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Ir a la navegaci�n
Ir a la b�squeda
Barra de secci�n no circular sometida a torsi�n, al no ser la secci�n transversal
circular necesariamente se produce alabeo seccional.
Viga circular bajo torsi�n
Donde:
u x ( x , y , z ) = 0 u y ( x , y , z ) = - a ( x ) z u z ( x , y , z ) = + a (
x ) y {\displaystyle u_{x}(x,y,z)=0\qquad u_{y}(x,y,z)=-\alpha (x)z\qquad u_{z}
(x,y,z)=+\alpha (x)y} {\displaystyle u_{x}(x,y,z)=0\qquad u_{y}(x,y,z)=-\alpha
(x)z\qquad u_{z}(x,y,z)=+\alpha (x)y}
e x x = ? u x ? x = 0 e x y = 1 2 ( ? u x ? y + ? u y ? x ) = - 1 2 ? a ? x z =
- a x ' z 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{xx}={\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial
x}}=0\qquad \varepsilon _{xy}={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial
y}}+{\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}}\right)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial
\alpha }{\partial x}}z=-{\frac {\alpha '_{x}z}{2}}} {\displaystyle \varepsilon
_{xx}={\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}}=0\qquad \varepsilon _{xy}={\frac {1}
{2}}\left({\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}}+{\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial
x}}\right)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial \alpha }{\partial x}}z=-{\frac {\alpha
'_{x}z}{2}}}
e y y = ? u y ? y = 0 e x z = 1 2 ( ? u x ? z + ? u z ? x ) = + 1 2 ? a ? x y =
+ a x ' y 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{yy}={\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial
y}}=0\qquad \varepsilon _{xz}={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial
z}}+{\frac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial x}}\right)=+{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial
\alpha }{\partial x}}y=+{\frac {\alpha '_{x}y}{2}}} {\displaystyle \varepsilon
_{yy}={\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}}=0\qquad \varepsilon _{xz}={\frac {1}
{2}}\left({\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial z}}+{\frac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial
x}}\right)=+{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial \alpha }{\partial x}}y=+{\frac {\alpha
'_{x}y}{2}}}
e z z = ? u z ? z = 0 e y z = 1 2 ( ? u y ? z + ? u z ? y ) = 0
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{zz}={\frac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial z}}=0\qquad
\varepsilon _{yz}={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial z}}+{\frac
{\partial u_{z}}{\partial y}}\right)=0} {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{zz}={\frac
{\partial u_{z}}{\partial z}}=0\qquad \varepsilon _{yz}={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac
{\partial u_{y}}{\partial z}}+{\frac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial y}}\right)=0}
M t o r = ? S ( - t x y z + t x z y ) d y d z = a x ' G 2 ? S ( z 2 + y 2 )
d y d z = a x ' G 2 I 0 {\displaystyle M_{tor}=\int _{\Sigma }(-\tau _{xy}z+\tau
_{xz}y)\ {\text{d}}y{\text{d}}z={\frac {\alpha '_{x}G}{2}}\int _{\Sigma }
(z^{2}+y^{2})\ {\text{d}}y{\text{d}}z\,={\frac {\alpha '_{x}G}{2}}I_{0}}
{\displaystyle M_{tor}=\int _{\Sigma }(-\tau _{xy}z+\tau _{xz}y)\
{\text{d}}y{\text{d}}z={\frac {\alpha '_{x}G}{2}}\int _{\Sigma }(z^{2}+y^{2})\
{\text{d}}y{\text{d}}z\,={\frac {\alpha '_{x}G}{2}}I_{0}}
Para una barra recta de secci�n no circular adem�s del giro relativo aparecer� un
peque�o alabeo que requiere una hip�tesis cinem�tica m�s complicada. Para
representar la deformaci�n se puede tomar un sistema de ejes en el que X coincida
con el eje de la viga y entonces el vector de desplazamientos de un punto de
coordenadas (x, y, z) viene dado en la hip�tesis cinem�tica de Saint-Venant por:
u x ( x , y , z ) = ? ( y , z ) d ? x ( x ) d x u y ( x , y , z ) = - ( z - z C
) ? x ( x ) u z ( x , y , z ) = + ( y - y C ) ? x ( x ) {\displaystyle u_{x}
(x,y,z)=\omega (y,z){\frac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}(x)}{{\text{d}}x}}\qquad u_{y}
(x,y,z)=-(z-z_{C})\theta _{x}(x)\qquad u_{z}(x,y,z)=+(y-y_{C})\theta _{x}(x)}
{\displaystyle u_{x}(x,y,z)=\omega (y,z){\frac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}(x)}
{{\text{d}}x}}\qquad u_{y}(x,y,z)=-(z-z_{C})\theta _{x}(x)\qquad u_{z}(x,y,z)=+(y-
y_{C})\theta _{x}(x)}
e x x = ? u x ? x = ? d ? x d x e x y = 1 2 [ ? u x ? y + ? u y ? x ] = 1 2 [ ?
? ? y - ( z - z C ) ] d ? x d x e y y = ? u y ? y = 0 e x z = 1 2 [ ? u x ? z + ? u
z ? x ] = 1 2 [ ? ? ? y + ( y - y C ) ] d ? x d x e z z = ? u z ? z = 0 e y z = 1 2
[ ? u y ? z + ? u z ? y ] = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\varepsilon
_{xx}={\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}}=\omega {\cfrac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}
{{\text{d}}x}}&&\varepsilon _{xy}={\cfrac {1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}
{\partial y}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}}\right]={\cfrac {1}
{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-(z-z_{C})\right]{\cfrac
{{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}{{\text{d}}x}}\\\varepsilon _{yy}={\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}
{\partial y}}=0&&\varepsilon _{xz}={\cfrac {1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}
{\partial z}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial x}}\right]={\cfrac {1}
{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+(y-y_{C})\right]{\cfrac
{{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}{{\text{d}}x}}\\\varepsilon _{zz}={\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}
{\partial z}}=0&&\varepsilon _{yz}={\cfrac {1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}
{\partial z}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial y}}\right]=0\end{matrix}}}
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\varepsilon _{xx}={\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial
x}}=\omega {\cfrac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}{{\text{d}}x}}&&\varepsilon _{xy}={\cfrac
{1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}
{\partial x}}\right]={\cfrac {1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-
(z-z_{C})\right]{\cfrac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}{{\text{d}}x}}\\\varepsilon
_{yy}={\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}}=0&&\varepsilon _{xz}={\cfrac {1}
{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial z}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial
x}}\right]={\cfrac {1}{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+(y-
y_{C})\right]{\cfrac {{\text{d}}\theta _{x}}{{\text{d}}x}}\\\varepsilon
_{zz}={\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial z}}=0&&\varepsilon _{yz}={\cfrac {1}
{2}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial z}}+{\cfrac {\partial u_{z}}{\partial
y}}\right]=0\end{matrix}}}
{ t x z = + M T k ? F ? y t x y = - M T k ? F ? z , k := 2 ? O F d A = ?
O ? ? F ? 2 d A {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\tau _{xz}=+{\cfrac {M_{T}}{k}}
{\cfrac {\partial \Phi }{\partial y}}\\\tau _{xy}=-{\cfrac {M_{T}}{k}}{\cfrac
{\partial \Phi }{\partial z}}\end{cases}},\qquad k:=2\int _{\Omega }\Phi \ dA=\int
_{\Omega }\|{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\Phi \|^{2}\ dA} {\displaystyle
{\begin{cases}\tau _{xz}=+{\cfrac {M_{T}}{k}}{\cfrac {\partial \Phi }{\partial
y}}\\\tau _{xy}=-{\cfrac {M_{T}}{k}}{\cfrac {\partial \Phi }{\partial
z}}\end{cases}},\qquad k:=2\int _{\Omega }\Phi \ dA=\int _{\Omega }\|{\boldsymbol
{\nabla }}\Phi \|^{2}\ dA}
Donde:
En caso de que el espesor sea e(s) = e0constante esta �ltima ecuaci�n se reduce a:
Para piezas de muy escasa inercia torsional, como las piezas de pared delgada
abierta, puede construirse un conjunto de ecuaciones muy simples en la que casi
toda la resistencia a la torsi�n se debe a las tensiones cortantes inducidas por el
alabeo de la secci�n. En la teor�a de torsi�n alabeada pura se usa la aproximaci�n
de que el momento de alabeo coincide con el momento torsor total. Esta teor�a se
aplica especialmente a piezas de pared delgada abierta, donde no aparecen esfuerzos
de membrana.
Secciones abiertas de pared delgada
t m a x = M x 1 3 a b 2 ? = M x L G ( 1 3 a b 3 ) {\displaystyle \tau
_{max}={\frac {M_{x}}{{\frac {1}{3}}ab^{2}}}\qquad \theta ={\frac {M_{x}L}
{G\left({\frac {1}{3}}ab^{3}\right)}}} {\displaystyle \tau _{max}={\frac {M_{x}}
{{\frac {1}{3}}ab^{2}}}\qquad \theta ={\frac {M_{x}L}{G\left({\frac {1}
{3}}ab^{3}\right)}}}
Para una perfil I o perfil H que puede ser aproximado uniendo rect�ngulos de
dimensiones ( a i , b i ) {\displaystyle (a_{i},b_{i})} {\displaystyle
(a_{i},b_{i})} (dos alas rectangualres alargadas y un alma rectangular alargada)
las expresiones anteriores se pueden generalizar a:
t i , m a x = M x b i 1 3 ? i a i b i 3 ? = M x G ( 1 3 ? i a i b i 3 )
{\displaystyle \tau _{i,max}\leq {\frac {M_{x}b_{i}}{{\frac {1}{3}}\sum
_{i}a_{i}b_{i}^{3}}}\qquad \theta \leq {\frac {M_{x}}{G\left({\frac {1}{3}}\sum
_{i}a_{i}b_{i}^{3}\right)}}} {\displaystyle \tau _{i,max}\leq {\frac {M_{x}b_{i}}
{{\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i}a_{i}b_{i}^{3}}}\qquad \theta \leq {\frac {M_{x}}
{G\left({\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i}a_{i}b_{i}^{3}\right)}}}
T t o r = [ s x x t x y t x z t x y 0 0 t x z 0 0 ] { s x x = ? B ? I ? t x y =
- 1 - ? 0 ? 0 [ ? ? ? y + z C ] M ? J + [ ? ? ? y - ( z - z C ) ] M x - M ? J t x z
= - 1 - ? 0 ? 0 [ ? ? ? y - y C ] M ? J + [ ? ? ? y + ( y - y C ) ] M x - M ? J
{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} _{tor}={\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{xx}&\tau _{xy}&\tau
_{xz}\\\tau _{xy}&0&0\\\tau _{xz}&0&0\end{bmatrix}}\qquad {\begin{cases}\sigma
_{xx}=\omega {\cfrac {B_{\omega }}{I_{\omega }}}\\\tau _{xy}=-{\cfrac {1-\kappa
_{0}}{\kappa _{0}}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+z_{C}\right]
{\cfrac {M_{\omega }}{J}}+\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-(z-
z_{C})\right]{\cfrac {M_{x}-M_{\omega }}{J}}\\\tau _{xz}=-{\cfrac {1-\kappa _{0}}
{\kappa _{0}}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-y_{C}\right]{\cfrac
{M_{\omega }}{J}}+\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+(y-y_{C})\right]
{\cfrac {M_{x}-M_{\omega }}{J}}\end{cases}}} {\displaystyle \mathbf {T}
_{tor}={\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{xx}&\tau _{xy}&\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{xy}&0&0\\\tau
_{xz}&0&0\end{bmatrix}}\qquad {\begin{cases}\sigma _{xx}=\omega {\cfrac
{B_{\omega }}{I_{\omega }}}\\\tau _{xy}=-{\cfrac {1-\kappa _{0}}{\kappa
_{0}}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+z_{C}\right]{\cfrac
{M_{\omega }}{J}}+\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-(z-z_{C})\right]
{\cfrac {M_{x}-M_{\omega }}{J}}\\\tau _{xz}=-{\cfrac {1-\kappa _{0}}{\kappa
_{0}}}\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}-y_{C}\right]{\cfrac
{M_{\omega }}{J}}+\left[{\cfrac {\partial \omega }{\partial y}}+(y-y_{C})\right]
{\cfrac {M_{x}-M_{\omega }}{J}}\end{cases}}}
t t r i a = 5 3 18 M T L 3 � 0 , 481 M T L 3 , t c u a d � 4 , 80 M T L 3
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {tria} }={\frac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{18}}{\frac {M_{T}}
{L^{3}}}\approx 0,481{\frac {M_{T}}{L^{3}}},\qquad \tau _{\mathrm {cuad} }\approx
4,80{\frac {M_{T}}{L^{3}}}} {\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {tria} }={\frac {5{\sqrt
{3}}}{18}}{\frac {M_{T}}{L^{3}}}\approx 0,481{\frac {M_{T}}{L^{3}}},\qquad \tau
_{\mathrm {cuad} }\approx 4,80{\frac {M_{T}}{L^{3}}}}
donde L es lado del tri�ngulo o el cuadrado. Para una secci�n general simplemente
conexa de gran rigidez torisonal sometida a torsi�n de Saint-Venant, y por tanto
para cual sea v�lida la analog�a de la membrana de Prandtl puede probarse que la
tensi�n tangencial m�xima debida a la torsi�n viene acotada de la manera
siguiente:3?
donde: