Glossary — Lighting Terminology

Glossary — Lighting Terminology

Acrylic room shape (RCR), and fixture distribution.
The generic term for a family of high performance light- Color Rendering
stabilized plastics frequently for fixture diffusers General expression for the effect of a light source on the
and lenses. color appearance of objects when compared with their
Ambient color appearance under a reference light source.
The surrounding environment of a device such as a fixture Color Rendering Index (CRI)
or ballast. It usually refers to temperature or sound A measurement of the color shift an object undergoes
conditions. when illuminated by the light source, as compared to a
Ballast reference source at the same color temperature. Color
A device which provides the circuit conditions necessary rendering is measured on an index from 0-100, with
to start and operate electric discharge lamps (fluorescent natural daylight and incandescent lamps both equal to 100.
and HID). Objects and people viewed under lamps with a high color
rendering index (CRI) generally appear more true
Beam Lumens to life.
The lumens contained within the beam spread of a
floodlight. Color Temperature (of a light source)
The absolute temperature of a blackbody radiator having a
Beam Spread chromaticity equal to that of the light source.
See “Floodlighting Concepts” Table 1k. Cutoff and Shielding Angle
Brightness The lamp cutoff angle of a luminaire is the angle between
As commonly applied, brightness (or luminance) is the the vertical axis (nadir) and the first line of sight when the
light intensity from a surface which directs light into bare source is no longer visible. Lamp image cutoff is
the eyes. measured the same way as lamp cutoff, but it occurs when
the image of the lamp is no longer visible in the reflector.
Candela / Candlepower
The shielding angle is the compliment of the cutoff angle.
Light sources may not project the same amount of light in
every direction. The directional characteristic of a light Efficacy
source is described by the candlepower in specific The ratio of light from lamp lumens to the electrical power
directions. This directional strength of light or luminous (watts) consumed. Usually expressed in lumens per watt.
intensity is measured in candelas. System efficacy includes ballast losses.
Candlepower Elliptical Reflector (ER)
Light intensity measured in candelas. Candlepower is A lamp with an elliptical-shaped reflector designed to
often used to indicate the directional intensity of focus light in front of the lamp. Used in deeply shielded
light sources. downlights.
Candlepower Distribution Curve Explosion Proof Luminaire
A curve, generally polar, representing the variation of A luminaire which is completely enclosed and capable of
luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire in a plane withstanding an explosion of a specific gas or vapor that
through the light center. may occur within it and preventing the ignition of a
specific gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure by sparks,
Cavity Ratio (CR)
flashes or explosion of the gas or vapor within. It must
Geometric proportions of the ceiling, floor and operate at such an external temperature that a surrounding
room cavities. flammable atmosphere will not be ignited.
( Room Length + Room Width )
Room Cavity Ratio = 5H
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fire Rated Ceilings
(RCR) Room Length × Room Width
Fire resistance ratings provide a measure of the ability of a
where ceiling assembly to act as a heat barrier between a fire
h=hRC for the Room Cavity Ratio, RCR below and the building support structure above.
= hCC for the Ceiling Cavity Ratio, CCR Fire resistance ratings apply only to ceiling assemblies in
= hFC for the Floor Cavity Ratio, FCR their entirety. Individual components are not assigned a
fire resistance rating, and are not intended to be
interchanged between assemblies. Rather they are
Chromaticity (of a color) designated for use in a specific ceiling/structural design in
The dominant or complementary wavelength and purity order that its rating may be achieved.
aspects of the color taken together, or the aspects specified Generally, fluorescent fixtures bearing the UL listing mark
by chromaticity coordinates of the color taken together. can be utilized in most floor-ceiling designs as long as the
Coefficient of Beam Utilization (CBU) utilized fixture area does not exceed the specified ceiling/
The percentage of light from a floodlight which reaches fixture area ratio, and the fixtures are installed as required
the illuminated task relative to total beam lumens. by the specific construction details of the UL Design No.
being considered.
Coefficient of Utilization (CU)
The percent of initial generated lamp lumens that reaches
TECHNICAL

the work plane as determined by the surface reflectances,

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 Glossary — Lighting Terminology
Glossary — Lighting Terminology
Specific construction details will vary but, if considering
an exposed “T” ceiling grid system, most designs require
additional hanger wires at the midpoint of ceiling grid tees
along each 4' side of nominal 2' x 4' and 1' x 4' luminaires
as well as hanger wires at each of the four corners of
the fixtures.
In addition to hanger wire requirements, most designs also
require the use of fixture protection which is usually
fabricated from available ceiling acoustical material
bearing the UL Classification Marking with application
details as specified by the specific UL Design No. The
extent of fixture protection may range from as little as a
single piece of material over the back of the luminaire,
with air gap between the fixture and material, to the use of
a complete five-sided box enclosing the sides and back of
fixture.
Care should be observed in the application of luminaires in
fire rated assemblies to ensure that ballasts do not
overheat, thereby resulting in shortened ballast life and/or
nuisance tripping of the ballast thermal protector.
The use of low loss ballasts and reduced wattage
lamps will reduce potential thermal problems in most
applications involving elevated plenum temperatures.
Consult factory with specific details for questionable
applications.
The final approving authority is the local code
enforcement official and as such should be consulted for
local requirements and code interpretation. These
requirements should be determined before construction,
preferably during the specification period. Check the latest
edition of the UL “Fire Resistance Directory” for specific
assembly hour ratings and design constraints.
Fluorescent Dimming
Single-lamp and two-lamp electronic dimming ballasts are
available for varying light output of standard fluorescent
lamps, straight or U-shaped. Dimming ballast
compatibility should be verified from the specific
dimming control manufacturer.
Fluorescent Lamp
A lamp in which electric discharge of ultraviolet energy
excites a fluorescing coating (phosphor) and transforms
some of that energy to visible light.
Flux (Luminous Flux)
See lumen.
Footcandle (fc)
The unit used to measure how much total light is reaching
a surface, such as a wall or table. One lumen falling on one
square foot of surface produces one footcandle. One
footcandle is equal to 10.76 lux. (see Lux)
General Purpose Floodlight (GP)
A weatherproof unit so constructed that the housing forms
the reflecting surface. The assembly is usually enclosed.
Glare
The sensation produced by luminance within the visual
field that is significantly greater than the luminance to
which the eyes are adapted.
Grid (lay-in)
A type of ceiling construction where each supporting
TECHNICAL
member is generally shaped like an inverted T, and the
ceiling tiles and lighting fixtures are laid-in on the flanges
of the Ts.
Halogen Lamp (Tungsten Halogen Lamp)
An incandescent lamp containing a halogen gas which
recycles tungsten (which would ordinarily be deposited on
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the bulb wall) back onto the filament surface.
Hazardous Location
An area where ignitable materials may cause a fire or
explosion is ignited.
Heavy Duty Floodlight (HD)
A directional weatherproof fixture having a substantially
constructed metal housing into which is placed a separate
and removable reflector. A weatherproof cover glass
encloses the assembly and provides an unobstructed light
opening at least equal to the effective diameter of
the reflector.
Highbay
Generally refers to the industrial lighting where high
mounting heights may be encountered. Many industrial
HID type fixtures are called high bays.
HID (High Intensity Discharge)
High intensity discharge lighting, including mercury
vapor, metal halide and high pressure sodium light
sources. Although low pressure sodium lamps are not HID
sources, they often are included in the HID category.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Mercury - Mercury HID lamps are made of an inner
quartz arc tube containing electrodes and argon mercury.
This entire assembly is enclosed with an outer borocillate
glass jacket. Mercury lamps are known for their long life.
Their efficacy is better than incandescent lamps but not as
good as the other HID or fluorescent sources. Phosphor
coated mercury lamps have better color rendering.
Mercury lamps are used primarily in landscape
lighting where long life is important.
Metal Halide - Metal halide lamps are similar in design
and operation to mercury. These lamps have additives in
the arc tube which result in better color rendering. Metal
halide lamps also have an efficacy - approximately 100%
higher than mercury vapor lamps. Some use separate
electronic lamp ignitors and some do not. Metal halide
lamps are used where efficiency and color are
important and dusk-to-dawn applications where low
initial cost is important.
Hubbell Electro-Reg® Metal Halide System -
A ballast circuit approach to electrically support the metal
halide discharge lamp. It processes energy to the lamp in a
much more lamp-compatible manner than the constant
wattage autoregulator CWA/PLA circuit. The Electro-Reg
ballast is a three coil magnetic structure in which the line
energy is processed through one magnetic field to an
energy transfer capacitor, through a second magnetic field
to the lamp arc. This multi-stage energy transfer system
allows for electrical isolation between the arc discharge
and the very low impedance power source. It provides
excellent operating waveform control with significant
lamp performance improvements.
Glossary — Lighting Terminology

Glossary — Lighting Terminology

High-Pressure Sodium Lamp - High pressure sodium
lamps are similar to mercury and metal halide lamps in
operation: however, construction and physical appearance
differ. HPS lamps contain xenon as a starting gas to initiate
the arc which vaporizes a sodium mercury amalgam. This
lamp has a high efficacy of approximately 125 lumens per
watt†. Other characteristics of this lamp are a golden color,
long lamp life, and an excellent lumen depreciation.
Special ballasting circuitry is usually require to produce
high voltage pulses to start these lamps. High pressure
sodium lamps are used where efficiency is the most
important factor and color is not as important.
† Based on published data of 400 watt HPS lamp. Lower watt-
ages are rated at lower lumens per watt.
Illuminance
Lamp
The technical term for electric light bulb or tube.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
A factor used in lighting calculations to account for the
light loss that takes place in a lamp due to the gradual
decay in lumen output over a designated period of burning
time. The LLD is contingent upon relamping schedules
and the specific lamp involved.
Light
The term generally applied to the visible energy from a
source. Light is usually measured in lumens or
candlepower. When light strikes a surface, it is either
absorbed, reflected or transmitted. It is not visible until it is
reflected into your eye.

1. The density of luminous flux on a surface. Measured

Lighting Distribution
in footcandles or lux (metric.) The former term for Luminaires are classified according to the manner in
this quantity was illumination. which they distribute the luminous flux.

2. Illuminance is the measure of the quantity of lumi-

Light Loss Factor (LLF)
nous flux that arrives on a surface. Illuminance is A factor used in calculating illuminance after a given
affected by the intensity of the fixture in the direction period of time and under given conditions. It takes into
of the lighted surface, the distance from the luminaire account temperature and voltage variations, dirt
to the surface, and the angle of incidence of the arriv- accumulation on luminaire and room surfaces, lamp
ing light. Although illuminance cannot be detected by depreciation, maintenance procedures and atmosphere
the eye, it is the most often used criteria in specifying conditions. Formerly called maintenance factor.
lighting designs. Generally light loss factors are divided into two groups,
Units: Lux or Footcandles (fc)Symbol: E classed as “recoverable” (with cleaning and relamping)
and “nonrecoverable.”
Incandescent Lamp
A lamp in which light is produced by a filament heated to Nonrecoverable Recoverable
incandescence by an electric current.
Temperature Factors Lamp Lumen
Instant Start Depreciation Factor (LLD)
Line Voltage Factor
A fluorescent lamp designed for starting by a high voltage
without preheating of the electrodes. Also known as a Ballast Factor (BF) Lamp Burnout Factor
cold-start lamp in some countries. Lamp Position (Tilt) Luminaire Dirt
Inverse Square Law Factor Depreciation Factor (LDD)
The law stating that the illuminance, E, at a point on a Luminaire Surface Room Surface Dirt
surface varies directly with the intensity, I, of the light Depreciation Factor Depreciation Factor
source and inversely as the square of the distance, d,
between the source and the point. If the surface at the point Not all factors are applicable for all luminaire types and/or
is perpendicular to the direction of the incident light, the applications. However each lighting design should be
law is expressed by E=I/d2. It is applicable for point or evaluated to determine appropriate light loss
near point light sources. considerations.
Isocandela Line For example:
A line plotted on any appropriate set of coordinates to Temperature Factor has an insignificant effect on H.I.D.
show locations in space, about a source of light, in which and incandescent lamps; however, it is a major factor
the intensity is the same. A series of such curves, usually affecting fluorescent lamp lumen output.
for equal increments of intensity, is called an isocandela Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor is not a consideration for
diagram. incandescent or fluorescent. It is however, significant for
Isolux (Isofootcandle) Line Mercury Vapor and Metal Halide HID lamps. A typical
A line plotted on any appropriate set of coordinates to lumen output characteristic curve for a Metal Halide lamp
show all points on a surface where the illuminance is the as a function of tilt from its vertical position is shown as
same. A series of such lines for various illuminance values follows. Minor variations exist between manufacturers.
is called an isolux (isofootcandle) diagram.
100
Percent of Vertical Lumens

Kilowatt (kw)
A measure of electric power. A thousand watts 90
(watts x 1000 = kilowatts).
80
Kilowatt Hour (kwh)
TECHNICAL

The measure of electrical energy usage from which 70

electricity billing is determined. For example, a 100-watt
bulb operated for 1000 hours would consume 100 kilowatt
hours, (100 watts x 1 kw/1000 watts x 1000 hours = 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
kwh). At a billing rate of $0.10/kwh, the electric energy to Operating Angle from Vertical in Degrees
operate this bulb would cost $10.00 (100 kwh x $0.10/
*IESNA Lighting Handbook.
kwh) to operate for 1000 hours.
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 Glossary — Lighting Terminology
Glossary — Lighting Terminology

Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor is not generally standard lamps down to 0°F, with low-temperature HO
applicable in outdoor lighting calculations. This should be ballasts good for -20°F. Some standard 1500 ma ballasts
evaluated for interior calculations and is a significant provide for cold starting, but do not improve the reduced
recoverable loss for “indirect” lighting systems. light output that normally results. Recommended
Ballast Factor is a consideration for both H.I.D. and temperature limits should be verified from the
Fluorescent. Ballast factor is the difference of lamp lumen manufacturer. High pressure sodium ballasts will start
output produced from typical commercial ballasts versus lamps down to -40°F, and metal halide ballasts down
the lumen output of lamps operated on reference ballasts. to -20°F. Electro-Reg® will start metal halide lamps down
More definitive data is available for fluorescent systems to -40° F.
and variations exist depending upon types of ballast-lamp Lumen
combinations. Some Fluorescent “low power factor” The basic unit of measurement for light. A dinner candle
ballasts may yield initial light output as low as 50% of puts out about 12 lumens. A 60-watt Soft White bulb is
rated lamp lumen output and some electronic ballasts as much more powerful: 855 lumens. If a uniform point
high as 120% of rated lamp lumen output. source of 1 candela is at the center of a sphere of one
Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER) foot radius which has an opening of one square foot area
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 requires that the lighting at its surface, the quantity of light that passes through
industry develop a rating for luminaires that allows one lumen.
designers to compare the energy efficiency of lighting Lumens Per Watt (lpw)
products. Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER) for some types A measure of the efficacy of a light source in terms of the
of illumination have been developed by the National light produced for the power consumed. For example, a
Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) and approved by the 100-watt lamp producing 1750 lumens gives 17.5 lumens
National Lighting Collaborative to fulfill the requirements per watt. Examples:
for the Energy Policy Act. The Collaborative represents a
Edison’s first lamp 1.4 lpw
broad spectrum of industry professionals including
manufacturers, industry associations, government, Incandescent lamp 10-40 lpw
designers and energy conservation groups. This rating has Fluorescent lamps 35-104 lpw
already begun to be incorporated on Hubbell specification Halogen lamps 20-45 lpw
sheets and catalog information. NEMA document LE5
Mercury lamps 37-63 lpw
describes the calculation of LER as:
EFF × TLL × BF Metal halide lamps 80-125 lpw
LER = -------------------------------------------
Input Watts High pressure sodium lamps 54-153 lpw
where:
EFF = luminaire efficiency Luminaire
TLL = # lamps per luminaire × rated lumens per lamp A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps),
or ballasts where applicable together with the parts
BF = ballast factor
designed to distribute the light, position and protect lamps
Input Watts = total system watts of the luminaire and connect them to the power supply.
This results in a lumens per watt rating that can be used to Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)
compare the energy efficiency of various products. The
A factor used in lighting calculations to account for the
initial implementation of luminaire labeling covers 10
light loss due to the accumulation of dirt on the luminaire.
categories of common fluorescent 4' and 8' luminaires. In
addition to the LER value, a prefix indicating the type of
source and general category of luminaire (such as FL for
Fluorescent Lensed or FP for Fluorescent Parabolic)
ensures that comparisons can be made among similar
products.
This rating also recommends the use of photometric data
from a National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation
Program (NVLAP) photometric lab. The NVLAP
accreditation is administered by the National Institute for
Standards and Technology (NIST) and includes on-site
assessments as well as proficiency testing.
Light Trespass
A situation which occurs when light from a source is
distributed onto areas where the illumination is not
wanted.
Louver
A series of baffles used to shield a source from view at
certain angles or to absorb unwanted light.
Low Temperature Starting
TECHNICAL

Standard ballasts for standard bipin-base, 2-lamp slimline

and high output fluorescent lamps are designed to provide
reliable starting at ambient temperatures down to 50°F. All
reduced wattage lamps will start reliably with standard
ballasts down to 60°F. Special ballasts are available for
applications where standard lamps must be started at lower
temperatures. Most low temperature ballasts will start

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Glossary — Lighting Terminology
The LDD is contingent upon environment, cleaning
schedules and the type of luminaire involved.
Luminaire Efficiency
Luminaire efficiency is the ratio of lumens emitted by a
luminaire in relation to those produced initially by the
lamps contained within.
Luminance
(Photometric brightness) The luminous intensity of any
surface in a given direction per unit area of that surface as
viewed from that direction. Measured in candela/m2. All
visible objects have some luminance.
Units: Candela per unit area, Symbol L
Luminous Flux
Luminous flux (lumens) is the measure of the total light
producing power of the light source. It is the amount of
light leaving the source without regard to direction. A
typical 100 watt incandescent lamp has about 1700 lamp
lumens. A 400W HPS lamp has 50,000 lumens. The
luminous flux rating is provided by the lamp
manufacturers and a listing of common lamp and lumen
values can be found in the lamp matrix.
Units: Lumens (lm) Symbol: φ
Luminous Intensity
The luminous intensity (candelas) is the strength
(intensity) of the light produced in a specific direction. The
luminous intensity of an optical system is compiled
graphically into diagrams known as candela or
candlepower distribution curves. Both polar and Cartesian
graphs are used within the lighting industry for this
purpose. This information is also available in numeric
tabular form.
Units: Candela (cd) Symbol: l
Lux
The metric unit of measurement of illuminance. The light
on a surface of one meter square on which there is a
uniformly distributed flux of one lumen. 10.76 lux equal 1
footcandle. One lux is equal to.09 footcandle. Decalux =
10 lux.
Mounting Height
The vertical distance between the luminaire light center or
ceiling plane and the surface or work plane to be lighted.
In outdoor lighting it includes both the pole length and the
base (above grade) to which the pole is affixed.
NRTL/C
The NRTL/C indicator adjacent to the CSA mark signifies
that the product has been evaluated to the applicable
ANSI/UL and CSA standards, for use in the U.S. and
Canada. NRTL, i.e. Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratory, is a designation granted by the U.S.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
to laboratories which have been recognized to perform
certification to U.S. standards.
Optical System
The light control portion of the luminaire including
reflectors, lenses, diffusers, baffles and louvers. The lamp
cavity or environment (including diffusing media) is
considered as part of the fixture for the purpose of
controlling the light output.
Overhang
In roadway lighting, the distance between a vertical line
passing through the luminaire and the curb or edge of
the roadway.
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Glossary — Lighting Terminology
Parabolic
The term applied to certain louver and reflector shapes
derived from the geometric shape (curve) called a parabola
where, if a light source is placed at the focal point of the
parabola, the resultant emitted light will be redirected
parallel to the parabola’s geometric axis.
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamp
A type of sealed beam lamp that controls its light beam by
an internal reflector coating and sometimes a prismatic
lens.
Plenum
That space between the structural ceiling and the finished
ceiling. This space may contain air ducts, electrical wiring,
etc. It’s the area which conceals the housing part of a
recessed fixture.
Preheat
A circuit used on fluorescent lamps wherein the electrodes
are heated or warmed to a glow stage by an auxiliary
switch or starter (can be a glow switch, thermal type, or a
mechanical device like a push button) before the lamps are
lighted. This system was used on the original fluorescent
lamps and is still sometimes used today.
Rapid Start
A circuit designed to start fluorescent lamps by
continuously heating or preheating the electrodes. This
circuit is a modern version of the trigger start system and
requires lamps designed for this circuit. In the rapid start
as well as the preheat circuit, each end of each lamp has
two separate contacts.
Recessed
The term for a fixture mounted in a ceiling opening so that
the housing of the fixture is hidden from view. The
fixture’s lens/door assembly may be slightly protruding,
flush or slightly regressed relative to the ceiling surface.
Reflectance
Reflectance is the ratio of luminous flux (lumens) reflected
from a surface in relation to luminous flux (lumens)
incident onto the surface. Types of surface reflectance
range from specular (mirror like) to the diffuse (non
glossy), with many objects exhibiting combinations.
Typically, reflectance becomes more specular with larger
incident angles. Reflectances of room surfaces are
important consideration when calculating illuminances
using the “Lumen Method.”
Reflector
A device used to direct the light from a source by the
process of reflection.
Refraction
The process by which the direction of a ray of light
changes as it passes obliquely from one light transmitting
material to another.
Refractor
A device used to redirect the light from a source by
bending the light (refraction.)
TECHNICAL
 Glossary — Lighting Terminology
Glossary — Lighting Terminology

Setback Vapor-Tight Luminaire

The distance that the center of the luminaire is behind the
area to be lighted by that luminaire.
SLD - Switch Level Dimming
Switch level dimming of HID sources provides hi-low
control for significant energy savings. It is useful when
full output is not required, in unoccupied areas. It is also
applicable for utility demand power reduction
requirements.
Spacing
In roadway lighting, the distance between successive
luminaires measured along the center line of the street. In
interiors, the distance between luminaire centers.
Spacing Criterion (SC)
The ratio of the distance between luminaire centers to the
mounting height above a reference plane, usually the
work plane.
Specular Surface
Shiny or glossy surfaces (including mirror and polished
metal) that reflect incident light.
Spill Light
Lumens distributed by the luminaire which are outside the
beam spread.
Surface Mounted Fixture
Any fixture mounted directly on a ceiling or wall.
Suspended or Pendant Mounted Fixture
Any fixture hung by supports (chains, hangers,
stems, etc.).
A luminaire designed for installation in damp or wet
locations. Also described as “enclosed and gasketed.” It is
not designed to keep out vapors.
Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)
The rating of a lighting system expressed as a percent of
people who, when viewing from a specified location and
in a specified direction, will be expected find it acceptable
in terms of discomfort glare.
Voltage
The electrical potential between two points. It is analogous
to hydraulic system pressure (pounds per square inch). The
voltage of a circuit is the electrical “pressure” available to
push current through the circuit. In an incandescent lamp,
“voltage” designates the supply voltage to which the lamp
should be connected.
Watt (W)
Unit used to measure electric power. See “Kilowatt” and
“Kilowatt Hours”.
Work Plane
The plane at which work is usually performed, and at
which the illumination is often specified and measured.
Unless it is otherwise specified, the work plane is assumed
to be a horizontal plane 2.5 ft. above the floor.
Zonal Cavity
The most common method used by the lighting industry to
calculate coefficients of utilization for indoor luminaires.

Abbreviations
A LP Lamp
Ampere
AC lx Lux
Alternating Current
BF m Meter
Ballast Factor
CRI mm Millimeter
Color Rendering Index
CSA MH Metal Halide
Canadian Standards Association
DC MV Mercury Vapor
Direct Current
ft NPF Normal Power Factor
Foot
fc Footcandle(s) NRTL Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
(UL, CSA, ETL, etc.)
HPF High Power Factor
NRTL/C Evaluated to both ANSI/UL and CSA
HPS High Pressure Sodium standards by CSA
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North POMB Position Oriented Mogul Base
America
UL Underwriters Laboratories
kg Kilogram(s)
UV Ultraviolet
kW Kilowatt
V Volt(s); Vdc—volts DC; Vac—volts AC
kWh Kilowatt-Hour
VA Volt-Ampere
LDD Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
VCP Visual Comfort Probability
TECHNICAL

LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation

W Watt
LLF Light Loss Factor
lm Lumen

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