LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 6 DATE:

AIM : To determine z parameters of a given Two–Port Resistive Network.

APPARATUS :
(1) Ammeter 0-50mA 2
(2) Voltmeter 0-10V 1
(3) Regulated power supply 0 - 30V. 1
(4) Board containing two port network 1

THEORY:
In electrical network theory a port may be regarded as a pair of terminals in which
current in to one terminal equals the current out of the other. A network may have one,
two or n ports in general. A one port network is completely identified when voltage
current relationship at the terminals of the port is given.
A general two port network shown in fig (1) has two pairs of voltage - current
relationships. The V1 and I1 are the variables at port 1 and V2 and I2 are the variables
at port 2. Only two of the four variables are independent and specifications of any two
of them determine the remaining two. The dependence of two of the four variables on
the other two is described in a number of ways, depending on which of the variables
are chosen to be independent variables. As such there are six possible sets of equations
describing a two port network, six different types of parameters are defined as z
parameters, y parameters, transmission parameters, inverse transmission parameters,
hybrid parameters and inverse hybrid parameters.
Z - parameters:
In case of z parameters, V1 and V2 are expressed in terms of I1 and I2.
i.e. V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 - (1)
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 - (2)
These parameters may be defined in terms of a single voltage and current by letting either
I1 = 0 or I2 = 0.
Thus,
 V1
z11 = ___
I1 I2 = 0 V2
z22 = ____
V1 I2 I1 = 0
z12 = ___
I2 I1 = 0

V2
z21 = ___
I1 I2 = 0
It may be observed that (i) all the z parameters have the dimensions
of impedance and (ii) they are specified only when the current in one of ports is
zero i.e open circuit at port 1 or port 2. Hence z parameters are designated as
open circuit impedance parameters.

PROCEDURE :
(1) Connect the circuit for Network as shown in fig. (1).
(2) Apply voltage at port 1 keeping port 2 open circuited. Measure voltages and
current at the port terminals. Keep levels of voltages and current such that meter
readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of the resistances.
(3) Apply voltage at port 2 keeping port 1 open circuited. Measure voltages and
current at the port terminals.
(4) Calculate z parameters using measured values of voltages and currents and
verify the results theoretically.
(5) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings are not
exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
(1) Network N :
SR. V1 I1 V2 I2 REMARK
NO. Volts mA Volts mA
1 0 Port - 2 open circuited
2 0 Port - 1 open circuited
CALCULATION :
For Network N :
V1
z11 = ___ = _________________________________
I1 I2 = 0

V1
z12 = ___ = _________________________________
I2 I1 = 0
V2
z21 = ___ = ________________________________
I1 I2 = 0

V2
z22 = ___ = ________________________________
I2 I1 = 0
RESULT TABLE:
NETWORK Practical Theoratical

z11 =______ z21 = ______ z11 =______ z21 = ______

Network
z11 =______ z21 = ______ z11 =______ z21 = ______

CONCLUSION: -
QUIZ: -

1. What do you mean by two port network?

2. z parameters are known as _________ circuit parameters.
3. The Z11 and Z22 parameters of the given network are,

(a) 8 & 7.55 ohm (b) 13 & 9 ohm

(c) 12 & 8.5 ohm (d) none of the above
4. If for any two port passive network z12 is 4 ohm, what will be the value of z21?
5. For the circuit shown in the given figure, if the input impedance Z1 at port 1 as given
by Z1=K1(s+2)
(s+5)
then the input impedance Z2 at port 2 will be

(a) k2(s+3)/ (s+5) (b) k2(s+2/ (s+3)

(c) k2s /s+5 (d) k2s /(s+2)
6. Why two networks are connected in series to get overall z parameters?
7. For two networks connected in series if z21 a = 4 ohm and z21b = 6 ohm , what will be
the value of z21 ?
8. The equivalent circuit of a two-port reciprocal network using z-parameters is shown
in here

The z-parameters are (z11,z12,z21,z22)

(a) 10,5,5,15 (b) 15,5,5,20 (c) 5,5,5,10 (d) 10,10,5,15
9. When a number of 2-ports networks are connected in cascade, the individual
(a) Zoc matrices are added (b) Ysc matrices are added
 (c) Chain matrices are multiplied (d) h-matrices are multiplied
10. In a two-port network containing linear bilateral passive circuit elements, which
one of the following conditions for z parameter would hold ?

(a) z11=z22 (b) z12 z21= z11 z22

(c) z11 z12= z22 z21 (d) z12 =h21
LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 DATE :

AIM : To determine y parameters of a given Two–Port Resistive Network

APPARATUS :
(1) Ammeter 0-50mA 2
(2) Voltmeter 0-10V 1
(3) Regulated power supply 0 - 30V. 1
(4) Board containing two port network 1
THEORY:
y parameters :
In case of y parameters , I1 and I2 are expressed in terms of V1 and V2
i.e I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
The individual y parameters are defined by

I1 I2
y21 = ____
y11 = ___
V1 V2 = 0
V1 V2 = 0
I2
I1
y22 = ___
y12 = ___
V2 V1 = 0
V2 V1 = 0

It may be observed that

(i) All the y-parameters have the dimensions of admittance.
(ii) They are specified only when voltage at one of the ports is zero i.e short circuit at
port 1 or port 2. Hence y parameters are known as short circuit admittance
parameters.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Connect the circuit diagram of Network as shown in fig(1).
 (2) Apply voltage at port 1 short circuiting the port 2 through an ammeter.
Measure voltage and currents at both the port terminals.
(3) Apply voltage at port 2 short circuiting the port 1 through an ammeter.
Measure voltage and currents at both the ports.
(4) Calculate y parameters using measured values of voltage
and currents and verify the results theoretically.
(5) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings
are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances

OBSERVATION TABLE :
(1) Network N :
SR. V1 I1 V2 I2 REMARK
NO. VOLTS mA VOLTS mA
1 0 Port - 2 short circuited
2 0 Port - 1 short circuited

CALCULATION :
For Network N :
I1
y11 = ___ = ________________________________
V1 V2 = 0
I1
y12 = ___ = ________________________________
V2 V1 = 0
I2
y21 = ___ = _________________________________
V1 V2 = 0
I2
y22 = ___ = ________________________________
V2 V1 = 0
RESULT TABLE:
NETWORK Practical Theoretical

y11 =______ y21 = ______ y11 =______ y21 = ______

Network N
y11 =______ y21 = ______ y11 =______ y21 = ______

CONCLUSION: -
QUIZ: -
1. y parameters are also known as _______ circuit parameters.
2. If for any two port passive network y12 is 0.4 mho, y21 = ______.
3. If two networks Na and Nb are connected in parallel y11a = 3 mho and y11b = 4 mho
what will be the value of y11 = ______.
4. A two-port network with short circuited admittance Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22 is
terminated through a resistance R at port 2. The overall Y21 of the network is

(a) Y21/( Y22+1/R) (b) Y21 +(1/R)

(c) (Y21/R)/( Y22+1/R) (d) Y21 +(1/R) / Y22
5. For the port network shown, select the correct statement

(a)It does not have z-parameters (b)It has z-parameters

(c)It does not have y-parameters (d)It does not have ABCD parameters
LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 8 DATE :

AIM : To determine ABCD parameters of a given two–port resistive Network

APPARATUS:
(1) Network board
(2) Ammeters 0 - 50mA 2
(3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V 1
(4) Regulated power supply 0-30 V 1

THEORY :
The transmission parameters serve to relate the voltage and current at one port to
voltage and current at the other port. In equation form,
V1 = AV2 - BI2
I1 = CV2 - DI2
where A, B, C and D are the transmission parameters. They are also known as chain
parameters, the ABCD parameters and general circuit parameters. Their first use is in the
analysis of power transmission lines. From the circuit conditions, they can be found as
follows,

V1 V1
A = _____ -B = _____
V2 I2=0 I2 V2=0
I1 I1
C = _____ -D = _____
V2 I2=0 I2 V2=0
 For network N
V1 A B V2

= ---------(1)
I1 C D -I2

PROCEDURE :
(1) Connect circuit diagram of Network N as shown in fig (1).
(2) Apply voltage at port 1 of network Na short circuiting the port 2 through
an ammeter. Measure voltages and currents at both the ports.
(3) Apply voltage at port 1 of network Na keeping port 2 open circuited as
shown in fig (5). Measure voltages and currents at both the ports.
(4) Calculate ABCD parameters using measured values of voltages
and currents.
(5) Verify the parameters theoretically and tabulate the results.
(6) For network verify that AD - BC = 1.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
(2) Network N :
SR. V1 I1 V2 I2 REMARK
NO. Volts mA Volts mA
1 0 Port - 2 short circuited
2 0 Port - 2 open circuited
CALCULATION :
For Network N :
V1
A = ___ = _________________________________
V2 I2 = 0

V1
B = ___ = _________________________________
-I2 V2 = 0

I1
C = ___ = _____________________________
V2 I2 = 0
 I1
D = ___ = ______________________________
-I2 V2 = 0
RESULT TABLE :
NETWORK - N
Pract. Theo.
A
B
C
D

CONCLUSION :
QUIZ :
1. ABCD parameters are also known as ___________ or _________ parameters.
2. Why two networks are connected in cascade connection to get overall ABCD
parameter?
3. If A= 7 , B= 8 ohm and C = 2.5 mho , what will be the value of D?
4. State the conditions for a network to be loss less in terms of ABCD parameters?
5. State the condition for a network to be reciprocal and symmetrical.
6. For _________ connection of two 2-port networks, ABCD parameters have to be
multiplied.
7. Are the ABCD parameters A(s), B(s),C(s) and D(s) the network functions?
8. The relation AD – BC = 1 is valid for ________ and _________ networks.
9. Two two-port network α and β having A B C D parameter as

Aα = 4 = Dα Aβ = 3 = Dβ
Bα = 5, C =2 and Bβ = 4 and Cβ = 2
Are connected in cascade in the order of α,β. The equivalent A parameter of the
Combination is

(a) 17 (b) 22 (c) 24 (d)31

10. Why negative sign is introduced in the equations?
LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 9 DATE:

AIM : (i) To determine h - parameter of a given Two–Port Resistive

Network.
(ii) To determine g - parameter of a given Two–Port Resistive
Network.
APPARATUS :
(1) Network board
(2) Ammeters 0 - 50mA 2
(3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V 1
(4) Regulated power supply 0-30 V 1
THEORY :
Hybrid Parameters (h parameters)
h parameters representation is widely used in modeling of electronic
components and circuits, particularly transistors. As both short circuit and
open circuit terminal conditions are utilized hence, this parameter
representation is known as hybrid parameter representation. In this form of
representation, the voltage of the input poet and the current of the output port
are expressed in terms of the current of the input poet and the voltage of the
output port.
We know that
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
In matrix form
V1 h11 h12 I1

= ---------(1)
I2 h21 h22 V2
Where
V1
h11 = ___ = Input impedance when output is short circuited
I1 V2 = 0
 V1
h12 = ___ = Reverse voltage ratio when input open circuited
V2 I1 = 0
I2
h21 = ___ = Forward current ratio when output short circuited
I1 V2 = 0

I2
h22 = ___ = Output admittance when input is open circuited
V2 I1 = 0
Inverse Hybrid Parameters (g parameters)
Hybrid parameters (h parameters) and Inverse hybrid parameters (g parameters) are dual
of each other. For g parameters both short circuit and open circuit terminal conditions are
utilized. In this form of representation, the current of the input port and the voltage of the
output port are expressed in terms of the voltage of the input port and the current of the
output port.

In case of g parameters, I1 and V2 are expressed in terms of V1 and I2.

i.e. I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 - (1)
V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 - (2)

I1 g11 g12 V1

= ---------(1)
V2 g21 g22 I2
Where
I1
g11 = ___ = Input admittance when output is open circuited
V1 I2 = 0

I1
g12 = ___ = Reverse current ratio when input short circuited
I2 V1 = 0
 V2
g21 = ___ = Forward voltage ratio when output open circuited
V1 I2 = 0

V2
g22 = ___ = Output impedance when input is short circuited
I2 V1 = 0

PROCEDURE :
Hybrid Parameters
(1) Connect the circuit diagram of network N as shown in fig (1).
(2) Apply voltage at port 1 keeping port 2 short-circuited. Measure
voltages and current at the port terminals. Keep levels of voltages and
current such that meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings
of the resistances.
(3) Apply voltage at port 2 keeping port 1 open circuited. Measure
voltages and current at the port terminals.
(4) Calculate h parameters using measured values of voltages
and currents and verify the results theoretically
Inverse Hybrid Parameters

(1) Connect the circuit diagram of network N as shown in fig (1).

(2) Open the output port and excite the input port with a known voltage source
Vs. so that V1 = Vs and I2 = 0.
(3) Determine I1 and V2 to obtain g11 and g21.
(4) Then the input port is short circuited and output port is excited with the
same voltage source Vs so that V2 = Vs and V1 = 0.
(5) Determine I1 and I2 to obtain g12 and g22.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Hybrid parameters
SR. V1 I1 V2 I2 REMARK
NO. Volts mA Volts mA
1 0 Port - 2 short circuited
2 0 Port - 1 open circuited

Inverse Hybrid Parameters

SR. V1 I1 V2 I2 REMARK
NO. Volts mA Volts mA
1 0 Port - 2 open circuited
2 0 Port - 1 short circuited

CALCULATION :
Hybrid Parameters :

V1
h11 = ___ =
I1 V2 = 0

V1
h12 = ___ =
V2 I1 = 0

I2
h21 = ___ =
I1 V2 = 0

I2
h22 = ___ =
V2 I1= 0
Inverse Hybrid Parameters :
I1
g11 = ___ =
V1a I2 = 0

I1
g12 = ___ =
I2 V1 = 0

V2
g21 = ___ =
V1 I2 = 0

V2
g22 = ___ =
I2 V1 = 0

CONCLUSION: -
QUIZ: -
1. For _________ connection of 2 networks h-parameters have to be added.
2. Will the h parameter matrix of a passive network be a symmetrical?
3. If for any two port passive network h12 is 8, h21 = ______.
4. If two networks Na and Nb are connected in series parallel, h11a =3 and h11b = 4
what will be the value of h11?
5. For network shown, the parameters h11 and h21 are

(a) 5 ohm & -2/3 (b) 3.4 ohm & -2/5

(c) 3.4ohm & -3/5 (d) none of the above
6. In a two-port network. the condition for reciprocal in terms of ‘h’ parameters is,
(a) h12=h21 (b) h11= h22 (c) h11= -h22(d) h12=-h21

7. The ideal transformer cannot be described by

(a) h parameter (b) ABCD parameter

(c) g parameter (d) z parameter

8. For a symmetrical network

(a)h11 = h22 (b)h12 = h21

(c)h11 h22- h12 h21 = 0 (d)h11 h22- h12 h21 = 1

9. For a single element two port network of the given figure , h21 is

(a) -0.1 (b) -1

(c) 0 (d) 10
10. If a two port is reciprocal, which of the following is not true?
(a) z21 =z12 (b) y21 = y12
(c) h21 =h12 (d) AD = BC +1