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APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
The region, whose area is required, is the shaded We have seen earlier that the area of plane figures
part in the diagram shown. can be obtained using calculus. When we integrate a
2 function we are really obtaining an expression for the
2 é x3 ù
Hence, the area required = ò x 2 dx = ê + C ú area under its curve. By inserting limits, the region
1
ë 3 û1 has a definite shape and its area is finite.
æ (2)3 ö æ (1)3 ö 8 1
=ç ÷-ç ÷= - In this section, we will go one step further and show
è 3 ø è 3 ø 3 3
how we can use calculus to obtain the volume of a
1 solid obtained by rotating a definite region under a
=2 square units
3 curve.
(x + 1) dx
2
=ò 3
0
2
é x4 ù
= ê + xú
ë4 û0
ìï ( 2 )4 üï ìï ( 0 )4 üï
=í + 2ý - í + 0ý
ïî 4 ïþ ïî 4 ïþ
= 6 square units
If a triangle is rotated through one complete
revolution about its vertical height, a cone is formed.
Example 1
The region, R, bounded by the straight line y = 2x, The region, R, is bounded by the horizontal line,
the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3, is rotated y = 2 , the x-axis and the verticals x = -1 and
through 2p radians about the x-axis. Find the x =5.
volume of the solid generated. Calculate the volume of the solid formed when R
is rotated through 360° about the x-axis.
Solution
The region has the shape of a triangle and when Solution
rotated through 2p radians about the x-axis, a cone When R is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the
will be generated. When x = 3, y = 2 ( 3) = 6 . solid generated is a cylinder.
The radius, r = 2 units, and the height, h = 6
Hence, P is the point (2, 6). The solid generated is a We can apply the formula for the volume of a
cone of height, h = 3 units and base radius, r = 6 cylinder.
units (see diagram of cone below) Volume = p r h = p ( 2 ) ´ 6
2 2
We can apply the formula for the volume of a cone to Volume = 24p units3.
obtain the exact value of the volume.Volume
1 The diagrams below show the area rotated to form a
= p ( 6 ) ´ 3 = = 36p units3
2
cylinder.
3
We cannot use the formula, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
for such a shape as its cross-sectional area is not
uniform. To obtain its volume we would find it
necessary to apply integral calculus.
1
axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2 is rotated
= π ∫ (x )
2
through 360° about the x-axis.
4
+ 4x 2 + 4 dx
1
2
Solution ⎡ x 5 4x 3 ⎤
=π⎢ + + 4x ⎥
The region described in the problem is shown as the ⎣5 3 ⎦1
shaded area in the diagram. The solid generated may
⎧⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞⎫
look like the solid shown in the diagram below. = π ⎨⎜ 6 + 10 + 8 ⎟ − ⎜ + 1 + 4 ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝5 3 ⎠⎭
⎧ 1 1 ⎫
Area or region to be rotated = π ⎨6 + 9 + 4 ⎬
⎩ 5 3 ⎭
8
= 19 π units3 .
15
Volume of revolution