Machine Design - I

Tutor:
Dr. Owaisur Rahman Shah
 Module – I
Week 1 – 2
Chapter 1: Mechanical Engineering Design
by Joseph Shigley, Charles Mischke, Richard Budynas
10th Edition.

• Introduction
– Design
– Mechanical Engineering Design
– Design Tools and Resources
– Codes and Standards
– Safety and Liability
– Stress and Strength
– Design factor
– Factor of Safety
– Reliability
 Introduction
• What is a machine?

• What is design?

– Discuss a design process

• What is then a Mechanical Engineering Design?

 Introduction
• Design Process
 Introduction
• Design Tools and Resources
– Manufacturer catalogues
– Computer aided drafting and designing
• CAD software
• Analysis Software

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 Introduction
• Standards and Codes
– Standards
• A standard is a set of
specification for parts,
materials or processes
to achieve uniformity,
efficiency and a specific
quality
– Codes
• A code is a set of
specifications for the
analysis, design ,
manufacture and
construction.
 Introduction
• Economics and cost of a design

• Safety and Liability

– A strict application of codes lead to safer designs
– These codes limit the liability on the manufacturer.
 Introduction
• Stress and Strength
– Strength is the property of the material or
the mechanical component

– Stress is a state property at a specific point

within a body, which is a function of load,
geometry, temperature, processing, etc.
 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
– loss-of-function parameter – Say a load at 1000lb is
causing failure. but that load is known within 10%.
Therefore, the load causing failure can actually
range from 900lb to 1100lb. So to be safe, the
highest possible load is taken into account, which
would be 1100lb. But the loss-of-function
parameter is actually 1 over 1 minus the variance,
where the variance is 10%. Which would then be
1/(1 – 0.1) = 1.11111.
– maximum allowable parameter – Say a load at
1000lb is causing failure and the maximum load on
the structure is known with an uncertainty of 15%.
The maximum allowable parameter is actually 1
over 1 plus the variance, where the variance is 15%.
Which would then be 1/(1 + 0.15) = 0.8696.
 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
– The maximum allowable parameter is used
in conjunction with the loss-of-function
parameter to get the design factor.
– The design factor is defined as

– Taking load as the parameter for example

 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
– Factor of safety is the same as the design
factor however it varies numerically as the
final design may differ to the calculation
because of the use of standard parts and
due to the rounding off of figures
 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
 Introduction
• Design factor and factor of safety
 Introduction
• Reliability
– The reliability method of design is one in
which we obtain the distribution of stresses
and the distribution of strengths and then
relate these two in order to achieve an
acceptable success rate.
– The statistical measure of the probability
that a mechanical element will not fail in use
is called the reliability of that element and
as we will see, is related to the probability of
failure, pf.
 Introduction
• Reliability
– Probability of failure
– The continuous
Gaussian (normal)
distribution is an
important one whose
probability density
function (PDF) is
expressed in terms of
its mean, µx, and its
standard deviation as
σx
 Introduction
• Reliability

– For example, consider a shaft with two bearings

having reliabilities of 95 percent and 98 percent,
the overall reliability of the shaft system is then
Introduction