TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Page

I. Power Plant and Prime Movers ……………………………………………. 1

II. Load Graphs and their Significance ………………………………………. 6

III. Generating Equiment …………………………………………………….. 9

IV. Synchronous Generator Excitation …..…………………………………. 20

V. Tranformers ………………………………………………………………. 23

VI. Transformer Connection …………………………………………………. 28

VII. Switchboards and Switchboard Layouts ………………………………… 33

VIII. Switching Equipment ……….………………………………………… 37

IX. Switching and Control Devices …………………………………………… 39

X. Meters and Measurements …………………………………………………. 44

XI. Protection of Electrical System …………………………………………… 49

XII. Transmission Line Disturbance and Protection ………………………….. 55

XIII. Substations ……………………………………………………………….. 59

XIV. Distribution System ……………………………………………………… 63

XV. Power Factor Correction ………………………………………………….. 67

 I.
POWER PLANT AND PRIME MOVERS

Q. Enumerate the different types of prime movers used for power plants.

Steam Man Made

A. 1. Turbine Natural

Gas

2. Water Wheels Impulse

Reaction
Propeller or Adjustable
Blades

3. Engines Steam
Gasoline
Diesel Oil

Q. How is steam made by man for power generation use?

A. Steam is produced by means of what we call “boilers”.

Q. What are the different fuels for boilers?

A. Boilers are classified according to what fuel they are designed to operate. Among the
fuel used are:

a. Bunker oil
b. Coal
c. Charcoal
d. Woodchips

Q. Can we produce steam using nuclear reactors?

A. Yes. A radio active material like uranium 235 is cause to fission in a reactor and the
heat produced is transferred to the boiler through heat exchangers, and the water in
the boiler eventually becomes steam.
Q. What do you mean by “fission”?

A. It is the process by which radio active material gradually disintegrates while releasing
energy which is in the form of heat.

Q. Is solar power used to produce man-made steam?

A. Yes, solar heat from the sun is harnessed by engineers to convert water into steam
making it to be classified under manmade.

Q. What is the solarboard they are talking about as source of electrical power?

A. This board used materials similar to that used for solar power calculator. The materials
when exposed to light rays emits electrons constituting the electric current.

Q. Enumerate the three water wheels used for hydro-power.

A. Impulse type; reaction type use and the propeller or adjustable blade type.

Q. Which of the water wheels are intended for high, medium and low heads?

A. Impulse – High Head

Reaction – Medium Head
Propeller – Low Head

Q. When is head high, medium or low?

A. Low heads are up to 50ft.

Medium heads are between 50 ft. and 200ft.
High head are those above 200ft.

Q. What do you call the pipe connecting the water reservoir and the water wheel driving
the alternator?

A. It is called penstock.

Q. What do engineers construct to stop the flow of a river thereby forming a man made
lake?

A. They build dam.

Q. What do engineers construct to stop the flow of a river thereby forming a man made
lake?

A. They build dam.

Q. What is the significance of specific speed?

A. From the specific speed (Ns), we can pre-determined the actual R.P.M. of water
wheels when they are already driving loaded alternators.

Q. Define specific speed.

A. Specific speed (Ns) is the speed of a water wheel that was miniaturized with material
as that of the actual water wheel, so that one foot head of water will produce a shaft
horsepower equal to 1 hp.

Q. How do you determine specific speed?

Q. How do you determine the R.P.M. of the turbine if the brake hp, Ns and head in ft. are
available?

Q. When evaluating the type of power plant to be considered, what factors must be taken
into account?

A. a) Cost of energy at the load center.

b) Continuity of service
c) Reliability of service

Q. If a power plant is hydro, more often than not, it is far away from load centers. In this
case, a transmission line is inevitable. What additional cost will crop up due to
transmission lines?

A. a) Fixed charges
b) Maintenance
c) Cost of energy loss in line
d) Operating labor and superintendence

Q. When is engine as a prime mover economical?

A. Engines like gasoline, diesel or steam are economical to used for small loads.

Q. How small is small load/

A. Up to 100 kva.

Q. Why did the steam engine become obsolete?

A. Engines using hydrocarbon fuel were more economical, and utilizes less space hence
they become more popular than the steam engine.
Q. What replaced the steam engine?

A. Steam turbines replaced the steam engine.

Q. What are some factors to be considered when determining the size and number of
units to be installed on a steam plants.

A. a) Nature of system
b) Nature of the load
c) Location of plant
d) Capacity of plant
e) Economy and efficiency
f) Cost of energy
g) Available sized
h) Control equipment

Q. What factors must be considered when choosing the size and quantity of units on a
hydroplant?

A. a) Nature of system
b) Nature of the load
c) Topography of site
d) Geology of site
e) Available sizes
f) Sizes of headworks and conduits.

Q. What are the factors to be considered when choosing location for steam power plants?

A. a) Accesibility
b) Coal and ash handling
c) Water supply
d) Stability of foundations
e) Facility of extensions
f) Restrictions due to surroundings
g) Cost of real state

Q. Enumerate the factors to be considered when choosing location for hydro power
plants?

A. a) Water privileges
b) Require fall
c) Water supply
d) Stability of foundations
e) Facility of extensions
f) Accessibilty
Q. When a hydro plant and steam are operating together, when will you maximize the use
of any of them?

A. During rainy season, the hydro will be optimize and during summer, it is the steam
plant that will have to carry the base load.

II.
LOAD GRAPHS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
Q. What is the importance of load graph to the electrical engineer?

A. It will guide him determine things like, maximum load. Average load, demand factors,
load factors etc.

Q. What are the two types of load graphs available?

A. The conventional and modified type.

Q. What is the distinct difference of the two?

A. In the conventional, planimeter is needed to be able to know the energy drawn or

delivered. Whereas modified one, for every demand, the energy drawn / delivered can be
determined at a glance.

Q. Define the following.

a) Demand
b) Average Demand
c) Connected Load
d) Demand Factor (DF)
e) Maximum Demand
f) Load Factor (LF)
g) Diversity Factor (Div. F)
h) Utilization Factor (UF)
i) Plant Factor (PL. F)
j) SIMD

A.

a) Demand is the power drawn by a certain connected load over a definite period of
time.
 b) Average Demand – this is normally the summation of demand for every time
interval in one day divided by the number of time interval considered.

c) Connected Load – the sum of all nominal ratings connected to a circuit or a part
thereof.

d) Demand Factor- the ratio of maximum demand with respect to the connected load.

e) Maximum Demand- the highest point in a given conventional load graph.

f) Load Factor- the ratio of the average load to a maximum load of a certain
connected load for a definite period of time.

g) Diversity Factor- for a circuit containing two or more loads, it is the ratio of the
sum of the individual maximum demand to the overall maximum of the resultant
curve.

h) Utilization Factor- for a certain load, it is the ration of the maximum demand to the
capacity of the source.

i) Plant Factor- it is the ratio of the average load to the capacity of power source.

j) SIMD- sum of individual maximum demands.

Q. What are the diversity factors commonly used in power system design?

A.
Residential Commercial Industrial
Among consumers 3.36 1.46 1.44
Among transformers 1.3 1.3 1.25
Among feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15
Among substations 1.1 1.1 1.1

Q. A generating station has a connected load of 43,000 KW and a maximum load of

20,000 KW. The units generated being 61,500,000 KW-HR for one year. Calculate the
load factor and demand factor for this case.

A. Demand factor =

Average power =
 Load factor/year =

Q. a 100 Mw power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut
down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days for each
year. Calculate its annual load factor.

A. Number of days of operation = 365- 45

= 320 days

Total MW hr/ Year =

Max. MWhr/ Year =

Local factor =

Q. If a generating station had a maximum load for the year of 18, 000 KW and a load
factor of 30.5% and the maximum loads on the substations were 7, 500, 5000, 3400,
4600, and 3,800 KW. Calculate the units generated for the year and the diversity factor.

A. L.F. =

KWhr Generated/ year =

=

SIMD =
=

Div. Factor =
 III.
GENERATING EQUIPMENT
A. D.C. GENERATION

Q. Give the classes of D.C. generating equipment.

A. Two- wire generator

Three- wire generator
Motor- generator set
Rotary converter
Mercury- arc rectifier

Q. What are the three general types of D.C. generator

A. Shunt
Series
Compound

Q. How is excitation applied?

A. Self and separate excitation.

Q. Classify field windings and describe or compare them.

A. Shunt field winding and series field winding. Shunt field winding consist of many
turns and is made of small size of conductor. It is generally connected in parallel with
respect to the armature. The series field winding consists of few turns and is basically
made of big size of conductor. It is generally connected in series with the armature
circuit.

Q . What are the areas of classifying compound generators?

A. Compound generators are classified according to:

a) Connection
b) Degree of compounding
c) Interaction of fluxes

Q. Classify compound according to connection.

A. Long shunt Short shunt

Q. Classify compound according to degree of compounding

A. Over compounded
Flat compounded
Under compounded

Q. Classify compound according to interaction of fluxes.

A. When the fluxes produced by series and shunt filed winding are aiding the compound
is called cumulative. However, when they are opposing, it is called differential.

Q. How are the windings of the armature wound?

A. By using multiple or lap method and series or wave method

Q. In our present generation, where is the most important application of D.C. sources of
power.

A. It is in the transportation industry (LRT) including private own automobiles where

D.C. power is most applied.

Q. What is diverter- pole generator?

A. It is a shunt generator where the interpole and main pole were punched into one

Q. Give the application of the amplidyne generator?

A. It is use when a large power change in the armature circuit is needed inspite of very
minimal change in the exciting current.

Q. Enumerate the lossed of a D.C. generator.

A.

Stray loss

Copper losses

Q. Explain the automatic action that takes place when shunt generators are operating in
parallel.
A. If one generator in the system motorizes as a result of lowered voltage, the other
supplies current to it thereby increasing the field current of the motoring generator hence
increasing its generated voltage thus making two with same voltage once more.

Q. In order that compound generators will successfully operate in parallel, what gadget
or device must be connected?

A. For successful parallel operation of compound generators, an equalizer bus must be

connected as shown.

B. ALTERNATING – CURRENT GENERATORS

Q. Give the other name of alternator.

A. Synchronous generator.

Q. Classify alternators according to number of phases.

A. Single, two and three phases.

Q. With the same quantity of materials use to build the three types of alternators
according to phases which of them yields the highest capacity and give the corresponding
comparison.

A. Of the three phases namely, single, two , and three phase that yield the highest
capacity. The percentage capacities are as follows:

Three phases - 100%

Two phases - 95%
Single phases - 67%

Q. What are the two general ways of connecting the armature windings of three phases
alternators?

A. Wye or Star and Delta or Mesh.

Q. Which of the two three phases connection is better?

A. The Wye connected is better because of the following reasons.

1) A neutral point is available.
2) Only 58% of conductors is needed to produce the same voltage as in
Delta.
3) It is impossible for the third harmonic currents to circulate in the
windings.

Q. Classify alternators as to the relative motion between flux and conductors.

A. Stationary poles (flux) rotating conductors, and stationary conductors rotating poles.

Q. When is rotating poles economical?

A. For big capacity alternators, rotating poles are more economical.

Q. Give justifications why rotating poles are economical for big capacities.

A.
1) Armature winding can better be braced.
2) Lesser slip rings and elimination of rubbing contact to transfer power into the
terminals.
3) Cheaper construction.

Q. Classify the two types of rotating poles.

A. Salient and non- salient poles.

Q. Of the two rotating poles, which is preferable?

A. The non- salient is the better because the generated voltage is exactly sinusoidal.

Q. What do you call a high speed synchronous generator?

A. It is called turbo- generator.

Q. Describe in umbrella type alternator.

A. An umbrella type alternator is one wherein the diameter is much bigger compared to
the axial length.

Q. Give the two methods of mounting alternators.

A. Horizontal and vertical mounting.

Q. For vertical mounted alternators, give the two thrust bearings generally acceptable.

A. Kingsbury thrust bearing and Spring Thrust bearing.

Q. What are the three circuits found in every alternator which are also found in every
electrical machine?

A. Electric, magnetic and dielectric circuits.

Q. Enumerate the different classes of insulation used for alternators and other electrical
machine. Give also their thermal limits.

A. Class O – 90 °C
Class A – 105 °C
Class E – 120 °C
Class B – 130 °C
Class F – 155 °C
Class H – 180 °C
Class C – 200 °C
Class C* - above 200 °C

Q. What are the parameters of alternator electric circuit.

A. Re – effective resistance

XL – leakages reactance or the reactance due to self inductance of the armature

windings.

XF – fictitious reactance which is actually due to armature reaction.

XS – synchronous reactance which is the sum of XL and XF

Q. How do you call the no load saturation curve of alternators?

A. OCC – Open Circuit Curve or OCTC- Open Circuit Terminal Curve.

 IV.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATION EXCITATION

Q. how do you determine the capacity of main exciter for a certain alternator?

A. If the number of poles of the alternator is more than six, it will three to five percent of
all the alternator capacity. If the number of poles however, is less than four poles, it is one
0.3% of alternator capacity.

Q. What the common voltages of used for excitation?

A. 125 volts & 250 volts.

Q. What do you call the generator that excites the main exciter?

A. Pilot exciter.

Q. What kind of generator is usually used as pilot exciter?

A. Flat compound generator.

Q. Enumerate the different methods by which an exciter is driven.

A By coupling it with the alternator and by induction motor which is powered through a
Bus bar supplied by the alternator it excites.

Q. What are voltage regulators?

A. They are used to make sure the terminal voltages of alternators are almost constant
Inspite of varying loads.

Q. Give the classicification of voltage regulators.

A. Vibrating type & rheostatic type.

Q. Explain the principle of operation of the vibrating type voltage regulator.

A, A set of contacts connected in parallel which the field rheostat closes when the
Alternator voltage is low hence the generated voltage on the exciter increase and so
That of the alternator and vice versa if the alternator if the alternator voltage is high.
The close-opening of the contacts are so fast that it resembles vibrations.

Q. Explain the principle of the rheostatic voltage type of voltage regulator.

A. The field rheostat of the exciter is so designed so that its resistance can be increased or
Decreased through the action of voltage sensor which is an integral part of the voltage
Regulator.

Q. Enumerate the two general types of rheostatic voltage regulators.

A. Direct & indirect rheostatic voltage regulators.

Q. What are the three famous direct rheostatic voltage regulators and who were their
Manufactures.

A. Silver stat – Westinghouse

Diactor - General electric
Rocking arm contact – Allis Chalmers

Q. Can we use the whetstone bridge as voltage regulators?

A. Yes, by simply changing the resistance of the four resistors, the current flowing on the
Bridge can be altered hence it can be used as regulator.

Q. What is the general rule when two recommended direct or indirect rheostatic voltage
Regulators?

A. In general alternators above 20,000 KVA irregardless of speed require indirect type.

Q. What must be installed in the event voltage regulator is quite far away from the
Alternator terminals.

A. Line drop compensation.

Q. Older regulating circuits included a short circuit protective device to limit

The rise in alternator excitation under alternator short circuits. Why has this device
Been dropped form modern system?

A. With the advent of high speed circuit breakers, before the protective device can even
Activate, the fault current was already eliminated by the action of the circuit breaker.

Q. Why is it not advisable to use an automatic circuit breaking device in an exciter?

Circuit?

A. The sudden breakage of the circuit will cause the inducement of high voltage on the
Windings which may rapture the insulation.
Q. What it the purpose of the field-discharge switch? Of the field discharge resistance?

A. The field discharge switch is use to break a highly inductive circuit. As it breaks the
Circuit however, it forms a new closed circuit whit a resistor connected as load of
The coil. This resistor whose purpose is to limit the rate decay of the current hence,
No high voltage is induced.
 V.
TRANSFORMERS

Q. What is an electric transformer?

A. It is device/equipment use to change alternating current voltage with out causing

Any changes in the frequency.

Q. Give the two types of transformers.

A. Induction type and Auto type.

Q. Give the different types of magnetic circuits employed to induction type.

A. 1.) Stacked Laminations

a.) Rectangular core
b.) Cruciform core
c.) Simple shell
d.) Distributed shell

2.) Wounded core

Q. Why are transformers rated in KVA?

A. All electrical machines are ultimately rated based on the temperature by which the
Insulation will melt. The major source of heat in many electrical machines especially
Transformers are the copper loss and core loss. Copper loss is primary due to current
Or amperage and the core loss is dependent to voltage. The capacity therefore of
Transformers depends on the two losses which are voltage amperage, hence their
Capacities are in VA, KVA OR MVA.

Q. What is the danger of using auto transformer as power supply?

A. When there is accidental opening of the common winding? The whole voltage will
Be impressed on the load which may burn it especially if it is step down X’ former.

Q. Enumerate the methods of cooling X’ former considered economical.

A. 1.) Natural convection of air and radiation.

2.) Air blasting.
3.) Oil immersed self cooled.
 4.) Oil immersed water cooled.
5.) Forced oil cooling.

Q. Give the specific name of current transformer load.

A. Burden.

Q. Why is the secondary of the CT shorted when it has no load and with the primary
Energized?

A. In order to prevent the following to happen.

1.) Inducement of high voltage on the secondary winding which may rapture the
Insulation.
2.) Creation of magnetic bias which will destroy the linearity of the magnetic circuit.

Q. What is the allowance given to current transformers when determining their V.A.
Ratings.

A. Computed volt amperes plus fifty percent.

Q. What is the usual rating of potential transformers?

A. About 200 volt amp

Q. To make sure potential X’formers are not affected by sustained short circuit,
What protection must be employed?

A. Provide a resistor with a fuse on the primary side.

Q. classify transformer according to polarity and explain each.

A. The two classification are additive & subtractive polarities. When the polarity
Marked terminals both primary & secondary are adjacent to one another, it
Is said to be subtracted. Otherwise, it is called addictive.

Q. How do you determine whether the polarity is addictive or subtractive?

A. 1.) By inspection)
2.) By inductive kick method
3.) By A.C method

Q. Explain inductive method

A. Connect one winding to battery with a make-break mechanism and the other winding
To a D.C. voltmeter, taking note of the deflection of the pointer. If the polarity mark of
the primary is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the positive terminal
of the voltmeter is connected to the suspected polarity marked terminal of the secondary
and the pointer deflects up as the primary circuit is made, then the suspected location of
the secondary polarity marked is confirmed.

Q. Explain the A.C method of deterring the polarity of transformer.

A. Energize the primary with its rated voltage and connect one pair of adjacent leads to
one another. The other pair of adjacent leads be connected to an A.C. voltmeter. Take note
of the voltmeter reading. If it is equal to sum of primary and secondary voltages, the
polarity is said to be additive. If it is of the two, the polarity is said to be subtractive.

Q. Explain the principle operation of the CCT.

A. CCT – is Constant Current Transformer.

Its secondary is movable driven by the fluxes of secondary & primary windings that are
pushing one another. As secondary moves away from the primary due to high current,
the induced voltage is reduced causing the current in the secondary to be decreased and
vice versa, maintaining a constant current in the load.

Q. What are induction voltage regulators?

A. They are connected at the end of lines to boost the voltage.

Q. What is the purpose of oil in a transformer and what kind of use.

A. The oil serves as coolant and insulator. These are two kinds of insulating oil used for
transformers. One is the mineral oil and other is the so called inert synthetic oil.

Q. What is the minimum DBV of oil transformers?

A. The minimum DI-electric breakdown voltage for mineral oil is 32 KV and 25 KV for
inert synthetic oil.

Q. What instrument is used to determine the DBV of insulating oil?

A. Oil tester.

Q. How do remove the impurities in insulating oil for the purpose of increasing DBV?

A. By filter press machine or by centrifugal purifier.

Q. Explain how transformer breaths.

A. When transformer are fully loaded, the temperature increases causing the oil to expand
which pushes the oil above it to exhale through the breath. When the transformer is
highly loaded, the oil contacts causing vacuum above it hence air inhales through the
breather which has filter capability.

Q. What is conservator tank?

A. It is a tank intended as extension for breathing.

Q. What material is used as filter element for the breather or transformer?

A. Calcium chloride

Q. In a glass sealed transformer, what kind of gas sealant is used?

A. 98% nitrogen gas.

Q. What is the purpose of the sealant gas?

A. In the event leak occurs, it will take some time before atmospheric air enters the
transformer. The maintenance staff, with the help of the pressure gage attached.

Q. In event leak occurs, how is it prepared?

A. The tank is purge with nitrogen to a certain pressure and then with the help of soap
suds bubbling is observe, after which application of “Duvan” cement is on the pin-
pointed leak.

Q. What is the damaging affect of atmospheric air on oil transformer?

A. It oxidizes it creating sludge which lowers the DI electric strength of the oil.

Q. Enumerate the different types of bushing used for transformers.

A 1.) Solid bushing

2.) Condenser bushing
3.) Oil-filed bushing

VI.
TRANSFORMER CONNECTION
Q. Give the advantage of having two sets of secondary windings in a single phase
transformer.

A. Flexibility is increased and two voltages will be available. Namely 100% and 200%.

Q. Compare two phase and 2 single phase systems.

A. In a two phase system, the two voltages are in quadrate or out of phase by 90 whereas,
two single phase are in phase.

Q. What are the possible secondary connections for two phases (number of leads coming
out).

A. Three wire four wire, four wire with mid taps connected and five wires.

Q. Enumerate the most important combinations of transformer connection for three phase
systems.

A. Delta-Delta, Wye-Delta, Delta-Wye, Wye-Wye, Open-Delta, T or Scott connection and

auto transformer.

Q. Give the application of the above connection of three phase transformer to where they
are best suited.

A. Delta-Delta and Wye-Wye – for moderate change in the magnitude of voltage. The
Wye-Wye is further suited when a second voltage, which is the phase voltage is needed.

Wye-Delta – for big decrease in voltage as in distribution substation where the input is
the voltage of the transmission system.

Delta-Wye – for big increase in voltage as in transmission substation where the output is
the transmission voltage.

Open – Delta – when the initial load is small but will eventually increase.

T or Scott Connected – to convert three phase to two phases & vice versa.

Auto transformer – for intermittent operation.

Q. Why are the Wye-Wye connected transformers unstable?

A. The exciting current should contain third harmonic so that the induced voltage will be
sinusoidal wave. In the case of Wye-Wye, the exciting current do not have third harmonic
component hence the induced voltage in the secondary is distorted sinusoidal, making it
unstable.

Q. How do you make Wye-Wye connected transformer stable during operation?

A. By providing grounding on the neutrals.

Q. What is the advantage of Wye connected transformer over the Delta connect when the
voltage are the same?

A. You need only 58% of copper conductor per phase to yield the same voltage as in
Delta connected.

Q. Why are auto transformers not safe as power source for continuous operation? (3 hrs.
or more).

A. In the event common winding is open, the high voltage (in the case of step down) will
be impressed to the load, damaging the load as well resulting to two casualties instead of
just one which is supposed to be the transformer only.

Q. When is open-Delta or VV connection justified?

A. When the initial load, which is 30 is still very small as in the case of building
construction, open-Delta with a capacity of only 58% as to its full Delta rating will be
ideal because the amount for the third unit can still be diverted to some other important
endeavor or, it can be used for investment purposes.

Q. Show Scott Connected Transformer

Q. How do you distinct from one another, the two transformers used for Scott connected
transformers?
A. the transformer with 86.6% is called the teaser transformer, and the one with 50% is
called main. For balanced loading on the 20% side. The two units should have same KVA
rating.

Q. What kind of transformer connection can neutralized the current of the third wire of
Edison Systems (three wires D.C.)

A. By the used of “zigzag” connected transformers.

Q. What transformer connection can convert two phase to six phase?

A. Double T-connected transformer.

Q. Enumerate the connection used to convert three phase to six phase.

A. Double T; Double Delta; Double Wye and Diametrical Connections.

Q. As far as stability of three phase operation is concerned, which connection will allow
three phases even one of the transformers becomes in operational.

A. Delta Connected transformer will maintain three phase even if one transformer is
defective. It will operate as open Delta with reduce capacity of 58% of the Delta-Delta
capacity.

Q. Enumerate the requirements for successful parallel operation of 30 (three-phase)

transformers.

A. 1.) Same polarity

2.) Same phase sequence or rotation.
3.) Same angular displacement
4.) Same turns ratio
5.) Impedances are of proper magnitude.

Q. Why can ever connect in parallel operation Delta-Wye (or wye Delta) to Delta-Delta
(or Wye-Wye).

A. Because the angular displacement can never be the same, being an inherent
characteristic.

Q. What are practically all transformers provides with taps?

A. To take good care of sustained voltage changes in the primary which will ensure
constant voltage on the output side?
Q. What is the usual percentage of top used for tap changers?
A. Usually, the nominal rating is middle of available taps & for every 2.5%, a tap is
provided. Two taps above & two taps below the nominal rating are common.

Q. What precaution if any, must be observed when operating a no-load tap charger.

A. Make sure the load of the transformer is disconnected prior to the operation of the top
changer.

Q. Are there tap changers that can be operated with the load connected to the
transformer?

A. Yes, there are available. They are called automatic load tap changers.

Q. What kind of transformer used and is part of KW- hr. meters to make sure the voltage
and current are in quadrant.

A. Phase shifting transformers.

Q. Give the transformer used in connection with hand lamps when conducting
maintenance work on refineries.

A. They are called isolating transformers.

VII.
SWITCH BOARDS AND SWITCH BOARD LAYOUTS

Q. How do you classify switchboards?

A. Classification is according to the following.

1.) Service
2.) Control
3.) Frame work
4.) Panel material
5.) Arrangement

Q. How do you differentiate panel to switch board.

A. Switch boards have at least two doors or openings, whereas a panel board has only
one.

Q. Classify switch boards according to service.

A. Direct current and alternating current.

Q. What kind of breaker is usually used for D.C switch boards?

A. The breaker usually used is the carbon circuit breaker.

Q. How is carbon circuit breakers installed?

A. They are normally installed on the upper part of the switch board so as to ensure that
the arc produce when breaking heavy current will not damage any other equipment on the
board.

Q. Enumerate the different methods by witch switch boards can be controlled.

A. Direct manual; manual remote and electrical remote.

Q. Give some forms usually used for switch board.

A. Standing type, table type, console type, console with dash board type, cabinet type,
closet type etc.

Q. What are some of the materials generally used for switch board panels?

A. Slate; asbestos ebony & steel plates.

Q. Give the limitation of slate when used as paneling material.

A. Slate boards are not recommended for voltages over 600 to 1,200 volts.

Q. Who introduced asbestos ebony as paneling material for switchboard?

A. Johns – Manville Inc.

Q. Enumerate the advantages of steel plate as paneling material for switchboard?

A. 1.) Lower cost in manufacturers, shipment, erection, & maintenance.

2.) About five times lighter than slate.
3.) Simplicity in reaction, as the steel panel forms its own framework.
4.) Easily maintained.
5.) Unbreakable.

Q. Give the methods wiring electrically operated switch-board.

A. 1.) Flat panel wiring

2.) Angle-iron wiring
3.) “L” bracket wiring

Q. What is the advantage of the semi circular arrangement of switchboards?

A. The advantage is the elimination of error due to parallax.

Q. Enumerate the basic components of the following switchboards. (Measuring

instruments & relays).

a.) Swinging instrument

b.) Alternator
c.) Exciter
d.) Incoming line
e.) Auxiliary compartment
f.) Auxiliary compartment, ground detection totalizing metering.
g.) Feeder.
h.) Induction motor full voltage starting
i.) Induction motor reduced voltage starter
j.) Synchronous motor
k.) Bus sectionalizing unit
l.)

A. a.) Two voltmeters, frequency meter and synchroscope.

b.) Power factor meter, ammeter, Wattmeter, Watt hour meter, 3 differential
relays and Auxiliary tripping relay.
 c.) Voltmeter, Ammeter, Temperature Indicator, Voltage Regulator, Field
Rheostat.
d.) Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt hour meter & 3 over current relay.
e.) 6 units of reverse current relay.
f.) 3 voltmeters, graphic instrument.
g.) ammeter, watt hour meter, 3 over current relay.
h.) ammeter, watt hour meter, under voltage relay, thermal load & 3 over
current relay.
i.) ammeter, watt hour meter, under voltage relay, thermal load, timing relay &
3 over current relay.
j.) reactive volt ampere meter, ammeter, watt hour meter, under voltage relay,
thermal overload, 3 overload relay, field ammeter, timing relay, field rheostat & 3
differential relay.
k.) 3 over current relay.

Q. What is the miniature bus and what role does it play?

A. The single line diagram of the system embossed on the frontal of the switchboard. It is
used to guide operators to what part will be energized as a result of breaker operation.
 VIII.
SWITCHING EQUIPEMENT

Q. Enumerate the component that comprises switching equipment of a plant.

A. 1.) All bus bar structures

2.) Switch house or rooms
3.) Mechanism of circuit breaker or switches.
4.) Switchboards.

Q. Give the factors to be considered when selecting switching equipment.

A. 1.) Maximum safety to life & property

2.) Continuity of service
3.) First cost
4.) Available space
5.) Desired operating features
6.) Voltage of plant and system
7.) Capacity of plant and system

Q. Classify the types of switching equipment.

A. 1.) Direct manual

2.) Manual remote
3.) Electrical remote

Q. Give the application limitations of the different type of switching equipment.

A. For direct manual.

For 30 up to 3000 KVA.
For 10 up to 2000 KVA.
For 20 up to 4000 KVA.

For all the phases, the voltage limit is 6,600 volts for Remote Manual
Breakers should not exceed 2,000 Amps. Up to 50,000 volts and for power stations, not
to exceed 25,000 KVA.
For Electric Remote no voltage current & KVA limits.

Q. What the different methods of mounting switching equipment.

A. 1.) Wall mounting

2) Frame work mounting
3.) Combination of wall & frame mounting
4.) Concrete or masonry structure masonry
 5.) Combination of concrete & structural mounting.

Q. In using manual control (remote), how is transfer of movements carried?

A. By means of short levers on a fixed fulcrum called “Bell Cranks” and connecting rods
made of ¾ inch iron pipes.

Q. How is switching equipment generally installed?

A. Generally, high voltage components are installed outdoor and low voltages indoor.

Q.What do you call the unique arrangement of bus structures wherein the three phase
circuit is entirely isolated from one another however, they have common operating
mechanism.

A. Isolated phase arrangement.

Q. What do you call the completely insolated, compact switching equipment?

A. Metal-clad switchgear.

Q.Why are bus bars installed farther away from one another at higher elevations with
same voltage as in the lower elevation?

A. Because of the cooling of air at higher elevations resulting to high moisture on the
air, the probability of flash is very high.
 IX.
SWITCHING AND CONTROL DEVICES

Q. Give some components that comprise switching devices?

A. All types of switches, fuses and circuit breaker.

Q. What do you call the part of fuse that melts when high current passes thru it thus
breaking the circuit?

A. It is called fuse link.

Q. What material is the fuse link made of?

A. It is an alloy of lead.

Q. Give the different important types of fuses.

A. 1.) Cartridge fuses

2.) Transformers fuse black & Cutout.
3.) Expulsion fuse.

Q. Up to what voltage can we avail cartridge fuse.

A. Up to 25,000 volts.

Q. What kind of fuse is used is used for higher voltages?

A. Expulsion fuse.

Q. Give the meaning and use of C.L.F.

A. C.LF. Means Current Limiting Fuse. It is use as a protection for low level faults like
series fault.

Q. Enumerate some switches available & give their uses.

A. 1.) Knife Switches – for low voltage/ ampere circuits.

2.) Disconnecting switches – for Isolating parts of a certain circuit for safety purposes.
3.) Air-Break Switches – are meant to break circuits under load. They usually used for
outdoors and are used up to maximum of 135 K.V.
4.) Control Switches – used to control operation of other equipment. It is normally
installed on switchboard.
5.) Auxiliary Switch – this are actuated by other control switch or device. They are
usually used to carry higher load than the initiator switch.
6.) Oil Switch – used for high voltage and current.
7.) Magnetic – Impulse Switch – the arc is extinguished by magnetic blowing.

Q.Enumerate the different criteria on how breakers are classified.

A. Breakers are classified according to the following criteria.

1.) Interrupting medium
2.) Service
3.) Operation
4.) Contacts
5.) Action
6.) Mode of control
7.) Tank Construction
8.) Mounting

Q. What are the different mediums used to interrupt breakers?

A. Oil, Air, Air Blast, Oil Magnetic Blass & Gas.

Q. Give the two kinds of oil used and mention the other use as far as breakers are
concerned.

A. The two kinds of oil used for breakers are: Mineral oil and inert synthetic oil. Aside
from being an arc quencher, oil serves also as coolant and as insulation.

Q. Inert synthetic oil was banned in highly progressive countries like USA and JAPAN.
What was the rationale behind?

A. Aside from being toxic, when inert synthetic oil enters the pores of the skin and enters
the fetus carried by a pregnant woman that was transferred through sexual activity, the
fetus will finally become abnormal.

Q. What is the most popular gas used as medium for interrupting breakers?

A. SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride)

Q. Give the classification of circuit breakers according to service.

A. Indoor or Outdoor service

Q. How are breakers classified according to operation?

A. 1.) Gravity opened

2.) Gravity closed
3.) Horizontal break
Q. Enumerate the different types of contacts available for circuit breakers.

A. 1.) Butt
2.) Wedge
3.) Laminated flat contact
4.) Bayote
5.) Explosion chamber
6.) Deion Grid

Q. What are the type of contacts patented by GE and Westinghouse?

A. GE patented the explosion chamber and Westinghouse patented the deion grid.

Q. Differentiate automatic and non-automatic action of circuit breakers?

A. Automatic acting circuit breakers will reclose by itself on a certain preset time after
the breaker had tripped. A non-automatic acting circuit breaker can not reclose by itself.

Q. What are the different ways of controlling circuit breakers?

A. Direct control and remote control. Under remote control, this can be either motor or
solenoid.

Q. How are breaker components enclosed?

A. All phases in one tank or one tank in one place.

Q. How do we mount circuit breakers?

A. Breakers can be mounted inside the panel, at the rear of the panel or remote from the
panel.

Q. What are different ratings needed in the specification of circuit breakers?

A. Voltage, amperes, frequency, interrupting capacity, momentary rating, duty cycle and
speed.

Q. What is interrupting capacity?

A. It is the maximum current a breaker can handle during interruption, without causing
any mechanical damage to itself. It is rated in KVA or MVA.

Q. Define momentary rating of circuit breakers.

A. Momentary rating is the maximum current a breaker can handle at closed position
without causing any damage, mechanical or electrical, to itself. It is rated to amperes.
Q. Explain duty cycle rating of circuit breaker

A. It is the number of times a breaker operated at rated current until finally the contacts
are worn out.

Q. What is pantograph switch?

A. Is the switch used in connection with electric rail transportation system. It is the
switch connected to the catenary cable to power the electric locomotive.

Q. How does a circuit breaker for an outdoor substation differ from a similar breaker
under cover?

A. It is the enclosure that makes the difference the enclosure of outdoor type is
weatherproof.

Q. Explain the action and purpose of a trip-free-from-handle circuit breaker?

A. It use to position the breaker so it can not be operated, that is it can not be closed nor
opened.

Q. Why are breakers de-rated at higher altitudes?

A. Breakers are derated at higher altitudes on those places, the dissipation of heat is
slowed down as a result of low pressure (molecules of air are father form one another
causing heat transfer to be slower).
 X:
METER AND MEASUREMENTS

Q. How are measuring instruments classified?

A. Measuring instruments are classified according to the following criteria.

1) principle of operation
2) mechanism
3) scale deflection
4) application

Q. what are some of the most important requirements that a commercial meter should
passes?

A. 1) Rugged mechanism
2) Permanent calibration
3) Proper dumping
4) Non sensitivity to stray magnetic fields.

Q. What do you mean by dumping?

A. It means that the indicator or pointer of a certain measuring instrument does not
oscillate to give
the reading but instead it stops in a dead beat manner.

Q. what are the principles that govern the operation of the different measuring
instruments?

A. The different governing principles are as follows

1) Electrostatic
2) Electromagnetic
3) Electro thermal
4) Electromechanical
5) Electro digital

Q. Of the governing principles available, which of them is considered the most practical
and why?

A. The most practical of them all is the electromagnetic because it is durable, not
sensitive to dust, not very expensive and easy to repair.

Q. What kind of material is used in conjunction with electro thermal instruments?

A. it is the platinum – iridum alloy .

Q. How do further classify electro magnetic measurements?

A. They are classified in this manner.

1) Permanent magnet type
2) Moving iron type
3) Dynamometer type
4) Induction type

Q. Which of the type under electromagnetic type of instruments is the most applicable to
portable type instruments?

A. It is the permanent magnet.

Q. What kind of coil is used for moving iron meters?

A. The coil is called Thomson inclined coil.

Q. What application is induction type meters common?

A. It is commonly applied to instruments where integrating of the value monitored is at

stake.
The very good example is the KW-hr meter.

Q. Aside from integrating mechanism what other types if mechanism arte available for
measuring instruments?

A. The other mechanism are:

1) indicating
2) integrating
3) recording

Q. Can we convert indicating to recording mechanism?

A. Yes by the simple addition of graphing paper with its own driver and pen or stilus to
print the parameter being monitored.

Q. are the scale of measuring instruments all uniform?

A. No, some are non uniform like the OHM meter.

Q. What are the common shapes of instruments and how are they mouted?
A. The shapes can either be rounded or rectangular. Either shape can be mounted in any
of the following, flush or the surface mounted.

Q. Identify the voltmeter that can be used as ammeter.

A .It is the mill voltmeter.

Q. What instruments measures the energy consumed by a certain load?

A. It is the watt-hour meter.

Q .Do we have clamp ammeter or both AC and DC?

A. yes, but the DC type operates on a principle different from that of AC which simply
operates on
Transformer action.

Q. What instruments is used to evaluate the insulation condition for high voltage system

A. It is called highpot (hi-pot) tester.

Q. Are there how many types if hi-pot tester available.

A. We have two namely DC and AC hi-pots

Q. Describe how to use hi-pot testers.

A. The leads of the hi-pot are connected to the line and ground respectively, after which
the tester is operated.

Q. How do you evaluate the test results of hi-pot.

A. If DC hi-pot is used and nondestructive test is being conducted, apply the voltage
equals to 1.7
Times the KV rating of the system being tested. After one minute, if the current monitor
on the hi-pot remains the same, it means the insulation is okay. For AC hi-pots, the only
difference is on the multiplier which is 1.7 times 1.5 times the KV rating of the machine
of tester.

Q. What instrument is used to measure contact resistance of circuit breakers?

A. it is called “Ducter”.

Q. This instrument is used to measure insulation resistance. Identify.

A. It is called Megger.
Q. can we use two current transformer and three ammeters to monitor line current of
three phase system?

A. yes, provide the neutral of the three phase system is not grounded.

Q. show the connection of 2 CT and 3 ammeters.

Q. why are synchroscope mounted on the swinging panels?

A. In order to be able to position in such a way what it is not forming an angle with
respect to the reader who may be at a distance operating the control switches of
alternators to be paralleled, hence no error of reading due to the parallax will result to.

Q. when in doubt with the correction of synchroscope and that synchronizing lamps are
also available, which of the two is more reliable?

A. if the indication of the two do not agree to one another, it is the synchronizing lamp
that will prevail. How ever, if there are in conformity to one another, is is the
synchroscope that is better because is can provide more information.

Q. in a given high voltage oline the current is less that 5 amp. Range. Would you connect
the meter directly into the line?

A. since most ammeter enclosure are designed only fo up to 1000 volts, the direct use of
the ammeter will not be safe.
 XI.
PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Q. what are the two general types of faults?

A. series and shunt faults.

Q. explain or describe the two faults namely series and shunt.

A. series faults are the overloads and shunt faults are the short circuits.

Q. give the different types of shunt faults

A.
1) three phase fault
2) two line to ground
3) line to line
4) line to ground

Q. what are the different components or zone covered by a certain protective device?

A. these zones includes.

1) generators
2) low-tension busses
3) transformers
4) high-tension busses
5) high-tension transmission lines
6) feeders

Q. enumerate some faults or defects that may hamper the operation of rotating
mechanism that requires protection.

A.
1) short circuits
2) open circuits
3) over current
4) over heating
5) monitor or generator
6) loss of field
7) overspeeding
8) bearing overheating
9) single phase and unbalanced current operation
10) stator over voltage
11) under voltage
12) under speed
13) loss of synchronism
14) single and reverse phase starting.

Q. give some faults encountered by transformers.

A.
1) short circuits
2) open circuits
3) overloads
4) insulation failure
5) over heating due to ventilation failure

Q. enumerate some faults that busses may encounter.

A. insulator support failure, shunt faults, mechanical support failure.

Q. enumerate the critical faults that may hamper the operation of lines like transmission
and feeder lines,

A. series and shunt.

Q. what are the two major parts of every protective scheme?

A. the part that senses and classifies that fault and the part that actuates causing some sets
of contacts to either close or open which in turn triggers the tripping of circuits breakers.

Q. give the 3 elements of a protective relay.

A.
1) actuating elements
2) movable elements
3) set of contacts

Q. how are relay classified?

A. relay are classified according to the following criteria?

1) time action
2) mechanical details or principle of operation
3) according to their application

Q. classify time action relays.

A. 1) instantaneous
2) definite time
3) inverse
4) very inverse
5) extremely inverse

Q. what are the principles that govern the operation of protective relays?

A.
1) plunger type
2) induction type
3) electronic type

Q. give some basic application of protective relays.

A 1) current relays - over and under load

2) directional relays – reverse current
- reverse power
- reverse phase
- reverse polarity
3) voltage relays – under and over voltage
4) auxiliary relays – for control and signalization
5) differential relays
6) distance or impedance relays.

Q. how relays are presented or shown on the electrical diagrams?

A. By use of device function numbers as approved by organization like NEMA, IEC,

NASI etc.

Q. enumerate some relays commonly used, including breakers and give their relays.

50-----AC time over the current relay

51-----AC circuit breaker
51-----exciter DC generator relay
53-----power factor relay
55-----pressure switch
57-----grounding device
59-----over voltage relay
63-----pressure switch
64-----ground protective relay
65-----governor
67-----AC directional over current relay
72-----DC circuit breaker
74-----alarm key
76-----DC over current relay
78-----phase angle measuring relay
79-----AC reclosing relay
81-----frequency relay
82-----DC reclosing relay
85-----carrier or pilot wire receiver relay
86-----lock out relay
87-----differencial relay
90----- Regulating relay

Corresponding device function numvers.

A. device function number relay/dive

6-----starting circuit breaker

7-----made circuit breaker
12----over speed device
14-----under speed device
15-----speed speed or frequency matching
17-----discharge switch
20-----electrical operated value
21-----distance relay
23-----temperature control device
25-----synchronism
26-----apparatus thermal device
27------under voltage relay
30------enunciate relay
32------directional power relay
37------under current or under power relay
40------field relay
41------field circuit breaker
42------running circuit breaker
43------manual transfer switch
46------reverse phase relay
47------phase sequence voltage relay
49------machine or transformer thermal
91------voltage directional relay
92------voltage and power directional relay

Q. what protection device offers the best alternators?

A. differential relay

Q. when using differential for 3 phase transformer, what must be observed when
connecting the current transformers?
A. when transformer is connected to delta, its CT must be in wye and vice versa.

Q. how can we protectively protect transmission lines?

A. by using distance relay

Q. what are some basic rules that must be offered in system protection?

A. the breaker nearest to fault should trip first.

Their should be coordination on the time setting of the different protective relays.

Q. enumerate the different schemes of protection designed for overhead parallel

transmission line.

A.
1) inverse time limit overload relay system.
2) balance protective system.
3) pilot wire system
4) inverse – time-limit overload and reverse power relay system
5) double-contact reverse power delay
6) differential relay system

Q. what kind of protection system is made exclusively for underground cables?

A. split conductor method.

Q. how can protection against reversal of power and over load be obtained at the same
time?

A. by use of directional over current relays.

 XII.
TRANSMISSION LINE DISTURBANCE
AND PROTECTION

Q. What is lighting and how it is form?

A. Lighting is the discharge of accumulated electrons in the atmosphere towards the

ground. During summer, because of tremendous heat, the movement of the air in an up
and down motion is fast. Heated air goes up and once cooled tends to go down. While the
molecules of the air are traveling up, they tend to collide one another causing some
electron to be objected. After a while, these ejected electrons from an visible electron
cloud. After summer, when wet air from sea starts entering the land which is the start of
wet season, the dielectric strength of air is reduced relatively hence the negative potential
of the electron cloud which by this time is already very high, can puncture the air
insultion resulting to a massive discharge of electrons in the form of arc. That is what we
call lighting discharge.

Q. Give the maximum voltage gradient coming from lightning.

A. When the electron cloud is exactly above a reference point,the voltage gradient is 100
KV per ft, at one fourth mile away, it si 32 KV per foot, at one half mile away, it is 12.3
KV per foot and at one mile distance, it is 3.6 KV/ft.

Q. Give the damaging effects of lightning if any.

A. There are 2 damaging effects of lighting,1 st, it is the so called direct hit where in the
support of lines can be toppled down. The 2nd effect is the inducement of surge voltage
which increases the current in the line resulting to the equivalent of short circuit.

Q. Aside from the external causes of line disturbances, what other are available?

A. The so called internal causes is considered one of the sources of line disturbances.

Q. Internal causes is a very general term, specify its meaning.

A. These internal causes can be attributed to such things like short circuits, erroneous
switching etc.

Q. Since the advent of electrical engineering, what has been developed to protect
electrical system against the adverse effects of lighting?
A. Many devices has been developed not to prevent lighting but how to minimize it not
totally eradicate the adverse effects of lighting. Among the device development were the
ff:

1) overhead grounding
2) lighting arresters
3) arcing horns or rings
4) choke coils

Q. What can overload grounding offer as protection against lighting?

A. Since the ground is above the hot conductors, lighting discharge, before hitting the line
conductors will pass through the overhead grounding first saving the line.

Q. How does lighting arresters (surge arresters) protect lines?

A. Lighting arresters provide easy path to ground when excess current due to surge is
present on the line, however, it will block power current from passing through it

Q. What are the requirements for an arrester to be considered ideal?

A. 1) Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a minimum time.
2) High resistance to flow of power current.
3) Action automatically allowing surge to pass and closing up so as to block power
current flowing in the ground.
4) Always ready to actuate.
5) As is operates, it will not introduce new or another disturbance.
6) Economically feasible.

Q. Explain the principle of choke coil.

A. When the surge current is flowing towards a plant, the coil which is connected in
series with the line and is attached before the termination of the conductors on the plant
side, will create high reactance because of the changing flu due to surge current hence the
high reactance will reflect back the surge into the line. In other words, choke coils are
surge reflectors

Q. Explain the principle of operation of the arcing horns or rings.

A.When surge current can’t find a path into the ground, it will creep through the
insulators so as to seek the ground. As it creeps into the insulator, it causes cracks which
will eventually break the insulators. To avoid such thing to happen, arcing horns are
provided to act as jumping board for surge into the ground.

Q. What is surge impedance?

A. If the resistance of the line is negligible, the characteristic impedance which is equal
to √2/Y is called surge impedance.

Q. Enumerate the different types of lightning arresters and their corresponding

applications.

A. 1) Horn- Gap Arresters – for moderate transmission voltages.

2) Auto Valve Arrester – up to 15, 000 volts.
3) Thyrite Arrester – for high voltage
4) Pellet- Type Arrester – for any voltage.

Q. What is deion gap?

A. When surge energy reaches the enclosure of a certain equipment, deion gap provides
a path to the ground.

Q. What is meant by quarter wave length as applied to transmission line?

A. Since at 60 cps a wavelength is approx. 3,000 miles (from the formula x = ,

where B is the phase constant) a quarter wavelength is approximately 750 miles.

Q. Define SIL and give its numerical value.

A. SIL means Surge Impedance Load. It is equal to 2.5 x voltage squared. Its unit
becomes KW.
 XIII.
SUBSTATIONS

Q. What is substation?

A. The place where alternators are installed is called the central station. A substation is a
part of the power system where a change on the original generated power takes place.
Among such changes can be voltage, power factor, phase, service, etc.

Q. How do you classify substations?

A. Substations can be classified according to the following criteria.

1) Service
2) Mounting
3) Function
4) Type of apparatus
5) Control

Q. Enumerate some functions available for substations.

A. Some functions substations can perform can be any or combination of the following:
1) Tap
2) Distribution
3) Industrial
4) Sectionalizing
5) Transmission line
6) Power factor correction
7) Frequency changing
8) Railway
9) Direct current for light and power

Q. How are substations mounted?

A. Substations can be mounted in any of the following manner:

1) Indoor
2) Outdoor

Q. What kind of services are available for substation?

A. Alternating current and alternating to direct current.

Q. What are among major apparatus that are installed in a substation?

A. The major apparatus can be any or combination of the following:

1) Transformer
2) Rotary Converter
3) Motor generator set
4) Frequency changer
5) Synchronous condenser
6) Power Rectifier
7) Power Circuit breakers

Q. How are substations controlled?

A. Substations can be controlled in any of the following manner:

1) Manual
2) Semi- automatic
3) Automatic
4) Supervisory

Q. Identify the substation used to split a huge quantity of incoming power.

A. Sectionalizing substation.

Q. What substation is installed in a middle of long transmission line for the purpose of
getting power when the need arises.

A. Tap substation.

Q. This substation is used to boost voltage for the purpose of limiting voltage drop and
losses on lines. Identify.

A. Transmission substation.

Q. How are components of substations normally installed?

A. All high voltage components are installed outdoor and the low voltage components
are installed indoor.

Q. What is the nee of disconnecting switches on substations?

A. To be able to isolate completely components for repair or testing so as to attain

maximum safety.

Q. How are disconnecting switches controlled?

A. Manual, and remote (electrically or pneumatically).

Q. What is the most basic outdoor substation?

A. The ordinary distribution transformers installed on poles.

Q. What device is a must for all types of substations installed outdoor?

A. Lightning and grounding rods.

Q. How deep are grounding rods installed?

A. Grounding rods are buried underground at a minimum depth of 8 ft.

Q. What chemical compound is used to reduce the resistance of grounding system?

A. Magnesium sulfate, copper sulfate or rock salt.

Q. What is the importance of grounding mechanism?

A. For high voltage equipment, before actually tinkering on it for purposes of testing or
maintenance work, the hot conductors must be grounded first for about one minute to
allow the static charges deposited on the surfaces of the conductors to flow into the
ground. To do this, grounding mechanism is needed.
 XIV.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Q. What is a distribution system?

A. It is the part of power system that is ultimately connected to the load’s service
equipment.

Q. What kind of current can be handled by a distribution system?

A. Both currents, that is, direct or alternating current can be handled.

Q. Enumerate the two general methods connecting distribution system?

A. Series or constant current system and multiple or constant potential system.

Q. Classify series distribution system and where are they be suited?

A. 1.) Open Loop – good for short distances

2.) Parallel Loop – for wide & highly dense place
3.) Combination of Open and Parallel Loop – good for places where some loads are
Scattered away from one another and when there is a highly populated center.

Q. Where is series system best applied?

A. For boulevard and highway lighting system, where one is line buried underground
going around so that beauty and economy is attained.

Q. What are the different types of lighting receptacles that are available for series
distribution system?

A. 1.) Filament type

2.) Reactor type
3.) Transformer type

Q. Give the power supply for series system?

A. The main source of power for series system is the constant current transform.

Q. Enumerate the different types of multiple distribution system and give their
corresponding application?

A. 1.) Tree System – small but highly dense places.

2.) Feeders and mains – when loads are scattered.
3.) Network – highly dense place and continuity of service is of top priority.
4.) Loop system – for wide places.
5.) Ring System –for wide places and continuity of service is of prime importance.

Q. What are the different phases available for distribution system?

A. Single Phase Two Wire

Three Wire
Three Wire
Two Phase Four Wire
Five Wire
Three Wire
Three Phase Four Wire

Q. How are distribution systems mounted?

A. Overhead and underground.

Q. Give some voltages available for distribution (Secondary and Primary Voltages).

A. 115/23 OV, 460 V, 2, 400 Volts, 4160 V,13,200 V, 13.8 KV, 20 KV and 34.5 KV.

Q. What are the different frequencies used in the different parts of the world?

A. 25 hz, 50 hz, 60, hz.

Q. How are underground cables classified?

A. Underground cables can be classified according to the following manner.

1.) Number of conductors
2.) Arrangement of conductors
3.) Number of phases
4.) Type of insulation
5.) Special features
Q. for underground system, what materials are used for the conduits.

A. 1.) Tile
2.) Stone
3.) Fiber

Q. what is the standard opening for conduits?

A. 3.5 inches, circular or square.

Q. When using fiber as material for conduits, what compound must be applied to prevent
rotting?

A. Creosote must be applied.

Q. When interconnecting underground and overhead distribution system, what device is

used to interconnect them?

A. pot head.

Q. How do you prevent the displacement of the lead covering of underground cables due
to electrolysis?

A. 1.) Maintain low current density in railway rail circuits and provide good bonding.
2.) Keep away cables from railway tracks.
3.) Attach drainage wire on the cable at points where the current tends to leave the
cable.
4.) Lay all cables on proper conduits.

Q. If prevention of electrolysis is disregarded what is the quantity of lead which will be

displaced in one year time?

A. 74 lbs. of lead per year.

 XV.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Q. Why are power factor correcting devices connected in parallel with the load?

A. If the power factor correcting device is connected in series, the inductive reactance
maybe neutralize by the capacitive reactance introduced by the voltage that will run the
inductive load will no longer be equal to it’s rated hence, the machine will not operate the
way it should be. However, if the device is connected in parallel, the inductive
component of current will be neutralized by the capacitive current but the voltage
impressed on the machine remains as is, hence normal operation is also maintained.

Q. What are the power factor devices commonly used?

A. Capacitors and synchronous condensers are commonly used. Capacitors are for small
capacity machines while condensers are commonly used for big loads like power
substations.

Q. What are synchronous condensers?

A. Synchronous condensers are synchronous motor running without load and are
overexcited. When the motor under excited, it is called synchronous reactors

Q. A 3 phase 50z 3,000 volts motor develops 600 hp (447.6 kw). The power factor being
0.75 lagging and the efficiency is 93%. A bank of capacitors is connected in Delta across
the supply terminals and power factor raised to 0.95 lagging. Each of the capacitance
units is built of five similar 600 V capacitors Det. The capacitance of each capacitor.