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APPLICATION BULLETIN
Glossary
ABRASION RESISTANCE: The resistance of a
material to loss of surface particles due to frictional
forces.
ACCELERATED AGING: A method in which an
attempt is made to produce and measure the effects
of natural aging in a shorter period using high
temperatures.
ACCELERATION: Increasing power of energy of
electrons through electrical field (usually 50 to 350
thousand volts or more) in a vacuum.
ACCELERATOR: Speeds crosslinking of rubber by
sulfur. Example: 2,2'-di thiobis (benzothiazole).
ACID NUMBER: The quantity of base, expressed
in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required
to neutralize the free acids present in the sample.
ACID RESISTANCE: The ability to resist the action
of identified acids within specified limits of concentration
and temperature.
ACRYLATE: Chemical materials, usually monomers
and oligomers, which contain the grouping
CH2=CHCO-
ACTIVATOR: Renders accelerators more potent.
Example: zinc oxide with stearic acid. Alternatively, a
secondary accelerator that is an accelerator in its own
right but is mostly used with others. Examples:
thiurams, dithiocarbamates and guanidines.
ADHESION: The state in which two surfaces are
held together by interfacial forces which may consist
of molecular forces or interlocking action, or both.
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AGING: 1. The irreversible change of material
properties after exposure to an environment for an
interval of time. 2. Exposing materials to an
environment for an interval of time.
AIR CONTAMINANT: Any substance of either
manmade or natural origin in the ambient air such as
dust, gas, fumes, mist (other than H2), smoke, heat,
noise, etc.
AIR DRY: A coating that dries or cures at ambient
temperature.
AIR POLLUTANT: Dust, fumes, mist, smoke and
other particulate matter, vapor, gas, odorous
substances or any combination thereof.
ANTIDEGRADANT: Inclusive term to
denotentioxidants, antiozonants and stabilizers.
ANTIOXIDANT: Protects cured rubber products
against oxidative degradation in service. Examples: N-
isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, which is also
an antiozonant, and octylated diphenylamine, which is
not. Antioxidants that protect synthetic rubber during
processing are called stabilizers.
ANTIOZONANT: Protects cured rubber products
against ozone. Examples: waxes, which migrate to the
surface to form a physical barrier, and N,N-bis (1,4
dimethylpentyl)-1,3 phenylenediamine, which protects
by chemical reaction.
APPLIED SOLIDS: Solids that remain on the
substrate being coated or painted.
ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS: Stock type or
shelf coatings formulated for service under
environmental conditions and for general application
on new and existing residential, commercial,
institutional and industrial structures. These are
distributed through wholesale-retail channels and
purchased by the general public, painters, building
contractors and others.
BAGGING: A condition during mill mixing when a
rubber stock exhibits no adhesion to the rolls, sags off
the rolls and fails to form a bank at the nip of the rolls.
BAKING TEMPERATURES: Recommended
temperatures of the curing oven that ensure a coated
part is baked or cured to obtain optimum properties.
The amount of volatile material released from the
coating is sometimes increased if baking temperature
rises.
BANK: The reservoir of material at the opening
between rolls of a mill or calendar or at the spreader
bar.
BARRIER PROPERTIES: The properties of a
substance which allow it to act as a barrier especially
to water vapor or moisture.
BASECOAT/CLEARCOAT: A two-step finish coat
system in which a highly pigmented, often metallic,
basecoat is following by a thicker clearcoat. It results
in a finish with high-gloss characteristics.
BATCH SAMPLE: The collection of substances of
products of the same category, configuration or
subgroup thereof, which are drawn from a batch and
from which test samples are drawn.
BELT CONVEYOR: A moving belt system for
transporting prints from one processing stage to the
next as from press to dryer, through dryer, from dryer
to packaging area, in almost any conceivable order.
Belt may be made of metal, mesh, heavy cloth, web
straps, wire, etc.
BINDER: Nonvolatile, liquid portion of a coating.
When the paint dries, the binder becomes part of the
solid film. It binds the pigment particles together and
cements the paint film to the substrate.
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BLENDING RESIN: A PVC resin used as an
extender in plastisol manufacture. The particle size is
generally a hundred times larger than a dispersion resin.
BLOCK COPOLYMER: A copolymer whose
molecules consist of two or more separate chain
sequences, each of which has its own properties that
are similar to the homopolymer.
BLOCKING: An undesired adhesion between layers
of material placed in contact under moderate pressure
and/or temperature in storage or use. Usually occurs
in a stack of printed material which is stacked prior to
thorough drying.
BOND STRENGTH: The strength of the union
between materials.
BONDING AGENT: Enhances adhesion of rubber
to fabric or fiber.
BR: Polybutadiene - Solution polymerized
homopolymers of butadiene. Oil content is included
but carbon black and other fillers are excluded.
BREAKDOWN: Preliminary mastication and milling
of raw rubber or a rubber mix to render it more suitable
for further processing.
BRITTLE POINT: The highest temperature at which
a rubber specimen will fracture under sudden impact.
BULK DENSITY: The density of loose material
(powder, cubes, etc.) expressed as a ratio of weight
to volume.
BURSTING STRENGTH TESTER: Instrument
used to measure the point at which a paper, foil, film,
textile, plastic or other material submits to bursting.
BY-PRODUCT: A chemical substance produced
during the manufacture, processing, use or disposal of
another substance or mixture.
CABLE: A combination of conductors insulated from
one another. Also, a shielded conductor.
CALENDER: (Machine Calendar) 1. A set of cast
iron rollers, testing one on top of the other in a vertical
bank at the dry end of a paper machine, through which
the web passes for smoothing and surface leveling.
The finish on the roll surfaces determines the degree
of smoothness and/or gloss imparted to the paper; 2.
A similar configuration of heat rollers used for flattening
one or both sides of synthetic screen printing fabrics.
CALORIE (cal): A unit of heat. One calorie equals
4.1840 joules.
CAPACITANCE: The quantity of electric charge
which can be received by an electrical system from a
potential source of given value. The farad is the unit of
capacitance.
CARCASS: The portion of a tire constructed by
layering plies of rubber coated fabric or steel wire
around the bead.
CAST COATING: A film made by depositing a layer
of plastic material in solution, a dispersion or a molten
state onto a (usually) smooth, solid surface. The plastic
is solidified and removed as a film having the same
surface as the one on which it was formed.
CATALYST: Any material which aids completion of
a chemical reaction without itself becoming part of the
product.
CATIONIC CURE: Occurs when an energized
molecule reacts with cationically sensitive monomers
to initiate polymerization.
CHALKING: Formation of a powder on the surface
of a paint film caused by disintegration of the binding
due to weathering.
CHEMICAL FIXATION: A hazardous waste
treatment process involving reactions between certain
chemicals, resulting in solids which encapsulate,
immobilize or otherwise tie up components in the waste,
thus minimizing the leaching of hazardous components
and rendering the waste non-hazardous or more
suitable for disposal.
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CLEARCOAT: A transparent coating usually applied
over a colored, opaque coat to improve gloss and
protection to the colorcoat below. In some cases, a
clearcoat refers to any transparent coating without
regard to the substrate.
COAGENT: A monomer (unsaturated) or monomeric
compound which enhances crosslinking in a free radical
cure system. Examples include: zinc monomethacrylate,
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TMPTMA, etc.
COATING: A protective or decorative film applied
in a thin layer to a surface. This term applies to paints
such as lacquers or enamels but also refers to films
applied to paper, plastics or foils.
COATING HEAD: The coating applicator in a roll
coater, rotogravure coater or knife coating operation.
COATING SOLIDS: The part of the coating that
remains after the coating is dried or cured.
COATING WEIGHT: The mass of an applied
coating per square unit of surface area. Also called
Mass Weight.
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION: The measure of
the relative difficulty with which the surface of one
material will slide over an adjacent surface of itself or
another material.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION:
The measure of the change in length of a material when
subjected to specified temperatures.
COLD CURING: The process of curing at normal
atmospheric temperature.
COMPRESSION (ATTI): For golf balls, a device
that measures the resistance to deflection. The higher
the number, the greater the compression and crosslink
density. Compression generally correlates directly with
COR.
COMPRESSION SET: The residual deformation of
a material after removal of the compressive stress. (Not
to be confused with ATTI compression.) Heat aging.
COMPATIBILITY:Property of different materials to
blend together and form a homogeneous system.
CONDUCTIVITY: The direct current conductance
of a material. Conductivities of other metals are
expressed as a percent of the conductivity of copper.
Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity.
CONDUCTOR: The metallic wire used to carry a
current. Sometimes the term conductor is used to
designate the individual insulated wires in a cable.
CONTACT ADHESIVES: Applied to the surface
of substrate and adherend which is then allowed to
apparently dry to touch. When pressure is applied to
the two coated areas, a bond is formed. Countertop
or furniture laminates.
COPOLYMER: A copolymer made from two or
more different types of monomers.
COR: Coefficient of Restitution. For golf ball
characterization, the exit velocity for a ball fired against
a backboard to simulate the actual golf ball flight
performance. Usually evaluated at various entrance
velocities from 125 to 255 FPS.
CORONA: An electrical discharge at high voltage.
CORONA RESISTANCE: The resistance offered
by an insulation to the formation of corona discharge
while under high voltage stress.
CR: Polychloroprene - Emulsion polymerized
homopolymers of chloroprene, both in solid and latex
form. Only dry solids of latices reported.
CRAZING: A random pattern of minute intersecting
cracks in plastic, ceramic glaze or other surfaces.
CREEP: The deformation, in either cured on uncured
rubber under stress, which occurs with lapse of time
after the immediate deformation.
CROSSLINK DENSITY: Number of crosslinks per
unit volume of elastomer.
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CROSSLINKING PLASTICIZER: The monomer
or oligomer which is used to suspend dispersion resins
in a plastisol, but which also chemically crosslinks the
PVC via the addition of a free radical generator like a
peroxide.
CROWN: The difference between the diameter at
the center and at the edge of a cylindrical roll.
CRUDE RUBBER: A raw material between the
diameter at the center and at the edge of a cylindrical
roll.
CRYSTALLINITY: Orientation of the disordered
long chain molecules of a polymer into repeating
patterns. Degree of crystallinity effects stiffness,
hardness, low temperature flexibility and heat
resistance.
CURE: Crosslinking of rubber polymer chains to
impart elastomeric properties. Generally refers to
peroxide crosslinking. Sulfur crosslinking is called
vulcanization.
CURE TIME: Time needed for rubber compounds
to reach maximum viscosity or elastic modulus at a
given temperature. The sum of the scorch time and
crosslinking time. Cure time is conventionally
considered complete at 90 percent of maximum torque
or at TC (90).
DAMPING: The dissipation of energy with time or
distance; ability to absorb energy to reduce vibration.
DEAERATION: Removal of air from a plastisol by
pulling a vacuum on the compound.
DIELECTRIC: Another term for insulation.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: The ratio of the
capacitance of a condenser having the given material
as the dielectric to the capacitance of the same
condenser with a vacuum as the dielectric. In the CGS
system, the dielectric constant of a vacuum is one.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: 1. The maximum
voltage which a dielectric can withstand without
rupture. Usually expressed as volts per mil. 2. The
measure of a product’s ability to resist passage of a
disruptive discharge produced by an electric stress;
the voltage that an insulating material can withstand
before breakdown occurs.
DIP COATING: Method of applying a coating in
which the substrate is dipped into a tank of coating
and then withdrawn.
DISPERSANTS: A surface active agent that aids in
breaking down pigment agglomerates when the paint
is mixed. It also prevents re-agglomeration in storage.
DISPERSION RESIN: A PVC resin whose particle
size is typically in the range of 0.1 - 5.0 microns.
DLC: Stands for dry liquid concentrate. A liquid
absorbed on an inert carrier surface which converts
the liquid to a solid.
DOCTOR BLADE: 1. A scraping blade used to
spread an even film of liquid onto a surface. In screen
printing, it is called a Flood Bar. 2. Method of applying
a coating in which a flat metal strip or blade is mounted
such that it scrapes off excess coating from a roll or
rotogravure coater before the paper or other substrate
is coated.
DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass
of material.
DOSE RATE: The dose per unit time in rads per
second or rads per hour.
DRAIZE TEST: A method for estimating the skin or
eye irritation due to contact with a chemical substance.
DUMBBELL: A standard, flat strip specimen shaped
like a dumbbell that is used in many physical tests.
DUROMETER: An instrument for measuring the
hardness of vulcanized rubber and plastic. Shore A
measures softer materials and Shore D harder
materials.
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DUROMETER HARDNESS: An arbitrary
numbering scale that indicates the resistance to
indentation of the indentor point of the durometer. High
values indicate harder materials.
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES: Mechanical properties
exhibited under repeated cyclic deformations.
EBONITE: A hard rubber made by vulcanization of
rubber with high levels (greater 30 parts) of sulfur,
where the high hardness is due to the action of the
sulfur.
EFFLUENT: 1. Waste material (from an industrial
source) in liquid form; 2. The releasing of pollutants
into the environment generally with regard to discharge
into waters.
EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINES:
Regulation established by state or federal governments
to control the levels of specific chemicals in liquid waste
discharged by industry.
ELECTRODEPOSITION: Dip coating method that
uses an electrical field to promote the deposition of
the coating material onto the part. The part being
painted acts as an electrode, which is oppositely
charged from the particles of paint in the dip tank.
ELECTRON BEAM: A beam of electrons displayed
from a metallic filament by a high voltage source of
acceleration.
ELECTRON CURTAIN: An electron beam
generated via a linear source (a cathode), as opposed
to a scanned source.
ELECTRON PENETRATION: The depth of
penetration into a substrate by the accelerated
electrons. Depth of penetration depends on the kinetic
energy imparted to the electron by the accelerating
voltage.
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY: A method of applying
a spray coating in which opposite electrical charges
are applied to the substrate and the coating. The coating
is attracted to the object by the electrostatic potential
between them.
ELONGATION: Extension produced by a tensile
stress.
EMULSION: A process where monomer particles
are emulsified with soap in water and polymerized to
form an emulsion of polymer in water.
ENAMEL: A coating that cures by chemical cross-
linking of its base resin. Enamels can be readily
distinguished from lacquers because enamels are not
resoluble in their original solvent.
EPA: Acronym for the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, formed in order to implement the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and subsequent
environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act
and Solid Waste Amendments.
EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER: The
number assigned by EPA to each hazardous waste
listed in 40 CFR 261, of the U. S. Code of Federal
Regulations.
EPA IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: The number
assigned by EPA to each U. S. hazardous waste
generator, hazardous waste transporter or hazardous
waste facility.
EPDM: Ethylene-Propylene Terpolymer.
EPM: Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer - Copolymers
or terpolymers of ethylene and propylene, both
emulsion and solution polymerized. Oil content is
included, but carbon black and other fillers are
excluded. Only dry solids content of latices are
reported.
EPOXY GROUP: A reactive part of a chemical
molecule with the structure CN/OH\CH.
ERYTHEMA: An irritation of the skin, typically
exhibited by redness, which can be caused by
exposure to UV light rays.
EXEMPT SOLVENTS: Descriptive or evaporative
solvents not currently subject to air pollution regulation.
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EXTENDERS: Low-cost inorganic fillers used to
supplement expensive pigments. They also have an
important effect on properties of the coating.
EXTRACTION: The process of removing one or
more components of a homogeneous mixture with a
liquid (solvent) in which the components to be removed
are soluble but not the mixture as a whole.
EXTRUSION: Forcing of material through an orifice
to produce a continuous length of definite shape (tubes,
tire treads).
EXUDATION: Delayed phase separation of
incompatible material, also called bleeding, blooming,
spewing or sweating.
EVEN MOTION: A 1:1 ratio of surface speed of
two adjacent rolls (mill or calender).
FATIGUE: Condition of stress in a material resulting
from repeated flexing or impact.
FATIGUE, DYNAMIC: The deterioration of a
material by repeated deformation.
FILM FORMER: The part of a coating that remains
on the substrate after the cure. Some film formers may
be liquid but polymerize to form a solid when the
coating is baked to the requisite curing temperature.
FILM THICKNESS: The thickness of the dry, cured
coating on the substrate. Film thickness varies with
application, but coatings on metal generally range from
0.5 to 4 mils.
FLEX CRACKING: A cracking condition of the
surface of rubber articles such as tires and footwear,
resulting from constantly repeated bending or flexing
in service.
FLEXOGRAPHY: A method of printing in which the
image areas are raised above the nonimage areas. The
image carrier is made of rubber or other elastomeric
material.
FORMULATION: Kinds and proportion of
ingredients for a mix, together with the method of
incorporation. Also called recipe.
FREE RADICAL: A reactive material which initiates
polymerization, generally by the loss of an electron.
FREE RADICAL REACTION: A chemical
reaction which takes place only when a free radical or
molecule, which has lost one electron, is generated.
FRICTION PICK-OFF: Rubber compound sticking
to the fast roll during frictioning at a calender.
FRICTION RATIO: Ratio of surface speeds of two
adjacent rolls (mill, calender or refiner), also called
friction motion or odd motion.
FURNACE BLACK: A carbon black obtained by
burning natural gas or petroleum oil, or both, in a large
furnace with a low percentage of the theoretical amount
of air required for complete combustion.
FUNCTIONALITY: The capacity of any one
molecule to react to a free radical.
FUSION: Point or temperature at which the plasticizer
starts to dissolve the PVC resin and flow begins.
GEL: A semi-solid system consisting of a network of
solid aggregates in which liquid is held.
GELLING: Formation of a uniform solid coagulum
from which the aqueous phase has not separated.
GLASS TRANSITION POINT: Temperature at
which a material loses its glass-like properties and
becomes a semi-liquid.
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE: The
temperature at which a material changes from a soft,
rubbery state to a more brittle state.
GLOSS: A property of paints and enamels
characterized by measuring the specular reflectance
of the film using ASTM test D 523-67 (1972) Test
for Specular Gloss. The 60-degree specular gloss
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test is used for all paints except flat paints. A
measurement of 65 or more characterizes the material
as “gloss”. Semigloss paints have readings between
30 and 65; “flats” when tested at an 85-degree angle
have readings below 15.
GRAFT POLYMERS: Polymeric structures made
by attaching monomers to long- chain molecules.
GRAIN: The unidirectional orientation of rubber or
filler particles occurring during processing (extrusion,
milling, calendering) resulting in anisotropy of a rubber
vulcanizate.
GREEN STRENGTH: 1. The resistance of rubber
stock in the uncured state; 2. Uncured adhesion
between plied or spliced surfaces.
GROSS RUBBER: The total weight of a product
produced for sale, it includes the sum of rubber hydro-
carbon, residual materials from the manufacturing
process, extender oils and carbon black.
GUM STOCK, GUM COMPOUND: A rubber
compound containing only those ingredients necessary
for vulcanization and small amounts of other ingredients
for processing, coloring and for improving the
resistance to aging.
G-VALUE: The G-Value, or energy yield, is the
number of atoms that is produced or consumed in the
system per 100 electron volts of energy absorbed.
HALF LIFE: The time necessary for 1/2 of the
peroxide to thermally decompose. Six half lives result
in decomposition of 98.4% of the original peroxide.
HARD RUBBER: Rubber cured with 15 to 40% of
added sulfur. Ebonite.
HAZING: A dulling of the finish. See also bloom,
chalking and frosting.
HEAT BUILD-UP: The generation of heat due to
hysteresis when rubber is rapidly or continually
deformed.
HEAT HISTORY: The accumulated amount of heat
the rubber stock has been subjected to during
processing operations, usually after incorporation of
the vulcanizing agents. Incipient cure or scorch can
take place if heat history has been excessive.
HIGHER-SOLIDS COATINGS: Paints containing
considerably higher solids than has been conventional
in the past. Usually paints with greater than 60% solids
by volume are considered high-solids coatings,
although the term is often applied to any coating that
meets any of EPA’s Control Technique Guidelines.
Formerly, under California’s Rule 66, a high-solids paint
is one containing not less than 80% solids by volume.
HMIS (Hazardous Materials Identification
System): Developed by NPCA to provide information
regarding three hazards encountered in the work place:
health, reactivity and flammability. For each hazard, a
number is assigned indicating the degree of hazard: 0
being the least, up to 4 for the most severe. Letters
are used to designate personal protective equipment
which is recommended to protect the employee
handling the material.
HOMOPOLYMER: A polymer produced from a
single type of monomer.
HOT MELT ADHESIVE: Adhesive applied in a
molten condition and cooled rapidly to form a solid.
Hot melt adhesives contain little or no volatile organic
solvents.
HYDROLYSIS: Chemical decomposition of a
substance involving the addition of water.
HYSTERESIS: The heat generated by rapid
deformation of a vulcanized rubber part. It is the
difference between the energy of the deforming stress
and the energy of the recovery cycle.
IIR: Butyl (Isobutylene-Isoprene) - Copolymers of
isobutylene and isoprene, including halogenated types.
Only the dry solids of latices are reported.
IR: Polyisoprene - Solution polymerized cis-content
homopolymers of isoprene. Oil content is included but
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carbon black and other fillers are excluded. High trans-
content synthetic balata or gutta-percha are excluded.
IMPACT STRENGTH: Measure of the toughness
of a material, as the energy required to break a
specimen with a single blow.
IMPEDANCE: The total opposition that a circuit
offers to the flow of alternating current or any other
varying current at a particular frequence. The ohm is
the unit of impedance. Admittance is the reciprocal of
impedance.
INCOMPATIBILITY: Inability of materials to form
a homogeneous system.
INHIBITOR: A substance, sometimes added to a
coating material to extend pot life, which retards a
chemical or catalytic reaction.
INSULATION: A nonconducting material used to
prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor.
INSULATION RESISTANCE: The resistance to
an impressed direct voltage offered by the insulation
of an insulated conductor.
IRRADIATION: A process for crosslinking
elastomers using high energy beta or gamma particles
to create free radicals in the elastomer chain. Coagents
can be used in irradiation crosslinking.
IRRITANT: A chemical substance or mixture (not a
corrosive) which on immediate, prolonged or repeated
contact with normal living tissues induces a local
inflammatory response in the skin, eyes or mucous
membrane. 16 CFR 1500.41.
KNIFE COATER: A coater used primarily for paper
or fabric webs that employs an adjustable blade or
“knife” to distribute a liquid coating evenly over a
moving web surface.
LACQUER: A coating that dries primarily by solvent
evaporation, and hence is resoluble in its original
solvent.
LAMINATION: The process of adhering two web
surfaces together to form a single composite material.
Paper, fabric, foil and plastic film may be laminated to
each other.
LATEX: Water emulsion or dispersion of rubber or
polymer, used as is for coatings or dewatered to make
solid parts.
LETDOWN: Amount a master batch is diluted.
LOADING: The kind and quantity (volume basis) of
fillers mixed with rubber.
LOW TEMPERATURE FLEXIBILITY: The
ability of a rubber product to be flexed, bent, or bowed
at specified low temperatures without loss of
serviceability.
LUBRICANT: Eases flowing of rubber in molding
or extrusion.
MAINTENANCE COATINGS: Coatings used for
bridges, chemical plants and other heavy-duty industrial
applications.
MARINE PAINT: A coating used on ships or boats.
MASTER BATCH:A preliminary mixture of rubber
and one or more compound ingredients for such
purposes as more thorough dispersion or better
processing, and which will later become part of the
final compound in a subsequent mixing operation.
MASTIC ADHESIVES: Highly filled viscous
adhesive applied to a substrate with a trowel. Wall
panel or floor tile adhesive.
MASTICATION: Preliminary physical and chemical
breakdown, usually of natural rubber, in a mill or mixer
to reduce viscosity for further processing.
MEGARAD: Is 1,000,000 (1 x 106 Rad) and is
equal to 10 watt seconds per gram or 4.5 kilowatts
per second per pound; 4.3 BTU’s per pound or 2.39
gram-calories per gram.
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METALLIC PAINT: Paint containing tiny flecks of
aluminum or other metal often used for painting
automobiles because of the attractive appearance of
the paint.
ME V: Is 1,000,000 electron volts.
MICROWAVE: Energy having wavelengths between
100 and 1000 microns.
MIGRATION: The movement of one or more
components to either a substrate or a face material.
MILL: A machine with two horizontal rolls revolving
in opposite directions used for the mastication or
mixing of rubber.
MODULUS: The ratio of stress to strain. In the
physical testing of rubber, the load necessary to
produce stated percentage of elongation, compression
or shear.
MOISTURE VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE:
The rate at which water permeates a cured film under
specified conditions.
MONOMER: A single chemical compound of a type
which is capable of being combined with others like
itself to produce a polymer or to combine with different
type monomers to produce copolymers.
MOONEY SCORCH: A measure of the incipient
curing characteristics of a rubber compound using the
Mooney viscometer.
MOONEY VISCOSITY: A measure of the viscosity
of a rubber or rubber compound determined in a
Mooney shearing disc viscometer.
N.A.A.Q.S.: Abbreviation for National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, a set of maximum concentration
levels for air pollutants established by the 1970 U. S.
Clean Air Act; particulate matter, sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, photo-chemical oxidants, hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides are among the substances
regulated.
NBR: 1. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (Nitrile) - Solid and
Latex included. Solid: Copolymers of butadiene and
acrylonitrile emulsion polymerized including
carboxylated polymers. Carbon black content is
excluded. Latex: Emulsion polymerized copolymers
of butadiene and acrylonitrile including carboxylated
polymers. Only dry solids of latices reported as latex.
2. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, an elastomer noted for
chemical resistance and high tensile strength.
NECKING DOWN: A localized decrease in the
cross-sectional area of a rubber product resulting from
tension.
NET RUBBER: Gross rubber minus the carbon
black. It includes the sum of rubber hydrocarbon,
residual.
NEW RUBBER: All rubber, synthetic or natural,
produced or used for the first time. New rubber
excludes all reclaimed rubber or scrap rubber.
NIP: The radial clearance between rolls of a mill or
calender on a line of centers.
ODR: Stands for Oscillating Disc Rheometer, a cure
meter that measures viscosity, scorch time, cure time
and crosslink density.
OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY: A printing method in
which the image area of the printing roll is essentially
all the same level as the nonimage area. The ink wets
the image area only, and the nonimage area is wetted
by water. Ink is transferred from the printing roll to the
rubber surface on a roll called the blanket cylinder,
which transfers the ink to the paper. When a web or
continuous roll of paper is used, the process is called
“web offset”.
OIL CONTENT: The oil added to the polymer as an
extender and as a processing aid. Oils used are usually
classed as aromatic, naphthenic or paraffenic according
to their basic compositer.
OLIGOMER: A lower molecular weight resin or
polymer which is used in a peroxide or radiation curable
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formula. Usually, oligomers are liquid or easily
liquefiable.
OPTIMUM CURE: The state of vulcanization at
which a desired combination of properties is attained.
Sometimes considered 90% cure, TC (90).
ORANGE PEEL: A paint surface appearance,
characterized by small pits, resembling the texture of
an orange. Depending on the product, this may be
desirable (appliances) or undesirable (automobiles).
ORGANOSOL: A thick coating consisting of resin
and plasticizers and some organic solvent that is used
to coat flexible substrates such as paper or fabrics. It
is similar to a plastisol except that an organosol contains
more organic solvent.
OVERVARNISH: Coating applied over the ink on
the outside of beverage cans to provide gloss and
protection from corrosion and abrasion.
OXIDATION: The effect produced by contact with
oxygen, either in the atmosphere or introduced in more
concentrated form, which produces drying in some
screen printing inks, deterioration of photographic
developers in open trays, etc.
OXYGEN BOMB: A pressure-resisting apparatus
used in an aging test in which rubber is deteriorated in
hot compressed oxygen.
OXYGEN INHIBITION: The effect of oxygen to
terminate or slow a polymerization reaction by
deactivating radicals.
OZONE CRACKING: The surface cracks, checks
or crazing caused by exposure to an atmosphere
containing ozone.
PALE CREPE: The highest grade of unsmoked
plantation natural rubber.
PAPER COATING: As used in EPA’s control
technique guidelines, the coating of paper, plastic film
or metallic foil usually with a roll, knife or rotogravure
coater.
PEPTIZER: Promotes chemical breakdown of rubber
during mastication. Also called a plasticizer. Example:
pentachlorothiophenol.
PERMANENT SET: The amount by which an elastic
material fails to return to its original form after
deformation.
PERMEABILITY: The quality or condition of
allowing passage of liquid or gases through a layer.
PEROXIDE: Chemical crosslinking agents. These
compounds decompose with heat to form free radicals
which initiate the crosslinking mechanism. Examples
include dialkyl, diacyl and peroxyester peroxides.
PHR: Abbreviation for parts per hundred of rubber,
used for indicating the proportions of ingredients in a
rubber compound.
PIGMENT: 1. A dry colored powder used for
coloring paint, rubber or other mediums; 2. Sometimes
incorrectly used to include all fillers and reinforcing
agents as well as colors.
PLASTICIZER: A peptizer, oil or monomeric ester
softener or extender. Example: bis(butoxyethoxyethyl)
glutarate. The liquid in which a PVC resin is suspended
in a plastisol.
PLASTICITY: 1. A measure of the resistance to shear
of an unvulcanized elastomer. 2. A tendency of a
material to remain deformed after reduction of the
deforming stress to or below its yield stress.
PLASTISOL: A suspension of PVC resin in a liquid
plasticizer.
PLATE-OUT: The sticking of zinc salts and other
compounding ingredients to the processing machinery
metal surfaces during compounding.
POLAR: Description of a molecule in which the
positive and negative electrical charges are permanently
separated.
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POLYBUTADIENE: An elastomer used in golf ball
cores and other rubber applications.
POLYMER: A high molecular weight material made
by connecting many monomer units.
POLYMER CONTENT: The rubber hydrocarbon
content plus the other residual materials such as organic
acid, stabilizer, etc., which are normally contained in
the commercial product.
POLYMERIZATION: The process by which
polymers are prepared from monomers.
POROSITY: The presence of numerous small holes
or voids.
POST CURE: Heat or radiation treatment, or both,
to which a cured or partially cured thermosetting plastic
or rubber composition is subjected to enhance the level
of one or more properties.
POWDER COATING: A coating applied as a dry
powder that, when baked at sufficiently high
temperatures, flows out to form a continuous film.
POWER: One watt is equal to 105 gram-rads per
second.
POWER FACTOR: The ratio of watts, average (or
active) power, to the apparent power of an alternating
current circuit.
PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE: An
adhesive that, when placed on a backing material,
adheres to another surface on contact without wetting,
heating or adding a curing agent.
PRIMER: First layer of coating applied to a surface.
PRINT PASTE: A pigmented coating used to render
designs on fabric, usually applied by the roller, rotary
screen or flat screen printing processes. Mineral spirits
are the solvents in print pastes.
PROCESSABILITY: The relative ease with which
raw or compounded rubber can be handled in rubber
machinery.
PURE GUM: See gum stock.
RAD: The unit of dose is the rad. The rad is the energy
absorption of 100 ERGS per gram.
RAW RUBBER: Unprocessed, vulcanizable
elastomer, normally implying the natural product.
REBOUND TEST: Method of determining the
resilient properties of vulcanized rubber, by measuring
the rebound of a steel ball or pendulum from a definite
height onto a rubber sample.
RECIPE: See formulation.
RECLAIM OR RECLAIM RUBBER: The
product resulting from the treatment of scrap
vulcanized rubber in various operations. It is generally
used as an extender or processing aid in natural rubber
and SBR compounds rather than by itself.
REDUCING SOLVENT: A solvent added to dilute
a coating usually for the purpose of lowering the
coating’s viscosity.
RELEASE COATING: A coating applied to a
substrate (usually a flexible one) that limits the
adherence of a pressure sensitive coating. This is used
as a covering sheet for pressure sensitive labels so that
the labels can be pulled off and used. The back side of
adhesive tapes are coated with release coating to allow
the tape to be unrolled.
RESILIENCE: The property of a material that
enables it to return to its original size and shape after
removal of the stress which causes the deformation.
RETARDER: Lengthens the amount of time before
onset of the curing process. Example: phthalic
anhydride. Sulfenamide-type retarders have acquired
the separate name of prevulcanization inhibitors.
Example: N-cyclohexylthiophthalimide. Also, Saret®
non-nitroso retarder.
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REVERSION: 1. A deterioration of physical
properties that may occur upon excessive vulcanization
of some elastomers, evidenced by a decrease in
hardness and tensile strength and an increase in
elongation; 2. A similar change in properties after air
aging at elevated temperatures. Natural rubber, butyl,
polysulfides and epichlorohydrin polymers exhibit this
effect (extreme reversion may result in tackiness). Most
other polymers will harden and suffer loss of elongation
on hot air aging.
REVERSE ROLL COATER: A roll-type coater for
paper, film, foil and metal coil that applies coating to
the web by a roll, which turns in reverse to the direction
of travel of the web. This procedure is said to reduce
striations in the coating.
RHEOMETER (MONSANTO): An oscillating disk
cure meter used for determining vulcanization
characteristics of a rubber compound.
RIND: See flash.
ROLL COATING (Roller coating): Method of
applying coating to a flat sheet or strip in which the
coating is transferred by a roller or series of rollers.
ROTARY SCREEN PRINTER: A widely used
fabric printing technique in which a moving fabric web
passes in contact with a series of rotating drums. The
cylindrical drums have holes in the drum surface in the
shape of a pattern. Liquid print paste is forced through
the holes in the drum surface onto the fabric, leaving a
pattern on the fabric surface.
ROTOCURE: A rotary press.
ROTOGRAVURE: A method of printing in which
the image is in the form of cells or cups mechanically
or chemically etched in the surface. Typically a gravure
cell is 35 microns deep by 125 microns square, with
22,500 cells in the square inch.
RPM: Abbreviation for revolutions per minute.
RUBBER: An elastomeric material, synthetic or
natural that can be vulcanized: SBR, NR, Neoprene,
EPDM.
RUBBER HYDROCARBON CONTENT: The
portion of synthetic rubber represented by only
polymerized monomers.
SARET: Stands for Sartomer Retarder, Sartomer’s
patented scorch retarder system.
SBR: Styrene-butadiene - Solid and Latex included.
Solid: Emulsion or solution polymerized copolymers
of butadiene and styrene in bale or crumb form.
Latex: Emulsion polymerized styrene/butadiene latices
containing over 50% butadiene. Vinyl pyridine and
polybutadiene latices are included, but carboxylated
styrene/butadiene latices are excluded. Weight
reported is by dry solid content.
SCORCH: Premature vulcanization or cure of a
rubber compound, generally due to excessive heat
history. Also, see Mooney scorch.
SCORCH TIME: Safety margin of time that a
rubber compound can be worked at a given
temperature before curing begins. Scorch time is
measured with an oscillating disc rheometer (ODR)
and is the time to increase torque one unit (Ts1), two
units (TS2) or five units (Ts5).
SEALER: A coating used to seal the pores of a
surface, especially a wood surface, before additional
coats of paint or varnish are added.
SEMI-CURE: A preliminary incomplete vulcanization
applied to an article in the manufacturing process to
cause the rubber to acquire a degree of stiffness or to
maintain some desired shape.
SET: Strain remaining after complete release of the
load producing the deformation.
SET-UP: Scorched. When an unvulcanized rubber
stock is considered to be “set-up”, it can no longer be
processed smoothly.
SHELF AGING: The natural deterioration of rubber
articles kept in storage or “on the shelf” under
atmospheric conditions.
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SHELF LIFE: 1. The time an unvulcanized rubber
stock can be stored without losing any of its processing
or curing properties. 2. The amount of time a material
may be stored under specified conditions with no
significant changes in properties.
SHORE HARDNESS: See durometer hardness.
SIX HALF LIVES: The time to decompose 98
percent of the peroxide. Minimum time for acceptable
cure.
SLAB: A thick sheet, generally laminated.
SKIM COAT: Thin rubber coating applied by
spreading evenly over a surface.
SLOUGHING: Surface deterioration of rubber after
solvent immersion.
SOFTENING POINT: Measured by the Ring and
Ball method, this is the temperature at which the resin
starts to flow.
SOFT RUBBER: Rubber cured with 0.5 to 8% of
added sulfur.
SOLID: Rubber in dry, bale, crumb or powder form.
SOLVENT: A liquid used in a paint or coating to
dissolve or disperse film-forming constituents and to
adjust viscosity. It evaporates during drying and does
not become part of the dried film.
SOLVENTBORNE COATINGS: Coatings that
contain only organic solvents. If water is present, it is
only in trace quantities.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio of the mass of a
unit volume of a material to that of the same volume of
water at a specified temperature.
STABILIZER: 1. Antioxidant. 2. Additives to coating,
ink, or adhesive formulations which help extend shelf
life, resistance to heat or other degradation.
STAINING: Blue or purple coloration of rubber
surfaces owing to oxidation of phenylenediamine-type
antiozidants and antiozonants.
STATE OF CURE: The cure condition of vulcanizate
relative to that at which optimum physical properties
are obtained.
STIFFNESS: Rigidity, tendency to resist deformation
under a stress.
STOCK: Unvulcanized, mixed rubber compound of
a definite composition.
STOCK GUIDES: Fitted plates near the roll ends
which keep the stock in the bank of a mill or calender.
STRAIN: Deformation resulting from a stress.
STRESS: Forces per unit of original cross sectional
area that is applied to a part or specimen.
STRESS RELAXATION: The decrease in stress
after a given time of constant strain.
SUBSTRATE: 1. A material upon the surface of
which an adhesive promoter is applied for any purpose
such as bonding or coating. 2. The surface to which a
coating is applied.
SULFUR DONOR: Organic polysulfide that replaces
some elemental sulfur in rubber compounds and
promotes curing mostly by monosulfide crosslinks in a
process called efficient vulcanization. Example:
tetramethylthiuram disulfide.
SUN CHECKING OR SUNLIGHT
CHECKING: Surface deterioration in the form of
cracks, checks or crazing caused by exposure to direct
or indirect sunlight.
SURFACE TENSION: The attractive force exerted
by the molecules below the surface upon those at the
surface/air interface.
SWELLING: The increase in volume of a specimen
immersed in a liquid or exposed to a vapor.
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TACK: The ability to adhere to itself; a sticky or
adhesive quality or condition.
TEAR STRENGTH: The maximum force required
to tear a specified specimen, the force acting
substantially parallel to the major axis of the test
specimen.
TENSILE STRENGTH: The maximum tensile
stress applied during stretching a specimen to rupture.
THERMAL BLACK: A soft carbon black formed
by the thermal decomposition of natural gas. It has
relatively little stiffening effect on rubber, but imparts
toughness, resilience, good resistance to tearing and
fair abrasion resistance.
THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER: A copolymer
which is capable of being repeatedly softened by heat
and then hardened by cooling and will display
elastomeric properties similar to vulcanized rubber
without the need for vulcanization.
THERMOSET: A type of plastic that can be shaped
to desired form by heat, that hardens on cooling and
then is substantially infusible and insoluble.
THICKENERS: A material added primarily to
control viscosity. Usually, one material serves as both
protective colloid and thickener.
THINNER: A liquid used to reduce the viscosity of a
coating and that will evaporate before or during the
cure of a film.
THIN SPOT: Undergage area.
THIXOTROPE: A material which exhibits high
viscosity in the absence of shear, but a viscosity drop
in the presence of shear.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV): The
airborne concentration of the substance at which it is
believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed
to day after day without adverse effect. TLV’s may be
measured over an 8 hour work day/40 hour work week
(TWA) or during a 15 minute average exposure
(STEL).
TIE GUM: An intermediate adhesive layer employed
to promote bonding of two surfaces.
TOUGHNESS: The stiffness, rigidity or resilience of
a material.
TOPCOAT: The last coat applied in a coating system.
TOXIC CHEMICALS: Those chemicals which
have been demonstrated to possess the potential to
cause death, cancer or genetic defects through
exposure to living organisms.
TOXICITY: 1. The degree of intensity of virulence
of a substance judged to be poisonous to man; 2.
Property of being harmful or poisonous.
TRAFFIC PAINT: Any coating used for traffic
control such as to paint centerlines on highways and
also for parking lot and curb markings.
TWO-COMPONENT PAINT: A coating that is
manufactured in two components, which must be
maintained separately until shortly before use. When
mixed, the two liquids rapidly crosslink to form a solid
composition.
ULTIMATE ELONGATION: The maximum
elongation prior to rupture.
UNDER CURE: State of vulcanization less than
optimum. It may be evidenced by tackiness or inferior
physical properties.
UNSATURATION: A chemical bond involving
shared electrons. This bond between carbon-carbon
atoms is reactive and provides a site for crosslinking
to occur.
VENEER: A thin protective film placed on a rubber
substrate for protection against ozone cracking. It is
also a thin film or sheet applied over a substance to
prevent or reduce oxygen or ozone attack, to act as a
migration barrier, or to beautify the finished article, or
all.
VISCOSITY: The resistance of a material to flow
under stress.
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC):
Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric
photochemical reactions; that is, any organic compound
other than those that the Administrator designates as
having negligible photochemical reactivity. VOC may
be measured by a reference method, an equivalent
method, an alternative method or by procedures
specified under any subpart. A reference method, an
equivalent method or an alternative method, however,
may also measure nonreactive organic compounds, in
such cases, an owner or operator may exclude the
nonreactive organic compounds when determining
compliance with a standard. The Administrator has
designated the following organic compounds as
negligibly reactive: methane, ethane, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), methylene
chloride, trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11),
dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12),
chlorodifluoromethane (CFC-22), trifluoromethane
(FC-13), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113),
dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) and
chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115).
VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN: The voltage necessary
to cause insulation failure.
VOLTAGE RATING: The voltage that may be
continuously applied to a wire.
VOLUME SWELL: See swelling.
VULCANIZATE: Preferably used to denote the
product of vulcanization, without reference to its shape
or form.
VULCANIZING AGENT: Cures rubber by forming
crosslinks among polymer chains. Examples: sulfur,
organic peroxides and phenolic resins.
VULCANIZATION (curing): Chemical reaction
between rubber and a crosslinking agent (Sulfur,
Peroxides, Others) that results in increased elasticity,
less surface tack, less solubility, greater tensile strength
and decreased flow characteristics of the rubber stock.
VULCUP: A peroxide (high temperature).
WASHCOAT: A wood furniture coating which is WETTING: 1. Completeness of contact between
applied after the body stain. It seals the wood surface particles dispersed in a medium, such as carbon black
and stiffens the wood fibers for subsequent sanding. in rubber. 2. The unforced, instantaneous spreading of
a liquid to cover a solid substrate.
WATERBORNE COATING: A coating containing
more than five weight percent water in its volatile WETTING AGENT: A substance that reduces the
fraction. surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread
more readily on a solid surface.
WATER RESISTANCE: The ability to withstand
swelling by water for a specified time and temperature. WETTING AGENTS: An additive that helps a paint
to wet the substrate; it also aids in color development
WEATHERING: The surface deterioration of a and mechanical stability.
rubber article during outdoor exposure such as
checking, cracking, crazing or chalking. YIELD POINT: The first stress in a material less than
a maximum attainable stress at which an increase in
WEB COATING: Coating of fabric, paper, plastic strain occurs without an increase in stress.
film, metallic foil, metal coil or other products that are
flexible enough to be unrolled from a large roll, coated YOUNG’S MODULUS: The ratio of normal stress
by blade, roll coating or rotogravure as a continuous to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive
sheet and, after cure, rerolled. stresses below the proportional limit of the material.

WETTABILITY: The relative affinity of a liquid for a ZINC DIACRYLATE: Solid organo-zinc coagent.
surface, measured by the contact angle formed
between the liquid and the surface. If the contact angle ZINC DIMETHACRYLATE: Solid organo-zinc
is zero, complete wettability occurs. If the contact angle coagent.
is greater than 90 degrees, the condition is one of non-
wettability. ZINC MONO-METHACRYLATE: Solid organo-
zinc coagent.

The information in this bulletin is believed to be accurate but all recommendations are made without warranty, since the conditions of use are beyond SARTOMER Company’s control. The listed
properties are illustrative only, and not product specifications. SARTOMER Company disclaims any liability in connection with the use of the information, and does not warrant against infringement by
reason of the use of its products in combination with other material or in any process.
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