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Kari Aho
Project and Business Development Manager
kari.aho@magister.fi
Disclaimer
Material represents the views and opinions of the trainer and not
necessarily the views of their employers or customers
Work history
01/2009 – Project and business development manager at Magister
01/2008 – 12/2008 Senior research scientist at Magister
01/2006 – 12/2007 Researcher / Research trainee at University of
Jyväskylä
Education
Ph.D. 2009-2010, L.Sc. 2007-2009, M.Sc. 2003-2006, University of
Jyväskylä
International publications
20 conference papers
2 journal articles
References
R&D co-operation with largest mobile and network manufacturers
Leadership and membership on customer’s R&D project teams
Technology competence
Second generation cellular systems
GSM, GPRS, EDGE
Third generation cellular systems
WCDMA, TD-(S)CDMA, HSDPA / HSUPA, HSPA+
Next generation cellular systems
LTE, LTE-A
WiMAX, Flash-OFDMA
Goal:
Performance benchamarking between 3G HSDPA
and next generation LTE system
Challenges:
It is
i hard
h d to
t collect
ll t needed
d d statistics
t ti ti from
f
commercial networks
It is not affordable to build large enough test
networks
In relation to LTE, there are only limited commercial
products available
Achievements
Extensive report of the bechmarking study in realistic network
Customer knowledge improvement to better support standardization
International publications
Defining
Start- Result
and Simulations Reporting
up analysis
planning
Course schedule
Introductory
WCDMA technology overview
Standardization
Market and performance situation
Rel’99 WCDMA
Codes
Power Control
Mobility
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
Continuous Packet Connectivity
Internet HSPA
All of the issues form a basis for HSPA and HSPA+ systems and
those are still in use
General readings
WCDMA for UMTS – H. Holma, A. Toskala
HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – H. Holma, A. Toskala
3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband - E. Dahlman, S.
Parkvall, J. Sköld and P. Beming,
Frequency
Benefits
Received signal
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Frequency
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Frequency
Without PC received
UE1 UE2 power levels would
be unequal
q
UE3
UE1
UE3 In theory with PC
UE1 UE2 UE3 received power levels
UE2
would be equal
Soft handover
Improves coverage, decreases interference
UE1 BS 2
BS 1
Multiplexing
l l off d
different
ff services with
h different
d ff QoS require on a
single physical connection
Real-time, (voice, video telephony)
Streaming (video and audio)
Interactive (web-browsing)
Background (e-mail download)
Standardization
Standardization (2/2)
Members
Founding members
ETSI – EU
ARIB – Japan
Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC) – Japan
Telecommunications Technology Association – Korea
Wireless Technologies and Systems Committee (T1P1) – USA
China Communications Standard Association (CCSA) – China later
Different companies, like Nokia, are members through their
respective standardization organization
Naming 3.75G
3.5G
3G LTE LTE-Advanced 4G
3G (incl. HSPA)
Over 650 million 3G subscriptions
Commercially launched by 383 operators in 156 countries
Network peak data rates
247 commercial HSPA networks, i.e 65%, support 7.2 Mbps (peak DL) or
higher
58 HSUPA networks support up to 5.8 Mbps peak UL and another 5
networks support 11.5 Mbps peak
One Song
Whole Album
DVD-Movie
HD-Movie
Unit Magnitude
Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000
Megabyte 1,000,000
Kilobyte 1,000
Contents
Codes
UMTS Architecture
Power Control
Handovers
Downlink Uplink
Questions
based on GSM/GPRS
Node B corresponds
roughly to the Base Station UTRAN
in GSM
Questions
UE1
UE3 In theory with PC
UE1 UE2 UE3 received power levels
UE2
would be equal
Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
Innerloop power control
Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target value and if
the value is higher than target then power is lowered otherwise power is
increased
Outerloop power control
Adjusts the target value for innerloop power control
Can be used to control e.g. the Quality of Service (QoS)
Soft handover
Handover between different
base stations
Connected simultaneously to
multiple base stations
The transition between
them should be seamless
Downlink: Several Node Bs
transmit the same signal to BS 1
UE1 BS 2
the UE which combines the
transmissions
Uplink: Several Node Bs
receive the UE
transmissions and it is
required that only one of
them receives the
transmission correctly
Softer handover
Handover within the
coverage area of one base
station but between
different sectors
Procedure similar to soft
handover BS 1
UE1 BS 2
Hard handover
The source is released first and then new one is added
Short interruption time
Terminology
Active set (AS), represents the number of links that UE is connected
to
Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors which are
not already in active set
Handover parameters
Add window
Represents a value of how much worse a new signal can be compared to
the best one in the current active set in order to be added into the set
Adding link to combining set can be done only if maximum number of
links is not full yet (defined with parameter).
Moreover a new link is added to the active set only if the difference
between the best and the new is still at least as good after the ‘add timer’
is expired. Timer is started when the signal first reaches the desired
level.
Drop window
Represents a value of how much poorer the worst signal can be when
compared to the best one in the active set before it is dropped out
Similarly to adding, signal which is to be dropped needs to fulfill the drop
condition after the corresponding drop timer is expired.
Replace window
Represents a value for how much better a new signal has to be compared
to the poorest one in the current active set in order to replace its place
Replace event takes place only if active set is full as otherwise add event
would be applied
Similarly to add and drop events, also with replace event there exist a
replace timer
Exercises:
Replace ‘Threshold_1’, ‘Triggering time_1’, etc with correct handover
parameter names.
Which event is missing from the example?
Received
signal Threshold_1
Threshold_2
strength
BS2
Questions
To which parts can the fast i.e. closed loop power control be
dived into?
To how many base stations UE is connected to when it makes a
hard handover?
p-t-p p-t-m
Questions
WCDMA Conclusion
Conclusion (2/4)
Codes in WCDMA
Channelization Codes
Spreads the information signal
Separates of downlink connections (DL) or data and control channels
from same terminal (UL)
Scrambling codes
Does not spread the signal
Separates different cells/sectors (DL) or different mobiles (UL)
UTRAN
Needed mainly due to new radio access technology
Node B responsible of handling connections to and from the UE
RNC responsible of radio resource management
Conclusion (3/4)
WCDMA Handovers
Intra-, interfrequency and intersystem handovers
Soft(er) handover for seamless hand-off
Hard handovers with small interruption time when HO is made
HSPA evolutions
Contents
Introduction
HSDPA
HSUPA
Continuous Packet Connectivity
I-HSPA
Conclusion
High
g Speed
p Packet Access ((HSPA)) evolution introduced first downlink
counterpart of the evolution called High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) in Release 5
HSPA was originally designed for non-real time traffic with high
transmission rate requirements
Timeline
First major Japan launched Commercial
Commercial Commercial
milestone by first commercial HSDPA
networks in HSUPA
3GPP Rel’99 3G networks
Europe networks
network
Naming 3.75G
3.5G
3G LTE LTE-Advanced 4G
Questions
Contents
Introduction to HSDPA
Link Adaptation
Fast Retransmissions
Downlink Scheduling
HSDPA Mobility
Introduction to HSDPA
HSDPA does not support Rel’99 features like fast power control
or soft handover
14
12
10
8
6
Instantaneo
4
2 Link
0
-2 adaptation
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs] adjusts the
16QAM3/4
mode within
16QAM2/4
few ms based
QPSK3/4
on CQI
QPSK2/4
QPSK1/4
RNC
Retransmisson Packet
Packet
NodeB
RLC ACK/NACK
Retransmisson
UE Layer 1
ACK/NACK
Radio Link Control (RLC) layer ACK/NACKs also possible with HSPA
UE NodeB RNC
U
User d
data
t
(Re)transmission
RLC
RLC (N)ACK
MAC-d
MAC-hs
(Re)transmission
Layer1
HARQ (N)ACK
What is CQI?
What does link adaptation do?
Which entity initiates RLC re-transmissions?
Which entity initiates HARQ re-transmissions?
d
priority ,
r
where instantaneous data rate, d, is obtained by consulting the link adaptation
algorithm and average throughput, r, of the user is defined and/or updated as
follows
Even though there is only one serving HSDPA cell, the associated
Rel’99 channels can be in soft(er) handover and maintain the
active set as in Rel’99
Node B,
Serving HSDPA
DCH
DCH Node B,
Part of DCH active set
HS-SCCH
UE
DCH/HSDPA
DCH
Questions
Introduction to HSUPA
Multicodes with HSUPA
Uplink Scheduling
HSUPA Mobility
The reason why Rel’99 does not support multicodes is that the
scheduling is controlled by RNC and thus rather slowly
controllable
Potentially wasted resources due to changing channel conditions and
slow adjustment
Also, the lack of HARQ with Rel’99 means lower packet error target
for the system and thus higher resources for UE
Questions
With HSDPA all the cell power can be directed to a single user for
a short period of time
Very high peak data rates achievable for certain UE and all the
others can be left with a zero data rate
However, in the next time instant another UE can be served and so
on
The shared resource of the uplink is the uplink noise rise(*), or the
total received power seen in the Node B receiver
Typically, one UE is unable to consume that resource alone completely
and it is very beneficial for the scheduler to know at each time instant
how much of that resource each UE will consume and to try to maintain
the interference level experienced close to the maximum
(*)ratio between the total power received from all of the UEs at the base station and the thermal noise
Scheduled transmissions
The scheduler measures the noise level and decides whether
Additional traffic can be allocated
Should some users have smaller data rates
The scheduler also monitors the uplink feedback
Transmitted on EE-DPCCH
DPCCH in every TTI
Referred to as happy bits
Tells which users could transmit at a higher data rate both from the
buffer status and the transmission power availability point of view
Questions
Correctly
NodeB
received
Layer 1 packet
ACK/NACK Data
NodeB
UE
Layer 1
ACK/NACK
Questions
Introduction CPC
UL discontinuous transmission
DL discontinuous reception
HS-SCCH less
Performance example
Benefits
Connected inactive HSPA users need less resources and create less
interference => more users can be connected
UE power savings => increased talk time (VoIP)
UTRAN resources are saved
HS-SCCH less
Name one benefit for the UE and one benefit for the network that
UL DTX brings along with it
What kind of constraints there are for configuring a DRX cycle?
Internet HSPA
(I-HSPA)
I-HSPA (1/3)
NodeB /
E-NodeB SGSN
RNC GGSN
UE
Internet /
Intranet
I-HSPA
I-HSPA (3/3)
Release 99
~200 ms Round trip time of 32-Byte packet
200
180 HSDPA
<100 ms
160 Internet
140 HSUPA Iu + core
~50 ms RNC
120
Iub
100 I-HSPA Node B
80 ~25 ms
AI
60 UE
40
20
0
Today HSDPA HSDPA+HSUPA I-HSDPA+
I-HSUPA
Questions
Conclusions (1/2)
Conclusions (2/2)
HSPA improves also the performance of delay critical low bit rate
services, like VoIP, even though it was not originally designed for
that
Th k you!!
Thank