Cour

se:
Compul
sor
yEngl
i
sh-
II(
1424)
Lev
el:
BA Semest
er:
Spr
ing,2019
Tot
alMar
ks:
100 PassMarks:40
ASSI
GNMENTNo.1
(
Uni
ts1–4)

Q.
1 Readpages1-14careful
ly(t
hecontenti
srel
atedto‘
academicwr
it
ing’and
vari
oustypesof‘essays’)andbrief
lyanswerthefol
lowi
ngquesti
ons( i
n
your own words).
(
15)

a. Whatisacademi
cwr
it
ing?How i
tisdi
ff
erentt
hanot
hert
ypesof
wr
it
ing?
Whati
sacademi
cwr
it
ing?

Justli
keotherspeci
ali
zedtypesofwr i
ti
ng,academicwrit
inghasi
tsown
rul
es,gui
deli
nes,andpract
ices.Academicwr i
tershavet
oabidebythese
rul
es.Some general
 
academi cwri
ti
ngr ul
esinclude:

1.presenti
ngideasfollowingaf ormalst
ructur
eoror
dertofoll
ow;
2.ci
tingsources(authors/li
ter
ature)f
oll
owingest
abl
ishedstyl
es;
3.usingamor eformal tone;
4.andt heuseofconv enti
onal grammar,spell
i
ng,
andpunctuati
on.

Academi cwriti
ngistaughtinschools.Asear
lyasmiddleschool,
students
aretaughthowt owriteessays,whichisafor
m ofacademicwr i
ti
ng.High
schoolstudentsandcol l
egestudentsneedtolear
nahigherlevelof
academicwr i
ting,
whi l
egraduateandpost-gr
aduatest
udentshaveev en
morest r
ucturestofoll
ow.

Thedif
fer
encebet
weenacademi
cwr
it
ingandot
herki
ndsof
wri
ti
ng

Lookingmor ecl
oselyatacademicwrit
ing,
wewi l
lseethatthereare
si
milarit
iestoot
hert y
pesofwr i
ti
ngsuchasbusinesswrit
ing,especi
all
y
wheni tcomestot hefor
mal t
oneandav oi
dingt
hecasual–or
conversati
onal–language.Herearesomespecif
icexamples.

 Av
oidusi
ngcont
ract
ions.Use“
donot
”inst
eadof“
don’
t”
.

1
  Avoidcasualwordusage.“ Meager”i
sbetterthan“scanty
”.
 Avoidusi
ngt hef
irstperson.I
nsteadof“Iwillshar
ewi t
hyouthe
resul
ts…“
,writ Ther
e“ esult
softhestudy…”.

Ont
heot
herhand,
ther
ear
esi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erences.

Vocabul
ary

Dependingont hedisciplineofstudyyouar ewri

ti
ngf or,
youwil
lneedto
l
earnspecifi
cjargon.Ify ouspeciali
zeinjustonediscipl
i
ne,t
heny oucan
focusonmast eri
ngt hev ocabularyfort
hatniche.I
fy ouwanttoexpandto
otherdi
scipl
ines,t
heny ouwi l
lhavetoexpandy ourvocabul
aryevenmore.

St
ruct
ureandSt
yle

Referr
ingtostyl
e,usingthefi
rstpersoni snotacceptabl
einsome
di
scipli
nes,whil
eitisall
owedinot herdiscipl
ines.Whenitcomest
o
st
ructure,
diff
erentdisci
pli
nesalsohav ev ary
ingrequi
rements.

Forexampl e,i
ntheareaof Art
sandHumani t
ies,
longerexplanat
ory
paragraphsareencouraged.Theseparagraphsrequir
etopicsentences,
wit
ht heideaexpandedwi t
hin.Ontheotherhand,thesciencesrequir
ed
shorterparagr
aphswhichar edir
ectt
ot hepoint,
usingmor econcretedat
a.

Ot
herki
ndsofwr
it
ing

Tor
eit
erat
e,otherki
ndsofwri
ting,
whil
eal
sorequi
ri
ngsomest
ruct
ure,
maynothavesuchstri
ngentr
ulesascompar
edtoacademi
cwri
ti
ng.

Anotherdi
ffer
enceisthatwi
thgener
alwri
ting–content
,forexample–
thet
opicstackledmaydealmorewit
hactionabl
eandconcreteconcept
s,
whil
eacademi cwri
ti
ngdealsmorewithabstr
acti
deas.

b. Howwoul dy oudef i
nean‘ essay
’?Provi
dev ar
ioustypesofessaysyou
studiedwi t
ht hei
rparti
cularcharact
eri
sti
cs.
c. Define‘ descript
iveessay ’
.How i tisdiff
erentthanot hertypesof
essay s?Providebriefexamples.

Q.
2 Readpages24-30caref
ull
y(t
hecontenti
saboutvar
iouspar
tsofan
academicessay)andwri
teanacademicessay(
ofabout100words)on‘
My
Favori
teSpor
t’
. (5)

2
 Ev
ery
onehasaf
avor
it
espor
t;myf
avor
it
espor
tisf
oot
bal
l
.Il
ove

t
hegameoff
oot
bal
l
,iti
saf
ungamet
owat
chandpl
ay.Thegamei
sal
so

aphy
sical
gamet
opl
ay;
Ilov
etobephy
sical
.That
’spr
obabl
ywhyIl
i
kei
t;

al
so,
foot
bal
lbr
ingspeopl
etoget
her
.Ther
e’snot
hingbet
tert
hanget
ti
ng

t
oget
heront
hanksgi
vi
ngt
owat
chf
oot
bal
l
.Il
i
keev
eryspor
t,butf
oot
bal
li
s

myf
avor
it
ebecauseoft
hel
oveIhav
efort
hegame,
thephy
sical
i
tyoft
he

game,
andt
hewayt
hegamebr
ingspeopl
etoget
her
.

Myl
ovef
ort
hegamei
soneoft
hebi
ggestr
easonsIl
ovef
oot
bal
l
.

Al
lmyl
i
feI
’
vebeenpl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
l
,fr
om t
hebacky
ardt
ohi
ghschool
.

Foot
bal
lwast
hef
ir
stspor
tIev
erpl
ayed.Ther
ewoul
dbeday
swhent
her
e

wasnot
hingt
odo,
somyf
ri
endsandIwoul
djustgot
othef
iel
dandpl
ay

f
oot
bal
lal
ldayl
ong;
insomei
nst
anceswewoul
dst
ayoutt
her
eal
lni
ght

t
oo.Foot
bal
lhasal
sopr
ovi
dedmewi
thal
otofmemor
iest
hatIwi
l
lnev
er

f
orget
;onememor
yiswi
nni
ngourconf
erencemyj
uni
ory
eari
nhi
gh

school
.Thati
ssomet
hingIwi
l
lnev
erf
orget
.Al
so,
myf
ami
l
yisaf
oot
bal
l

f
ami
l
y;mydadpl
ayedf
oot
bal
lforHender
sonSt
,andmybr
otherpl
ayedf
or

t
heAr
kansasRazor
backs,
soIr
eal
l
ydon’
thav
eachoi
cebutt
olov
e

f
oot
bal
l
.OnecansayIwasbr
edt
opl
ayf
oot
bal
l
.Inmyhouse,
all
onewi
l
l

seear
etr
ophi
esandpl
aquesofmyf
ami
l
y’saccompl
i
shment
sinf
oot
bal
l
.

I
nmyhouse,
foot
bal
li
sev
ery
thi
ng.

3
 Myl
ovef
ort
hegamebr
ingsmecl
osert
othegamehowev
er;
they

phy
sical
i
tyoff
oot
bal
lal
somakesi
toneofmyf
avor
it
espor
ts.I
nev
ery

ot
herspor
t,cont
acti
sagai
nstt
her
ules;
bei
ngi
nvol
vedi
ncont
actwi
l
lget

oneaf
oul
ordependi
ngont
hespor
tmay
beev
ent
hrownoutoft
hegame.

Q.
3 Readpages31-34caref
ull
y(t
hecont
entisaboutfor
malandi
nfor
malsty
les
ofwri
ti
ng)anddecidewhatty
peofwrit
ingst
yle(f
ormal
/i
nfor
mal)i
susedin
thef
oll
owingtextandhow? (
5)

I
nfor
mal
Wri
ti
ngSt
yle

 Colloquial–I nf
ormalwr i
ti
ngissimilartoaspokenconv er
sation.
 
Inf
or mal writ
ingmayincludeslang,figuresofspeech,broken
syntax,asidesandsoon.  Inf
ormal wr it
ingtakesapersonal t
oneas
i
fy ouwer espeakingdirectl
ytoy ouraudi ence(t
hereader).Youcan
uset hefirstorthi
rdpersonpointofv iew( Iandwe),andyouar e
l
ikelytoaddr essthereaderusingsecondper son(y
ouandy our).

 Simpl
e–Shor tsentencesar
eacceptabl
eandsomet
imesessent
ial
tomakingapointininfor
malwr
it
ing.Theremaybei
ncompl
ete
sent
encesorell
ipsi
s(…)tomakepoints.

 Contr
acti
onsandAbbr evi
ati
ons–Wor dsarelikel
ytobesi mpl
if
ied
usi
ngcontract
ions(f
orexampl e,
I’
m,doesn’t
,couldn’
t,
it’
s)and
abbr
eviat
ions(e.
g.TV,photos)wheneverpossibl
e.

 Empat hyandEmot i
on–Theauthorcanshowempathytowardsthe
readerregar
dingthecompl
exi
tyofathoughtandhel
pthem t
hrough
thatcomplexi
ty.

Q.4 Readt
het
extt
it
ledas‘
Chr
onol
ogyoft
heMughalKi
ngs’onpages51-
52
car
eful
l
y.

Now LINK (connect

)thesent
ences(gi
veninthetext
)byusi ng appr
opr
iat
e
SEQUENCEMARKERS.Youar erequi
redt
ouseatl
eastTENsequencemarker
sin
youranswer
.(10)

4
1483Baburisbor ninFarghana.Fir
sthei n1526def eatsI br
ahim Lodhi,t
hesul t
an
ofDelhiatPani pat.1530Deat hofBaburandHumay ounassumespower .
Next1540Af ghanleaderShershahSur idef eatsHumay ounandsei zesthe
empire.1555Humay ounr e-
conquer sDel hi.Then1556Humay oundi es,
youngAkbari senthroned.1605Deat hofAkbarandAf tersuccessionof
sonJahangi r.1617Rev ol
tinthesout hernst atesoft heempi rebreaksout
andJahangi rsendssonKhur ram topaci f
yt hem.Khur ram recei
vedt heti
tl
e
of“ShahJahan” .1627Jahangi rdiesandShahJahanassumest het hrone.
1631ShahJahan’ squeenMamt azMahaldi esdur ingchildbir
th.
ShahJahan
commi ssionsthebui l
dingofhert omb,t heTajMahal ’
.1658ShahJahan’ s
sonAur angzebexecut eshisbrothers.Impr essionshi sfatherandascends
tothethroneofDel hi.
1857Themut inyr esultsint hemassacr eofpeopleof
Delhi
.WeekMughalEmpi recollapsesandI ndiabecomesaBr i
ti
shCol ony.
Final
l
y1862BahadurShah( Zafar)I
It helastoft heMughal rul
ersdies.

Q.
5 Readthet
extt
it
ledas‘
ADayintheLi
feofaNur
se’
onpages56-
57car
eful
ly
.
Alsor
eadExer
cise-
9gi
venonpage58. (10)

Nowwri
tedownaPARAGRAPHofabout150wordson‘
ADayi
ntheLifeof
aCol
l
egeStudent
’.Fol
l
owt
heuseofSEQUENCEMARKERSi
nyouranswer.

CollegeSt udentl i
feisav eryimpor tantphasei nthelif
eandt hatcanbe
thedet ermi ningf actorwhichcanei therl eadt oav erysuccessful l
if
eorat
thesamet imei tcanbet hemostcont ributingfactorintheruiningofl i
ves
ofther espect i
vest udents.Col l
egel ifei soneoft hemostent ertainingand
unfor gettablemoment sinthel ifeoft hest udentsandi sremember edall
thelife.Thi sisbecauset hest udent sj ustgotexposedt ot heout erwor l
d
becauset hecol legel i
feisjustaf tert heschool i
ngandatschool ingt he
student sdohav ev ar i
ousrest r
ictionsbutatt helifeofcoll
eget hest udents
don’thav et of ol
lowv ari
ousr ulesandr egulationsandi nthemaj or
ityof
thecol legest herear enosuchr ulesoft imingsandat t
endancewhi chis
anot herlev er
ageduet owhi cht hest udent sdon’ tgetstressedoft he
schedul eanddoenj oybeingatcol l
eges.

Thisstageofl i
feisav erycrucial
int helif
eofCol l
egest udentwhi chcan
ei
therbr i
ngupav eryproductiv
elifeorcanbeequal lydanger ousbecause
i
nthecol legelifet
hereisahi ghper centageofstudentswhi chget
di
stort
edf rom t
herightpathandf or get
st hei
rreall
iabil
it
yandgeti nvolve
andindulgei nsuchact i
vi
tieswhichcanbev er
ydanger ousf ortheirl
ives.
Thisi
sj ustbecauseoft hecommuni tyandgatheri
ngswhi cht hestudents
j
oininthei rcol
legeli
fe.Studentsshoul dbewel lawareoft hef actthat
duri
ngt heircoll
egelif
etheyshoul dbev er
ymuchcar efulwhileoptingf or

5
anyapproaches;t
hisi
sbecauseatthecol
legel
ifet
hestudentsarenot
matureenoughandarenotwiseenoughtodiff
erbetweenthegoodand
badandt hati
swherethecommitthewrongdecisi
onforwhichthey
dest
roytheirf
utur
e.

Theupl if
ti
ngofr estricti
onsisthemostcommonr easonf orwhicht
he
studentsoptt hepat hwhi chgenerall
yleadstothef ail
uresbecauseallt
he
schoolinglif
et hestudent shavetofollowtherulesandr egulati
onsand
oncetheser est r
ict
ionsar ebeingrelaxedorarebei nguplift
edinsuch
scenariosthest udent stogetthemostoft hisoppor tuni
tygetsassoci
ated
withsuchcommuni tiesandgat her
ingswhichar einvolvedinunethi
caland
i
ll
egal acti
v i
ties,andl aterbecomesamassi vethreatt othelawandorder
ofthest ateandnat ion.

IntheCol l
egestudentl
ifethestudentsdot endtogiv et hepr eferenceto
theentertai
nmentratherthaneducati
onandt hati
sbecauseofsomuch
suchev entsandopportunit
ieswhicharebei nggivent ot hest udentsof
coll
ege.Andt heonewhi chstaysconnectedwi ththepr imeobj ecti
v ei
n
coll
egel i
fewhichisacquiri
ngofeducationbecomest heshi ningst arand
theassetoft henati
oninfutureandtheonewhi chgiv espr eferencet oco-
curri
cul
aract i
vi
ti
esandot herwastageoft i
megener allydest roystheir
fut
ureandr esult
sinthecollegeStudentli
fe.

Q.
6 Readthetextt
it
ledas‘ Pl
ant
ingaTr
ee:ASt
epbyStepGuide’
on
pages60-61careful
ly.Now gotoPage62andcomplet
eEXERCI
SE10as
perdir
ect
ionsgiven.
(10)
St
ep1:
Digt
hepl
ant
inghol
e.

Fir
st,r
emov ethetreecont ainerfrom thecont ainer  
andmeasur etheroot
ball(
themassofsoi landr ootsthatcomesoutoft hecontainer)withthe
handleofyourshov eltoest i
mat ethedept ht odig.Di gthehole asdeepas,
and2-3t i
mesaswi deast her ootbal .I
l ti
sv eryimpor tantthattheroot
fl
are(thepointwheret runkwi densandbecomesr oots)remai nsabove
thesurfaceofthesoi l
.Topr eventai rpocketsbel owt hetree,createa
smallmoundofsoi l i
nt hebaseoft hehol eandt ampdown( pressfir
ml y
butdonotov er-
compactt hesoi l
)topr eventthet reefrom settli
ng.

6
 St
ep2:
Massage/l
oosen/t
ri
mther
oot
s
andr
emovet
henur
serystake.

Wehav efoundthatthisst
episkeyt orobusttr
eeperformance.Root s
shoul
dideall
yradiat
eoutst r
aightfrom thecenteroftherootball.Laythe
tr
eeonitssidewiththerootballonat arpandwor kglovedfingersin
deepl
ytoloosenandf reet
her oots.Cutof fanycir
cli
ngrootstopr event
gir
dli
ng(whencircli
ngrootsgetbigger ,
growar oundthebaseoft hetr
ee
andcut-
offthefl
owofwat erandnut ri
entstootherpart
soft hetree).Thi
s
i
sagoodt imetocutt hegreentiesandr emov ethenurserystake.

Step3:
Placet
het
reei
nthecent
erof
t
hehole.

Thet reehasonl yonechancet obepl antedproper l

ysomakesur et he
dept handposi ti
oniscor r
ectbef orefi
ll
inginthesoi l
.Therootfl
areshould
l
ieabov et hesur f
ace.Ifi
tist oolowort oohigh, li
ftthetr
eeoutandaddor
remov esoi lasneeded.Rot atethet r
eeunt i
lyouf indthebestplacementto
keepmaj orbranchesawayf rom walkway sorbui ldi
ngs.Holdthetree
uprightandf il
linwithsoilaroundt herootball.Gent l
ytampdownsoi l
aroundt her ootball
wi t
hashov elorthet oeofy ourshoetoel i
minatelar
ge
airpocket s.Donotst epdirectl
yont her ootball
, asthiswil
ldamageand
compactt heroots.

St
ep4:
Bui
l
dasoi
l m.
ber

Asoilbermi samoundencircl
ingthetree,
10- 12inchesfr
om thetr
unk,
whichcreatesabasi
norbowl thatwil
lholdappr oximat
ely10gall
onsof
water.Theinsi
deoftheberm shouldbeattheout eredgeoftherootbal
l
.
Keepingtherootbal
lmoisti
sessent i
alunti
lthet r
eeisestabl
i
shed.

St
ep5:
Staket
het
ree.

Two 
‘
lodgepol
e’st
akesar
eusedt
ohel
pthey
oungt
reegr
owupst
rai
ght

7
until
t her
oot sareest abli
shed.Inpar ksandy ardst hreestakesmaybe
usedt oprotectt hetreefrom l
awnmower s.Placet hepointoft
hest ake
fi
rmlyont hegr ound, 8inchesawayf rom thetrunkandhol dstr
aight.Lean
thetopoft hest akeov ertoeasil
ysl i
det hestakepounderont othest ake.
Alway swearahar dhatwhileusingthest akepounder( av er
yheav ytool
withtwohandl eswhi chfit
sovert heendoft hest ake) .Pounduntilthe
stakei sf
ir
ml ysetandt hepoundercaneasi l
yber emov ed.Useext r
eme
cautionwhenr emov ingthepounderf r
om thest ake.Repeatwi t
ht he
secondort hirdst akespacedequal lyaroundt hetr ee.

St
ep6:
Tiet
het
ree.

Tiesshouldbepl acedatthelowestpoi ntonthet r

unkwherethet r
eecan
beheldst r
aight,
general
lyabout4f eetfrom t
hegr ound.Holdthetrunkat
thelevelyouplantotieit
;thetreeshouldstandst rai
ghtwit
houtleaning.
Createaf i
gure8pat t
ernwiththetie,oneloopar oundthetr
unkandt he
otheraroundthet r
ee.Nailtheendsoft heti
et ogetheri
ntothestake.

St
ep7:
Wat
ert
het
reet
hor
oughl
y!

Fil
lthebasinwit
hwaterandr
einf
orcet
hebermifneeded.Cont
inue
waterng(
i onceaweekwhenther
ehasnotbeenasoakingrai
n)unt
il
establ
ished.

St
ep8:
AddMul
ch.

Covert hesoil2-
3feetaroundt hetreebasewi th3-5inchesofmul ch
(composedofwoodchi ps, shr
eddedbar korleav es) 
toretai
nmoi stur
e,
suppressweedsandi mpr ovesoil
composi t
ion.Keepmul ch2-3inches
from thetrunkandrootflareofthet r
eetoprev entinsectsandrodents
from burrowingi
nthemul chandchewi ngont hebar k.

Q.
7 Readt
het
extt
it
ledas‘
Pol
l
uti
on’
onpages89-
91car
eful
l
yandcompl
etet
he

8
 f
oll
owi
ngt
asksbr
ief
ly: (
10)

a. Def i
nenoisepol l
uti
on.
Noisepoll
uti
onincl
udesr oadwaynoi se,air
craf
tnoise,industri
alnoi
seas
wellashi
gh-i
ntensi
tysonar ,Sonor ouspol l
utioni
sthepr oductionofsounds
noi
sesorv i
brai
ons,Noisepol lutioncancausel ossofphy sicalandment al
ai
lmentssuchasirr
itabil
i
ty,depr ession, heartpr
oblems,etc
b. Cr eateadiagr
am ill
ustratingall sixtypesofpoll
uti
on.

Ai
r
Pol
lut
io
n
Radioact
i Water
ve pol
l
uti
on
pol
luti
on

Vi
sual Noi
se
c. Expl ainw
poh
la
l
utc
ti
oausessoilpol
lut
pi
on
o?
l
luti
on
Industr
ialwa
n st
es s uchas harmfulgasesandchemi
cal
s,agr
icul
tur
al
pestici
des,fert
il
izersaSo
n i
l
dinsect
ici
desarethemostcommoncausesof
soilpol
luti
on. po l
l
u ti
on

Q.
8 Readthetextti
tl
edas‘ Ty
pesofTeacher
s’onpages96-
98car
eful
l
yand
answert
hefoll
owingquest
ionsbr
ief
ly: (
10)

a. Whatar ethechar
act
eri
sti
csofafunnyteacher?
Afunnyt
eacherisl
ikeaGodsendtothestudents,
suchast
eacher
sal
way
s
toseest
udentssmil
e.

b. Howwoul
dyoudef
ineast
ri
ctt
eacher
?

Q.
9 Readabout‘
CauseandEff
ect
’(asgi
venonpages107-
112)car
eful
l
yanddo
complet
eExerci
se4(gi
venonPage114)
.
(10)
9
Sr
.N Cause Ef
fect
o
1 Dr
ama‘
Ati
qao’
wasnotsuccessf
ul Pr
oducerdeci
dednott
omakeasequel
.
2 Lowenr ollment Courseof f
eredonlyonceayear
3 Reci pes Glowingreviews
4 Mi ssplacedpassports Canceltr
ipt oHunzaandSkardu
5 Del ayed Wait
6 Soupv eryhot Burnedtongue
7 Mi sunder st
anding Jobapplicationt
urneddown
8 Singing Populari
nci ty
9 Heav ytraff
ic Lateforwor k
10 Shor tageofwat er Waterspar i
ngly
Q.10Readabout‘ CauseandEf
fect
’(asgivenonpages107- 112)caref
ull
yand
compl et
eExerci
se6( gi
venonPages120-121)byWRI TINGdownt wopossible
causesforthegi
veneffect
s. (10)

1 Eff
ect Hef eelst i
redt oday .Why ?(reason)
Cause Hehaswor kedtoohar d.
2 Eff
ect Mycarwi l
l notstart.Why ?
Cause Mycarengi nenotwor king.
3 Eff
ect Thel awy ersar eonst r
ike.Why ?
Cause Thedemansofl awy er
sar ecompl eti
ngt hat’
swhyt heyar
eonst ri
ke.
4 Eff
ect Thechi l
dr endi dnotgot oschool .
Why ?
Cause Becauset heyar esi ck.
5 Eff
ect Mymot heri sangryatme.Why ?
Cause Idonotr espectofher .
6 Eff
ect The“ DWat sonPhar macy ”i sav erysuccessf ulbusinessoperati
on.
Cause Beacauset heyhav equal ifiedstaff.
7 Eff
ect Themaj orityofst udent sf ail
edt hehi stor
ytestwhi chprofessorSi
raj
gav
eyest
erday
.
Cause Becauset heywer eat t
empt i
ngwr ongl ytotest.
8 Eff
ect Fl
ightPK306waspost ponedf orsi xhour s.
Why
Cause Therewasat echinical
lyi ssuei nai r
oplance.
9 Eff
ect Mybestgr adesar ei nsci encecour ses.
Cause Ipreparedmysci encecour sev erywel l.
10 Eff
ect Mor eandmor eforestpl antl i
feisbei ngdestroyed.
Cause These same f
orest
s arev
ani
shi
ng daybydayj
ustf
oroursel
fi
sh needs
resul
ti
ngindef
orest
ati
on

Q.
11ReadPages123-124car
eful
lyandREWRI TEt hefol
l
owingsentencesby
connect
ing t
hem wit
h appropri
ate connect
ing words (
because,so,
ther
efor
e)usi
ngt
hepri
nci
plesof‘
CauseandEf f
ect’
. (
5)

10
a. Shaki
lworkshard,
ther
efor
eHewi l
lsucceed.
b. I
twasr ai
ningSoHestayedhome.
c. Amirwantstobeagoodcr i
cket
er.BecauseHepr
act
icesf
ivehour
sa
day
.
d. Metr
obusfar
eisincr
eased.Ther
efor
ePeopl
epref
ertousetaxi
s.
e. Thebosswasnotcoming.SoThemeeti
nggotcancel
led.

11