(b) XeF4
(c) XeF2
(d) PCl5
Example Predict (zero or non-zero) dipole moment for these molecules
(a) XeF5+
(b) CH3+
(c) CH3-
(d) XeF3+
Example CO2 is non-polar while SO2 and H2O are polar. Explain.
 Drawbacks of VBT

Paramagnetic nature of O2

Inertness of N2

Formation of Coordinate covalent bond

 Molecular Orbital Theory

❖ In VBT, a molecule is considered to be made up of atoms where electrons

occupy atomic orbitals. Atomic orbitals (AO) of same atom combines to give
hybrid orbitals.

❖ But in MOT, valence electrons are considered to be associated with all

nuclei in the molecule and AO combine to give molecular orbitals(MO).
 Main features of MOT

❖ Electron in a molecule belongs to the MOs and are under the influence of all
nuclei.
❖ M.O. is polycentric while A.O. is monocentric.
❖ A.O. of comparable energies and proper symmetry combine to form M.O.
❖ Pauli’s, Hund’s and Aufbau’s rules are valid.
❖ No of M.O. formed = No. of combining A.Os.
 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

❖ When 2 AO combine, 2 MOs are formed

1. Bonding M.O. → Lower energy and greater stability.
2. Antibonding M.O. → Higher energy and lesser stability.
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)