Cut of Water Resources Veins Cause Poverty: A Case Study of

Indo-Pak water Dispute

As the world is running towards development phase, so the life style of human being is improved
due to the globalization but the survival is near to impossible that’s why the ratio of crime rate,
death rate, unemployment and on the top of all poverty level increasing day by day. It’s only and
only cause of injustice distribution of wealth and especially for agricultural state, water play key
role in development and eradication of poverty in the state, in the region and in the globe. The
20thcentury British poet W.H. Auden, he said, “Thousands have lived without love, not one without
water.” His words are especially appropriate in the background and cause of Poverty in the state
as well as in South Asia, which is home to more than a 5thof the world’s people and where the
saving are largely reliant to agriculture. Unluckily, South Asian countries, mainly India and
Pakistan, have both handled challenges of poverty and unemployment .Although agricultural state
and poverty contradict each other but unfortunately it is in this region in whole world ever.
Agriculture is a leading sector in Pakistan’s economy, thus due to water crisis it affects a lot on
human survival directly. At the end of the day no one can stop Poverty.
Another critical viewpoint regarding poverty intensity level is that 80% Pakistani area has
admittance to irrigation system. Pakistan has been utilizing 150 years old irrigating system stream
framework which had been introduced by British. Pakistan satisfies its 60% water prerequisite
from trenches in light of Indus Water Treaty marked between Pakistan and India in 1960.
Pakistan Agriculture which is clear infringement of International water bargain. The study will
help to figure out whether water shortage is a myth or a reality. The research will help to peep into
the water problem which directly lead poverty enhancement .Besides it, the research will play a
vital role to deal with life scarcity issue on national, local and global levels.

Statement of Problem

In British era, the Indian sub –continent had poverty issue which based on commercial and
agricultural purpose. They had tried to resolve it by introducing the good water network system
for improvement of life standard but after 1947 it became more prominent due to the
discriminatory distribution of wealth and accessories. On the top of that, all interconnected water
network territories, like Kashmir, and prominent water resources were directly allotted to India.
These areas were life-line for Pakistan and they should have been a part of Pakistan. Unfortunately,
as India occupied these areas and surged up a dispute from the day first. The issue became more
serious in 1948 when India blocked the water flow towards Pakistan. In 1960, the issue was
resolved by the World Bank as a Mediator in terms of a mutually signed treaty, named as Indus
Water Treaty.
Till now, four conventional wars have been fought on this enmity account between the two states.
With constantly growing need of life symbol, the poverty issue is getting more severe than before.
Significance of study

Moreover, literature is full of criticism on the approaches and resultantly no consensus has been
yet evolved on the reasons behind poverty-problems. Coming over to water conflict between
Pakistan and India, all the studies touch different dimensions and author has focused on the
Intensity of the poverty.
In this premise, this research intends to further enhance the academic debate by looking upon
Pakistan poverty issue. The study will be a new addition to the existing literature on poverty issue
and suggestions would be made at the end to lead the path for disastrous poverty level in Pakistan.

Research Questions

1-which factor enhances the poverty in agricultural state?

2-What is significant role of water resources in poverty?
3-How could poverty be eradicated in agrarian state?
4-How can Pakistan take safeguard measures against poverty threats in the prevailing geo-political
environment?
5-How can a viable and effective strategy and policies be chalked out regarding poverty eradication
keeping in view the regional environmental dynamics?
 Research Objective

Research objectives of the study are:

 To identify the intensity of poverty threat for agrarian land Pakistan in coming few decades.
 To indicate the level of impact of life security oriented Pakistan’s foreign policy on other
security issues with the state of India
 To investigate the issues on the top poverty issue is the most serious problem in agricultural
state on real grounds.
 To highlight the level of effect of Pakistan counter strategy’ in preventing poverty in the
society or increasing life insecurity in Pakistan

Hypothesis

Lingering of water issue from Indian side with Pakistan might lead towards a disastrous poverty
level in Pakistan as well as in South Asia.

Theoretical framework

"Offensive Realism": The Never Ending Struggle for Power. After the WWII each state is in a
battle to get more power and need to turn into the potential of hegemony, whatever the means the
state used to get this, same is the situation in the locale in Indian's point of view. John
J.Mearsheimer dissect in his book 'The Tragedy of Great Power Politics', Yet, his hypothesis of
"Offensive realism" is closer to the reasoning of Yale's Nicholas Spykman, who like the creator,
accentuated the revolutionary condition of International relations and the endless battle among
states for worldwide command and survival.
Mearsheimer fights that the structure of the worldwide system impacts the behaviour of mind
blowing powers. The equality of power within a bipolar or multi-polar world similarly impacts the
relative soundness of the overall structure. Overall robustness and peace are more inclined to be
kept up, he announces, in a bipolar universe of two prevalent powers rather than in a multi-polar
universe of a couple fighting overall powers in which no under one is a potential hegemon.
Mearsheimer battles that it is likely that if the United States leaves Europe and that Germany will
dominate right now European states. He further claims that China wills most likely ascent right
now hegemon in Asia. Rather than "interface with" China fiscally, he recommends that
Washington endeavours to decrease Bejing's brisk money related improvement in light of the way
that "China and the United States are certain to be enemies at this time createi.
Constructivism wills trial to discuss the poverty issue in the state due to hegemony of neighbouring
the states.
Definition: In the order of universal relations, constructivism is the case that critical parts of
worldwide relations are generally and socially developed, instead of unavoidable outcomes of
human instinct or other fundamental attributes of world governmental issues Clarification and
importance with exploration.
Hydro-legislative issues between India and Pakistan are a constructivist outline. Politicization of
the water issue between the states is taken blemishes in the settlement of 1960 and after that began
habitual pettiness. Which enhances the level of poverty in the states and it effects the region as
well

Literature Review

As per the prestigious researcher Dr.PervaizIqbalCheema perspective in the viewpoint of South

Asia: the South Asian masses are battling the war of their survival presently, as opposed to
attempting to lighten their never-ending destitution and craving coming about because of moderate
developing agribusiness area, are compelled to spend enormous sums on safeguard in light of
clashes between states.
The fast horticulture development can go about as an impetus for boosting the economy just when
cultivators have adequate sources fit as a fiddle of water, area, composts and gear. It is eminent
that South Asia, regardless of its expansive store fit as a fiddle of labour and regular assets, is
viewed presently the most forlorn and poorest zone far and wide .All these factors lead society
towards povertyii.
Around 1.3 billion individuals live in South Asian area, which are general 20 for each penny of
the worldwide populace i.e. 6 billion. Yearly populace development of three noteworthy nations
(India, Bangladesh and Pakistan) ranges between1.6 to 2.5 for each penny, which has come about
into 50 for every penny populace increment in every nation since 1980 but still developing statesiii
. It is highlighted here that general water necessity is expanding because of expansion in per capita
water prerequisite of every state. Out of aggregate 192 nations Pakistan remains at 114 th position
as far according to capita accessibility of renewable water and additionally capacity and
responsibility to enhance the circumstance. India is confronting intense water lack and stands at
133rd position for per capita accessibility of water, while the neighbouring China is at 128 th and
Afghanistan is at 112.Thus water is the most important factor in eradication of povertyiv.
But over the period of time scarcity of water resources due to population increase and utility of
hydro energy for industrial growth have given rise to claim of natural resources or question of
unequal distribution of resources among the states cause poverty. Moreover, South Asian
countries’ economies are heavy dependent over agriculture and quality growing of agriculture
sector depends upon fresh or more precisely non-saline water. Presently, just 3 per cent of the
world total water resource is clean, of which about one-third is unapproachable. Water is the basic
commodity for the agriculture, domestic need and protection of environment, it helps the state to
minimise the poverty levelv.

India Pakistan Water Conflict Cause Poverty

There is no way to eradicate poverty, except to solve the water .Thus the Non-usage of Indus Basin
Treaty in genuine letter and soul has undermined the territorial and worldwide peace and genuine
thoughtfulness regarding resolve the issue between two competition atomic states. Both the nations
have clash over the development, modifications of different blasts and dams over Rivers Chenab
and Jhelum. So, we can say that the International lawful framework has changed and developed
through adjustment in the United Nations yet at the same time should be modified as per the
changing political circumstance or development of new states. The late choice of ICA on account
of Indo-Pak water clash over Krishangnaga and different tasks have not been generally welcomed
by Pakistan. As indicated by the choice ICA maintained India's entitlement to redirect water from
the Krishanganga hydroelectric undertakingvi.In a fractional grant ICA allowed on 18 February to
redirect a base stream of water from Neelum/Krishanganga River for force era. Allegedly, India
got advantage of the circumstance and began development of three different ventures over River
Chenab which wills prone to further fall apart the accessibility of water to Pakistan .Uneven
precipitation and Pakistan's dependence on a solitary waterway framework, the most abused in
South Asia, leaves little flexibility to get more water than it services. Unnecessary mining for tube
wells is likewise killing the underground water asset, of which 36 per cent is very saline and the
amount is on the increment. India needs to utilize water as a war apparatus, Sridhar point
perspective is similar to this "Will utilize water as instrument of war at the season of need and can
bring about immersion consequences for the zone she could call her own advantage”vii.
Countless waterway bowls, natural climatic variability, and a characteristic uneven dispersion of
perpetual streams describe southern Africa. The district likewise has a background marked by
political shakiness, driven by freedom battles against the previous provincial forces, politically-
sanctioned racial segregation, and the Cold War. Southern Africa's trans-limit waterways and their
related biological systems could turn out to be either drivers of peace and monetary joining or
wellsprings of endemic clash. Water lack has additionally set cut-off points on the future financial
development capability of the district's four most monetarily created nations. This circumstance,
joined with the territorial advancement of universal and progressively complex inter-basin water
exchanges, highlights the need to create suitable experimental approaches that can reveal insight
into future examples of contention and collaboration. In circumstances where the political will is
not set up, the likelihood exists for specialized level collaboration between delegates of the bowl
nations, for example, shaping foundations and utilizing the current legitimate structure to together
oversee shared water assets. According to the Functionalist school of thought, such technical
cooperation between countries can be built on and enhanced once cooperation at the political level
beginsviii.There was no uncertainty over water sharing in Sub-Continent till mid-21st century.
In any case, the state altered after World War-I. There were a couple of new projects like Thal,
Haveli, Bhakra Dam and Sutlej Valley leads in Punjab and Sukkur Barrage in Sindh were planned.
It was first time in the past that a couple of ranges particularly Sindh in the blink of an eye, sensed
that their canal rights were damaged. . The discussion of Indus Waters sharing on-going long
before the unit of India and Pakistan as interstate contrasts between the Punjab, Sindh, Bahawalpur,
and Bikanerix.Gleditsch have gathered the prepared conflicts from 1946-2001 among numerous
states of the sphere. They find eleven foremost conflicts amidst India and Pakistan successively
from average to high and to them Kashmir issue continued the key between them.
In management of Gleditsch and Ahmed moreover assets Kashmir at this instant issue in the
discourses between the two nations in light of the way that water of the noteworthy streams
experience Indian had Kashmir. The deployment of the hydro-power structure to the Indus
plateneeds an inspection of the force of clashes over the Indus waters. The coming water lack, its
violent use and Pakistan's absolute belief upon the basin couple with the provable question
containing Kashmir in the central of India and Pakistanx, it is essential to study the conflict
intensity and power lop-sidedness between the two riparian over the agenda of hydro-hegemony.
“Difference among regions arises particularly when the gathering vary in their financial status, and
under these conditions, one claims a greater amount of the yield on the premise of its more
prominent contribution while alternate claims a greater amount of the result on the premise of its
more prominent needs" .Today, Pakistan is recognizing with an amazingly mysterious picture of
the political, financial and social trouble. Agreeing to Swedish hydrologist Falkenmarksymbol, a
man grateful 1700 cubic meters of water reliably. Water tightness occurs when yearly supply of
water in a state comes downcast to 1700 cubic meters for every person, though base 1000 cubic
meters for each separate exhibits the absence of water resource. Pakistan would be water dedicated
on nation in the next few years as the yearly per individual water accessibility in Pakistan shaft the
truth 1234cm in 2009xi.
According to Water and Power Development Authority measures, the accessibility of water would
be 1000 cm in the year 2012 and 885 cm for every person in the year 2020. The dominant falling
situation of water in Pakistan asks for dangerous counter measures. Main body of Pakistan
statement of water idea of 2025 is a try to save the sincerity of water for the future times. Lack of
water is in a substance of seconds undoubted the areas to raise the issue of water division at the
national and global levels. The Government of Pakistan with the help of WAPDA has started
unlike actions to gather new dams and stores in next 50 years. The happenings, for time,
DiamerBasha at Chilas, KurramTangi at North Waziristan, Akhori at Attock, and Munda at
Mohmand Agency are to be ended by 2016. In any case, wretchedly, the thoughts of disdain among
spaces are becoming directed and they are debatable on the standing of the deeds. Areas are in
alarm of misplacing their offer of water. They are reproving each other without knowing truth. The
present study is calculated to focus the damaged common argument over water nomination among
spheres of Pakistan and look at truth, biasness and superiority of lands in such way. The political
dispute over water sprinkling of Indus River System (IRS) between sections
started in 1921 when British rulers started irrigating framework structure with advancement of
new surges, channels and dams. Legislature of India selected different councils to defuse the water
issue between regions.
On 14 August1947, when Indian Sub-landmass was detached into two independent nations, there
occurred a standout amongst the most profoundly created watering system framework on the
planet. The limit line between the two nations was attracted with no appreciation to the watering
system work. Soon after the creating of Pakistan, India stopped water on April 1, 1948 in the
Pakistan Canals off-taking from waterways Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, who's Headwork, were located
in Indiaxii.This presented climb to an absolute first water joking with India, which was finally
certain through the massive working situations of the World Bank and Indus Water Treaty was
marked with India in 1960.
The Treaty provided tip top water assistances of the three eastern streams mostly Ravi, Beas and
Sutlej to India, while the water welfares of the three western pipes to be particular; Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab were circulated to Pakistan except for some predefined uses in the sad State of Jammu
& Kashmir. Pakistan was pleased to statement the issues of eastern stream networks from the
western streams by building the appropriate replacement works including storing dams and
between channel trade connections. These works were to be ended by Pakistan in a time of ten
years i.e., from 1960 to 1970, then after that age, India was presented right to stop water flowing
to Pakistan in the three eastern water waysxiii.
Despite the fact that water from the Indus basin stream is being overwhelmed by all grounds of
Pakistan yet water distribution has regularly been a sensitive issue among them. The greater part
of the areas used their selected share through waterway system and always changed their water
needs by emphasizing more share. Regions contained inflexible manner over water issue more
often than not. Governmental issues likewise made it scrambled. Some interior and outer variables
likewise keeping the issue undefined.
These bonded the Sino-Indian caller conflict 1962, Rann of Kutch oral hostility 1964, the Indo-
Pak war 1965, political chaos against Ayub Khan1968-69, Martial law 1969 and the East Pakistan
disasters 1970-71. Political gathering of Bhutto did not take the threat of opening the plan of this
water issue. Water was assigned on informal introduce dependably in his organization without
considering its impact on future instance of any zone. Government attained this matter. There as
logic won that without a consistent water declaration the share of waters on unprepared evidence
is doubtful and prohibited. The Zia organization tried to avoid the bureaucratic problems, and
military assumption calculationxiv.
It is copiously clear that a great part of the question encompassing trans-limit streams in South
Asia have unmistakably stuck to specific standards of global law. Yet they are administered just
by a few bi-parallel settlements that get almost no from worldwide lawful instruments, norms and
legal points of reference. Nonetheless, the vast majority of the built up standards are drilled by
India yet just inside of its region on between state water sharing issues and question. Because of
provincial uneven characters in force among the South Asian nations, shared antagonistic vibe,
suspicion and the nonappearance of a generally tying universal legitimate administration, sharing
trans-limit streams and all the while guaranteeing the strength of the riparian biological system has
get to be intricate. Multilateral consideration regarding the issues of South Asia's trans-limit
waterways is likewise impromptu and infrequently exhaustive in core interest.
Conflict over water has continuously come to summon the widespread talk so that the comparably
basic issue of the debilitating condition of these conduits barely figures in the reports of most
establishments. At this time country conflicts, there are perspectives to draw from as is clear from
the ebb and flow widespread instruments managing trans-limit conduits. There arein a matter of
seconds more than 300 watercourses laws, settlements and assertions of different sorts the world
over.
The headway of trans-cut off watercourses law has various levels, stages and voting open. By and
large talking, they were first found among religious, social and social traditions, functions and
practices of the gatherings living in stream dish domains.
It gives the idea that in the upcoming years it may modification into an issue of the street men of
both the motherlands. It is honestly clear now that it is to make sure India who is getting a charge
out of the society on the water between the two republics. Other than typical reasons the two major
variables that India has harmed well specially in matters linked to water are its environmental zone
and its key relations and picture on the globe gathering. India at the present time has in like manner
been asserted by John Briscoe, who is a skilful on general water-related inquiry. Briscoe in a
meeting reveals that ―Both India and Pakistan have genuine reason inspiration to update the
finishing of the deal, with the ball usually in India's court. In its place of the nuclear bomb of India,
the Pakistanis give off a brand of being distressed over the water influence of India.
A Pakistani columnist Rubina Rasheed in her article on the water battles within India and Pakistan
terms the Indian association at the present time and considers the same territory rapidly unique
threat to the lower riparian Pakistan, which merely depends on upon the water from India for the
reasons of emerging and hydro-wanders. To clear any possibility of war in future and for the only
incentive behind continuing peace, the more projecting addition India might must be unselfish
towards Pakistan and breaking point setting off the dams in the centre of the planting seasons. By
doing that, India would need to decline some power period for the advantage of Pakistani farmers.
Pakistan could react by accepting to the renegotiation of the game plan and letting India to make
more dams with no worry.

Literature Gap

Numerous researchers and specialists touched the issue with systematic holy messenger and gave
top to bottom investigation of the theme. All things considered, they neglected to understand the
Strength and seriousness, it’s a mother of all other issues especially poverty in the state due to the
water issue between Pakistan and India. It actually snatched the basic needs for survival, which
leads towards strange poverty stage. Gleditsch et al. has classified the furnished clashes from 1946-
2001 among diverse countries of the world. Researchers discover eleven noteworthy clashes
between India and Pakistan running from medium to high and to them Kashmir issue remained the
essential amongst all. In backing of Gleditsch et al. Ahmed additionally supports Kashmir right
now issue in the dialogs between the two nations in light of the fact that water of the significant
streams go through Indian possessed Kashmir. The use of the hydro-authority structure to the Indus
bowl requires an investigation of the power of contentions over the Indus waters.
As mentioned earlier, the studies clearly lack the consideration of the intensity of the poverty due
to water dispute between Pakistan and India. This research would fill the gap and highlight the
issue in order to lead the authorities never to leave it unattended for regional peace and sustainable
development.

Methodology
The study is analytical and deductive in nature. Likewise, it is a case study of Indo-Pak water
conflict. Constructivism and offensive realism has been used to provide a ground for actual reason
of serious poverty level in the region. The study required both specialized and theoretical data
which was accessible in narrative sources. For the said goal, both primary like agricultural experts,
institutions on water and field survey at the end user like farmer and secondary sources will be
used including government archives, books, academic diaries, daily paper articles and web articles.
Significant dependence had been made on the books and research articles keeping in view their
innovation, believability and significance calculate the educated community.

Organization of the Study

The study would be divided into six chapters. First chapter outlines the aim and academic scope
of this research. Second chapter theoretically evaluates the constructivism theory regarding the
defensive strategy and explores the offensive realism of dominant state regarding water conflict.
Third chapter discusses the importance of historical background water conflict enhances the
poverty as compare to eradicate it and fourth chapter gives an Indian hegemon on water resources
which totally effect the basic right of human in other neighboring states. In the fifth chapter,
Policies of Pakistan to minimize the Poverty level of all living organism, despite the fact to be a
lower riparian and in the sixth chapter, highlight the strength of water dispute and debate has been
challenged and an effect has been made to indulge the states into disastrous poverty