UCL

Characteristics
Control Charts

Quality
CL
LCL
Performance of process over time.
Time
It has three lines parallel to x-axis.
One line is in the centre and is called
average line. It is firm line.
Other two lines are at an equal
distance from centre line. These are
called upper and lower control limits.

Causes of Variation
Common causes:

random pattern of variation

Special causes:

Assignable causes

non-random pattern of
variation
Variable Data
• I-MR or X-MR chart
• X - R chart (Average – Range chart)
• X - s chart (Average – Standard deviation
chart)

Attribute Data
• p chart (Proportion defective chart)
• np chart (Number defective chart)
• c chart (Number defect chart)
• u chart (Number defect per unit chart).

Defective Defect
Sample size np c
constant
Sample size p u
variable
 Types of Control Charts
Data Type

Attribute - Counts
Variable - Measurements
# Pieces # Occurrences
# Defectives # Defects
n n
n>9 n =2 to 9 n=1
Constant Variable Constant Variable

Xbar-S Xbar- R ImR/XmR

np chart p chart c chart u chart

n: sample/ subgroup size

X Bar – R Chart

Sample Number x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 Sample Mean Sample Range

1 70.1 69.4 70 69.9 70.6 70 1.2
2 70.4 1.3
3 70.3 0.7
4 69.5 0.6
5 70.3 1.1
6 70.5 1.5
7 69.4 0.4
8 69.3 0.8
9 69.8 1.2
10 70.5 1.2
70 1
 X Bar – R Chart

X Bar – R Chart
Sample Number x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 Sample Mean Sample Range
1 70.1 69.4 70 69.9 70.6 70 1.2
2 70.4 1.3
3 70.3 0.7
4 69.5 0.6
5 70.3 1.1
6 70.5 1.5
7 69.4 0.4
8 69.3 0.8
9 69.8 1.2
10 70.5 1.2
70 1

UCL = X-bar-bar + A2.r-bar 70+(0.577)(1) 70.577

LCL = X-bar-bar - A2.r-bar 70-(0.577)(1) 69.423

UCL = D4.r-bar (2.115)(1) 2.115

UCL = D3.r-bar (0)(1) 0
 X Bar – R Chart
X Bar Chart
70.6

70.4

70.2

70

69.8

69.6

69.4

69.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
R Chart
1.6

1.4

1.2

1 UCL = X-bar-bar + A2.r-bar 70+(0.577)(1) 70.577

0.8 LCL = X-bar-bar - A2.r-bar 70-(0.577)(1) 69.423
0.6

0.4

0.2
UCL = D4.r-bar (2.115)(1) 2.115
0 UCL = D3.r-bar (0)(1) 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

X Bar – s Chart
np and p Chart

c and u Chart
 Interpreting Special Causes
Nelson Rules

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_rules

Interpreting Special Causes

Nelson Rules

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_rules