Rip maximum hop is 16

Algorithm = BF

Link state algorithm = D. SPF

Highest ip address is chosen as the first router ID

If ospf is enabled the router is able to process multicast address (224.0.0.5)

How devices discover the network
1) Router ID will be assigned
2) Neighbor formation (hello protocol)
3) Adjacency (multi cast)

Every interface will be uniquely identified by the unique port;

Process ID (locally significant)

The process ID is the ID of the OSPF process to which the interface belongs. The
process ID is local to the router, and two OSPF neighboring routers can have
different OSPF process IDs. (This is not true of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol [EIGRP], in which the routers need to be in the same autonomous system).
Cisco IOS® Software can run multiple OSPF processes on the same router, and the
process ID merely distinguishes one process from another. The process ID should
be a positive integer. In this example, the process ID is 1.

How to enable ospf in the router

#Router ospf 1
#network (connecting IP) (wildcard mask) (area ID)

Subnet mask-A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers
to the subnet/network and which part refers to the host.It is used along with IP
Address.Wildcard Mask- To indicate to the IOS software whether to check or ignore
corresponding IP address bits when c

omparing the address bits in an access list entry , OSPF/EIGRP network command..A
wildcard mask is sometimes referred to as an inverted mask because a 1 and 0 mean the
opposite of what they mean in a subnet (network) mask.

If the device has unstable network loopback interface is introduced to counter the router ID
issue;
Loopback interface (software interface, won't be connected to anything)
Will be chosen as router - 2^32 = the amount of loopback interfaces

How to create loopback;

#Interface loopback 0
Link state advertisement

Neighboring router
IP and subnet mask must match
AreaID
Hello

Instead of exchanging of information to form neighbourship will be advertised by Link state

advertisement. Packet will be sent to confirm the availability via a hello packet, the hello
interval (10 seconds) will be sent to the neighboring network. Dead interval (40 secs) is
initialized when hello packets that has stopped sending.

INIT = initializing neighbouring process , This state specifies that the router has received a
hello packet from its neighbor

2 way = This state designates that bi-directional communication has been established between
two routers. Bi-directional means that each router has seen the other's hello packet. This state is
attained when the router receiving the hello packet sees its own Router ID within the received
hello packet's neighbor field.

designated router (DR) and the backup designated router (BDR)

Exstart = Once the DR and BDR are elected, the actual process of exchanging link state
information can start between the routers and their DR and BDR.
In this state, the routers and their DR and BDR establish a master-slave relationship and choose
the initial sequence number for adjacency formation. The router with the higher router ID
becomes the master and starts the exchange, and as such, is the only router that can increment
the sequence number.

Exchange = OSPF routers exchange database descriptor (DBD) packets. Database descriptors
contain link-state advertisement (LSA) headers only and describe the contents of the entire link-
state database. Each DBD packet has a sequence number which can be incremented only by
master which is explicitly acknowledged by slave.

Loading = the actual exchange of link state information occurs. Based on the information
provided by the DBDs, routers send link-state request packets. The neighbor then provides the
requested link-state information in link-state update packets.

OSPF maintain 3 tables;

1. Neighbour informating
2. Topology (LSDB)
3. Routing

ABR (area border router)

 Basically, an ABR sits between
A router that connects to area 0 is called ABR,
the backbone, and another area. It is responsible for routing traffic
between the backbone and the area it touches, as well as
summarizing routes between both areas. An ABR is the router
which connects the backbone to the stub area.

ABR responsibility is to forward LSA from one area to another.

BMA (broadcast multimedia access) -

DR (designated router) - in a Multi access medium one router is identified as DR to forward

LSA to all the other routers in the network.

BDR = backup DR is determined by or nominated by;

1) Priority
2) Router ID
OSPF 2 multicast = 224.5 (DR / DRothers) / 224.6
LSA will be sent to 224.6,
224.0.0.5 All OSPF routers (DR Others)

224.0.0.6 All OSPF Designated Routers

DRother to DRother = will exchange hello but will not send LSA to each other