Thermodynamics 1 (MEP 261)

Midterm ( 30 Marks)

Model Answer

Class ZA, Date: April 18, 2012

Name: University ID:

1- The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluid
manometer as shown in Fig. 1. Determine the gage pressure of air in the tank if
( 5 Marks)

Fig. 1

h1 = 0.1m, h2 = 0.15m, h1 = 0.23m. Take the densities of water, oil and mercury to be 1000
kg/m3, 850 kg/m3 and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively.
Solution

p1 +ρwaterg h1+ ρoilg h2 = patm +ρmercuryg h3

p1gage = (9.81 m/s2)[(13600 kg/m3)(0.23m)- (1000 kg/m3)(0.1m)- (850

kg/m3)(0.15m)]{1N/1kgms-2}{1kPa/1000Nm-2}

Hence, p1gage = 28.45 kPa

 2- Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic-turbine generator at a
site 100 m below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water
at a rate of 1200 kg/s steadily. Determine the power generation potential. ( 5 Marks)

Solution

100 m

Emech = pe = gz = (9.81 m/s2)(100 m){1kjkg-1/1000m2s-2}=0.981 kJ/kg

Then, the power generation potential becomes,

 =  =  


=(1200kg/s)(0.981 kJ/kg){1 kW/1 kJs-1}=1177.2 kW

Therefore, the reservoir has the potential to generate 1177.2 kW.

3- Complete the table for H2O: ( 12 Marks)

Draw all states on T-v diagram.

T, °C p, kPa h, kJ/kg v, m3/kg Phase description x

200 0.62
140 0.565
950 Saturated liquid
80 500
350 800
 a) p1 = 200 kPa, v1 = 0.62m3/kg
From Table A-5, Saturated water, Pressure table
Tsat @ p = 200 kPa = 120.21°C.
vf = 0.001061 m3/kg, vg = 0.88578 m3/kg, hf = 504.71 kJ/kg, hg = 2706.3
kJ/kg,

As vf (= 0.001061 m3/kg) < v1 (= 0.62m3/kg)< vg (= 0.88578 m3/kg)

Hence, State 1 is saturated Liquid-vapor mixture.
T1 = Tsat @ p = 200 kPa = 120.21°C.
v1 = vf + x1 ( vg - vf)
Hence, x1 =(v1 - vf )/( vg - vf) = (0.62 - 0.001061) /(0.88578 - 0.001061) = 0.7

x1 = 0.7.
h1 = hf +x1 ( hg - hf) = 504.71 +0.7 (2706.3 - 504.71) = 2045.8 kJ/kg.

b) T2 = 140 °C, x2 = 0.565

As 0 < x2 < 1, Hence, State 2 is saturated Liquid-
vapor mixture.
From Table A-4, Saturated water, Temperature
table, For T = 140 °C,
vf = 0.001080 m3/kg, vg = 0.50850 m3/kg, hf = 589.16 kJ/kg, hg = 2733.5
kJ/kg,
p2 = psat @ T = 140 °C = 361.53 kPa. (from Table A-4)
h2 = hf + x2 (hg - hf) = 589.16 + 0.565 ( 2733.5 - 589.16) = 1800 kJ/kg.

Hence, h2 = 1800 kJ/kg.

v2 = vf + x2 ( vg - vf) = 0.001080 + 0.565 (0.50850 - 0.001080) = 0.288
m3/kg.
c) p3 = 950 kPa, state 3 is saturated liquid. Hence, x3 = 0,.

From Table A-5, Saturated water, Pressure table,

T3 = Tsat @ p = 950 kPa = 177.66 °C.
v3 = vf = 0.001124 m3/kg, h3 = hf = 752.74 kJ/kg,

d) T4 = 80°C, p4 = 500 kPa.

From Table A-5, Saturated water, Pressure table, Tsat @ p = 500 kPa
= 151.83°C.
p4 = 500 kPa.
As T4 (= 80 °C) < Tsat @ p = 500 kPa = 151.83°C, Hence, State 4 is
compressed (subcooled) liquid.
As there is no data for compressed liquid water for p = 500 kPa (=
0.5 MPa) in Table A-7. Hence, by utilizing the approximation:
v4 = vf @ T = 80 °C = 0.001029 m3/kg. (from Table A-4)
h4 = hf @ T = 80 °C = 461.42 kJ/kg. (from Table A-4)

e) P5 = 800kPa, T5 = 350°C.
From Table A-5, Saturated water, Pressure table, Tsat @ p = 800 kPa
=170.41°C.
As T5 (= 350°C) > Tsat @ p = 800 kPa =170.41°C, Hence, State 5 is
superheated steam.
From Table A-6, for superheated steam,
For T5 = 350 °C, p5 = 800 kPa =0.8 MPa, h5 = 3162.2 kJ/kg, v5 =
0.35442 m3/kg.
 Point T, °C p, kPa h, kJ/kg v, m3/kg Phase description x

1 120.21 200 2045.8 0.62 Saturated Liquid- 0.7

vapor mixture

2 140 361.53 1800 0.288 Saturated Liquid- 0.565

vapor mixture
3 177.66 950 752.74 0.001124 Saturated liquid 0.0
4 80 500 461.42 0.001029 Compressed liquid -

5 350 800 3162.2 0.35442 Superheated steam -

T
State 1
p = 200 kPa

T = 120.21 °C
1
g
f

v=

0.62 m3/kg

vf = vg = v
0.001061 m3/kg 0.88578 m3/kg
 T
State 2
p = 361.53 kPa

T = 140°C g
2
f

v=

0.288 m3/kg

vf = vg = v
0.001080 m3/kg 0.50850 m3/kg

State 3
T

p = 950 kPa
T = 177.66°C

v = vf = v

0.001124 m3/kg
 State 4

p = 500 kPa

4 Tsat = 151.83°C
T = 80 °C
State 5 T

p = 800 kPa
T5 = 350°C

Tsat = 170.41°C v=

0.35442 m3/kg

vf = vg = v

0.001115 m3/kg 0.24035 m3/kg

4- A piston-cylinder initially contains 0.05 m3 of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and

110°C. The nitrogen is now expanded to a pressure of 90 kPa polytropically
with a polytropic exponent whose value is equal to the specific heat ratio
(called isentropic expansion). Determine the final temperature and the
boundary work done during this process. ( 8 Marks)

Solution

V1 = 0.05 m3 , p1 =120 kPa , T1 = 110+ 273 = 383 K, p2 = 90 kPa.

N2
120 kPa,110°C
p1V1= mRT1, hence, m = p1V1/ RT1= (120 kPa)( 0.05 m3 )/ (0.2968
kJ/kg.K) (383 K)= 0.05278 kg.
As process 1-2 is an isentropic expansion,
Hence,
p1V1 k = p2V2 k
Hence, V2= V1 (p1/ p2) 1/k
Hence, V2= 0.05 m3 (120 kPa / 90 kPa) 1/1.4
i.e., V2= 0.05 m3 (120 kPa / 90 kPa) 1/1.4= 0.0614 m3
But, p2V2= mRT2, hence, T2 = p2V2/ mR= (90 kPa)( 0.0614 m3)/ (0.05278
kg * 0.2968 kJ/kg.K) = 352.78 K
i.e. T2 = 352.78 - 273 =79.78 °C.


=  

k -k
But, pV = C, Hence, p = CV

Hence,
=    ⁄1 −  
Hence,
=   − !  ⁄1 − 
i.e., Wb=[(90 kPa* 0.0614 m3)- (120 kPa* 0.05 m3)]/(1-1.4)= 1.185 kJ