INTRODUCTION

A very simple applied circuitry that makes the traditional doorbell

system more attractive and easy to use. Generally, most of the house

owners are using the doorbells. If a visitor came to the house, first he/she

will look for a doorbell to give a signal to the owner that they have an

incoming visitor. It can also be used as burglar alarm, motion detector alarm

for security purposes.

Advantage of this touchless doorbell is it can be use without touching

any button. This is very helpful in the time of when your both hand is in used.

Also it can help some identified disabled person to easily access this simple

electronic device. Some features added to this device is it can be easily

detached and change its position, proximity can be adjusted depends on the

distance you want it to use or change it for specific person, having a low

power consumption circuitry which only active when you are using it, has

changeable battery in case of having low battery state by using detachable

battery snap and work also in dark environment, so no more problem in

lighting the area you want to be secured.

As stated, its simplicity can be noticed by means of circuitry, number

of used components and simple applied electronics which makes it easier

to construct, requiring only little soldering and circuit reading skills, even a

simple high school student could make it.

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OBJECTIVES

The general objective of this project is to make touchless doorbell

using IR Sensor and most commonly used components that can be access

by the students and has wide availability in the market.

Specifically the project aims:

1. To develop the student skills in electronics by making a device using

Dual Operational Amplifier IC (LM358P) and most commonly used

components which is frequently used in study and experimentation of

the students.

2. To make use of the pin combinations in LM358P IC and IR Sensor to

have a fully operational touchless doorbell.

3. To apply the circuitry in creating a simple device that make a

traditional doorbell system in to a touchless doorbell.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

The device is made up of just few components IR Transmitter and

Receiver, Dual Operational Amplifier (LM358P) IC, 10 Kilo Ohm Variable

Resistor, Resistors, 5 Volts Buzzer, Matrix Board, LED and 9 Volts Battery

to make the device be fully functional. Can be operate in dark environment

and be attached in any place you want. It is less harmful because it requires

only small amount of power (DC) unlike the traditional doorbell that used

high AC power.
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 NO. MATERIALS VALUE QTY

1. Resistor 100Ω 1

2. Resistor 330Ω 1

3. Resistor 10kΩ 1

4. Potentiometer 10kΩ 1

5. Buzzer 5volts 1

6. Dual Operational Amplifier LM358P 1

7. LED 5volts 1

8. IR Proximity Sensor Tx and Rx 1

9. Matrix PCB 2x3 1

10. Battery Snap 9v 1

11. Battery 9v 1

12. Casing Black 1

Table 1.0 - Components Used

Components used in this device does not required big amount to

spend in making it complete. It has the universal capability which make

components easily replaceable.

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MATERIALS DESCRIPTION IMAGE QTY SYMBOL

A resistor is a passive
two-terminal electrical
component that
implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic
Resistor circuits, resistors are 3
used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias
active elements, and
terminate transmission
lines, among other uses.

A light-emitting diode is a
two-lead semiconductor
light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits
light when activated.
When a suitable current
5mm LED 1
is applied to the leads,
electrons are able to
recombine with electron
holes within the device,
releasing energy in the
form of photons.

An operational amplifier
is amplifying device with
very high gain and very
high input impedance &
low output impedance.
Operational
The most common 1
Amplifier
device that we have for
amplification is
transistor, but the
limitation is it amplify
current but not voltage.

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 A buzzer or beeper is an
audio signaling device,
which may be
Buzzer 1
mechanical,
electromechanical, or
piezoelectric.

A potentiometer is a
three-terminal resistor
with a sliding or rotating
contact that forms an
adjustable voltage
Potentiometer 1
divider. If only two
terminals are used, one
end and the wiper, it acts
as a variable resistor or
rheostat.

An infrared sensor is an
electronic device that
emits in order to sense
some aspects of the
IR Sensor 1
surroundings. An IR
sensor can measure the
heat of an object as well
as detects the motion.

Table 1.1 - Components Information

The table contains the usual information on what is the basic function

of the components used in the device. Also it has the actual image, symbol

and diagram to easily identify the pin output and the proper value of its input

to become functional.

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 OPERATIONAL
SENSOR BELL
AMPLIFIER

Figure 1.0 - Block Diagram

The function in Block Diagram show the simplest flow of operation in

the device and simply visualizing the behavior of the components in wide

perspective.

Figure 1.1 Schematic Diagram

A full detailed layout of components which is already connected and

arrange for board lay-out.

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 Figure 1.2 - PCB Circuit Board Reference

PCB Circuit Board Reference is used to trace the position of every

components in Printed PCB.

Figure 1.3 - Printed Circuit Board

Printed Circuit Board is used for PCB Etching which the printed

output is transferred to Copper Clad.

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 Figure 1.4 - Breadboard Prototype

Prototyping was done by using breadboard to secure the operations

and connection before the transferring and soldering in to the Copper Clad.

OPERATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS

IR Sensor Operation

IR sensor basically consist an IR LED and a Photodiode, this pair is

generally called IR pair or Photo coupler. IR sensor work on the principal in

which IR LED emits IR radiation and Photodiode sense that IR radiation.

Photodiode resistance changes according to the amount of IR radiation

falling on it, hence the voltage drop across it also changes and by using the

voltage comparator (like LM358) we can sense the voltage change and

generate the output accordingly.

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 Figure 1.5 – IR Direct Incidence Placing

The placing of IR LED and Photodiode can be done in two ways:

Direct and Indirect. In Direct Incidence (as shown in Figure 1.5) IR LED

and photodiode are kept in front of one another, so that IR radiation can

directly falls on photodiode. If we place any object between them, then it

stops the falling of IR light on photodiode.

Figure 1.5 – IR Indirect Incidence Placing

Indirect Incidence (as shown in Figure 1.6) both the IR LED and

Photo diode are placed in parallel (side by side), facing both in same

direction. In that fashion, when an object is kept in front of IR pair, the IR

light gets reflected by the object and gets absorbed by photodiode. Note that

object shouldn’t be black as it will absorb all the IR light, instead of reflect.

Generally IR pair is placed in this fashion in IR sensor Module.

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Device Full Circuit Operation

You can see the connections in the IR sensor circuit diagram (as

shown in Figure 1.1). Photo diode is connected in reverse bias, inverting end

of LM358 (PIN 2) is connected to the variable resistor, and non-inverting end

(PIN 3) is connected to the junction of photodiode and a resistor. The

transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR

rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the

receiver varies depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation

cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator

circuit. Here an operational amplifier (OP-AMP) of LM358P is used as

comparator circuit.

When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the

inverting input goes higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator

IC (LM358P). Thus the output of the comparator goes low, but the LED and

Buzzer does not go high. When the IR receiver module receives signal to

the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the

comparator (LM358P) goes high and the LED starts glowing and Buzzer

beeps. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k) and R3 (330) are used to ensure that

minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like Photodiode

and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset = 5k) is used to adjust

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the output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset = 10k) is used to set the distance

of sensitivity of the sensor.

Voltage at inverting end, which is also called Threshold Voltage, can

be set by rotating the variable resistor’s knob. Higher the voltage at inverting

end (-), less sensitive the sensor and Lower the voltage at inverting end (-),

more sensitive the sensor.

Figure 1.6 - 3D Model of Final Product Circuitry

The 3D Model was generate by using Sketchup CAD Software.

Weight: 250g
Figure 1.7 - Circuitry Dimension and Weight

The model was in top view showing the dimension in Length x Width

generated in Sketchup Lay-out.

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ASSEMBLY

Figure 1.8 - Actual Device Circuitry

The circuitry that makes the final device functional. Located inside the

casing to ensure protection and visual presentation of the device.

Figure 1.9 – Final Actual Device

Actual made device, an electronic dice which the final working output

of this project. It’s function as stated in its operations.

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CONCLUSION
As we construct the device, we found out the different use of IR

Sensor. It can be used in some devices like measuring the heat of an object

as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only

infrared radiation, rather than emitting (LED) it that why it is called as a

passive IR sensor.

1. We found out that LM358 IC (a comparator) is used for comparing the

sensor and reference voltages. The positive terminal of photodiode

(This is the point where the voltage changes proportion to object

distance) is connected to non-inverting input of OPAMP and the

reference voltage is connected to inverting input of OPAMP.

2. The ICs with the use of proper application of sensor (pinned in the

input) produces gain and configured with added calculations can

make the expected output.

3. By applying the above circuit, the traditional doorbell can be made

automated as we can make it a Touchless Doorbell by using IR

Sensors.

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