Ijtlls, Vol 1, Issue I

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF
TAMIL LANGUAGE
AND
LITERARY STUDIES
(Ijtlls)
A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

VOL – I: ISSUE – I, JULY 2018
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor-in-Chief
Ms. D. Maheswari, M.A., M.Phil., SET., B.Litt., D.G.T., (Ph.D).

IJTLLS,
Virudhunagar,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E.Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com, ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
Co-Editors’
Dr. N. Sulochana, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET.

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-113,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: suloraja64@gmail.com
Ms. V.Vimal, M.A. M.Phil., (Ph.D).

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vimal.vanji2015in@gmail.com
Advisory Editorial Board
Dr. Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, M.A., Ph.D.

Head of the Department, Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603-79675460.
Email: rmohana-dass@um.edu.my, rmdassa@gmail.com
Dr. Sascha Ebeling, M.A., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, College Senior Adviser in the Humanities, Chair, Readings in World
Literature Collegiate Core Sequence,
Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations,
Department of Comparative Literature,
The University of Chicago,
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu

R. Venkatesh, (PLM Leader in FORD, Michigan)
President and Secretary,
Tamil Academy, Canton, Michigan – 48187,
America.
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com
Dr. Sasi Kumar, M.A. Ling., M.A. Tamil., M.A. Philosophy., M.Ed., Ph.D.
Teaching Fellow, Asian Languages & Cultures Academic Group,
National Institute of Education,
Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Walk,
Singapore- 637616.
E-mail: sasikumar.p@nie.edu.sg
Dr. J.B.Prashant More, M.A., Ph.D.

Professor of Social Sciences,
Institute of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,
Inseec, Paris,
France.
E-mail: morejbplee@aol.com
Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, B.Sc., M.Ed.

P.G. Assistant in Tamil,
SJKT Ladang Temerloh,
34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.
E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com, punitha.su@moe.edu.my
Mr. K. Raguparan, CTHE (Peradeniya)., B.A., M.Phil.

Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil,
Department of Languages,
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University, Sri Lanka,
E-mail: kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.com
Dr. A. Boologarambai, M.A. Tam., M.A. Ling., NET., B.Ed., Ph.D., P.G. Dip. Hindi., P.G. Dip. Lexicography.
Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Language and Translation Studies,
(Sangam Literature & Traditional Grammar, Telugu, Hindi & Japanese, Tamil, English)
Dravidian University, Kuppam- 517425,
Andra Pradesh, India.
E-mail: arpudharambai@gmail.com
Dr. V. Raman, M.A., Ph.D. Tam., M.A., Ph.D. Jmc., DFTech., DLL., DACP., Dip.in.Rus., CCP., CMM., CFA.
Dean- Department of Visual Communication,
Rathinam Arts and Science College,
Eachanari, Coimbatore,

Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
E-mail: dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.com
Dr. S. Manimaran, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Department of Tamil,
N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: manimaransvn@gmail.com
Dr. T. K. Vedaraja, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of English,
Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
Associate Editor
Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar, M.A. Eng., M.A. Ling., M.A. Trans. Studies., M.Phil., SET., (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor, Department of English,
N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai-19,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vinothkumar@ijtlls.com , vinoth5082@gmail.com
Assistant Editors’
Dr. P. Swathi, M.A., M.A., M.Phil., NET., Ph.D.

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: pvswathi87@gmail.com
Mr. J. B. Sam Selva Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: sammeera9487@gmail.com
Mr. G. Antony Suresh, M.A., M.Phil., NET., C.G.T., (Ph.D).

Sadakathullah Appa College,
Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: surtamil6@gmail.com

Mr. S. Ayyanar, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., NET., (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: ayyanarbhc@gmail.com
Mr. S. Kulandhaivel, M.A., M.Phil.

Ganesar Arts and Science College, Melasivapuri-622403,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: english.kulandhai@gmail.com
Mr. B. Senthil Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D).

Alagappa Govt. Arts College, Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E.Mail: skbosesk@gmail.com
Ms. A.Angayarkanni, M.A., M.Phil.

St Antony’s College of Arts and Science for Women, Dindigul-624005,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: aangayarkanni@yahoo.com
Mr. R. Ganesh Kumar, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: rgkumar321@gmail.com
PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,
3/350, Veterinary Hospital Back side,
Virudhunagar – 626001.
Mobile: 8526769556
Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com
dmakesh88@gmail.com, ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
Copyright © 2018 – D.MAHESWARI

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12.A Scrutiny on Friendship across Literatures
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13. A Glance on Karikala Cholan in Sangam Literature
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 1

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Vol. 1: Issue 1, July-2018 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;14
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gd;khz; fw;gpdpd; fpis Kj Nyhh;f;Fk;.
.... ty;yhq;F tho;J nkd;dhJ ePAk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
17
vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; nfhLkjp kidfpo NthNa
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlYk; rq;f fhy kf;fspd; kdpj Neag; gz;gpidg;
Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
KbTiu
kwe;Jk; gpwd; NfL #ow;f vd;w gz;ghNl itaj;ij tho itg;gjhFk;.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jkpohpd; gz;ghl;L kuGfis ehKk; fw;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp
tUk; jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; ekJ gz;ghl;il vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek;
Kd;Ndhh;fspd; tho;f;if newpfisAk; gz;ghl;L kuGfisAk; fhj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. Fws; - 996.
2. gz;ghl;L khdpltpay; - gf;jtj;ry ghujp> g-151
3. Fws; - 993
4. NkyJ - 45
5. ew;> gh -1> thp -6
6. mfk; - gh.339
7. Fws; - 81
8. ew;> gh -142
9. njhy;.fw; -11
10. Gwk;> gh -331
11. kzp> ghj;jpuk;.ng.fhij - thp 95>96
12. Fws; - 221
13. Gwk;> gh -134
14. Fws; - 131
15. FwpQ;rp> thp 13-18
16. Fws; -457
17. Gwk;> gh -163
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. t.Rg. khzpf;fk; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws;> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> kWgjpg;G-
2000.
2. ,sk;G+uzh;> (c.M) - njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;> fof ntspaPL> nrd;id>
Kjy;gjpg;G - 1970.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. xsit R. Jiur;rhkpg;gps;is> Kidth;.fjph;KUF - rq;f ,yf;fpak; %yKk;
ciuAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
ciuAk;> mfehD}W> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
ciuAk;> ew;wpiz> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
6. c.Nt. rhkpehijah; - GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> c.Nt.rh.gjpg;G> nrd;id>
Mwhk; gjpg;G - 1963.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpe;Jg; ghly;fspy; ahg;gpyf;fzk;
jpUkjp. n[.ftpjh>
cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
g+rhNfhmufpU\;zk;khs; kfsph; fy;Y}hp>
Nfhit - 641004.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; jhf;fk; ngw;w

,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rpe;Jg;ghly;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. njhd;ikAk;> kf;fspirg;
ghq;Fk; jOtpa rpe;Jg;ghf;fs; vwj;jho mg;gh; fhyj;jpYk; cUg;ngwj; njhlq;fp
,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk; tsh;r;rp mile; J 18-k; E}w;whz;L Kjy;
kpFjpahf ,aw;wg;gl;Lj; jw;fhyj; jkpo;g; ghl;byf;fpaj;jpy; jf;fNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sd. vdpDk; jhsKila rpe;Jg;gh tbt mikg;ig Kjd;Kjyhf vLj;Jf;
$Wgth; tPukhKdpth; Mthh;. Gyth; Foe;ij ,f;fhy tsh;r;rp tbtq;fs;
gytw;Wf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;. rpe;Jg;ghly;fs; ,irj; jkpo;ghlyhFk;.
,tw;wpd; ,yf;fzk; ,irE}y; mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;Njhh; ,aw;ghf;fSf;F chpa kh> tpsk;> fha;> fdp Kjypa rPh; tha;g;
ghLfisAk;> ntz;lis Kjypa jisfisAk; rpe;Jfspd; rPh;fis tpsf;f
mbg;gil msT Nfhy;fshfg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh;. ,t;tbg;gil mZFKiwapd;
fhuzkhfr; rpe;Jg;ghtpy; ahg;gpyf;fzj;ijf; $Wtjpy; xU rpy ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;
tpsf;fk; je;Js;sd. rpe;J vd;w nrhy;ypd; njhd;ikia mwpa njhy;fhg;gpa
fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng jkpopy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. VO> vl;L> xd;gJ vOj;Jf; fs; mike;j
ehw;rPh; mbfisr; rpe;jb vd;ghh;fs; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
VnoOj; njd;g rpe;jbf; fsNt
1
<nuOj; Njw;wk; mt;top ahd;
NkYk; fhf;ifghbdpahh;. mkph;jrhfuh; KjyhfpNahh; Kr;rPubiar; rpe;jb
vd;Wk;> %d;wb ntz;ghitr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vd;W nrg;gpdh;.
,UrPh; Fwsb; rpe;jb Kr;rPh;
mstb ehw;rP> mWrP ujdpd;
2
,opg nebyb vd;wprp NdhNu
vd Nkw;fz;l ghly;thpfs; %yk;> njhy;fhg;gpah; fhf;ifg;ghbdpah;> mkph;jrhfh;
Nghd;w ,yf;fz E}yhrphpah;fs; rpe;Jg;ghtpw;fhd ,yf;fzj;ij tiuaWj;J
$Wfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW rpe;Jg;ghtpw;fhd ,yf;fz tpsf;fj;ij fPo;fz;l nkhopfshYk;
nrhw;fshYk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
rpe;Jg;ghly; tpsf;fk;
fhtbr;rpe;J> nehz;br; rpe;J> tisaw; rpe;J> topeilr; rpe;J Kjypa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngah;fspy; ,irg;ghly;fs; gy cs;sd. re;jg;ghly;fs; (re;jtpUj;jq;fs;)
tz;zg;ghly;fs; (jpUg;Gfo;g;ghly;fs;)> cUg;gbfs; (fPh;j;jidfs;) vd;w ngah;fspy;
,irg;ghly;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifahd rpe;Jg;ghly;fSf;F ,yf;fzk;
$wpath;fs; Gj;jkpj;jpudhh;> mwptdhh;> tPukhKdpth;> Gyth; Foe;ij> fp.gh. [fehjd;>
j. rutzj; jkpod;> k.uh. g+gjp KjypNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
Gj;jkpjudhh;
Gj;jkpj;jpudhh; jk; tPu Nrhopaj;jpy;
3
,uz;lb xj;J moprPh; ,yhjJ rpe;jhk;
tPrpd gk;guk; Xa;tjd; Kd;ehd;
Mir mwtpid ahbj; jphptNd
vLj;j khlk; ,btjd; Kd;ehd;
4
mLj;j tz;zk; tpisahbj; jphptNd
Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L ghly; thpfisf;fhl;b> ,it ,uz;lbahaj; jk;Ks;s msnthj;J
te;jikahy; rpe;J vd;fpwhh; Gj;jkpj;judhh;.
mwptdhh;
mwptdhh; jhk; ,aw;wpa gQ;r kugpy; ,irg;ghf;fspd; ngah;fisg; gpd;tUkhW
$Wfpd;whh;.
gz;Zkpaho; tz;zk; ghblr; rpe;njhd;whh;
5
vz;zj;jhd; kpf;fha;e;Njhh; vd;
vd;w thpfspy; rpe;Jg; ghly;fshdJ jhsj;Jld; ghlg;gLtJ vd;w ,ay;ig
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh; mwptdhh;.
tPukhKdpth;
18-k; E}w;whz;bduhd tPukhKdpth; mj;jifa rpe;Jfspd; mikg;gpidj; jk;

‘nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;. rpe;Jg; ghlypy;> 4
fz;zpfs; cz;L> mtw;Ws; KjyhtJ ‘gy;ytk;’ vd;Dk; FWfpa thpahFk;. mJ
kw;w xt;nthU fz;zpf;F Kd;Dk; jpUg;gpg; ghlg;ngWk; ehd;F fz;zpfspy;
KjyhtJ ,Wjpahdtw;iwtplf; FWfpajhFk;. vdNt ,jid ‘mEgy;ytk;’ vd;W
ngah; ngw;WapUf;Fk;. kw;wf; fz;zpfs; %d;Wk; vy;yh tifapYk; jk;Ks;
xj;jpUf;Fk;> ,tw;wpy; vJifAld;> ,Wjp xyp xj;JtUk; ,iaGk; gad;gLj;jg;
ngWfpd;wJ. ,th; rpe;Jtpy; vLg;G> njhLg;G njhilg; gw;wpAk; $wpAs;shh;.
,th; $wpa rpy cz;ikfs; fPo;fz;l tpsf;fj;Jld; cWjpahfpd;wd.
1. gy;ytp> mEgy;ytp> ruzk; Mfpa cWg;GfSld; ,d;W fhzg;gLtd

rpe;Jg;ghf;fNs.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. gy;ytp> mEgy;ytp ,uz;Lk; xU fz;zpapd; ,UgFjpfNs.
3. gy;ytk;> mEgy;ytk; vd;gd ,d;W gy;ytp> mEgy;ytp vd;W khwp
toq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thW Nkw;fz;l thpfs; %yk; tPukhKdpth; $wpAs;s
rpe;Jg;gh nra;jpfisr; MuhAk; NghJ> jw;NghJ R+oypy; cs;s jpiuapirg;
ghlYf;F Kd;Ndhbahf rpe;Jg;ghit mikj;Js;shhfs;; vd;gij ehk;
mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
Gyth; Foe;ij
,th; jk; ahg;gjpfhuk; vd;w E}ypy; rpe;Jg; ghly;fSf;F tphpthd ,yf;fzk;
$wpAs;shh;.
xnuJif ngw;w ,uz;lbfs; msnthj;J tUjy; (ahg;gjpfhuk; - Gyth;
Foe;ij) rpe;J vdg;gLk;. ,uz;Nlad;wp ehd;fbfs; XnuJifaha; tUjYk; cz;L.
Xubapd; Nkhidj; njhil vLg;gpd; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; cs;s miuab ,q;F
mbadNt toq;fg;ngWk;. ,ijNa ftpkzpapd; kyUk; khiy vd;w E}ypy; rpe;Jtpd;
,yf;fzj;ij cw;W Nehf;fyhk;.
G+Tk; Ntz;lhNk - goKk;
nghhpAk; Ntz;lhNk
NkT Ks;sd;Ng – Njtp
tpUk;Gk; ey;yKjhk;
,r;rpe;jpy;>
G+Tk; Ntz;lhNk - Fwsb
nghhpAk; Ntz;lhNk - Fwsb
goKk; - jdpr;nrhy;
Nkhidj; njhil vLg;gpd; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; cs;s mbfs; xj;J tUjy; rkdpiyr;
rpe;J vdTk; xt;thJ tUjy; tpadpiyr; rpe;J vdTk; ngah; ngWk;.
‘G+Tk; Ntz;lhNk nghhpAk; Ntz;lhNk’vd;Wk; ,uz;Lk; Fwsbahf
te;jhy; ,J rkdpiyr; rpe;J.
gf;jpapdhNy - ,e;jg;
ghhpdp nya;jpL Nkd;ikfs; Nfsb
Kjyb FwsbahfTk;> mLj;j mb mstbahfTk; te;jhy; mJ tpadpiyr; rpe;jhFk;.
rkdpiyr; rpe;J
1. Fwsb ,uz;L tUjy; - ,UrPupul;il
2. rpe;jb ,uz;L tUjy; - %r;rPupul;il
3. mstb ,uz;L tUjy; - ehw;rPhpul;il
4. nebyb ,uz;L tUjy; - IQ;rPupul;il


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
5. fopnebyb ,uz;L tUjy; - mWrPupul;il
vO rPupul;il vz;rPupul;il vd mt;tr;rPh;fs; mirahfg; ngah; ngWk; vd;fpwhh; Gyth;
Foe;ij.
tpadpiyr; rpe;J
1. FwsbAk; rpe;jbAk; tUjy; - ,U%r;rPupul;il
2. FwsbAk; mstbAk; tUjy; - ,Uehw;rPupul;il
3. rpe;jidAk; mstbAk; tUjy; - Ke;ehw;rPupl;il
4. rpe;jbAk; FwsbAk; tUjy; - Kt;tpUrPupul;il
5. mstbAk; FwsbAk; tUjy; - ehypUrPuul;il
6. mstbAk; rpe;jbAk; tUjy; - ehKr;rPupul;il
vdg; ngah; ngWk;> ,t;thNw gpwTk; ngah; ngWk; ,it xt;nthd;Wk; tpUj;jk;
Kjypa ghtpdq;fs; Nghy ntt;NtW XirAilajhf tUk; ,e;j rpe;J
,irg;ghlyhFk;.
rkdpiyr; rpe;Jk; tpadpiyr; rpe;JTk; ngUk;ghYk; fz;zpahfNt tUk;. mJ
kl;Lky;yhJ fhtbr;rpe;J> jq;fr;rpe;J> nehz;br;rpe;J. topeilr; rpe;J> Mde;jf;
fspg;G> ehNlhbg; ghly;fs; vy;yhk; rpe;J ghlyhfNt mikAk; vd;fpwhh; Gyth;
Foe;ij. mJ kl;Lky;yhJ tisaw; rpe;J> Nrtw;ghl;L> Gwhg;ghl;L> Fs;sj;jhur;
rpe;J> Vw;wg;ghl;L> Vry;> jhyhl;L> xg;ghhp> cLf;ifg;ghl;L> fpspf;fz;zp>
vf;fhyf;fz;zp> gyruf;F Vyg;ghl;L ,yhtzp Kjypadnty;yhk; rpe;J
tifNaahFk;. ,itfnsy;yhk; rpe;Jtpd; ,yf;fzj;jpy; mikAk; vd;fpwhh; Gyth;
Foe;ij.
fp.th. rfe;ehjd;
jd;Dila fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpy;> rpe;J vd;gJ ,irg;ghl;L tiffSs; xd;W
vd;Wk; mJ ngUk;ghYk; %d;W rPh;fisg; ngw;w rpe;jbfshYk; mijg; goq;fhyj;jpy;
rpe;J vd;Wk; toq;fpdh;. gpwF
6
gy;ytp> mEgy;ytp> ruzk; Nghd;W msnthj;J tUk;
mbfis cila ,irg;ghly;fisr; rpe;J vd;fpwhh;.
j.rutzj; jkpod;
,th; jk; ahg;G E}ypy;
rpe;Jg; ghf;fs; nehz;br; rpe;J
fhtbr; rpe;jhd Mtif ,uz;Nl
fpuhkg; igad; nehz;br; rpe;J
ifahs; tjw;F nka;aha; mhpNj
Kjybr; rPh;fSk; jdpr;nrhy; md;wp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kwpabr; rPh;fSk; vz;nzhj; jpUg;gpd;
rkdpiyr; rpe;jhk; xd;wpd; kw; nwhd;WrPh;
kpFepiy ahapd; tpadpiyr; rpe;jhk;
7
mirapia nghg;gd fhtbr; rpe;Nj
Nkw;fz;l ghly; thpfs; E}w;ghthf ,Ue;jhYk; GhpAk; tifapy; rpe;Jg;ghTf;fhd
,yf;fzj;ij njhLj;Js;shh; j. rutzj; jkpod;.
k.uh. G+gjp
rpe;Jg;ghTf;nfd;W Kjd;Kjy; xU jdpE}yhf ahg;gpyf;fzk; nra;jth;
k.uh.G+gjp Mthh;. ,th; “fiykzp g+gjpahk;” vd;w jk; E}ypy; nghJr;rpe;J>
chpr;rpe;J vd;W ghFghL nra;J nfhz;L ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;whh;>
ehyb Ie;jbr; rpe;Jfs;> <ub Nky;itg;Gr; rpe;J> rkepiyr; rpe;J>
tpadpiyr; rpe;J> tpuTepiyr; rpe;J> ,aw;rpe;J> re;jr; rpe;J> tz;zr; rpe;J>
,ay; re;jr; rpe;J> jsh; tz;zr; rpe;J> tpUj;jr;rpe;J> jdpepiyr; rpe;J
cWg;G rpe;J
vd rpe;Jg;ghit gythwhf gphpj;J> tifg;gLj;jp mjw;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijAk;
nfhLj;Js;shh;.
ahg;gpyf;fz Kiwfspd; tsh;r;rpAk;> rpe;Jg;ghTk;
,aw;ghf;fs;> tz;zg;ghf;fs;> re;jg;ghf;fs;> rpe;Jg;ghf;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; xd;wpd;
,yf;fzKiw kw;nwhd;Wf;F njhlh;GilajhFk;. ,aw;ghf;fSf;fhd ,yf;fzg;gh>
ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh MFk;. ,irg;ghf;fSf;FhpaJ fypg;gh> ghpg;ghlyhFk;>
tpUj;jq;fSila tsh;r;rpNa tz;zg;gh> re;jg;gh vd ,Uepiyg; ghthFk;. ,t;thW
,ay;> ,irg;ghf;F Vw;wthW rpe;Jit gphpj;J mjpy; ahg;gpyf;fz Kiw itj;J
rpe;Jit tsh;r;rpailar; nra;jdh; jkpowpQh;fs;.
rpe;J vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fr; rpe;Jjy; vd;w tpidg;nghUSk;> mstbapy; rw;Wf;
FWfpaJk;> VO> vl;L> xd;gJ vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;w mbfSk;> Kr;rPh; mbfSk;>
%d;wbg; ghly;fisAk; nfhz;L rpe;J vd;w ngauhfp> njhy;fhg;gpaph; fhyk; Kjy;
jw;fhyk; tiu rpe;JthdJ tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. rpe;Jg; ghlyhdJ ngUk;ghYk;
ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fspYk;> rpj;jh; ghly;fspYk; Njthug; ghly;fspYk;>
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fshd rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzpapYk;> mw ,yf;fpa
E}y;fshd jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top> %JiuapYk;>
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fshd GwehD}W> ghpg;ghly;> fypj;njhif Nghd;w E}y;fspYk;
NkYk; ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> thzpjhrd; Nghd;Nwhh;fspd;
ghly;fspy; rpe;Jg;ghlyhdJ ghlg;ngw;W cs;sJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhJ
jpirapirg;ghly;fspYk;> mjpfkhd fz;zjhrd; thpfspYk; rpe;Jg;ghtpdhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghlg;gl;lNjahFk;. ,t;thW Nkw;fz;l Ma;tpd; %yk;> rpe;Jg;ghit ahtUk; ghb
mjpy; ahg;gpyf;fzj;ij ifahz;L fhye;NjhWk; tsh;r;rp milar; nra;jdh; vd;gjpy;
ngUkpjkhFk;.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. njh.nra;. Nguh. 37
2. ah. fyk;. 24 ciu Nkw;Nfs;
3. tPuNrhopak; 3-13
4. tPu Nrhopak; 3-33
5. gQ;rkuG – 89
6. fiyf; fsQ;rpak; - 3
7. ahg;G E}y; 134-136
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
1. njhy;fhg;gpak;>njhy;fhg;gpah; nghUsjpfhuk;> Nguhrphpak;. rp. fNzirah;.
ahg;gUq;fyk;> mkpjrhfuh;> fofg;gjpT> nrd;id> 1973.
2. tPuNrhopak;> Gj;jkpj;judhh;> ghghde;jh; fofg;gjpg;G> nrd;id> 1942.
3. gQ;rkuG> mwptdhh;> nja;trpfhkzpf;fTz;lh; gjpg;G> Ntyhk;ghisak;> 1975.
4. Foe;ij> ahg;gjpfhuk;> ghhp epiyak;> nrd;id.
5. ftpkzp> kyUk; khiyAk;> ghhp epiyak;> nrd;id> 1967.
6. [fehjd; fp.th. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; - 3> jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fofk;> nrd;id> 1956.
7. j. rutzj; jkpod;> ahg;G E}y;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
it. K. Nfhijehafpapd; gilg;Gfspy; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;
jpUkjp. Nkh. fpUj;jpfh>
Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh; kw;Wk; tphpTiuahsh;>
kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp>
kJiu.
kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;F kz;zpy;

ey; khjtk; nra;jply; Ntz;Lk;kh - mth;
gq;faf;if eyk; ghh;j;jy;Nyh - ,e;jg;
ghhpy; mwq;fs; tsUk; mk;kh1
vd;whh; ftpkzp. ngz;fs; ehl;bd; fz;fs; vd;W czh;e;jdh; gpw;fhy
,yf;fpathjpfs;. ek; ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; ngz; jdpj;J tho ,ayhJ. VNjDk; xU
FLk;g cwTld; kl;LNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w #oy; cs;sJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;
ngz;zpak; cyfk; KOtJk; giwrhw;wg;gl;L tUk; Rakhpahij kw;Wk; Rachpik
fofkhFk;. ngz;zpak; rhh;e;j gilg;gfs; msg;ghpa khw;wq;fis rkjhaj;jpy;
cUthf;fp tUfpd;wd. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ngz;zpak; rhh;e;j vz;zpylq;fh
gilg;Gfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; it.K. Nfhijehafp mk;khs; ehty;fspy;
mike;Js;s fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; top mf;fhy ngz;fspd; epiyfisAk; mth;jk;
czh;TfisAk; Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ngz;zpak;
ngz;zpak;> ngz;Zhpik> kfsph; epiy vd;w epiyfspy; ngz;Zf;fhd
Rje;jpuk; xt;nthU fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk; tphpthfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ngz;zpak; vd;Dk;
fUj;JUthf;fk; ngz; fy;tp> nrhj;Jhpik> KbntLf;Fk; jd;ik> tpUk;gpa Mltiuj;
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sjy;> xj;Jtuhj epiyapy; kz KwpT nra;J nfhs;Sjy;>
gyjhu kzj;ij vjph;j;jy;> ,staJ jpUkzj;ij vjph;j;jy;> rkNtiyf;F rk
Cjpak;> Ra njhopy; vd;w tifapy; ngz;Zhpikf;fhdr; rpe;jidfis gy;Nehf;F
Kiwapy; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngz;zpak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
,ayhj fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOe;j it.K.Nfhijehafapd; ehty;fs; mtUila
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j ngz;fspd; epiyia gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. it.K.Nfhtpd;
ehty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ngz; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; Rje;jpuk;
ek; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;il rhh;e;Nj mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy mth; jk;
ehty;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz; fy;tp> ngz; Rje;jpuk;> Njtjhrp xopg;G>
tujl;riz xopg;G> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> fyg;G kzk;> rpdpkh Nkhfk;> nghUe;jh
kzk;> Nghd;w r%fr;rpf;fy;fisj; jd; gilg;Gfs; %ykhf Kd; itf;fpd;whh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz; fy;tp
it.K.Nfhijehafpapd; ehty;fspy; tUk; ,sk; fijj; jiytpah;>
ngUk;ghYk; ed;F fy;tp fw;wth;fshf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ngz;Zf;F
tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfSs; xd;W fy;tp kWg;G> Mizg;Nghy fy;tp
fw;W cau> ngz;Zf;F tha;g;Gj;juTk;> nghUs; nrytopf;fTk;> ngw;Nwhh;
KdtUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; ngz; fy;tpf;F jiltpjpf;fg;gl;ljhf
njhpatpy;iy. ,tUila gy ehty;fs; ngz; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij
czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,th; vOjpa “rhe;jpapd; rpfuk;” vd;w ehtypy; Njtjhrpf; Fyj;jpy;
gpwe;jts; jd;Dila ngz; kf;fs; ehy;tiuAk; Njtjhrpfshf khw;whky; gbj;j
ngz;fshf tsh;f;fpd;whs;.
ahNuh Njtjhrp Gjpjhff; Fbte;jpUf;fpwhs;. mtUf;F ehd;F ngz;fs;.
me;jj;jhrp kpfTk; gbj;jts;. xU ngz;iz guj ehl;baf; fiyapYk;> xU ngz;iz
`hpfjh fhyl;Nrg fiyapYk;> xU ngz;iz cah;e;j cghj;jpahapdpahfTk;> xU
ngz;iz lhf;luhfTk; gbf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhs;2 vd;W $Wtjd; %yk;
ngz;zbikj;jdj;jpw;F tpj;jhtJ ngz;fy;tpapd;ikNa vd;W czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp ed;khh;f;fj;ijg; gug;gTk;> mwpT tsuTk;> cah;jukhd
E}y;fisg; gbj;J njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjt Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpak;
FL;k;g eph;thfj;jpw;fhd gbg;Gk;> FLk;gj;ijr; rPuhfTk;> rpf;fdkhfTk; elj;Jk;
Kiwf;fhd tPl;Lg;gbg;Gk; vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
ngz;fs; mbikj;jdk; jPu fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgRk; it.K.Nfh
mth;fs; ngz;zpd; fTutk; vd;gJ nkd;ikahf NgRtJ> Jd;gq;fisj; jhq;fpf;
nfhs;tJ> gpwh; VrpdhYk;> ghuhl;bdhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ> ngz; vg;gb ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mthpd; fijapy; ngz;fs; nkd;ikia ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.
jpUkzk;
rKjha mikg;gpy; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ngz;Zf;F kl;LNk jFjpfs;
tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ngz;zpd; kzk; epr;rpaf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;zpd; kdij ahUk; mwpa tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. ‘jahepjp’ vd;w rpWfijapy;
ngz;izzf; Nfhyj;jpy; fhZk; fhyk; tiuapYk;> epk;kjpaw;W my;yhLk;
je;ijiaf; fhl;bAs;shh; it.K.Nfh. 16 taJ kfSf;F 45 taJ tud; te;jJ.
je;ijahd jpU %h;j;jpf;F nfhQ;rk; jpUg;jpaha; ,Ue;jJ3 vd;W Vo;ikf; fhuzkha;
ngz;fs; jpUkzr; Nrw;wpy; Gijg;gLtij ,tuJ ehty;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk;>
tujl;riz nfhLf;f Kbahjjhy; tajhdtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
fl;lhak; ,Ug;gij ,e;ehtypy; tUk; ngz; fjhghj;jpuk; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tujl;riz r%feilKiwfspy; xd;whfTk;> tujl;riz ,y;iynad;why; jpUkzk;
,y;iy vd;w epiy ,d;W tiu cs;sJ. ,jid>
ey;ytpiy nfhz;L ehiatpw;ghh; - me;j
ehaplk; Nahrid Nfl;gJz;Nlh
nfhy;yj; Jzptpd;wp ek;ikAk; - me;epiy
4
$l;b itj;jhh;> gop $l;btpl;lhh;
vd;W ghujpahh; ghbdhh;.
NkYk;> fw;G epiy Fwpj;Jk; jd; ehty;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. fw;G
vd;gJ ngz;zpd; elj;ij KiwNfLfSs; xd;whf r%fj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fw;G vd;gjw;F kzkhfhj ngz; vdpy;> jpUkzkhFk; fztd; xUtDf;Nf
cz;ik cilatshjy;> fztd; jPatdhapDk;? gpw ngz;fSld; njhlh;G
nfhs;gtdhapDk; mtd; gpiofisg; nghWj;Jj;jhq;fp mtDf;F Neh;ik
5
cilatshf ,Ug;gNjhL> mtidNa nja;tk; vd njhOjy; vd tpsf;fk;
jug;gLfpwJ.
r%fj;jpy; fw;G gw;wpa ,t;tpsf;fq;fs; r%fj;jpy; epytptUk; xU rhh;G
fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;. fw;G gw;wpa xUjiyf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij gpw;fhyr;rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;
,UghyUf;Fk; chpaJ vd;wdh;. fhe;jpabfs;> ghujpahh;> nghpahh; Nghd;N whh; fw;G
epiyia kW rpe;jidf;Fk; cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdh;.
fw;G epiynad;W nrhy;y te;jhh; ,U
fl;rpf;F m. .;J nghJtpy; itg;Nghk6;
vd;W ghujp fw;G epiyia Mz;> ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghJ thf;FNthk; vd;whh;.
fw;G vd;gJ vy;yhg; ngz;fSf;Fk; chpaJ> Fyg;ngz;fSf;F j;jhd; chpaJ
vd;W tiuaWg;gJ NghypahdJ vd;gJ it.K.Nfhtpd; fUj;jhFk;. jhrp Fyj;Jg;
ngz;zhf ,Ue;jhy; mg;ngz;fSf;F fw;G fpilahJ vd;W ,r;r%fk; tiuaWg;gJ
nfhLik vd;fpwhh;.
N`hkk; nra;Ak; mf;fpdpAk; xNu neUg;Gj;jhd;. gpzj;ij vhpf;Fk; neUg;Gk;
xNu neUg;Gj;jhd;. ,uz;bYk; ififa itj;jtd; Rl;Lj;jhd; vhpf;fg;gLthd;. jhrpg;
ngz;zhapDk; N`hkj; jPapYk; nfhba jPiag; Nghd;wJ jhd; mtSila fw;Gk; 7
vd;w nghUj;jkhd ctik %yk; jhrpf;Fyg; ngz;fSf;Fk; fw;G cz;L vd;W
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
KbTiu
jpUkjp. it.K.Nfhijehafp mk;khspd; ehty;fspy; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; %yk;
mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j ngz;fspd; epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ gw;wp mwpag;glhj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; vOe;j ehthyhjyhy;
ngz;fspd; Rje;jpuk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwf;Fs; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngz; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij jd; ehty;fs; midj;jpYk; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.
ngz;zbikj; jdj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; fy;tpawptpd;ikNa vd;gJ it.K.fhtpd;
fUj;jhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,staJ jpUkzk; rKjhaj;jpd; rPh;NfL vd;gij ,tUila
ehty;fs; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd.
trjp gilj;jth;fs; Viog; ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L FLk; g
mikg;G Kiwf;F topfhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fw;G vd;gJ Mz;> ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ vd;fpwhh;. Mz;fSf;Fk;>
jhrpFyj;Jg; ngz;fSf;Fk; fw;G chpaJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. ,t;thW jd;
ehty;fspy; ngz; kf;fis ey;topg;gLj;Jk; gzpia it.K. Nfhijehafp mk;khs;
njhlh;e;Js;sij mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is> g.66
2. it.K.Nfh. rhe;jpapd; rpfuk;> g.21
3. it.K.Nfh. jahepjp> g.203
4. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;
5. vk;.V.Rrpyh> jkpopyf;fpa ntspapy; ngz; nkhopAk; ngz;Zk;> gf;.290>291
6. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;
7. it.K.Nfh. gtpj;jpug; GJik> g.96
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. it.K.Nfhijehafpapd; fijfs;> 244> ,uhkfpURzh klk; rhiy> kapyhg;G+h;>
nrd;id-4.
2. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is> MrpaN[hjp> ghhpepiyak;> 59-gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id-1.
3. ghujpahh;>ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> ghujpahh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
4. vk;.V.Rrpyh> jkpopyf;fpa ntspapy; ngz; nkhopAk; ngz;Zk;> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf
epiyak;> kJiu.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gPLilahh; Fbnra;thh;
Kidth; e.nr.fp.rq;fPj;uhjh>
jpahfuhrh; fy;Yhhp>
kJiu.
‘gPLilahh; Fb nra;thh;‘ vd;gjpy; ‘Fb’ vd;gjid FLk;gk; (,y;ywk;)> Fyk;

(Fbg;gpwg;G)> murd; (Fb nra;gtd;)> kf;fs; (Fbfs;) vd;w fUg;nghUs;fspy;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,tw;Ws; ngUikAilath;fs; ahth; mjhtJ ngUikAila
FLk;gk;> ngUikAila Fyk;> ngUikAila murd;> ngUikAila kf;fs; ahth;
vd;gij jf;f rhd;WfNshL ts;Stj;jpd; top Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gPLila NgW
,t;Tyfpy; xU kdpjDf;F ngUik Njbj; juf;$ba cah;e;j gjtp>
epiwe;j nry;tk;> ngUk; Gfo;> cahpa tpUJfs; vd gy epfo;Tfs; cs;sd. Mdhy;
,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl vtndhUtd; ,ay;ghf ,y;ywf; flikfspypUe;J
tOthJ gzpahw;WfpwhNdh mjidg;Nghy ngUikAila ngah; Ntwpy;iy.
mjidg; Nghd;W ngUk;NgW ngWtjw;fpy;iy. ,jidj;jhd;>
fUkk; nraxUtd; ifJhNtd; vd;Dk;
ngUikapd; gPLilaJ ,y;(Fws; - 1021)
vd;whh; ts;Sth;. ,y;ywf; flikfspy; tOthjpUj;jy; ngUk;NgwhFk;. mjdhy;
jhd; ,y;ywj;jpy ,Ue;J nfhz;L ,iwtid tzq;Fk; Ngw;wpid ek;Kila ,e;J
jh;kk; vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ. ,iwnewpAk; ,jidg; gpd;gw;wpNa tzq;fg;gl;lJ.
1
,y;tho;f;ifia xU mwkhff; fUjpajhy; jhd; jkpod; mjid ,y;ywk; vd;whd;.
,j;jifa ,y;ywj;jhd; jhd; vy;NyhiuAk; tpl rpwe;jtdhff; fUjg;gl;lhd;.
mjdhy;jhd;>
,ay;gpdhhd; ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtd; vd;ghd;
Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy (Fws; - 47)
vd;whd; ts;Stg; ngUe;jif.
,dpa ,y;ywk;
,j;jifa ,y;ywj;jpd; ,dpa fhl;rpapid Iq;FWEhw;Wg; ghly; thapyhff;
fhzyhk;. jiytDk; jiytpAk; jk; Gjy;tid eLtpy; fplj;jp ,UkUq;fpYk;
mth;fs; gLj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jf; fhl;rpia nrtpypj;jha; ghh;j;J ew;whaplk;
$Wfpd;whs;. mth;fs; gLj;jpUe;j epiy> khd; jz; gpizNahL Fl;bia eLtpy;
Nghl;L fplj;jpapUe;jJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j ,d;gk; epyTyfpYk; fpl;lhJ.
thDyfpYk; fpl;lhJ vd nrtpypj;jha; mf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L mf kfpo;e;J $Wfpwhs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kwp,ilg;gLj;j khd;gpiz Nghy
Gjy;td; eLtzd;Mf> ed;Wk;
,dpJkd;w mth; fplf;if> KdpT,d;wp
ePyepw tpayfk; fit,a
<Dk; ck;gUq; ngwyUq;Fiuj;Nj 2
Fiwia epiwthff; fhzy;
jpUkzkhfp jiytd; ,y;yk; nrd;W kPz;l jiytpiag; ghh;j;J mtsJ Njhop
eyk; tprhhpf;fpwhs;. mg;NghJ jiytd; ehl;L jz;zPh; vj;jifaJ vd tpdTfpwhs;.
mjw;Fj; jiytp> xUKiw ehDk; jiytDk; ,ilr;Ruk; nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;jNghJ
vdf;F jz;zPh; jhfk; Vw;gl;lJ. mq;Nf xU Fsk; njd;gl;lJ. Mjpy; mOfpa
,iyfs; cjph;e;J fhzg;gl;ld. NkYk; khd; cz;L fyq;fpa vQ;rpa ePNw ,Ue;jJ.
mjid vLj;Jg; gUfpa vdf;F me;j ePh; ekJ tPl;L Njd; fye;j ghiyf; fhl;bYk;
,dpikahf ,Ue;jJ vd;whs;. jiytd; mUfpypUf;Fk; NghJ fodpj;jz;zPh; $l
jiytpf;F fUk;Gr; rhwhf ,dpf;fpd;wJ. jiytd;ghy; jiytp nfhz;l md;G
vj;jifa FiwiaAk; epiwthfNt Ngr itf;fpd;wJ. ,jid>
Njd;kaq;F ghypDk; ,dpa mth;ehl;L
ctiyf; $tw; fPo
3
khd; cz;L vQ;rpa fYop ePNu
vd;w Iq;FWE}W ghlt; thpfspy; fhzyhk;. mjdhy;jhd;>
xd;whd; $whil cLg;gtNu MapDk;
4
xd;wpdhh; tho;f;ifNa tho;f;if
vd;fpwJ fypj;njhif. vt;tsT tWikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> md;G ,Ug;gth;fsplk;
tWik njhpahJ ,dpikahd tho;f;ifNa njhpAk; vd;W giw rhw;WfpwJ.
nkdf;fpLjy;
jiytDf;fhfj; jiytp czT rikf;fpwhs;. ,Jtiu rikay;
mwpe;jplhjts;. Vg;gbahtJ czT rikj;jplNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;> mtDf;Fg;
gpbj;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghpjtpg;G> mtd; tUtjw;Fs; rPf;fpuk; Kbf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntfk; ,it vy;yhk; xd;W Nrh;e;J jiytpiag; Jhpjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Nkhh;f;Fok;G nra;fpwhs;. nfl;bahf cs;s japiug; gpire;Jnfhs;fpwhs;. japh;
gpire;j ifapid fOthky; mg;gbNa fl;bapUe;j gl;Lg;Glitapy;
jltpf;nfhs;fpwhs;. mLg;gpy; jhspf;Fk;NghJ Gif tUtjhy; fz;fs;
rpte;JtpLfpd;wd. Gifahy; gbAk; fhpAk; Kfj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf gbe;Js;sd.
,t;tsT ghLgl;L nra;j cztpid fztd; te;jTld; ghpkhWfpwhs;. mtd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ed;whf cs;sJ vd;wTld; mtsJ Kfk; Kd;idf;fhl;bYk; mjpfk; nghypTld;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jid>
Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;
fOcW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;
Ftis cd;fz; Fa;g;Gif fkoj;
jhd; Joe;jl;l jPk;Gspg; ghfh;
‘,dpJ’ vd fztd; cz;lypd;
Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd5
mjdhy; jhd;>
kidkhl;rp ,y;yhs;fz; ,y;yhapd; tho;f;if
vidkhl;rp jhapDk; ,y; (Fws;- 52)
vd;whh; ts;Sth;. ,y;ywj;jpw;F tpsf;F ,y;yhs; vd;gjid>“kle;ij ,y;yh kid
ghNo”! Vd;ghh; xsitahh;. ,t;thW jiytDf;fhf jiytp nkdf;fpLjy; vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ed;kf;fl;NgW
xU FLk;gj;jpy; kf;fl;NgW rpwe;jjhf ,Ue;jhy; mij tplg; NgW Ntwpy;iy.
kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;: klths; jdf;F tpsf;fk; ed;kf;fs; 6
vd;W
ehd;kzpf;fbifAk;>
kq;fyk; vd;g kidkhl;rp kw;wjd; ed;fyk;
ed; kf;fl; NgW (Fws; - 60)
vd;W jpUf;FwSk; ,ak;Gfpd;wd. mg;G+jpabfspd; kfd; nghpa jpUehTf;fuR mutk;
jPz;bAk; jk; gzpia ,iltplhJ Kbj;Jtpl;L (jhaplk; thioapiyia
nfhLj;Jtpl;L); tPo;e;jhNdh mJNghy> vt;thW rpWj;njhz;l ehadhhpd; kfd; rPuhsd;
mtuJ fUj;jpw;Nfw;whw;Nghy kd kfpo;Tld; je;ijapd; Nritapy; jd;id jpahfk;
nra;jhNdh mJNghy ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F Gjy;th;fs; mike;jhy; mijtplg; Ngwpy;iy.
mjdhy;jhd; “Vth kf;fs; %th kUe;J” vd;whh;fs; nghpNahh;fs;.
jk;kpd;jk; kf;fs; mwpTilik khepyj;J
kz;Zaph;f; nfy;yhk; ,dpJ (Fws; - 68)
vd;whh; ts;Stg; ngUe;jif. xUKiw Gyth; gprpuhe;ijahhplk; cq;fs; eiu
,y;yhky; ,Uj;jYf;F vd;d fhuzk;? vd;W Nfhl;lhh;fshk;. mjw;F mth; ey;y
kidtpAk; mwpthh;e;j gps;isfisAk; ngw;Ws;sjhNy vdf;F eiuapy;iy vd;whuhk;.
mjid>
ahz;L gyMfpDk; eiu,y MFjy;
khz;l vd; kidtpNahL kf;fSk; epuk;gpdh;;(Gwk;.191)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;w GwehD}w;W ghly;thpfs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;
,y;ywf; flikfspNy jiyahaJ tpUe;Njhk;gy;. jkpodpd; jdpr;rpwg;G
tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;ghL. mt;thW vtndhUtd; tpUe;jpdh;fis cgrhpj;J
kfpo;fpwhNdh mtd; ngUikAilatd;.
nry;tpUe; Njhk;gp tUtpUe;J ghh;j;jpUg;ghd;
ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;f;F(Fws; - 86)
vd;fpwJ ts;Stk;. khjtpia gphpe;J fz;zfpaplk; te;j Nfhtyd; jdJ nraYf;F
tUj;jk; njhptpj;jhd;. ,oe;j nry;tj;ijAk; epidj;J tUe;jpdhd;. mjw;F> fz;zfp;
tpUe;jpdh;fSf;Fk; JwtpfSf;Fk; me;jzh;fSf;Fk; cgrhpj;J cztspf;Fk;
Ngw;wpid Nfhtyid gphpe;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; jhd; ,oe;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhs; vd;W
tpUe;Njhk;gypd; rpwg;ig>
mwNthh;f; fspj;jYk; me;jzh; Xk;gYk;
JwNthh;f; nffph;jYk;> njhy;Nyhh; rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;njjph; NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id7
vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; gjpTnra;Js;sJ.,uhkhazj;jpy; tpUe;Njhk;gypd; rpwg;G rPijapd;
thapyhf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rPijiaj; Njb te;j mDkdplk; rPij ,uhkid
epidj;J ftiyg;gLfpwhs;. ,uhkDf;F ahh ,iy Nghl;L cztpl;L ghpkhWthh;fs;?
vdj; jtpf;fpwhs;. tpUe;jpdh;fs; te;jhy; ,uhkd; vd;d nra;thd; vd kdk;
fyq;Ffpwhs;? ,jid>
mUe;Jk; nky;mlF Mh;,l mUe;Jk; vd;W mOq;Fk;
8
tpUe;J fz;lNghJ vd; cWk;? vd;W tpk;Kk;!
mt;thW tpUe;jpdh;fis cgrhpj;Jk;> ,dpa kidtp> mwpthh;e;j gps;isfisg; ngw;w
xUtd; jdJ FLk;gj;ij cah;j;JNtd; vdg; ghLgLk;NghJ mtDf;Fj; nja;tk;
thpe;J fl;bf; nfhz;L cjTtjw;F Kd; te;J epw;Fk; vd;gjid>
Fbnra;ty; vDk; xUtw;F nja;tk;
kbjw;We; jhd; Ke;JWk; (Fws; - 1023)
vd;Wk; jpUf;Fwsbfs; vLj;J ,ak;Gfpd;wd.
Fyk; (Fbg;gpwg;G)
xUtid kw;wth;fSf;F milahsg;gLj;JtJ mtdJ gjtp> gbg;G> gzk;
vdyhk;. mjidAk; jhz;b Nkhid Nghy; Kd; epw;gJ mtdJ Fbg;gpwg;ghFk;.
md;Gilik Md;w Fbg;gpwj;jy; ,t;tpuz;Lk;
gz;Gilik vd;Dk; tof;F s(Fws; - 992)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nghJthf xUtd; jtW nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mtidg; gpwh;; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tp ,Jthfj;jhd;
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j tPl;Lg; gps;is eP ,g;gb nra;ayhkh? mtNuhl igad; jtW
nra;ayhkh? mtuJ Ngud; jtW nra;ayhkh? ,e;j ,lj;jpy; mtdJ gjtp> gbg;G
vy;yhk; Ngha; mtdJ Fbg;gpwg;Gjhd; cyfj;jhh; ghh;itapy; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk;.
mjdhy;jhd;>
mLf;fpa Nfhb ngwpDk; Fbg;gpwg;ghh;
Fd;Wt nra;jy; ,yh; (Fws; - 992)
,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; rPjhg;gpuhl;bia rpiwnaLj;J te;jNghJ> mtis
tpLtpf;FkhW Fk;gfh;zd; ,uhtzDf;F mwpTiu $wpdhd;. mtdJ jtw;iwf;
$Wk;NghJ mtdJ tPuNkh> fy;tpNah> fiyNah> ngw;w tuNkh> rptgf;jpNah ,it
vijAk; Kjypy; $wtpy;iy. mtdJ Fbg;gpwg;ig Kjypy; $wp> gpuk;kdJ Fyj;jpy;
cjpj;j eP ,g;gb jfhj nraiy nra;jy; $lhJ vd;fpwhd;.
eP mad; Kjw;Fyk; ,jw;F xUtd; vd epd;wha;
Mapuk; kiwnghUs; czh;e;J mwpT mikj;jha;
9
jPapid eag;GWjy; nra;if njhpe;jha;!
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;> fz;zfp jd;id ahiuNah eP klf;nfhb? Vdf; Nfl;l ghz;badplk;
jhd; ahh; vd;W Neubahf nrhy;yhky;> jkJ Fyg;ngUikia Kjypy; $wp gpd;dh;
jd; fztidg; gw;wpAk; jd;idg;gw;wpAk; $Wfpwhs;.
vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikath; tpag;g
Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPh;e;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapd; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePh; neQ;Rl jhd;jk;
mUk;ngWk; Gjy;tid Mopapy; kbj;Njhd;
ngUk;ngah; Gfhh; vd; gjpNa! mt;T+h;
Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,ir tpsq;F ngUq;Fb
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfNd Mfp10
jdJ fztd; gRTf;F ePjp toq;fpa kDePjpr;Nrhod;> Gwhtpw;fhf jdJ jiria
mWj;Jf; nfhLj;j rpgpr;rf;futh;j;jp MfNpahuJ ePjp tOth kugpy; te;jtd; vdf;
$Wfpwhs;.
murd; (Fb nra;gtd;)
xU ehL vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij> grp> gpzp> gif> mwpahik
,y;yhjpUj;jNy rpwe;j ehL vd;W ts;S th; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mj;jifa ehl;il
Ms;gtNd rpwe;j murd; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whd;.
cWgrpAk; Xthg; gpzpAk; nrWgifAk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nruh jpay;tJ ehL (Fws; - 734)
GwehDw;wpy;> FWq;NfhopA+h;fpohh; vd;Dk; Gyth;; ahidf;fz; Nra; khe;juy; Nruy;
,Uk;nghiw vd;w Nrukd;ddpd; Fbr;rpwg;ig mtdJ Ml;rpj;jpwid kpf
mUikahfg; gjpT nra;Js;shh;. Nrudpd; ehl;L kf;fs; ntk;ikia mwpe;jjpy;iy.
gif ,Ue;jhy;jhNd ntk;ik tUtjw;F. mth;fs; NrhW rikg;gjw;fhd ntk;ik
(neUg;G)Ak; Qhapw;wpd; ntk;ik kl;LNk mwpe;jth;fs;. Nru ehl;L kf;fs;
MAjq;fSs; xd;whd tpy;iy mwpahjth;fs;. Vnddpy; NruDf;F gif murNd
,y;iy. mth;fs; mwpe;jJ thdpy; Njhd;Wk; thdtpy; kl;LNk. mNjNghy; gilf;
fUtpfs; mwpe;jpyh;. Mth;fs; mwpe;j xNu fUtp cOgil vd;Dk; ‘fyg;ig’
kl;Lk;jhd;. Nrud; kw;w ehl;L kz;iz cz;ghd; (nty;Yjy;). ,td; ehl;L
kz;iz ahUk; cz;z KbahJ. xUrpyuhy; kl;LNk cz;z KbAk;. Mth;fs;
ahh; njhpAkh? Nru ehl;bypUf;Fk; fh;g;gKw;w ngz;fs; kl;LNk mtdJ kz;iz
cz;z KbAk;. mtdJ Ml;rpapy; mwk; ftiyapd;wp fl;bypy; cwq;Fk;.
Fbkf;fis jd; Foe;ijfshff; fUjp Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhd; murd; vdpDk; kf;fs;
kdjpy; mr;rk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Vd; njhpAkh? ekf;F ve;jtpj Jd;gKk; Neuhky;
vy;yh nry;tq;fisAk; ey;fp vjphpfsplkpUe;J fhj;J tho;fpwhNd ek; murd;
mtDf;F vd;d Neh;e;JtpLNkh? Vd;W mr;rk; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa Nrudpd;
Ml;rpj;jpwidAk; mwpTj; jpwidAk; <ifj;jpwidAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;fpwhh;. tphpe;j
epyTyifAk; mfd;w Mfhaj;ijAk; Mo;e;j fliyAk; tPRk; fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijAk;
vt;thW mse;jwpa KbahNjh mJNghy Nrudpd; md;igAk; mwpitAk; mse;jwpa
KbahJ vd;fpwhh;. gpd;dh; VNjh neUbaJ Nghy; ,tw;iw vy;yhk; $l mse;Jtpl
KbAk;. Mdhy;> Nrudpd; Mw;wiy> kjp El;gj;ij nfhilj;jd;ikia mse;jwpa
KbahJ vd;fpwhh;. xg;Gik $wte;jij Kjypy; xg;Gtpj;J gpd;dh; mjid kWj;J
NruDf;F epfh; NruNd vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
,UKe;ePh;f; Fl;lKk;
tpad;Qhyj;J mfyKk;
tsptoq;F jpirAk;
twpJ epiy,a fhaKk;> vd;whq;F
mit mse;J mwpapDk; msj;jw;F mhpait.
mwpTk; <uKk; ngUq;fz; Nzhl;lKk;:
NrhWgLf;Fk; jPnahL
nrQ;Qhapw;Wj; njwy; my;yJ
gpwpJ njwy; mwpahh; epd; epoy;tho; NthNu:
jpUtpy; my;yJ nfhiytpy; mwpahh;:


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehQ;rpy; my;yJ gilAk; mwpahh;:
jpwd; mwp tatnuhL njt;th; Nja mg;
gpwh;kz; cz;Zk; nrk;ky;! epd; ehl;L
taTW kfsph; Ntl;Ltdpd; my;yJ
gifth; cz;z mUkz; zpidNa:
mk;GJQ;Rk; fb muzhy;
mwk; JQ;Rk; nrq;NfhiyNa
GJg;Gs; thpDk; gok;Gs; NghfpDk;
tpJg;GwT mwpah Vkf; fhg;gpid
midia Mfy; khNw:
kd;Daph; vy;yhk; epd; mQ;Rk;Nk> (Gwk;.20)
,ijj;jhd;>
FbjoP,f; NfhNyhr;Rk; khepy kd;dd;
mbjoP, epw;Fk; cyF (Fws; - 544)
vd;whd; ts;Std;.
Fbkf;fs;
xU ehl;bYs;s kf;fisg; nghWj;Nj me;ehl;bd; midj;J epiyfSk; tsk;
ngUFk;. kf;fs; ey;yth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhd;>
ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh
mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth; mt;top
ey;iy thopa epyNd
vd;whh; xsitahh;. ,q;F ‘Mlth;’ vd;gJ kf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. kf;fs; vq;F
ey;yth;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fNsh mq;F vy;yhNk ey;yitahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
“kd;dh; caph;j;Nj kyh;jiy cyfk; ” vd;gJ khwp kf;fs; caph;j;Nj kyh;jiy
cyfk;” vd;gNj rpwg;ghFk;.
epiwTiu
,q;qdk;> vtndhUtd; ,y;ywf; flikfspypUe;J tOthJ mwnewpapy;
tho;fpwhNdh> ahnuhUth; jkJ Fbg;gpwg;Gf;F fyq;fk; cz;lhf;Fk; nraiyj;
jtph;j;J ew;ngaiu <l;LfpwhNuh> ahnuhUtd; jdJ Fbkf;fSf;F ve;jtpj jPq;Fk;
NeuhJ Ml;rp nra;fpwhNdh> ve;j kf;fs; Nfhgk;> nghwhik> nfhy;yhik> faik>
mwpahik> td;ik> jpUlhik> Nghd;w ‘ik’fis xopj;J gz;Gil’ik’NahL
tho;fpwhh;fNsh ,j;jifath;fNs cyfk; Nghw;Wk; ngUik ngw;w Ngw;wpidg;
ngw;wth;fs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1.Nguh.,uh.Nkhfd;> rq;f ,yf;fpar; nrt;tp> gf;.140
2.NkyJ> gf;>157
3.NkyJ> gf;.168
4.NkyJ> gf;.168
5.NkyJ> gf;.110
6.vk;.ehuhaz NtYg;gps;is> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs;> gf;.106
7.t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak;>(c.M.) rpyg;gjpfhuk;> gf;.332
8. gp.[p.fUj;jpUkd;> fk;gh; ftpAk; fUj;Jk;> gf;.361
9. t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak;>(c.M.) rpyg;gjpfhuk;> gf;.379
10. gp.[p.fUj;jpUkd;> fk;gh; ftpAk; fUj;Jk;> gf;.419
JizEhw; gl;bay;
1. ,uh.Nkhfd; rq;f ,yf;fpar; nrt;tp
thdjp gjpg;gfk;>
23> jPdjahS njU>
jp.efh;. nrd;id-17.
2. fp.th.[fe;ehjd; mwg;Nghh;
mKjk; epiyak;>
Njdhk;Ngl;il> nrd;id-18
3. gp.[p.fUj;jpUkd; fk;gh; ftpAk; fUj;Jk;

jkpo;;g; Gj;jfhyak;>
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp> nrd;id-05.
4. t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak; (c.M>) rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

jpUkfs; epiyak;>
jp.efh;> nrd;id-17.
5. vk;.ehuhazNtYg;gps;is gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;f Ehy;fs;>

eh;kjh gjpg;gfk;> jp.efh;> nrd;id-1


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngz;tpLjiy Nehf;fpy; kNdhd;kzPak;
Kidtu; eh. RNyhrdh>
cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;>
jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay;Gyk>;
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk>;
jukzp> nrd;id.
ng. Re;juk; gps;is mtu;fshy; 1891-,y; vOjg;gl;lJ kNdhd;kzPak; vd;Dk;

ehlf E}y;. ,J ypl;ld; gpuG nra;Ashf ,aw;wpapUe;j ,ufrpa top (The Secret
Way) vd;Dk; Mq;fpyf; fijia Kjy; E}yhff; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpopy;
ntspte;j Kjy; ehlf E}y; kNdhd;kzPakhFk;. Nguhrphpah; ,ij Xu; ,d;gtpay;
ehlfkhfg; gilj;Js;shu;. ehlf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,e;E}y; Kjd;ikahfg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,J jkpopd; kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jhf mikfpd;wJ. Kd;idg;
goikf;Fk; gpd;idg; GJikf;Fk; xU ghykhf mikfpd;wJ. ghapuj;JlDk;> flTs;
tzf;fj;JlDk; ,e;j ehlfk; njhlq;FtNj goikNahL cs;s njhlh;igf;
fhl;LfpwJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ghujpf;F Kd;Njhd;wpa ngz;ikg; Gul;rpahsu;
Re;judhu; Mthu;. mtUila ehlfj;jpy; fijj; jiytpapd; Njhopahf thzpiag;
gilj;Js;shu;. thzpapd; ngz;ik fye;j Gul;rpf; fUj;Jf;fis Muha;tNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ehlf epfo;Tf; fsq;fshfj; jpUney;NtypAk;> jpUtde;jGuKk; mike;Js;sd.

fhg;gpaq;fspy; fhz;lk;> glyk;> fhij Nghd;W ehlfj;jpDs;Sk; mq;fk; (Act)>
fsk; (Scene) vdg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkhj;jk; Ie;J mq;fKk; ,UgJ fsKk;
mike;Js;sd. Kjy; mq;fj;jpy; Ie;J fsKk;> ,uz;lhtJ mq;fj;jpy; %d;W
fsKk;> %d;whtJ mq;fj;jpy; ehd;F fsKk;> ehd;fhtJ mq;fj;jpy; Ie;J fsKk;>
Ie;jhtJ mq;fj;jpy; %d;W fsKk; Mf ,UgJ fsq;fs; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fj;
Jiz nra;fpd;wd.
ftpij ehlf tbtpy; mike;j kNdhd;kzPak; 4>500 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ.

mjpy; ePuhUq; flYLj;j vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyj; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghlyhfj;
jkpof murhy; 1970-,y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;ehlfk; R+o;r;rpAk;> fhjYkhfg; gpd;dpg; gpizf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. kd;dd;

rPtfd; gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;jj; njhupahjtdhf cs;shd;. rPtfdpd; kfshd
kNdhd;kzpapd; ngaiuNa Mrpupau; ehlfj;jpd; jiyg;ghf;fpg; ngz;ikia Kjd;ikg;
gLj;jpAs;shu;. ngz;Zf;F Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jYk; ,y;yhj


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhyfl;lj;jpy; Mrpupau; fijj; jiytpapd; ngaiuNa ehlfj;jpd; ngauhf
itj;jpUg;gjpy; Mrpupaupd; ghq;F ntspg;gLfpwJ.
ngz; tpLjiyNa r%fj;jpd; tpLjiy vd;fpwhu; mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fu;. ngz;

Rakhfr; rpe;jpg;gJk;> jdf;fhd cupikiag; ngWtJk;> r%fj;jpy; ngz; jhd; xU
mq;fk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;ilg; ngWtJnkd ,it vy;yhk; ngz;Zf;Ff;
fpilf;Fnkd;why; mr;r%fk; tsu;r;rpale;j r%fkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
cldbik nahopaNtz;Lk;-ngz;fs;
cupikaila Ntz;Lk;-
Ntnwd;d Ntz;Lk;. ([Pthtpd; ghly;fs;> g.120)
ngz;Zupik ngw;why; jhd; ehL cupik ngw;w gaid mile;jjhf mikAk;.
MZk; ngz;Zk; tpLjiyf; fhw;iwr; Rthrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; nghJTilikj;
Njhou; gh.[Pthde;jk;. ngz;iz khag; gprhR vdg; gpjw;wpatu;fspd; tha;fSf;Fk;
kdj;jpw;Fk; Gul;rpg; G+f;fisf; nfhz;L G+l;Lg; Nghl;ltu; ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd;;.
ghujpiaj;jhd; ngz; tpLjiyf; ftpQu; vd;W mwpe;jpUf;fpNwhk;. mjw;F Kd;dNk
Re;judhu; thzp vd;Dk; fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; top ngz; tpLjiyia vLj;Jf;
fhl;bAs;shu;. ngz;Zf;Fr; Rakhfr; rpe;jpf;Fk; mwpT Ntz;Lk; vd;w je;ij
nghupahu;>khjuha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;khjtQ; nra;jply; Ntz;Lkk;kh! vd;w ftpkzp>
,tu;fSf;F Kd;dNk ngz; jdf;fhd cupikiag; ngw;W> jdf;F Jd;gk; tUk;
NghJ vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; vd;w kd typikiag; ngz; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F
cilikahf;fpath; Re;judhu;.
thzpAk;> kNdhd;kzpAk; khiyg; nghOjpNy foy; tpisahLfpd;wdu;.
rptngUkhd; kd;kjid vupj;j fij tpisahl;bd; nghUshf mikfpd;wJ.
rptngUkhd;> kd;kjd; ,Utupy; ntw;wp ngw;wtu; rptngUkhNd vDk; NghJ
kNdhd;kzpapd; fhjy; ,y;yhj cs;sj;ijAk; kd;kjNd ntw;wp ngw;wtd; vDk;
NghJ thzpapd; fhjYs;sk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
vupe;jds;Mapnyd;vd;nwd;We;jk;Kly;
fupe;jJghjpnad;whlha;foy;. (Kjy; mq;fk;> ,uz;lhk; fsk;> gh.4)
foy; tpisahl;bd; top thzp> jd; fhjy; nghq;Fk; cs;sj;ij ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gp>
cUtq;fue;jhnyd;? Xu;kyuk;gpdhy;
miuAUthdh nud;whlha; foy;>
me; eluh[ndd; whlha;foy;. (Kjy; mq;fk;> ,uz;lhk; fsk;)
vd;W ghLfpwhs;. ,jd; top ,iwtidf; $WtJ Nghy; jd; capu;f; fhjydhd
eluh[idg; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhs;. ,t;tpisahl;by; thzp kiwKfkhfj; jd;
fhjYzu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehl;lk; ,uz;Lk; mwpTlk; gLj;jw;Ff;
$l;b ciuf;Fk; Fwpg;Giu MFk;. (njhy;. fstpay;.93)
vd;Wk;
fhkj; jpizapy; fz;epd;W t&ck;
ehZk; klDk; ngz;ika Mfypd;
Fwpg;gpDk; ,lj;jpDk; my;yJ Ntl;if
newpg;gl thuh mts; tapd; Md. (njhy;. fstpay;.106)
vd;Wk; njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. jiytp jd; Ntl;ifia ehzj;jpd; fhuzkhff;
Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jths;. mijg; Nghy thzpAk; foy; MLk; NghJ jd; fhjydpd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;. ,jd; top fhjypd; tsu;r;rp if $LfpwJ. mt;tpisahl;bd;
top thzpapd; fhjYs;sj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l kNdhd;kzp>
Vjbthzp! Xjpaghl;by;
xUngau; xspj;jid ngU%r;nrwpe;J?
ed;W! ed;W! epd;ehzk;
kd;wYk; MdJ NghYk; thu;FoNy!
(Kjy; mq;fk;> ,uz;lhk; fsk; gh.1-4)
vd;W ghLfpwhs;. xU ngz;zpd; cs;sj;ij ,d;NdhU ngz; mwpe;J nfhz;L
kiwKfkhfr; nrhd;d fhjYs;sj;ijg; Nghl;L cilf;fpwhs;. ,jw;Nf ngz;Zf;F
kdtypik Ntz;LNk. ,d;iwa R+oNyh NtW.
thzpapd; je;ij rfld; nghUs; Mir nfhz;L thzpapd; fhjyd; eluh[d;
xU gpj;jd;> mwptw;wtd; vd;W $wp> Fbydpd; kfdhfpa gyNjtDf;F thzpia
kzQ; nra;tpf;f tpUk;gpdhd;. mjd; %yk; jdf;Fr; nry;tj;ijAk;> r%f kjpg;igAk;
Njbf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhd;. fhjypy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;j thzp ,r;nra;jpiaf;
Nfl;lTld; kdk; eLq;Ffpwhs;. ngz;zpd; jiytpjpia vz;zp tUe;Jfpwhs;.
je;ijAk;nfhbad;;jhAk;nfhbas;!
rpe;jpahu;rpwpJk;ahd;gLk;,Lk;ig>
vd;Dapu;f;Fcapuhk;vd;fhjyu;fF
; k;
,d;dy;,ioj;jdu;vz;zpavz;zk;
Kjiyapd;gpbNghy;Kbf;fj;Jzpe;jdu;>
ahnuhLNehNtd;?ahu;f;FvLj;Jiug;Ngd;?
(Kjy; mq;fk;> ,uz;lhk; fsk;> gh.34-42)
vd;W thzpapd; kdkhdJ fhjiy vz;zpg; Gyk;GfpwJ. jd; kdk; ehbatidf; if
gpbg;gJ vd;gJ ngz;Zf;Fr; r%fj;Jld; fhye;NjhWk; njhlUk; Nghuhl;lkhfj;jhd;
mikfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghujpapd; Fapy; ghl;L $Wk; fhjy;; fhjy;; fhjy;; fhjy; Nghapd; rhjy;; rhjy;;
rhjy;; vDk; nfhs;ifapy; cWjp nfhz;ltshf ,Ue;jhs; thzp. ,we;jhYk;
,wg;NgNd jtpu xU ehSk; gyNjtid kzf;f ,ira khl;Nld; vd;W jd;
fUj;ijj; jplkhff; $Wfpwhs;.
tJitAk;Ntz;byu;; tho;f;ifAk;Ntz;byu;;
xUnkhopNtz;bdu;; ciuj;jpNyd;ghtp!
er;rpNdd;vDnkhopf;Nfmtu;f;fpr;ir.
ghr;rpahd;> XNfh! NgrpNdd;,iyNa!
,dpnad;nra;Ntd;? (Kjy; mq;fk;> ,uz;lhk; fsk;> gh.123-124)
vd;gjpd; top> thzpapd; fhjYzu;r;rpAk;> kd cWjpAk;> xOf;f cau;Tk; xUq;Nf
Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
xU ngz; xUtid kdjhu Nerpg;gJ cz;ikahdhy; mtidf; filrp tiu
kwf;f khl;lhs;> mtidj; Jwf;fTk; khl;lhs; vd;gjw;F thzpapd; fhjy; rhd;whf
mikfpd;wJ. kdj;jpy; epiyj;jtd; xUtd;> ifg;gpbg;gJ xUtd; vd;w tho;f;if
ngz;zpd; csg; Nghuhl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ngw;Nwhu; ghu;j;J kzKbf;Fk; fhyj;jpy;
ngz;Nz jdf;Fupa fhjyidj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ Gul;rpahFk;.
khju; cupik kWg;gJ khz;gh?
khju; Kd;Ndw;wj;jhy; kfpo;tJ khz;gh?
Nkjpdp Jau;gl tpUk;Gjy; ,jkh?
tpjitf;F kWkzk; cjTjy; ,jkh?
Nfhijapd; fhjy; kzk; nfhs;tJ ePNuh? (gh.ftp. g.144)
Mltu;f;F cs;s cupik midj;Jk; kfspu;fF
; Ntz;Lk;> cupik midtUf;Fk;
nghJ vd;fpwhu; ghNte;ju;.
thzpia gyNjtDf;F kzk; Kbf;f epidj;jTld; thzp jd; fhjyid
kwe;J jd;Dapu; jhq;FtJ vt;tpjk;? kd;dtd; fl;lis kWg;gJ vt;tpjNkh? vdg;
Gyk;Gfpwhs;. eluh[idj; jtpu;j;J kw;w Mltiuj; jdJ cs;sk; ehlhJ. mJ
eQ;ir tplf; nfhbajhFk; vd;gij@
eQ;Rk;mQ;rpNyd;; epd;nrhy;mQ;rpNdd;>
,wf;fpDk;,irNad;> jhNkJwf;fpDk;
kwg;gNdhvd;Ds;sk;kd;dpaxUtiu?
Mltuhfkw;nwtiuAk;
ehLNkhehd;cstsTk;vd;Ds;sNk!


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vLg;ghw;ifg; gps;isahd kd;dd; rPtfd;> thzpaplk; eluh[d; xU gpj;jd; vd
,fo;e;Jiuf;fpwhd;. mg;NghJ thzp kd jplj;NjhL ,Uf;fpwhs;. rPtfd; gyNjtDf;F
cld;gLtJ cd;flik vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ thzp murd; vd;Wk; ghuhky; jdpg;
ngz;zhf> tPuj;NjhL murDila thu;j;ijf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky; jd; fhjy; cupikia
epiy ehl;Lfpwhs;.
kd;dd; $wpajw;F ,zq;fhky; gyNjtid kzf;fhtpl;lhy; NeUtJ vd;d?
vd;gJ Nghy; Jzpr;ryhf tpdh vOg;Gfpwhs;. ngz;fspd; epahakhd thu;j;ijf;F
,lq;nfhLf;fhj fhyj;jpYk;> ngz;fis mlf;fpahSk; r%fj;jpYk; xU ngz;
murid vjpu;j;Jf; Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; mstpw;Fj; Jzpr;ry; fhupahfg; Nguhrpupau;
thzpiag; gilj;Js;shu;.
murd; gyNjtid kzf;fhtpby; fd;dpaha;j;jhd; ,Ug;gha; vd;W rpdj;NjhL

$Wk; NghJ mjw;Fr; rk;kjk; vd;fpwhs;.
rPtfd;; fd;dpaha; ,Uf;ifapy; vd;moF vd;dhk;?
miuf;fpy; md;Nwh re;jdk; fkOk;?
ngz;fs; gilf;fg;gl;bUg;gNj Mz;fSf;fhfj; jhd; vdr; r%fk; fl;likj;jpUf;fpwJ.
mJ jhd; FLk;g mikg;ghfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.. ngz;fspd; fUj;Jf;F khWghlhfj;
jpUkzj;ij KbT nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; kd cWjpAlDk;> kjp El;gj;JlDk;
nray;gl;lhy; ntw;wp ngWtJ jpz;zkhFk;. fhjy; miljy; capupaw;if vd;fpwhu;
ghNte;ju;.
fhjy; vd;gJ Kaw;rpahk; topapy; mau;r;rp Nehupby;
Cd;WNfhyha; mtu; Cf;fk; cau;j;jpAk;>
,t;tpjk; ahiuAk; nrt;tpjw;gLj;jp>
,fj;Js;s mfj;jpw;F msTNfhyhfp
guj;Js mfj;ij tupj;j rpj;jpukha;>
,y;ywk; vd;gjd; ey;YapNu aha;
epd;w fhjypd; epiyik (Kjy; mq;fk;> ehd;fhk; fsk;> gh.94-100)
vd cWjpg;gl;l fhjyhdJ ,y;ywj;jpy;; ,izAk; vd;gjhy; ,Uk;Gk; fhe;jKk; Nghy;
,y;yw tho;T vd;whfp xUtuhy; Mf;fg;gLk; nghUNs fhjy; vd;W fhjYf;F
tpsf;fk; nrhy;tjhf cs;sJ.
thzpia Xu; mwpTg; ghj;jpukhfg; gilj;Js;shu;. thzpapd; czu;r;rp tag;gl;l
nrhw;fs; mtisg; Gul;rpg; ngz;zhff; fhl;bAs;sJ. thzpapd; Gul;rp Fzk; jd;
fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij Mrpupau; Kjy; mq;fj;jpNyNa foy; tpisahl;bd;
top vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;. thzp jd;Dila fhjiy epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F murdplk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thjhb tof;Fiuj;J> jd; fhjy; Nehf;fj;ij epiw Ntw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; thzpapd;
ngz;ik Nghw;wj;jf;fjhFk;. foy; tpisahl;by; kd;kjDf;F ntw;wp vd;gjd; top
kuGfis cilf;Fk; Gul;rpg; ngz;zhff; fhl;bAs;shu;. fijj; jiytpahd
kNdhd;kzpapd; fhjy;> jd; je;ijapd; md;gpdhy; je;ijapd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;Lj; jd;Dila fhjiy ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj rhjhuzg; ngz;zhfg;
gilj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
kNdhd;kzp Re;juKdptuplk; thjpl;L jtj;jpw;Fupa tpsf;fkspf;Fk; mwpTg;

ngz;zhths;. GUNrhj;jkd; kPJ nfhz;l fhjiy ntspg;gLj;jj; njupahjtshf>
gf;jp epiwe;jtshf> czu;r;rpfis mlf;fpahSk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;wtshff; fhl;rp
jUfpwhs;. ,t;tpU ngz;fspYk; thzp Gul;rpapy; cau;e;J fhzg;gLfpwhs;.
kNdhd;kzpNah jd; Fzj;jhy; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhs;. ,t;tpUtUila gq;Fk; Kjy;
mq;fj;jpNyNa mjpfkhfg; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tpU ngz;fisAk; mwpTg; ngz;fshfg; gilj;jpUg;gJ ngz;zpd;

ngaiuNa ehlfj;jpw;F cw;w jiyg;ghfj; njupT nra;jJ> ehlfj;jpd;
njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,t;tpUtiuAk; mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ vdg; ngz;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspj;J Kjy; ngz; tpLjiythjpahfg; Nguhrpupau; Re;judhu; jpfo;fpwhu; vd;W
jpz;zkhfpd;wJ.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. kNdhd;kzPak;> ng. kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is> 1891.

2. njhy;fhg;gpak;> ,sk;G+uzhh; (njh.M)> jkpo;;g; Gj;jfhyak;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp>
nrd;id-05.
3. ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> jpUkfs; epiyak;> jp.efh;> nrd;id-17.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f ,yf;fpag; Nghh;g;gjpTfs;
Kidth; ng.Rthjp>
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
jkpo;j;Jiw (Raepjpg;gphpT)>
eh.k.r.r.nts;isr;rhkp ehlhh; fy;Y}hp>
ehfkiy> kJiu.
khdplj;jpd; r%f tsh;r;rp vd;gJ Kjypy; Ntl;ilahLjy;> czT Nrfhpj;jy;

gpd;G gaphpLjy; vdg; gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. lhh;tpdpd; ghpzhkf;
nfhs;ifapd;gb Fuq;fpypUe;J tsh;r;rp ngw;w kdpjd; vg;nghOJ xU FOthf
,ize;J> rKjhakhf tho Kw;gl;lhNdh md;Nw ,lk;gpbf;Fk; my;yJ ehL gpbf;Fk;
MirAk;> nghwhikAk; mjd; fhuzkhfg; NghUk; G+rYk; Jtq;fptpl;ld. epyj;jpy;
jd; ,Ug;igj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s midj;J caphpdq;fSk; NghuhLk;NghJ
mt;tplj;jpNy Nghh; ,d;wpaikahjjhfp tpLfpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; ,lk; kw;Wk; czTj;
Njitf;fhf Muk;gpj;j rpW NkhjyhdJ gpd;dhspy; Nghh; vd;Dk; ghpzhk
tsh;r;rpiag; ngw;wJ. ,t;thW Muk;gpj;j Nghhpy; xU Gwk; ntw;wpAk;> kWGwk;
Njhy;tpAk; Vw;gl;lhYk; ,U Gwq;fspYk; caphpog;Gk;> nghUspog;Gk; kpFjpahfNt
,Uf;fpd;wd.
Nghh; - Xh; mwpKfk;
Nghh; vd;gJ kdpjr; rKjhaj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj Njhd;wptpl;lJ.
fhl;Lkpuhz;bahfTk;> ehNlhbahfTk; tho;e;j kdpjd; jd; czTj; Njitf;fhf xU
tpyq;iff; fy;iy tpl;nlwpe;J vd;W mjid vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhl Muk;gpj;jhNdh md;Nw
Nghh; vd;Dk; caph; nfhy;Yk; epfo;r;rp kiwKfkhfj; Njhd;wptpl;lJ. jd;Dila
Ntl;ilahLk; vy;iyia tphpTgLj;jpj; jd; FOtpidg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;b kw;nwhU
FOTld; Nghuhl Kide;jNghJ Nghh; Neubahfj; Njhd;wpaJ. mjd; ePl;rpahfj;
jd;id xU FOTf;F kl;Lk; jiytdhf ,y;yhky; xl;Lnkhj;jf; FOTf;Fk;
jiytdhf Kide;jNghJ mJNt Nghh; ntwpahf khwpaJ. ,ijf; fh.Nfhtpe;jd;
Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ “Nghh; tpUk;gj; jfhj xd;W. Ntz;lhjJk;$l vd;whYk;> Nghh; epfohj
ehL cz;lh? ,y;iy. mJ epfohj fhyj;ijf; fhzKbAkh? ,ayhJ. Nghh; Ghpahj
caphpdk; VNjDk; cz;lh? ,y;iy. gdp jtOk; cyfpd; NfhbapYk; Nghh;> ,Us;
jtOk; ngUq;fhl;L epykhk; cyfpd; ,ilg;gFjpapYk; Nghh;> cyfk; Njhd;wpa ehs;
njhl;Lg; Nghh; njhlh;e;Nj tUfpd;wJ. fhl;Lf; nfhLtpyq;FfSk; Nghh; Ghpfpd;wd.
ehl;by; thOk; ehfhpf newp fw;w kf;fs; ,dKk; Nghh; Ghpfpd;wdh;. ,d;W ehk; fhZk;
,t;TyfNk kf;fs;,dk; kw;w ,aw;iffNshL XahJ elj;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; cWgad;
MFk;”1 vd;W Nghuhl;lj;ij epahag;gLj;Jfpwhh;. Mdhy; [hd; hpr;rh;L fphPd; vd;gth;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nghhpid mwptPdkhd gLnfhiy vd;W $wpdhYk; xU kdpjdpd; jdpj;jd;ik my;yJ
mtd; rKjhaj;jpw;F Mw;wpa njhz;Lk; mjpy; kiwe;Js;sJ vd;gij
kWj;jw;fpayhJ. ‘gilj;Jiwj; jj;Jt Qhdpahd fhh;y;thd; fpsh];tpl;r; vd;gth;
‘Nghh; gw;wp’(On War) vDk; E}iyg; gilj;jhh;. me;E}ypy; mth; gpw toptiffSld;
fye;j murpay; cwtpd; njhlh;r;rpNa Nghh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.”2 Nghh; vd;Dk; epfo;T
fhyq;fhykhf kdpjdpd; ehfhpf Kjph;r;rpaw;w ,ay;Gfis vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwNjad;wp
gz;ghL kpFe;j ehfhpfKs;s rKjhaj;jpd; eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf;fhl;ltpy;iy
vd;gNj cz;ik.
NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
NghUf;nfdg; gy fhuzq;fis mwpQh;fs; ciuf;fpd;wdh;.
1. msT fle;j kz;zhirahy; Nghh; epfo;tJz;L.

2. jd;dhl;by; thOk; Fbfs; tho;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ,lkpy;yhjjdhy; ,lk;
rpwpnjdpDk; Cf;f NkyPl;lhy; Nghh; epfo;tJz;L.
3. cyfk; gpw murUf;Fk; nghJthdnjd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; nghWf;fkhl;lhky; jd;
ehL rpwpnjd;Dk; Nehf;fpy; Nghh; epfo;tJz;L.
4. jhNk murh;f;F muruhfj; jpfo Ntz;Lnkd;w cl;Nfhspd; fhuzkhfTk; Nghh;
epfo;tJz;L.
5. muRhpikf;Fj; jil Vw;gLk;nghOJ Nghh; epfOk;.
6. murhpd; Gjy;th; jkf;F tUk; muRhpikiaj; je;ijah; mur gjtpiaj;
Jwf;FKd;Ng ngWtjw;Fj; je;ijaUld; Nghh; epfo;tJz;L.
7. nrhy;ypy; my;yJ nraypy; kdf;FiwT Vw;gl;lhYk; Nghh; epfOk;.
8. kfs; kWj;jy; fhuzkhfTk; Nghh; epfo;tJz;L.
,it Nghd;w fhuzq;fshNyNa ngUk;ghYk; Nghh;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

rq;fg; ghly;fspy; Nghh;
cyf nkhopfs; midj;Jk; jk; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; Nghhpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; gjpT
nra;aj; Jtq;Ffpd;wd. rq;ffhyj;jpd; gy ghly;fs; Nghiu ikakpl;Nl vOe;Js;sd.
,g;ghly;fs;; jq;fs; jiytDk; tPuh;fSk; gifth; ehl;bd; tsq;fisnay;yhk;
vt;thW mopj;jdh; vd;gij tpsf;Ftjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpd;wJ.
ike;J nghUshf te;j Nte;jidr;
nrd;Wjiy mspf;FQ; rpwg;gpw; nwd;g3
vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. jdJ typikiag; nghUshff; fUjp te;j murid
vjph;j;Jr; nrd;W mtid mopf;FQ; rpwg;GilaJ vd;gNj ,jd; nghUs;. ,t;thW
nrUf;NfhL te;j Xh; murdpd; Mztj;ij mopg;gJ mf;fhyj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mtd; Mztj;ij mopf;Fk; nghUl;L ,UGwKk;
Vw;gLfpd;w ,og;G vd;gJ me;je;j ehl;bd; kpf Kf;fpa kdpjtsq;fshFk;. ,ijf;
fh.Nfhtpe;jd; “,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Ke;jpa mg;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;tpYk;>
tsj;jpYk;> mwptpYk;> Mz;ikapYk; jkpopdj;ij kpQ;rpa ,dk; NtW ,y;iy.
MfNt jk; tWikAk; gpwh; tsikAk; fhuzkhf vOk; fho;g;Gzh;T nfhz;L gpwh;kPJ
Nghhpl;L voNtz;ba epiy goe;jkpoh;f;F cz;lhftpy;iy. khwhfj; jhk; ngw;wpUe;j
tskhd tho;T ngw;wplhj gpwh;> jk; tsk; fz;L nfhz;l fho;g;Gzh;T fhuzkhfj;
jk;kPJ Nghh; njhLj;J te;jfhiy> mt;thW te;jhiu ntd;W Xl;Ltjw;Nf mth;fs;
Nghh; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mfg; goe;jkpoh; nfhz;l Nghnuy;yhk; epd;W
jq;fpa NghNu my;yhJ nrd;W jhf;fpa Nghh; md;W.”4 vd;W jdJ Kd;Diuapy;
$Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epfo;e;j Nghh;fs; midj;Jk; jkpoh;fs;
jkpoh;fNshL elj;jpa Nghh;jhNd jtpu mth; kw;w ,dj;jhUld; Nghh; elj;jpajhf
vq;Fk; ,y;iy. Nrud; NrhoDld; Nghh;@ ghz;bad; Nru NrhoDld; Nghh;@ Nrhod;
NrhoDlNdNa Nghh; vd;W midj;Jk; jk; ,dj;jhUld; elj;jpa Nghh;fshfNt
cs;sd.
Nghh; mwq;fs;
Nghhpd; NghJ kf;fs; kbtJ jtph;f;f KbahjJ Mjyhy; ahUkw;w xU nghJ
,lj;jpy; Nghiu elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kuG. mjdhy; jhd; NghUf;fhd Maj;jk;
vd;gJ Nghh; Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;Ng jPh;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Aj;jj;jpw;fhd tPuh;fisj;
Njh;e;njLg;gJ@ mth;fspd; jpwikf;Nfw;gg; gjtpfs; nfhLg;gJ@ ve;j tPuid ve;j
,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w midj;Jk; NghUf;fhd Muk;gj;jpy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. rq;f fhy murh;fs; epfo;j;jpa Nghh;fs; midj;Jk;
mwtopapy; epfo;e;jd vd;gjw;F>
MT khdpaw; ghh;g;gd khf;fSk;
ngz;bUk; gpzpAil aPUk; Ngzpj;
njd;Gy tho;eh;f; fUq;fl dpWf;Fk;
nghd;Nghw; Gjy;thg; ngwhm jPUk;
vk;kk;G fbtpLJ Ek;kuz; Nrh;kpd; (Gwk;.9: 1-5)
vd;Dk; nel;bikahhpd; ghliy ,d;wsTk; rhd;whff; $Wfpd;wdh;. kf;fisg;
ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y mwpTWj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghh; nra;Ak; jkpohpd; kuigg;
gw;wp ,g;ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ntw;wp kl;LNk gilnaLf;Fk; kd;ddpd; Nehf;fkhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;Dk; cahpa Nehf;fk; ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;
,g;ghly; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Nj GwehD}w;wpy; NtW rpy ghly;fspy; cs;s


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nra;jpfs; ,f;fUj;Jf;F muz; Nrh;g;gjhf ,y;iy. ,g;ghly; gy;ahfrhiy
KJFLkpg;ngUtOjpiag; gw;wpaJ. ,g;ghlypd; mLj;j mbahdJ>
mwj;jhW EtYk; G+l;if kwj;jpd; (Gwk;.9: 6)
vd;W ,k;kd;dd; mwnewpiar; nrhy;gtDk;> tPuj;jpidAilatDk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,t;thnwy;yhk; ,k;kd;didg; Gfo;e;Jiuj;j nel;bikahNu
,k;kd;ddpd; nfhLQ;nray;fisf;>
fLe;Njh; Fopj;j nQs;s yhq;fz;
nts;tha;f; fOijg; Gy;ypdk; G+l;bg;
gho;nra; jidath; ede;jiy ey;ntapy;
Gs;spd kpkpOk; Gfo;rhy; tpistay;
nts;Sisf; fypkhd; ftpFsk; Gfsj;
Njh;toq; fpidepd; nwt;th; Njvj;Jj;
Jsq;fpayhw; giznaUj;jpw;
ghtbahw; nrwNdhf;fpd; (Gwk;.15: 1-8)
vd;W GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. NkYk;> ,g;ghlypy; „kd;dNd>
giftUila mfd;w ,lj;ijAila ey;y muz;fis mopj;J mt;tplj;jpy;
fOijNah; G+l;b cOJ gho;nra;jha;. mtUila tpisepyq;fspy; Njh;fisr;
nrYj;jp mopj;jha;. mth;fspd; fhty; kpFe;j ePh;j;Jiwfspy; cd; fspWfis
ePuhl;bf; fyf;fp mopj;jha;… vd;W ntd;w kd;dd; Njhw;w kd;ddpd; ehl;ilAk;>
ehl;Lkf;fisAk;> ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; mopj;j nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Nghhpd;
%yk; mk;kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij mopj;J ntd;w kd;dh;fs; jkJ Nghh; ntw;wpiaf;
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; ,e;ehl;bd; ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if tsq;fs;
midj;Jk; kpff; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,Nj
Nghd;w nfhLikapid ,uhr#ak; Ntl;l ngUew;fps;spiag; ghba GwehD}w;wpd;
16Mk; ghlYk;> jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;ba neLQ;nropaidg; gw;wpa 6
kw;Wk; 23Mk; ghly;fSk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mopTfisr; rq;ffhy
murh;fs; kl;Lk; epfo;j;jtpy;iy. Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;w midj;Jj; jiyth;fSNk
epfo;j;jpAs;sdh;. ,r;nra;jpfspd; topahf kd;dh;fspd; Nghh; Nehf;fq;fs; midj;Jk;
gifehl;L kf;fspd; nghUshjhu mbg;gilfshf tpsq;Fk; tpistay;fis
mopg;gJk;> ghJfhg;gpw;fhd muz;fis mopg;gjhfTk;> ehl;bw;Fj; jPapLtjhfTk;>
ePh;epiyfisg; gho;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
vidg;gy; ahidA kk;nghL Jsq;fp
tpisf;Fk; tpidapd;wpg; gilnahope; jdNt
tpww;Gfo; khz;l Gutp nay;yhk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kwj;jif ike;jnuh lhz;Lg;gl; ldNt
Njh;ju te;j rhd;Nwh nuy;yhk;
Njhy;fz; kiwg;g nthUq;Fkha;e; jdNu
...........................................................
Nte;jUk; nghUJfsj; njhope;jd hpdpNa
vd;dh tJnfh whNd (Gwk;.63: 1-6> 10>11)
vd;Dk; guzhpd; ghlyhdJ Nrukhd; Flf;Nfh neLQ;Nruyhjd; kw;Wk; Nrhod;
Ntw;g/wlf;ifg; ngUtpww;fps;sp vDk; ,UngU Nte;jh;fSk; Nghhpl;ljhy; Vw;g l;l
,og;Gfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ. ,th;fsplk; vj;jidNah ahidg; gilfs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;
mit midj;Jk; mk;ghy; tpid nra;af;$ba tPuh;fs; my;yhjjhy; mope;jd.
FjpiufNsh kpf;f Gfo; gilj;jd vdpDk; jk;ikr; nrYj;Jk; kwj;jif ike;jNuhL
gl;nlhope;jd. NjNuwp te;j tPuh; midtUk; Nflfk; jhq;fpa iffNshNl
tPo;e;jope;jdh;. neLNty; khh;gpy; gha;e;jjhy; Nte;jh;fSk; tPo;e;Jgl;ldh;. ,th;jk;
mfd;w ehLfs; ,dp vd;dthFk;… vd;w Gythpd; Nfs;tpapy; ghjp kdpjh;fs; Nghhpy;
mope;Jtpl;ljhy; me;j ehl;bd; rkr;rPh;ik nfl;LtpLNk vd;Dk; fUj;Jk; ,g;ghlypy;
cs;slq;fpAs;sJ.
gfYk; ,uTk; ve;NeuKk; xU ehl;by; Nghh; ele;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;
me;ehl;by; vt;thW kf;fs; epk;kjpahf thoKbAk;. mg;gb Xh; mtyf;fhl;rpia
fUq;Foyhjdhh; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;;.
vy;iyA kpuT nkz;zha; gifth;
Cu;RL tpsf;fj; jOtpdpf; fk;giyf;
nfhs;is Nktiy ahfypd; ey;y
,y;yth Fgth ypay;Njh; tst
jz;Gdy; gue;j G+rd; kz;kWj;J
kPdpw; nrWf;Fk; ahzh;g;
gad;wpfo; itg;gpw;gpw ufd;wiy ehNl (Gwk;.7: 7-13)
vd;Dk; ghlybfspy; ePNah ,uTk; gfYk; me;ehl;L murh;fshd gifth;fisg;
Nghhpl;L mopf;ff;fUjp mthpd; Ch;fisr; Rl;nlhpj;jjhy; me;ehl;Lkf;fs; jdJ
midj;J eyd;fisAk; ,oe;J nfl;ldh; fhz;… vd;W xU ehl;ilNa jPapl;Lf;
nfhSj;Jtij tPuk; vd;Dk; ngahpy; nfhz;lhb kfpo;e;Js;sdh;.
xU Nghh; gy kdpj tsq;fis mopf;Fk; jpwDilaJ vd;gij xsitahhpd;
,g;ghly; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
fly;fpsh;e; jd;d fl;^h; ehg;gz;
nte;Jtha; tbj;j Ntwiyg; ngahpj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NjhLifj; njOj&cj; Jue;njwp Qhl;gpd;
tUgil Ngho;e;J tha;g;gl tpyq;fp
,ilg;gil aOtj;Jr; rpije;JNt whfpa
rpwg;Gil ahsd; khz;Gfz; lUsp
thLKiy A+wpr; Rue;jd
Xlhg; G+l;if tpliy jha;f;Nf (Gwk;.295)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; Nghhpd; Kbtpy; ,Uth; jpwj;Jk; tPuh; gyh; tPo;e;J fple;jdh;. tPo;e;j
tPuh;fs; gyUk; giftuhy; NtWNtwhfj; Jzpf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fspilapy; taJ
Kjph;e;j xU jhapd; kfDk; fple;jhd;. mtidf; fhz mj;jha; Nghh;f;fsk; nrd;W
tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; tPuh;fSf;fpilapy; mts; kfd; rpwg;ghf vjphpAld; nghUjjd;
gadhf cly; rpijf;fg;gl;Lf; fple;jijf; fz;lhs;… vd;fpwhh;. ,q;F xU jha;
kl;LNk Rl;lg;gLfpwhs;. Mdhy; tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; tPuh;fs; midtUk; je;ijahfTk;>
mz;zdhfTk;> fztdhfTk;> kfdhfTk; gy;NtW nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ug;gth;fs;.
mth;fs; ,d;wp me;jf; FLk;gk; vd;dthFk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; ghly;
mikfpd;wJ.
mw;iwj; jpq;f st;ntz; zpytpd;
ve;i
; jA KilNankq; Fd;Wk; gpwh;nfhshh;
,w;iwj; jpqf spt;ntz; zpytpd;
ntd;nwwp Kurpd; Nte;jnuk;
Fd;Wq; nfhz;lhh;ah nke;ijA kpyNk (Gwk;.112)
vDk; ghhp kfsphpd; ghlyhdJ jk; je;ij kw;w Nte;jh;fSld; Nghhpl;L ,we;jjhy;
je;ijAk; ,y;yhky; nrhe;j tPLk; ,y;yhky; mehijfshfj; jdpj;J tplg;gl;lij
tpsf;FfpwJ. kfsphpd; tPuj;ijg; NgRk; xf;$h; khrhj;jpahhpd; ghlypy; Kjy; ehs;
Nghhpy; je;ijiaAk;> mLj;j ehs; Nghhpy; jd; fztidAk; gwpnfhLj;j ngz;>
,d;Wk; NghUf;F miof;Fk; giwnahyp Nfl;L> jd; xNu kfidg; NghUf;F
mDg;gpajhf tUk; ghly; ,J.
nfLf rpe;ij fbjpt LzpNt
%jpd; kfsp uhj wFNk
Nkdh Sw;w nrUtpw; fptld;id
.........................................................
xUkf dy;y jpy;Nyhs;
nrUKf Nehf;fpr; nry;nfd tpLNk (Gwk;.279)
,g;ghlypy; New;W fztid ,oe;jts;> mjw;F Kjy;ehs; jd; je;ijiag;
gwpnfhLj;jts; ,e;jr; Nrhfk; Kw;whf MWtjw;F Kd;ghf ,d;W jd; rpWgps;isapd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ifapy; thspidf; nfhLj;J mDg;Gfpwhs;. ,q;F ,e;jg; ngz;zpd; ,og;gpd; Ntjid
tPuk;… vDk; ngauhy; kiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nghh;r;#oy; vd;gJ mf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd;
md;whl tho;tpay; epfo;Tfs;. NghUf;Fr; nry;tJk; NghUf;F mDg;gg;gLtJk; mq;F
,ay;ghd eilKiw> Mdhy; me;j eilKiwf;Fs; mr;r%fg; ngz;fspd; Jf;fj;ij
ntspf;fhl;Ltjhf mLj;j ghly; cs;sJ.
khth uhNj khth uhNj
vy;yhh; khTk; te;jd ntk;kpw;
Gy;Yisf; FLkpg; Gjy;tw; we;j
nry;t D}U khth uhNj
,UNgh; ahw;w nthUngUq; $ly;
tpyq;fpL ngUkuk; Nghy
cye;jd;W nfhy;ytd; kiye;j khNt (Gwk;.273)
vd;Dk; ghlyhdJ NghUf;Fr; nrd;w midj;Jf; FjpiufSk; jpUk;gptpl;ld. Mdhy;
mq;F nrd;w jd; fztdpd; Fjpiu kl;Lk; tuhjjhy; jd; Gjy;tNdhL epd;W xU
jha; mtid vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;J ,Wjptiu tuhky; NghfNt jd; fztd;
,we;jhd; vd;gij czh;e;J tUj;jg;gLfpwhs;.
Nghh; ntwpapd; cr;rk;
Nghhpy; vjphpy; epd;wtiuf; nfhy;tJ tPuk; vd;why; mtid mopj;jgpd;
NghUf;Nf tuhj mk;kd;ddpd; cwtpdiuAk;> Foe;ijiaAk; Njbg;gpbj;Jf; nfhy;tJ
Nghd;wit Nghh;ntwpapd; cr;rj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj; JQ;rpa
fps;sptstd; jd; giftdhd kiyakhidg; Nghhpy; ntd;wgpd; mtdpd; rpW
gps;isfisf; nfhzh;e;J ahidapd; fhypy; Nghl;Lf; nfhy;yj;Jzpe;j mtdpd;
ntwpr;nraiyf; fz;L NfhT+h;fpohh; ghbajhf tUk; ghly; ,J.
fspW fz; l*c kohmd; kwe;j
Gd;wiyr; rpwhmh; kd;WkUz;L Nehf;fp
tpUe;jpw; Gd;fNzh Tilah;
Nfl;lid ahapdP Ntl;lJ nra;k;Nk (Gwk;.46)
Nkw;Rl;ba ePNah Gwhtpd; nghUl;Lj; jd;idNa toq;fpa Nrhod; kugpy; gpwe;Js;sha;.
,th;fNsh Gyth;fl;Fg; ngUq;nfhil ey;fp thOk; kiyakhd; kugpdh;. ,th;
,g;nghOJ fspw;iwf; fz;L mQ;Rfpd;w rpW gps;isfs;. ehd; $wpaijf;
Nfl;lhahapd; eP tpUk;gpaijr; nra;thahf‚… vd;fpwhh;.
rpWth;fisf;$l tpl;Litf;fhky; mth;fis mopf;fj; Jzpe;jJk;> gifehl;L
kd;ddpd; muritapypUe;J te;jth; vd;gjw;fhfNt te;j Gytiu xw;Wf;fhf te;jth;
vd;W mtiuf; nfhy;yj; Jzpe;jJk;Mfpa nra;iffs; goe;jkpo; ehl;by; Nghh;ntwp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mstpy;yhky; ngUfp ,Ue;jij GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; gy
ghly;fs; ntw;wpf; nfhz;lhl;lk; vd;Dk; ngauhy; ntd;w murh;fs; elj;jpa moptpd;
Mtzq;fsha; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,ijNa>“,iu NjLjypd; nghUl;Lg; gad;gl;l
cly;typik> vt;tpjg; gaDk; Nehf;fKk; ,y;yhj ntw;W ,uj;jf;fswpapy;
,df;FOf;fspd; moptpy; xope;jpUf;ff;$ba epiyapypUe;J khwp „tPuk;… vd;W Nghh;r;
5
r%fj;jpd; cah; kjpg;gPlhf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ” vd;ghh; uh[;nfsjkd;.
KbTiu
kf;fs; ,dk; ,aw;ifNahL epfo;j;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisT jhd; ,t;Tyfk;.
Mjpfhyj;jpy; NghuhdJ czTj; Njitf;fhf kl;LNk Vw;gl;lJ. czTj;Njit
jilapy;yhky; epiwNtwpa gpd;G kdpjd; kw;wtDld; Nghuhl Muk;gpj;jhd;. ,g;Nghhpy;
ntw;wp ngw;wtd; jiytd; vd;Dk; epiyf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lhd;. ntw;wp ngw;w ngUkpj
czh;thy; mtd; kPz;Lk; Nghh; nra;Ak; kdepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhd;. kf;fspdk;
kf;fspdj;NjhNlNa NghuhLtJ vd;gJ mopTf;F toptFj;jJ vd;whYk; mg;Nghh;
,d;W tiu Xatpy;iy. rq;fr; r%fj;jpy; Nghh; vd;gJ kpf ,ay;ghd eilKiwahf
cs;sJ. Mz;fs; jq;fspd; cly;typikapd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;> czh;tpd;
vy;iyahfTk; Nghiu tFj;Js;sdh;. czT NjLjYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
cly;typik ,Wjpahf khdk;> tPuk; vd;w ,Wjp epiyfspd; mbg;gilahf
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,df;FOf;fSf;fpilapy; ngUk; mopT Njhd;Wtjw;F
vl;L fhuzpfs; mwpQh;fshy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kf;fspdk; kf;fspdj;NjhNl
NghuhLtJ vd;gJ mopTf;F toptFj;jJ vd;whYk; mg;Nghh; ,d;Wtiu Xatpy;iy.
Gwg;ghly;fs; midj;Jk; ntd;w kd;ddpd; ntw;wpr; rpwg;ig kl;Lky;yhky; Njhw;w
kd;ddpd; ehL gLk; mtyq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;wd. GwehD}w;wpd; gpw;gFjpg;
ghly;fs; Nghhpdhy; kdpjh;fs; gLk; Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;wd. Gutyid ,oe;j
Gyth;> fztid ,oe;j kidtp> je;ijia ,oe;j gps;isfs;> kfid ,oe;j jha;
vd;W mth;fspd; Ntjid njhlh;fpd;wJ. Nghhpy; <LgLk; ,U ehLfspy; xU ehl;Lf;F
ntw;wpAk; kw;nwhU ehl;Lf;Fj; Njhy;tpAk; Vw;gl;lhYk; caphpog;G vd;gJ ,U
ehLfSf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;. Nghhpd; %yk; xU ehl;bd; kdpjtsk; vd;gJ nghpJk;
Fiwe;JtpLfpd;wJ. Nghhpd; tpisTfs; FLk;gq;fis epiyFiyar; nra;jdthf
,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. fh.Nfhtpe;jd;> gz;ilj; jkpoh; Nghh;newp> g.7
2. tho;tpaw;fsQ;rpak;
3. R.tpj;jpahde;jd;> jkpoh; rhy;G> gf;.83-85


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. njhy;. Gwj;.12
5. fh.Nfhtpe;jd;> NkyJ> Kd;Diu
6. uh[;nfsjkd;> ghl;Lk; njhifAk;- njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;r; r%f cUthf;fKk;>
gf;.100-101
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. ,sk;G+uzh; (c.M)> njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;> fof ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1970.
2. fh.Nfhtpe;jd;> gz;ilj; jkpoh; Nghh;newp> ts;Sth;gz;iz> nrd;id>1984.
3. R.tpj;jpahde;jd;> jkpoh; rhy;G> ghhp Gj;jfg;gz;iz> nrd;id>1971.
4. uh[;nfsjkd;> ghl;Lk; njhifAk;- njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;r; r%f cUthf;fKk;>
jkpopdp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; Rw;Wr;#oypay; rpe;jidfs;
Kidth; jp.ghpksh>
kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp>
kJiu.
caphpdq;fs; mbg;gil Mjhukhd ,t;caph;f;Nfhsk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ.

kdpjh;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs; jhtuq;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; fz;fSf;Fj; njhpahj
gy Ez;Zaph;fs; thOk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Nfhs;fspy;
G+kpiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j NfhspYk; caphpdq;fs; ,Ug;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. mjd;
fhuzkhfNt ,e;j G+Tyfpid ‘caph;f;Nfhsk;’(Biosphere) vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W> Mfhak;> jP vd;Dk; Ik;G+jq;fSk; tsh;r;rpahYk; ,it khrile;J
cyfpy; vq;fhtJ Xhplj;jpy; Nguopit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,g;NguopTfs; kdpjh;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lit. midj;Jk; xU nghUl;ly;y vd;gij czh;j;jp tpl;lJ.
cah;thd G+kpiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; cyf ehLfs; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if
eltbf;iffis vLj;J tUfpd;wd. ghlg;gphptpd; xU mq;fkhf Rw;Wr;#oy; cs;sJ.
[Pd; 5 cyfr; Rw;Wr;#oy; jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ‘Rw;Wr;#oy;’ vd;gJ
,d;W Gjpjhf kdpjFyk; fz;Lgpbj;j xd;wy;y. caphpdq;fspd; Njhw;wNk
Rw;Wr;#oypd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; cUthdJ.
njhy;fhg;gpahpd; jpizf; Nfhl;ghL
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; mtUf;F Kw;gl;lf; fhyj;jpYk; jpiz vd;Dk;
jdpnewp filgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpiz vd;Dk; nrhy; ‘xOf;fj;ijAk;’ caphpdq;fs;
thOk; ‘epyj;ijAk;’ Nrh;j;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpd; fhl;rpg;Gydhf
,aw;ifNa ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fNs rhd;whFk;.
khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;
NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;
Nte;jd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;
tUzd; Nka ngUkzy; cyfKk;
Ky;iy FwpQ;rp kUjk; nea;jy; vdr;
1
nrhy;ypa Kiwahy; nrhy;yTk; gLNk
vDk; njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghNt Rw;Wr;#oy; ghFghl;bw;fhd rhd;whFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah;
$Wk; fUg;nghUs; ghFghLk; xg;G Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. Vnddpy; ,lj;jhYk;
fhyj;jhYk; Njhd;WtJ fUg;nghUs;. czT> tpyq;F> kuq;fs;> gwitfs;> njhopy;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
G+f;fs;> ePh;epiyfs;> ,ir kw;Wk; ,irf;fUtpfs; ,it me;epyj;jpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,ir rhh;e;j nja;t topghl;L kuGfSk; epyk; rhh;e;jNj. ,j;jifar; rpwg;G
tha;e;j caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F Kjd;ikahfpa ,aw;ifia mopj;J tpl;L vJTk;
G+kpapy; epiyj;J epw;f KbahJ. ,aw;if mopg;G vd;gJ ,d;W clNd epfOk;
epfo;r;rpay;y. kdpj ,dk; vd;W mwpT tsh;r;rp mile;J Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfspy;
Mh;tk; fhl;lj; njhlq;fpaNjh me;j Kjy; kdpjdpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ cyfpd;
mopT.
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; Rw;Wr; #oypay; rpe;jidfs;
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,d;Wk; cyfpy; vq;fhtJ ehLfs; jq;fSf;Fs; Nghhpl;L moptijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
,jdhy; epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W> Mfhak; vd;W midj;Jk; khRghL milfpwJ. me;j
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1. kz; khRghL
2. fhw;W khRghL
3. xyp khRghL
4. ,aw;if mopg;G
5. Nghhpdhy; Vw;gLk; mopg;G
6. efukakhjy;
vd;W gphpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

kz; khRghL
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epiwe;J fplf;Fk;. mt;tl;bw; rhiyfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Rw;Wr;#oy; khRghl;il ,g;gFjp
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Nghd;W Xbd. mf;fQ;rpapidg; gUf te;j fhisfs; jq;fSf;Fs;
Nkhjpf;nfhz;ljdhy; Nrwhfp mr;Nrw;wpd; kPJ gy Njh;fSk; XLtjhy; mr;NrW
Jfs;fsha;f; fhw;wpy; gutp njUf;fspy; ntz;ik epwk; G+rg;gl;l muz; kidapd; kPJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gutpaJ. mt;tuz; kidfs; ghh;g;gjw;Fg; GOjpia NkNy G+rpf;nfhz;l fspWNghy;
mOf;NfhL fhl;rpaspj;jJ. vd;gjid
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2
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3
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thof;$lhJ. Fapy;fs; mlh;e;j kuq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; thof;$baJ. jhgjh;fs;
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,d;iwa fhyj;jpYk; fly;fle;J gy gwitfs; ,dg; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf jkpofk;
tUfpd;wd. ,g;gwitfspd; tUifahy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;w Ch;fSk; cz;L. ePh;epiyfs;
twz;L NghFk; nghOJ fhyepiy rhpapy;yhj nghOJk; mit ,lkhwp tpLk;
vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
xyp khRghL
tpQ;Qhd tsh;r;rpapy; cUthd Miyfspd; rq;nfhyp> Nghf;Ftuj;J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thfdq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Xir ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fspy; Vw;gLk; Xir
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid mwptpayhh; nlrpgy; vd;w mstpy;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,it msTf;F kPWk; nghOJ fhJ Nfshik> ,jaf; NfhshWfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,t;xyp msT $Lk;nghOJ Jd;gk; Vw;gLtJ kdpjh;fSf;F kl;Lky;y
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,jdhy; gidkuq;fs; tLf;fsha;f; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. gid kuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; mjph;T
fhuzkhf mq;F thOk; gwitfs; mQ;rp NtW ,lk; nry;Yk; vd;W $WfpwJ.
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nfhz;ld.
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cyfpd; vq;fhtJ Xhplj;jpy; Nghhpdhy; mopT Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.
Nghh; Vw;gLk; nghOJ me;ehl;by; cs;s ,aw;if tsk; Kjyhf mopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mq;F thOk; kf;fs; cwTfis ,oe;J jtpf;fpd;wdh;. gpw ehLfspy; mfjpfshf
thoNtz;bAs;sJ. etPd MAjq;fshy; ,d;W ek;ik ehNk mopj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,it ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; fw;fhyf; fUtpfshy; Nghhpl;L mopj;Jf;
nfhs;Nthk; vd;gjw;F jpUkhtstdpd; copiQg;Nghh; rhd;whFk;.
jpUkhtstdpd; gilfs; gifth;fspd; ehl;il mopj;J tpLk; jd;ik
nfhz;lJ. jpUkhtstdpd; gilfs; gifth; ehL nrd;wjhy; fUk;GfSk;>
nre;ney;Yk; tsh;e;J> Ftis kyh;fSk; nea;jYk; kyh;e;J Kjiyfs; jphpAk;
mfd;w ngha;iffisf; nfhz;l kUjepykhFk;. me;epyj;jpy; cs;s kf;fisj;
jpUkhtstd; Fbngah;e;J XLk;gbr; nra;jhd;. mg;gFjpfspy; tay;fSk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngha;iffSk; ePuw;W twz;L fple;jd. mg;gFjpfspy; rpWG+is> ngUk;G+is G+f;fSk;
nfhOj;j jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l mWfk; Gy;Yk;> NfhiufSk; tsh;e;jd. gfLfs;
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gpbf;fg;gl;lijf; $WfpwJ.
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curpajhy; rha;e;jd. mjhtJ Ntiyg;ghlike;j gifth; mk;gyq;fs; ,be;jd.
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neUQ;rpAk; mWfk; Gy;Yk; kpFjpahf tsh;e;jpUe;jd. nfhba ehpfs; CisapLk;
,lkhdJ $iffSk; jd; ,dj;ijf; $tp miof;Fk; ,lkhapd. gpzj;ijj; jpd;Dk;
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,y;yhj ntWq;$Lfspy; $iffs; gfypYk; jq;fp jd; ,dj;ij miof;Fk;
flj;jw;fhpa fhtiyAila kjpy;fisf; nfhz;l gifth;fspd; giltPLfs;> moF
mopaTk;> mth;fs; Fyk; mopaTk;> nghpa mopit cz;lhf;fpa NghjpYk; fhpfhydpd;
nrw;wk; mlq;ftpy;iy vd;gij>
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gUepiy neLe;J}z; xy;fj; jPz;b
ngUey; ahidnahL gpbAzh;e;J ciwaTk;
..moy;tha; Xhp mQ;Rtuf; fjph;g;gTk;
mOFFuy; $ifNahL Mz;liy tpspg;gTk;
fzk;nfhs; $spnahL fJg;G ,Fj;J mir,
gpzk;jpd; ahf;ifg; Nga;kfs; Jtd;wTk;
..nfhLtpy; vapdh; nfhs;is cz;l


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
czT,y; tWq;$l;L cs;sfj;J ,Ue;J
tistha;f; $it ez;gfy; FowTk;
mUq;fb tiug;gpd; Ch; ftpd; mopa
5
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,aw;if mopg;G
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mopg;gNj mjpfk;. njhopw;rhiyfs;> epWtdq;fs; FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gpw
NjitfSf;fhf fhLfSk; tpisepyq;fSk; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU ehL ,d;ndhU
ehl;il Mf;fpukpg;G nra;Ak;nghOJ mq;F jdJ kf;fis Fbngaur; nra;Ak;.
jpUkhtstDk; Nrho kz;lyj;jpy;> fhlhf cs;s ,lq;fis mopj;Jg; gz;L Nghyf;
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tsj;ijg; ngUf;fpdhd;. Nghpa epiyfisAila khlq;fisf; nfhz;l cwe;ij
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Nghy; epiy epWj;jpdhd;.
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NfhapnyhL FbepwP,
thapnyhL Gio mikj;J
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xUNtk; vdg; Gwq; nfhlhJ>
6
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vd;W jpUkhtstd; fhLfis mopj;J ehlhf;fpaij gl;bdg;ghiy $WfpwJ.
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rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ,aw;if ,y;iy vdpy; cyfpy; caphpdq;fs; jdpj;J tho
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,aw;if.
gl;bdg;ghiyapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; tPuj;ijg; Gfote;j Gyth; fbaY}h;
cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhh; Rw;Wr;#oy; rpe;jidfisAk; ek;Kd; tpijj;Jr; nry;Yfpwhh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij ehk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpidf; fw;gjd;
%yk; cs;shh;e;j rpe;jidfisg; ngw KbAk;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. njhy;. nghUs;. E}.951
2. gl;b. 40-50 thp
3. gl;b. 53-59
4. gl;b. 69-74
5. gl;b. 239-270
6. gl;b. 283-291
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1. gl;bdg;ghiy. jpUney;Ntyp irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> 79> gpufhrk; rhiy>
nrd;id – 600 001.
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njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp – 6. nrd;id – 1.
3. jh;kuh[;> N[. Rw;Wr;#oy; ,ay;> K.g. – 2004. nld;rp gg;spNf\d;];> nld;rp
tpy;yh 6229> mz;zhkiyahh; fhydp>
4. jkpoz;zy;. njhy;fhg;gpa ciu> K.g. – Vg;uy; 2008.kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;>
kA+uh tshfk;> 48> jhdg;g KjypnjU> kJiu – 625 001.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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,yf;fpaq;fNs MFk;. fp.gp 16k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; vOe;j kf;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
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fisg;G Vw;glhjpUf;f ghbAk;> MbAk; jk; tho;f;ifia urkhf mDgtpj;J te;jdh;.
mit tha;nkhop ghly;fshfNt ,Ue;jd. GJE}y;fs; nra;tjpy; Cf; fk; nfhz;bUe;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ftpQh;fs; ,g;ghly;fisj; jhKk; mDgtpf;fj; njhlq;fp jq;fspd; njspe;j jkpopy;
,itfis ,yf;fpakhf;fp tpl;lhh;fs;. Muha;e;J Nehf;fpd; gs;S Kjypa
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tif FOg;ghly;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fisj; jhq;fpapUg;gij ,tz; Nehf;fyhk;.
tpUe;jpw;ghzp
coj;jpah; fodpfspy; ,wq;fp ehw;W eLq;fhiy kJTz;l
kaf;fj;NjhL gz;NzhL Nrh;e;J ghly;fisg; ghb kfpo;th;. ,r;nra;jpia,
fb kyh; fise;J KbehwOj;jp
njhbtisj; NjhSk; MfOk; Njha;e;J
NrwhL NfhynkhL tPW ngWj; Njhd;wpr;
nrq;fa ndLq;fl; rpd;nkhopf; filrpah;
1
ntq;fl;nlhiyr;rpa tpUe;jpw;ghzpAk;
vDk; rpyg;gjpfhu mbfs; tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wd. coj;jpah; ghLk; ,g;ghly;
‘tpUe;jpw;ghzp’ vd;Dk; ngauJ.tpUe;jpw;ghzp vd;gjw;Fg; ‘gz; epwj;jpw; Nrh;e;J gofpg;
Nghfhj ghl;L’ vd;W mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; ciu tiuth;. NkYk; jk; ,irapy;
GJikAz;lhfg; ghLk; ghl;nldpDk; mikAk; vd;W $wp ,jidg; ngUKis
vd;ghUk; csh; vd;Wk; tpsf;Fth;. ,jid mbnahw;wp Kf;$lw;gs;Stpy;
coth;fSs; xU gs;sd; kJTz;l kaf;fj;jhy; elT taypNy epiyjLkhwpg; Nghf
mjidf; fz;L,
tbf;Fk; kJitf; Fbf;Fk; Mir
kaf;fKk; ngUe;jpaf;fKk;
tuk;gpw; gha;e;J guk;gpw; rha;e;j
2
thl;lKk; Kff; Nfhl;lKk;
vd gs;sp xUj;jp kw;wth;fsplk; nrhy;yp eifahLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
Vh;kq;fyk;
taypy; Kjd;Kjyhf Vh;G+l;Ltijg; ‘nghd;Ndh; G+l;Ljy;’ my;yJ ‘ehNshply;’
vd;Dk; fiyr;nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gh;. nre;ney; fjpUk; mWfk;Gy;Yk; FtiskyUk;
fye;J njhLf;fg;gl;l khiyiag; nghd;Ndh; G+l;b epw;Fk; coth; jq;f s; NkopapNy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
#l;b kfpo;th;.Viug; Nghw;wpj; Jjpf;Fk; ghliyg; ghLth;. ,q;qdk; nghd;Ndh; G+l;Lk;
coth; Viug; Nghw;wpg; ghLk; ghly; Vh;kq;fyk; vdg;gLk;. ,g;ngUq; fUj;ij,
“nfhOq;nfhb mWifAk; FtisAk; fye;J
tpsq;F fjph;j; njhLj;j tphpay; #l;bg;
VnuhL epd;Nwhh; Vh;kq;fyKk;”3
vd tUk; mbfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.,ij NghyNt Kf;$lw;gs;StpYk; NrupapNyAs;s
gs;sh; vy;yhk; $bf; Fuitapl;L Vh;kq;fyk; ghb ehNsh; G+l;b coitj;
njhlq;Ftij>
“$j;jd; KjyhAs;s
gs;sh; vy;yhk;
Fuitapl;Nliug; G+l;bf;
$bAOjhh;”4
vd;gjd; top czh;e;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
Kfitg;ghl;L
coth;fs; ney;iy mhpe;J Nghl;l gpd;dh; khLfisg; gpizay; G+l;b mhpe;J
Nghl;l new;fjph;fshfpa #l;bd; kPJ flh tpLth;. ,g;nghOjpy; coth;fs; ghLk; ghl;L
‘Kfitg;ghl;;L’ vd;Dk; ngaUf;FhpaJ. coth;fs; ghLk; ,k;Kfitg;ghl;;ilg; gw;wp
mhpe;J fhy; Ftpj;Njhh; mhpflhTWj;j
5
ngUQ; nra;e;ney;ypd; Kfitg;ghl;;Lk;
vd tUk; rpyg;gjpf;fhug; gFjp tpsf;fp epw;Fk;. ,k; Kfitg;ghl;Lf;Fg; ‘nghypg;ghl;L’
vd;Wk; NtW ngah; cz;L;.,ijNa,
nghbitf;Nfhiyj; jtph;g;ghh; nghypiaf; Ftpg;ghh;
6
nghypJ}w;wp Mw;wpg;nghyp nghypnad;wsg;ghh;
vd;w gs;S ghlYk; nghypg;ghl;bd; nra;jpiar; Rl;b epw;fpwJ.
thpf;$j;Jf;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrphpauhfpa mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; muq;Nfw;Wfhij ciuapy;
gz;ilf;fhyj;J epytpa gy;NtW thpf; $j;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. thpf;$j;J
vd;gJ mtuth; gpwe;j epyj;jd;ikAk; gpwg;gpw;Nfw;w njhopy; jd;ikAk; Njhd;w
ebf;Fk; xU tiff; $j;J. ,jid,
thp nadg;gLtJ tFf;Fk; fhiyg;
gpwe;j epyDk; rpwe;j njhopYk;
7
mwpaf; $wp Mw;Wop toq;fy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd tUk; mbfs; czh;j;Jk;. FbngUikia tpsf;Fk; ghly;fs; gs;S
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kjd;ikahf ,lk; ngWfpwJ. gs;spah; ,UtUk; jj;jk;
FbngUikiaf; $w Kw;gLtij>
fs;sg;Gs; tha;fpopj;j fhuofh; Kf;$ly;
nfhs;sj; jkJ Fbj;juq;fs; $wpdNu8
vd;w mbfs; top czh;e;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
thpf;$j;Jf;fs; gw;wp $Wifapy; mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; gok;ghlypy;
moFilags;sp, MLk;gLgs;sp vd tUk; ,U thpf;$j;Jf;fs; Rl;lg;gLjiyf;
vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ffpwhh;.thpf;$j;Jfspd; ,ay;Gfs; rhp tu Gyg;gltpy;iy vdpDk;
,t;tpU tiff;$j;Jf;fSk; gs;sh; gs;spah; tho;NthL njhlh;GiladthapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ntspg;gil. ,tw;Ws; moFila gs;sp vd;gJ ,isag;gs;spapd;
moifg; gs;sd; tpae;J ghbahLk; xU tiff; $j;jhfTk; MLk; gLgs;sp vd;gJ
%j;jgs;spapd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;fpg; ghbahLk; xU tiff;$j;jhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;
vd;W Cfpj;Jiug;gJ xUthW nghUe;Jk; vd e.tp.n[auhkd; $Wfpwhh;.MLk;gLgs;sp
vd;gJ gs;spaUk; gs;sUk; Nrh;e;J MLk; $j;njdTk; rpyh; $Wth;.,tw;iw itj;Jg;
ghh;f;fpd; gs;sh; gs;spah; tho;NthL njhlh;Gila gy;NtW thpf;$j;Jf;fs; Kd;G
toq;fp te;jd vd;gijAk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gs;S ,yf;fpak; jdpnahU rpw;wpyf;fpakhf
cUg;ngw ,j;jifa thpf;$j;Jf;fSk; Jizahf tpsq;fpd vd;gijAk; mwpa
KbfpwJ.
njhFg;Giu
 coth;fspd; tho;tpaiyf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ

gs;S vDk; ,yf;fpakhFk;.
 gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpj;jpid gok; ,yf;fpakhd rpyg;gjpfhuk; top
czh;e;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
 gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gs;spah; eltpd; NghJ ‘eLifg;ghl;L’ ghbdh;.
,r;nra;jpapidr; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; tpUe;jpw;ghzp Kyk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.
 NkYk; Vh;kq;fyk;> Kfitg;ghl;L Kjypa Ntshz;ghly;fs; gpw;fhyg;
gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tpj;Jfshf tpsq;Fkhw;iw czu Kbfpd;wJ.
 rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd $j;Jf;fs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd.mjpy; ,lk;ngWk; thpf;$j;J gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk;
$j;jhFk; vd;gijAk; ,tz; mwpa KbfpwJ;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
 rpyk;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gs;Stpd; tpj;jpid Kf;$lw;gs;S ,yf;fpar;
rhd;Wfs; tpsf;fp epw;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
 Mf ,tw;iw Nehf;Fkplj;J gs;S vDk; jdpngUk; rpw;wpyf;fpak;
cUntLf;f ngUk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ ,g; Nghpyf;fpak; vdpy; mJ
kpifahfhJ
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. rpyk;G.ehL fhz;.127-131
2. Kf;.$.g.130
4. Kf;.$.g.115
6. Kf;.$.g.139
7. rpyk;G.muq;.fhij.24
8. Kf;.$.g.13
Jiz E}y;fs;
1. t.j.,uhkRg;gpukzpak; (c.M>) rpyg;gjpfhuk;> jpUkfs; epiyak;> jp.efh;>
nrd;id-17.
2. rpw;wpyf;fpar;nry;tq;fs;-e.tP.nrauhkd;
3. Kf;$lw;gs;S-GypA+h; Nfrpfd; ciu>rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jt;it nrhy;yhl;rpAk; tof;FKiwAk;
tp.tpky;>
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
kJiuf;fy;Y}hp>
kJiu-11.
jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gug;G kpf ePz;l tuyhw;iw cilaJ. fhyk; NjhWk;

jd;idj;jhNd GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; ngw;w nkhop jkpo;nkhop. ,JNt jkpopd;
epiyj;j jd;ikf;fhd fhuzk;. ,e;j nefpo;Tj;jd;ik ey;yNj vd;whYk;>
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpy nrhw;fs; tof;fpypUe;J mope;Jk; tpLfpwJ. NkYk;>
,ay;ghdnghUspy; ,Ue;J NtWnghUshf khw;wKk; mile;J tpLfpwJ.
rpynrhw;fspd; khw;wk;; gz;ghl;Lf; $wpd; mbg;giliaNa mirj;J tpLfpwJ. mt;thW
mike;j nrhw;fspy; xd;whd ‘jt;it’vDk; nrhy;yhl;rpapd; nghUisAk;> jw;NghJ
mr;nrhy;ypd; epiyFwpj;Jk; Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
jt;itapd; NtWngah;fs;
N[];lh> Nrl;lh> Nrl;il> khKfb> Kfb> Nkhb> %j;jNjtp> gioNahs;>
Jhkhtjp> fhf;ifnfhbNahs;> Jhk;utuhfp> Jhk;ufhsp> khia> k`hepj;jpiu> VfNtzp
,itnay;yhk; jt;itapd; ngah;fshff; $wg;gLfpwJ. N[];lh vd;Dk;
tlnkhopr;nrhy;Yf;F tPl;by; gpwe;j Kjy; Foe;ijia Mzhf ,Ue;jhy;
N[];lGj;jpud; vd;Wk;> ngz;zhf ,Ue;jhy; N[];lGj;jphp vd;Wk; ngah; #l;b
miof;Fk; tof;fk; ,d;wsTk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. kiyahsj;jpy; Nrl;lh> Nrl;ld;
Mfpanrhw;fs; Mz;fis miof;Fk; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; jt;it nrhy; khKfb> Kfb> Nkhb> fhpaNrl;il> %Njtp>
fhf;ifnfhbNahs;> gioNahs; cl;gl gjpdhd;F ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mlhj nray;fisr; nra;Ak; Foe;ijfis Jhkufhsp vd;W jpl;LtJk; tof;fj;jpy;
,Ue;J tUfpwJ. jiytphp Nfhyk; mkq;fykhf fUjg;gLtJNghy xw;iw rilAk;
r%f tof;fj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhjjhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Ik;ghy; $e;jy; mzpe;jjhf tUfpwJ. ,jw;F Ie;Jtifahd
(nfhz;il>Foy;>gdpr;ir>fhy;>Fsfk;) nfhz;ilfs; vd;Wk; nghUs; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Guhzf;fUj;J
jt;it rdP]t
; udpd; kidtp vd;Wk; ,th;fSf;F khe;jd; vd;w kfDk;> khe;jp
vd;w kfSk; cs;sjhfTk;> khe;jid Fspif vd;Dk; fhyj;jpw;F mjpgjpahf
Nrhjplk; $WfpwJ. %Njtp tUzdpd; kidtp vd;W rpy njhd;kf; Fwpg;Gfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Njth;fSk;> mRuh;fSk; ghw;fliyf; file;jNghJ rPNjtpf;F Kd;
vOe;jts; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yf;fpaq;fspy; jt;itnrhy;yhl;rp
jw;NghJ ctd;> cts; Nghd;w Rl;Lr; nrhw;fs; tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.
mJNghyNt> Et;it> mt;it> jt;it Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; tof;nfhope;J tpl;ld.
tpisahLMankhLntz;kzy; mOj;jp>
kwe;jdk; Jwe;jfho; Kismifa>
nea; nga; jPk; ghy; nga;J ,dpJtsh;g;g
1
Ek;kpDk;rpwe;jJ: Et;itMFk;
vDk; ew;wpizg; ghlypy; ‘Et;it’ jq;if vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUfpwJ. mt;it> Ma;>
Iia Kjyhd nrhw;fs; jha; vd;Dk; nghUspNyNa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Msg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,JNghd;W jpUf;Fwspy;>
mt;tpj;J mOf;fhW cilahidr; nra;ats;
jt;itiaf; fhl;b tpLk2;
nghwhik cilatdplkpUe;J rPNjtpahdts; kdk; Nfhzp tpyfpj; jd;Dila
mf;fhshfpa %Njtpiaf; iffhl;b tpLths; vd;w nra;jpAk;>
kbAshd; khKfb vd;g kbapyhd;
jhSshs; jhkiu apdhs3;
nraypy; jsUk; Nrhk;Ngwpaplk; %Njtp FbapUg;ghs;@ jsuhky; ciof; Fk;
Kaw;rpahsdpd; ghjj;jpy; rPNjtp jq;fpapUg;ghs; vd;w nra;jpAk; mike;jpUg;gJ ,q;F
epidT$uj;jf;fJ.
Ntjhsk; NrUNk nts;nsUf;Fg; G+f;FNk
ghjhs %ypglUNk - %Njtp
nrd;wpUe;J tho;tNs Nrld; FbGFNk
4
kd;Nwhuk; nrhd;dhh; kid
vd;w ghlypy; xsitAk; jt;it> khKfb. %Njtp Mfpa nrhw;fis Mf;fkpy;
nghUspy; gad;gLj;jp cs;sikg; Gydhfpd;wJ. ‘,Ue;jfhy; %Njtp> ele;jfhy;
rPNjtp’vd;w gonkhopAk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;>
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;>
tpOke; jPh;j;jtpsf;Ff; nfhy;nyd
IiaAe; jt;itAk; tpk;kpjk; va;jpf;
fz;nfhs;shekf; fpth; fhl;rpaPq;nfd5
vDk; thpfspy; jt;it vd;w nrhy;iy ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Iiaapd; jhiaf; Fwpf;fNt
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
jt;it topghl;Lj; jyq;fSk; topghLk;
jt;it VO fd;dpahpy; xUj;jpahf gyfhyq;fshf topglg;gl;L te;Js;shs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,tis Foe;ijg;NgW toq;Fk; nja;tkhf tzq;Fk; KiwAk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
rkzj;jpYk;> rhf;jj;jpYk; (rf;jptopghL)> jt;it topghlhfNt ,Ue;Js;sJ. jha;
nja;t topghl;bYk; ,k;Kiw ,Ue;Js;sJ. gy;yth;fspd; Ml;rp fhykhd 8k;
Ehw;whz;by; jkpoh;fspd; nja;tkhd jt;it topglg;gl;Ls;shs;. ee;jpth;k gy;ytd;
jt;itia Fynja;tkhf topghL nra;Js;shd;. gpw;fhy Nrhoh;fspd; fhyj;jpYk;
jt;ittopghL ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,d;Wk; jQ;ir> jpUr;rp khtl;lq;fspy; ntFthff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jt;itiag; gazj;jpd;NghJ tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f
topgLfpd;wdh;. Nrhk;giy ePf;fp RWRWg;ghd tho;itj; ju topgLfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;gpl;l
,dj;jth; VfNtzp vd;w ngahpy; topgLfpd;wdh;.
 jpUr;rp jpUthidf;fhty; mfpyhz;Nl];thp Nfhapypy; N[];lhNjtpf;F

rpiyAz;L.
 Fk;gNfhzk; Fk;Ng];tuh; Nfhapypy; kq;fshk;gpif rd;dpjpf;F tlNkw;NfAk;>
ntlhy; Mz;lth; jpUf;Nfhapy; njd; Gwj;jpYk;> N[];lhNjtpapd; jpUTUtk;
ey;y fl;likg;Gld; $ba ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 jpUr;rp khtl;lk; ca;af;nfhz;lhd; kiy c[;[Ptehjh; (khh;f;fz;NlaUf;F
kPz;Lk; [Ptd; mspj;jjhy; rptngUkhDf;F ,g;ngah;) Nfhtpypy;
N[];lhNjtpapd; rpiy tpj;jpahrkhd tbtikg;gpy; cs;sJ.
 jpUf;nfhz;B];;tuk; gRgjP]t
; uh; Nfhtpypy; N[];lhNjtp mDf;fpuf Njtij.
 XiuA+h; rptd; NfhtpYk;> N[];lhNjtpf;F rpiy cz;L.
 flYhh; Fspj;jiy flk;gtdehjh; Nfhapy; jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;sJ>
 NkhfDhh; mryjPNgRtuh; Nfhapy; Rw;Wr;Rthpy; Njtp rpiy gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jpUKf;$ly; mfj;jPRtuh; Nfhtpy; jpUr;Rw;wpy; rpiy cs;sJ.
 nguzky;Yhh; jpUf;fNuRtuh; NfhapypYk; rpiyAs;sJ.
jt;ittopghl;bd; vr;rq;fs;
jt;it fhf;if nfhbapidAk;> fOij thfdj;ijAk; cilats;. iffspy;
Jilg;gk; nfhz;Ls;shs;. jha; nja;ttopghL gpd;dhspy; kUtp %jhijah; topghlhf
khw;wk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. mjd; njhlh;r;rpNa ,d;Wk; fhf;iff;F cztpLk; gof;fk;
NghYk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ fOijapd; glj;NjhL cs;s‘vd;idg; ghh; Nahfk;
tUk;’‘Jilg;gj;ij nyl;Rk;’ vd;W nrhy;Yk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ. jt;it Jujp];l
Njtijahf ,Ug;gpd; fhf;iff;Fk;> fOijf;Fk; r%fj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
rpe;jpf;fjf;fJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epiwTiu
mOf;F> ehw;wk;> Jd;gk;> Gyk;gy;> mbf;fb nfhl;lhtptpLjy;> jiyia
tphpj;Jg;NghLjy;> myq;Nfhykhf ,Uj;jy;> vjph;kiwahd vz;zq;fs;> jPuhj kd
f\;lk; ,itnay;yhk; %Njtpapd; milahsq;fshff; $wg;gLfpwJ. <rid mopf;Fk;
nja;tkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ Nghy jPatw;iw mopf;Fk; nja;tkhf jt;itiag;
Nghw;WtNj rpwg;G. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gykhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lNghjpYk; jt;it topghL
KOtJk; tof;fj;jpy; mope;Jtpltpy;iy. mtuth; tPl;by; cs;s %j;jgps;isia
N[];lh vd;gjd; %yk; N[];lhNjtpf;F ,Ue;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;XusT
czuKbfpwJ. fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; tay;ntspfspy; jt;it rpiyfs;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;. mg;gbahdhy; tsik nja;tkhf xUfhyj;jpy;
topglg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vJ vg;gbahdhYk; ek; topghl;bw;Fhpa Kjy;Njtp %NjtpNa
vd;w mhpa nra;jp Gydhfpd;wJ.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. ew; - gh.172
2. Fws; - 167
3. NkyJ - 617
4. xsit> ey;top - gh.23
5. rpyk;G> k.fh - 51
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. xsit R. Jiur;rhkpg;gps;is> Kidth;.fjph;KUF - rq;f ,yf;fpak; %ykk;
ciuAk;> ew;wpiz> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
2. t.Rg. khzpf;fk; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws;> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600108.
3. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; ciuAk;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id -
600014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; tzpfr; nra;jpfs;
jpUkjp.rh.hp];thdh gHtPd;>
cjtpg; NguhrphpaH> jkpo;j;Jiw>
kd;dH jpUkiy ehaf;fH fy;Y}hp>
gRkiy> kJiu-4.
cyfpy; njhd;ikf; fhye;njhl;L thOk; jkpodk; jdf;nfd;W gy

jdpr;rpwg;Gfis nfhz;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fhjYk;> tPuKk; goe;jkpohpd;
gz;ghl;il fhl;LtJ Nghy mtHfs; gy ehLfSld; nfhz;l tzpfj; njhlHGk; Gfo;
tha;e;jjhFk;. ehl;L kf;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;Fk;> ehfhpf tho;f;iff;Fk; tzpfk; Kf;fpa
fhuzkhFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;f ,yf;fpakhdJ rpwe;jnjhU ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gj;Jg;ghl;by; xd;whd gl;bdg;ghiyapy;
cs;s tzpfH nra;jpfis tifg;gLj;jp $WtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
tzpfk; - tpsf;fk;
ehfhpfk; tsu tsu kf;fspd; NjitfSk; ngUfp tUfpd;wd. vdNt
mj;Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gy tifg; nghUs;fSk;> NritfSk;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. EfHNthH Mfpa ehk; EfUk; gz;lq;fs; midj;ijAk; jhNk
cz;lhf;Ftjpy;iy. mJNghy gz;lq;fis Mf;FNthH jhk; Mf;Fk; gz;lk;
KOtijAk; ehNk EfHtjpy;iy. vdNt ngUk;ghYk; Mf;FNthH NtW> EfHNthH
NtW.
xU ehl;bd; ed;ikf;F cotH> tzpfH> rhd;NwhH vd;Dk; Kj;jpwj;jhH
Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wdH vd;gJ ts;Sthpd; fUj;jhFk;.
js;shj tpisASk; jf;fhUk; jho;tpyhr;
nry;tUk; NrHtJ ehL1
,f;Fwspy;> jho;tpyhr; nry;tH vd;Dk; njhlH tzpfiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ehl;by;
Xhplj;jpy; cz;lhFk; nghUs;fis mit cz;lhfhj gpw ,lq;fSf;F mDg;GjYk;>
gy ehl;Lg; gz;lq;fis tUtpj;J tpw;wYk; cs;ehl;L gz;lq;fis tpw;wYk; tzpfH
njhopyhFk;. ,j;njhopyhy; ehl;by; nry;tk; nkd;NkYk; tsUk; vd;gJ cWjp.
vdNt ,tiuj; jho;tpyhr; nry;tH vd;W jpUts;StH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
etkzpfis tpw;w tzpfH Kjy; gpl;L> mg;gk; tpw;w tzpfH tiu tzpfk;
Ghpe;J te;j vy;NyhUk; eLTepiy jtwhJ tzpfk; elj;jpdH. jhk; nghUis
thq;fpajw;Ff; nfhLj;j tpiyiaAk; mg;nghUis tpw;gjhy; jkf;F tUk;
,yhgj;ijAk; ntspg;gilahff; $wpNa tzpfk; nra;jdH. ,tHfsJ ,j;jifa
caH gz;igg; gpd;tUk; gl;bdg;ghiyg; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.
neL Efj;Jg; gfy; Nghy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLT epd;w ey;neQ;rpNdhH
tL mQ;rp tha; nkhope;J
jkTk; gpwTk; xg;gehb
nfhs;tJ}ck; kpif nfhshJ
nfhLg;gJ}ck; FiwnfhlhmJ>
gy;gz;lk; gfHe;J tPRk;
2
njhy;nfhz;bj; Jtd;wpUf;if
gl;bdj;jpd; rpwg;G:
gl;bdk;> fhtphpG+k;gl;bdk; ,J Nrhoehl;bd; gok;ngUk; efuk; MFk;. ,jd;
jiyefuk; JiwKfg; gl;bdk; MFk;. ,J nrd;id khfhzj;jpy;> jQ;ir
tl;lhuj;jpd; fPo;f;NfhbapNy fhtphp ejp flNyhL fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd kzpNkfiyapy; tpohtiw fhijapy;
fhtphpG+k;gl;bdk; gok;ngUk; efuk; vd;Wk; mt;T+H Nkd;kf;fs; ey;nyhOf;fj;jpypUe;J
tOthH. vdNt> mjd; ngUik NkNyhq;fp caHe;jJ. mjd; rpwg;ig gyehl;lhUk;
Nghw;wpg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdH vd;W fPo;f;fz;l ghly; thpfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
cyfk; jphpah> Xq;FcaH tpOr;rPHg;
gyHGfo; %J}Hg; gz;GNkk; gB,a
3
Xq;FcaH kyaj;J mUe;jtd; cug;gj;
fhtphpG+k;gl;bdk; nghpa fg;gy;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
ruf;FfisAk; ghapidAk; ,wf;fhkNyNa mj;JiwKfj;jpy; fg;gy;fs; Eioa
KbAk;. mg;gbAk; mit epiyahAk; jsuhJk; fhg;GlDk; epd;wd vd GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly; czHj;JfpwJ.
kPg; gha; fisahJ kpirg; guk; Njhz;lhJ>
GfhmHg; GFe;j ngUq; fyk; jfhmH
,ilg; Gyg;ngU topr; nrhhpAk;
4
flw; gy; jhuj;j ehL fpothNah
gujtH thoplq;fSff;F mUfpy; flw;fiuapy; gz;lq;fisr; Nrfhpf;fg;
gz;lfrhiyfs; fl;lg;ngw;wd. mse;J fzf;fpl Kbahj gy gz;lq;fs; vy;iy
fhzKbahjgb te;J epiwe;jd rpwe;j ghJfhg;Gk; mNef fhtw;fhuHfisAk; cila
Rq;fr; rhtbapy; vd;W fbaY}H cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH gl;bdg; ghiyapy; $WfpwhH.
mse;jwpahg; gy gz;lk;
tuk;gwpahik te;jPz;b
5
mUk;fbg; ngUk;fhg;gpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhtphpapd; ngUik
Nrhoehl;bd; rpwg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk; fhtphp MWjhd;. fhtphp ehL fhz;gNj Nrho
ehl;bw;F xU ngaH MFk;. ‘fhtphp Guf;Fk; ehL’ vd;gJ GytH Gfo;nkhop.
fhtphpf;Fg; ‘nghd;dp’ vd;gJ xU ngaH. fhtphpahw;W kzypNy nghd; kpd;Dtij
,d;Dk; fhzyhk;. nghd;dp ghAk; ehl;Lf;Fg; nghd;dp ehL vd;W ngaH.
‘nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> fhtphp Guf;Fk; ehL fpoNthd;’ vd;git Nrhoidf; Fwpf;Fk;
ngaHfs; MFk;.
fhtphp ghahtpl;lhy; Nrhzhl;bw;Fr; rpwg;gpy;iy. ‘NrhzhL NrhWilj;J’ vd;W
Gfo; ngw KbahJ.
nts;spnad;Dk; el;rj;jpuk; fPo;j;jpirapypUe;J Nkw;F jpirf;F nry;Yk;
,ay;GilaJ. ,J jd; ,ay;G khwp> jpirnfl;L tlf;NfapUe;J njw;Nf
NghFkhdhy; kio nga;ahJ. thdk; twz;L NghFk;. kio nga;ahtpl;lhy;
kioj;Jspia czthff; nfhs;Sk; thdk;ghbf; Gs;Sk; thl;lkilAk;> ghlhJ
xopAk;. ,j;jifa thdk; nghopahj twl;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; fhtphpahW ePH tw;whJ.
Nkw;wpirf; FlF kiyapNy gpwe;J fPo;j;jpirf; flypNy ghAk;. me;jf; fhtphpapd;
ePH Nrho ehnlq;Fk; gutp tay;fspNy gha;e;J mq;Nf nghd;idf; Ftpf;Fk; vd;W
gl;bdg;ghiy $WfpwJ.
tirapy; Gfo; taf;F ntz; kPd;
jpir jphpe;J njw;F VfpDk;
jw; ghba jsp Aztpd;
gs; Njl;gg; gAy; khwp
thd; ngha;g;gpDk;> jhd; ngha;ahd;
kiyj; jiya flw; fhtphp
Gdy; gue;J nghd; nfhopf;Fk;6
,jdhy; fhtphpahW vd;Wk; tw;whj ePHg;ngUf;Fila [Ptejp vd;gijAk;>
Rf;fpud; vd;Dk; fpufk; jpir khwpdhy; kio ngha;ahJ vd;gJ gz;il thd;E}yhH
nfhs;if vd;gijAk; mwpayhk;. gz;ilj; jkpoHfs; thdE}y; mwpe;jtHfs;
vd;gijAk; ,jd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
Nrhoehl;bd; nry;t tsk;
Nrho ehl;bNy tpise;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w gue;j tay;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mq;Nf fUg;gQ;rhw;iwf; fha;r;Rtjdhy; thrid tPRfpd;w fUk;ghiyf; fsj;jpy;
cs;s nfhl;by;fspypUe;J tUk; jPapd; #l;bdhy; moF nfl;L ePH epiwe;j
tay;fspy; cs;s ePz;l nea;jy; kyHfs; thLk;. mt;tplj;jpNy tpise;jpUf;Fk;
nre;new;fjpHfis NkAk; nghpa tapw;iwAila vUik> vUikapd; KjpHe;j fd;Wfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
new;$l;bd; epoy;fspy; J}q;fpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. Fiyfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
njd;id kuq;fisAk;> jhW Nghl;bUf;Fk; thiofisAk;> fha;e;jpUf;Fk; ghf;F
kuq;fisAk; thrid tPRk; kQ;rl; nrbfisAk;> gy tifahd khkuq;fisAk;>
nfhj;jhff; fha;j;jpUf;Fk; gid kuq;fisAk;> mbapNy fpoq;ifAila Nrg;gQ;
nrbfisAk;> Kisj;jpUf;Fk; ,Q;rpr; nrbfisAk; mq;Nf fhzyhk; vd;W
gl;bdg;ghiy czHj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpisT mwh tpad; fodpf;
fhHf; fUk;gpd; fko; Miyj;
jPj; njWtpy; ftpd; thb
ePHr; nrWtpd; ePs; nea;jy;
G+r; rhk;Gk; Gyj;J Mq;fz;
fha;r; nre;ney; fjpH mUe;Jk;
Nkhl;nlUik KOf; FOtp
$l;L epoy; Japy; tjpAk;
Nfhl;nlq;fpd; Fiy thiof;
fha;f; fKfpd; fko; kQ;rs;
Kjw; Nrk;gpd; Kis apQ;rp7
nry;tj;jpNy rpwe;J tpsq;fpa gyH flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; nghpa tPLfisf;
fl;bf; nfhz;L tho;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jg; ghf;fq;fs; vy;yhk; fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;ijr;
NrHe;jit MFk;. ,e;jg; ghf;fspd; ,ay;igAk; mq;F tho;fpd;w kf;fspd; nry;t
rpwg;gpidg; gw;wpAk; gl;bdg;ghiy MrphpaH $WfpwhH.
nghpa tPLfs; me;j tPLfspd; Kw;wq;fspNy ney; Kjypa czTg; nghUs;fs;
fha itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. me;j czTg; nghUs;fisg; gwitfs;> tpyq;Ffs;
Kjypad Nrjg;gLj;jhky; ,sk; ngz;fs; fhty; fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. me;jg;
ngz;fs; mofhd new;wpiaAk;> fs;sk; fglkw;w ghHitiaAk; cilatHfs; vd;Wk;
rpwe;j nghd; Mguzq;fisAk; mzpe;jpUf;fpd;wdH vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
Nfhopfs;> fha;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; czTg; nghUs;fisf; nfhj;jpj; jpd;d
tUfpd;wd. mJfz;l rpWkpfs; mf;Nfhopfis mjl;b tpul;Lfpd;wdH. mtHfspd;
mjl;lYf;F mitfs; mQ;rhky; czTg; nghUs;fis nfhj;jpj; nfhj;jp
cz;Zfpd;wd. clNd mr;rpWkpfs; jq;fs; fhjpNy mzpe;jpUf;Fk; “nfhLq;Fio”
vd;Dk; fhjzpfisf; fow;wp mf;Nfhopfspd; Nky; tPrpnawpe;J tpul;Lfpd;wdH.
,t;thW Nfhopfis tpul;Ltjw;fhf tPrpnawpag;gl;l nghw;Fiofs; tPLfspd;
Kw;wq;fspNy Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
me;j Kw;wq;fspNy rpWtHfs; rpWNjH cUl;b tpisahLfpd;wdH. me;jr; rpW
NjHfs; %d;W rf;fuq;fis cilait. Fjpiu G+l;lg;glhj NjHfs; mit.
,f;fhyj;jpy; rpWtHfs; eil goFtjw;fhfr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; eil tz;b Nghd;wd.
rpWtHfs; Xl;b tpisahLk; ,e;jr; rpW NjHfis Xltplhky; mq;Nf Ftpe;J
fplf;fpd;wd fhjzpfs; - mjhtJ nghw;Fiofs; jLf;fpd;wd. ,g;gbr; rpWtHfspd;
rpW NjH Xl;lj;ijj; jLf;Fk; gif xd;Wjhd; mq;F cz;L. mq;F tho;fpd;wtH NtW
ve;jg; gifiaAk mwpahjtHfs;. mtHfs; kdq; fyq;Ftjw;fhd jPikfs; vJTNk
mq;fpy;iy. ,j;jifa nry;tk; epiwe;j gy FLk;gj;jpdH tho;fpd;w nropg;Gs;s
ehlhfj; jpfo;fpwJ NrhoehL vd;W $WfpwhH MrphpaH fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH.
mfdfH tpad; Kw;wj;Jr;
RlHEjy; kl Nehf;fpd;
NeH ,iokfspH> czq;Fczhf; ftUk;
Nfhop nawpe;j nfhLq;fhy; fdf;Fio>
nghw;fhy; Gjy;tH Gutpapd;W cUl;Lk;
8
Kf;fhy; rpWNjH Kd; top tpyf;Fk;
,jdhy; Nrhoehl;bNy gy nry;tf; FbapdH tho;e;jdH vd;gij mwpayhk;.
Rq;fk;
ntspapypUe;J efUf;Fs; tUk; gz;lq;fSf;F thp thq;Fk; tof;fk;
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;jJ. jiu topahf tUk;
nghUs;fSf;Fk; thp thq;fpdH. fly; khHf;fkhf te;J ,wf;FkjpahFk;
gz;lq;fSf;Fk; thp thq;fpdhHfs;.
cy;F vd;gJ thp. mjidNa gpd;dhspy; Rq;fk; vd toq;fpdH. murDila
Ml;fNs Rq;fk; thq;FthHfs;. fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;Jf; fly; JiwapNy ,wq;Fk;
gz;lq;fSf;Fk; Rq;f thpAz;L. Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; gz;lq;fSf;Fk; Rq;f thpAz;L.
epyj;jpypUe;J te;j gz;lq;fSk;> ePH topahf te;j gz;lq;f Sk; Kjypy; Rq;fr;
rhtbf;Fs; mDg;gg;gLk;.
mitfs; Rq;f mjpfhhpfshy; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gLk; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;ljw;F
milahskhfr; NrhoDila Gyp Kj;jpiuaplg;gLk;. gz;lj;jpid epiwf;Fk;
msTf;Fk; Vw;g thp thq;fg;gLk;.
gpwehLfspypUe;J fly; khHf;fkhf te;j gz;lq;fis epyj;jpNy ,wf;fTk;>
cs;ehl;bypUe;J jiukhHf;fkhf te;j gz;lq;fisg; gpwehLfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhff;
flypy; cs;s fg;gy;fspy; Vw;wTk; mstw;w gz;lq;fs; te;J Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
mitfs; vy;iyapy;yhky; te;J epiwe;J fplf;fpd;wd. ey;y ghJfhg;igAk; rpwe;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhtiyAk; cila Rq;fr; rhtbapNy mitfspd; Nky; Gyp Kj;jpiu nghwpj;J
ntspapNy mDg;Gfpd;wdH.
typAil ty; mzq;fpNdhd;
9
Gypnghwpj;jg; Gwk;Nghf;fp
,jd;%yk; Rq;fthp tpjpf;fg;gl;L te;jijf; fhzyhk;. gz;lq;fs;
ghoilahkYk;> jpUl;Lg; NghfhkYk; Rq;fr; rhtbapNy ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld.
NkYk;> ,iwahfj; jhd; te;j nghUSk;> thpahf te;j nghUSk; gifaurH
fhl;Lk; jpirg; nghUSk; murDf;Fhpa nghUl;fs; MFk; vd;W ts;StH $WfpwhH.
cWnghUSk; cy;F nghUSWk;jd; xd;dhHj;
10
njWnghUSk; Nte;jd; nghUs;
cz;ik CopaHfs;
Rq;fk; t#ypf;Fk; Ml;fNs cz;ik CopaHfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldH.
mtHfs; eLepiyapypUe;J Rq;fk; thq;FthHfs;. ifAiw (yQ;rk;) thq;fkhl;lhHfs;.
jq;fSila Ntiyfisr; RWRWg;ghfr; nra;thHfs;. mtHfis ahUk; Vkhw;wptpl
KbahJ.
Rq;fk; thq;FNthH es;sputpNy> fhtphpahw;W nts;sk; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; kzy;
Nkl;bNy cwq;FthHfs;. gz;lfrhiyapNy gz;lq;fs; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;
mg;gz;lq;fisg; gpwH ftuhky; ghJfhg;gjpNy mtHfs; ty;ytHfs;> Gfo;
ngw;wtHfs;. me;j CopaHfs; fjputd; Njhpw;G+l;ba Fjpiufs; Nghy mauhJ Rw;wp
tUthHfs;. xU nehb Neuq;$lr; NrhHe;jpUf;fkhl;lhHfs;. risf;fhky; thq;f
Ntz;ba Rq;fq;fis thq;fpf; nfhz;NlapUg;ghHfs; vd;gij gl;bdg;ghiyapd;
,g;ghly; thpfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
kh mfhtphp kzk; $l;Lk;
J}c vf;fHj; Japy; kbe;J
thy; ,zH kly; jhio
Nty; Mop tpad; njUtpy;
ey;ypiwtd; nghUs; fhf;Fk;
njhy;ypirj; njhopy; khf;fs;
fha; rpdj;j fjpHr; nry;td;
NjH G+z;l khm Nghy
itfy; njhWk; mirtpd;wp
cy;F nra ……11
Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; gz;lq;fs;
fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;Jj; njUf;fspNy gy nry;tq;fs; Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd. gy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ehl;bypUe;J te;j gz;lq;fs; epiwe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. Fjpiufs; Vuhskhff;
fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mitfs; kpfr; rpwe;j Fjpiufs;> tpiuthf epkpHe;J
Xlf;$bad. ntspehLfspypUe;J fly; topahf te;jit. jiu khHf;fkhf
tz;bfspNy Vw;wpf; nfhz;L te;j kpsF %l;ilfs; Vuhskhff; Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
gy jpwg;gl;l ,uj;jpdq;fSk;> nghd; fl;bfSk; NrHj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
,itfs; ,kakiy Nghd;w tlehl;L kiyfspypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;lit. FlF
kiyapypUe;J re;jdf; fl;ilfSk; mfpw;fl;ilfSk; nfhz;L te;J
Ftpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ghz;b ehl;Lj; njd; flypNy %o;fp vLj;j rpwe;j Kj;Jf;
Ftpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPiof; flypNy gpwe;j gtsq;fSk; mq;Nf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fq;if ejp ghAk; tl;lhuq;fspNy tpise;j nry;tq;fSk;> fhtphpahW ghAk;
gFjpfspNy tpise;j nry;tq;fSk; mq;Nf epiwe;J fplf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifj; jPtpNy
cz;lhd czTg; nghUs;fs; Vuhskhf te;J Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd. ‘fhofj; jPT’
vd;W ngaH ngw;w gHkhtpypUe;J gy nry;tg; nghUs;fs; te;J Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
mitfs; vy;yhk; ,d;g tho;Tf;Nfw;w rpwe;j nry;tg; nghUs;fs; MFk;.
,itfisj; jtpu ,d;Dk; gy rpwe;j gz;lq;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa gy nry;tq;fSld; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;Jj; njUf;fs;
vd;gij fPo;f;fz;l gl;bdg;ghiy ghly; czHj;JfpwJ.
nrOefH tiug;gpd;
nry;yh ey;ypir mkuH fhg;gpd;
ePhpd; te;j epkpHghpg; GutpAk;>
fhypd; te;j fUk;fhp %ilAk;>
tlkiyg; gpwe;j thuKk;> mfpYk;
njd;fly; Kj;Jk;> Fzfly; JfpUk;>
fq;if thhpAk;> fhtphpg; gaDk;>
<oj;J czTk;> fhofj;J Mf;fKk;>
mhpaTk; nghpaTk; nehpa <z;b>
12
tsk; jiy kaq;fpa edk;jiy kWfpd;
tzpf kidfs;
filj; njUTf;F Mtzk; vd;W xU ngaH. mq;fhb vd;gJ kw;nwhU ngaH.
Mtzk; my;yJ mq;fhb vd;gJ gz;lq;fis itj;Jr; rpy;yiwahf tzpfk;
nra;Ak; ,lkhFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fil tPjpfspNy tzpfHfs; gyH FbapUg;gijAk; mq;NfNa tzpfk;
nra;tijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. nghpa tpahghhpfs; jhd; FbapUg;Gk; tzpfk; nra;Ak;
filAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
,d;Wk; nghpa efuq;fspy; cs;s fil tPjpfspNy Rw;Wf; fl;like;j nghpa
fl;llq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mf;fl;llq;fs; thDaHe;j khbfshfTk; mike;Js;sd.
,j;jifa khbf; fl;blq;fspNy fPo;f;fl;blq;fis tzpf kidfshfg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. NkNy FbapUe;Jk; tUfpd;wdH. ,t;thW fhtphp G+k;gl;bdj;jpd;
filj;njUtpy; tzpfHfs; FbapUe;jdH>
fhtphpG+k; gl;bdj;jpNy nghpa nghpa khspiffs; ,Ue;jd. nry;tk;
gilj;jth;fs; ,Ue;jdH. ngz;fs; mzpfyd;fisAk;> nky;ypa MilfisAk;
mzpe;jpUe;jdH. ,iltplhky; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd vd;gij
mwpayhk;. ,d;Ws;s nghpa efuq;fspd; filtPjpfis NghyNt ,uz;lhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Nd fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;Jf; filtPjp fhl;rpaspj;jJ vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ.
njhFg;Giu
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; tzpfr; nra;jpfs; vd;w ,f;fl;Liuapy; Nrhoehl;bd;
gok;ngUk; efuhd fhtphpg;G+k; gl;bdj;jpd; rpwg;G gw;wpAk;> Nrhoehl;bd; rpwg;gpw;F
fhuzkhd fhtphpahw;wpd; rpwg;G gw;wpAk;> tzpf kidfs;> cz;ik CopaHfs;>
filtPjpfs;> mq;F Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; gz;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,f;fl;Liu ekf;F
njspTw czHj;Jfpd;wJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. Fws; 731
2. gl;bdg;ghiy 206-212
3. kzpNkfiy:tpohtiw fhij 1-3
4. GwehD}W 30:12-15
5. gl;bdg;ghiy 131-133
6. NkyJ 1-7
7. NkyJ 8-18
8. NkyJ 20-25
9. NkyJ 134-135
10. Fws; 756
11. gl;bdg;ghiy 116-125
12. NkyJ 183-192


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. t.Rg. khzpf;fk; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws;> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> kWgjpg;G-
2000.
2. xsit R. Jiur;rhkpg;gps;is> Kidth;.fjph;KUF - rq;f ,yf;fpak; %ykk;
ciuAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;L-gl;bdg;ghiy> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
3. Gyik. Ntq;flhryk; (c.M) - kzpNkfiy> ghit gg;spNfrd;];> nrd;id -
600014> Kjy;gjpg;G - 2017.
4. c.Nt. rhkpehijah; - GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> c.Nt.rh.gjpg;G> nrd;id>
Mwhk; gjpg;G - 1963.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
md;dp kpQpyp
Kidth; yp. [d;dj;>
nre;jhkiu fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp>
kJiu.
rq;f ,yf;fpak; goe;jkpohpd; tho;tpaiy vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. mij mfk;> Gwk;
vdg; gFg;gh;. mf ,yf;fpakhd mfehD}w;wpy; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
mjpy; %Nte;jh;fs;> FWepy kd;dh;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j
tifapy; ‘md;dp kpQpyp’ vd;Dk; ngz; Nghuhspiag; gw;wpAk; ,ak;GfpwJ. md;dp
kpQpypapd; tPuj;ijf; fhz;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nfhrh;fs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nfhrh; vd;Dk; $l;lj;jhh; jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ePjp

vd;Dk; ngahpy; kf;fSf;Ff; nfhLe; jz;lid tpjpj;J te;jdh;. ,jid>
Nfhrnud;Dk; $l;lj;jhh;
jkpo fj;jpy;
nfhbfl;b Mz;lhh;fs;
xUfh yj;Nj…
NgRtjpy; nka;k;ikad;wpg;
gpwpJ Ngrhh;;-
ngUePjpf;F mth;fSf;fd;W
<Nl ,y;iy!1
vd;Wk;>
fbNjhr;rp kpfnkJNt
vwpf’ vd;Dk;
fiyEZf;f murpaiy
mwpahf; Nfhrh;
“mbNghl;lhy; rhpahFk;
vy;yhk;” vd;Dk;
mr;rnewp cr;rpkpir
Vwp dhh;fs;…2
vd;Wk; Nfhrh;fspd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikiag; ghLfpwhh; rhiyahh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
md;dpkpQpyp
md;dp kpQpyp vd;Dk; ngz; Mah; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jts;. Nfhrh;fspd;
nfhLikf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhba ngz; Nghuhspahths;. ‘md;dp’ vd;gJ xU tPud; ngah;@
‘kpQpyp’ vd;gJ kw;nwhU tPudpd; ngah;@ ,t;tpU ngUtPuh;fl;Fhpa ngah;fisj; jhq;fp
epd;whs; md;dp kpQpyp vDk; ngaUil ,e; ey;yhs;. md;dp kpQpypapd; tuyhW
czh;e;jhh; mtNshh; cah;Fzf; Fyf;nfhbahshts; vd;gij czh;th;. jdf;Fj;
3
jtW nra;jhiuj; jz;bf;fj; jtwhj jWfz;ik Ailahs; md;dp kpQpyp vd;W
md;dpkpQpypapd; jl;bf; Nfl;Fk; jpwidf; $Wfpwhh; fh.Nfhtpe;jd;.
Nfhrh;fs; mspj;j jz;lid
md;dpkpQpypapd; je;ij tsh;j;J te;j khLfs; Nfhrh;fspd; gapiu ehrk;

nra;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; mk;Kjpathpd; fz;fisg; gwpf;f Mizapl;ldh; Nfhrh;fs;.
,jid>xU rkak; ,ts; je;ijapd; khLfs;> mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nfhrh; vd;Dk;
$l;lj;jhUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gapw;W tpisapy; GFe;J gapiu mopj;Jtpl;ld. mij
mwpe;j Nfhrh;fs; mtiu mioj;Jf; Nfl;ldh;. mtUk; njhpahky; epfo;e;J tpl;l
me;jj; jtw;iw xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;. Nfhrh;fs; mtUf;F mguhjkhf ahJk; tpjpf;fhky;>
my;yJ ,og;gPL(el;l <L) jUkhW $whky;> 'eP ghuhky; ,Ue;jjhy; jhNd cd; khL
gapw;iw Nka;e;jJ?" vd;W mtUila fz;fs; ,uz;ilAk; gpLq;fptpl;lhh;fs;!4
vd;fpd;wdh; rhiyahh; - rhypdpahh;.
jz;lidiaf; Nfl;L mjph;e;j md;dpkpQpyp> ~fz; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;| vd;W

mth;fs; fhypy; tpOe;J Ntz;bdhs;. Nfhrh;fs; Nfl;fhky; jz;lidia
epiwNtw;wpdh;. mOJ nfhz;Nl> Nfhioaha; NghdPh;fsh? vd;W jkpo; kf;fsplk;
Nfl;lhs;. jd; je;ijf;F Vw;gl;l ,e;jf; nfhLikf;F tQ;rk; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;s
vz;zpdhs;. ,t;tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpia>
KijgL gRq;fhl;L mhpy;gth; kaf;fpg;

gfLgy G+z;l coTW nrQ;nra;
,LKiw epuk;gp MFtpidf; fypj;Jg;
ghrpiy mkd;w gaWM Gf;nfd
tha;nkhopj; je;ijiaf; fz;fise; jUshJ
Ch;KJ Nfhrh; eitj;j rpWikapw;
fyj;J Kz;zhs; thypJ Klhms;
rpdj;jpw; nfhz;l gbtk; khwhs;
kwq;nfO jhidf; nfhw;wf; FWk;gpad;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrUtpay; ed;khd; jpjpaw; Fiuj;jth;
,d;Daph; nrFg;gf; fz;Lrpd khwpa md;dp kpQpyp5
vd;W mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; guzh; ghbAs;shh;.
md;dp kpQpypapd; tQ;rpdk;
GwehD}w;Wj; JiwfSs; xd;W tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpahFk;. gifth; Nghhpl tUk;

nghOJ> mtiu nty;Ntd; vd;W rgjk; nra;tJ Nte;jhpd; kughFk;. jhk;
Nkw;nry;ytpUf;Fk; Nghhpy; gif kd;did nty;ytpy;iynad;why; ‘ehd; ,d;d gpio
nra;jtd; MNtdhf’ vd;W $WtJ tQ;rpdkhFk;. GwehD}w;wpy; 71-73 tiuapyhd
%d;W ghly;fs; tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpahFk;. mtw;iw KiwNa xy;iyA+h; je;j
G+jghz;bad;> jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;> Nrhod;
eyq;fps;sp MfpNahh; ghbAs;sdh;. tQ;rpdq; $wpa jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; Nghhpy; vOtiu ntw;wp nfhz;lijg; GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
md;dp kpQpyp jd; je;ijf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l jz;lidf;F vjpuhfr;

Nfhrh;fisg; Nghhpy; nty;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W tQ;rpdk; nfhz;lhs;. fz; ,Uz;l jd;
je;ijiag; ghh;f;Fk;NjhWk; md;dpkpQpypapd; cs;sk; nfhjpj;Jf; FKwpaJ. 'vd;d
MdhYk; rhp> vd; je;ijapd; fz;iz mtpj;j ,th;fis xopj;Nj jPUNtd;" vd;W
tQ;rpdq; $wpf; nfhz;L Gwg;gl;lhs; md;dpkpQpyp6 vd;W md;dpkpQpypapd;
tQ;rpdj;ijf; $Wfpd;wdh; rhiyahh; - rhypdpahh;.
jpjpad; cjTjy;
md;dpkpQpyp jdpahf epd;W Nfhrh;fisg; Nghhpy; nty;y KbahJ vd;gij
mwpe;jhs;. mjdhy; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa jpjpadpd; cjtpia ehbdhs;.
mtSf;F cjTtjhfTk; thf;fspj;jhd; jpjpad;.
cd;je;ij vd;je;ij
mk;kh@- cq;fSf;F
cw;wJah; vd;Jauha;f;
nfhz;Nld;@ Nkf
kpd;epd;W jaq;FtNj
,y;iy>- vd;wd;
tpidj;jpwDk; mg;gbNa
7
vd;W nrhd;dhd;
vd;W jpjpad; mtSf;F cjt Kd; te;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; rhiyahh;.


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Nfhrh;fis mopf;fg; Nghh; %z;lJ. jpjpaDld; Nghh;f; fsk; nrd;W> jd;
je;ijf;F mePjp ,ioj;j Nfhrh;fisf; fz;lk; Jz;lkhf ntl;b tPo;j;jpdhs;
md;dpkpQpyp. ,jid>
fz;ztpj;j Nfhrkdf;
fw;fnsy;yhk;
fz;lJz;l kha;r;rpjwf;
fz;L epd;whs;@-
fz;nzjpNu mr;rnkd;Dk;
neUg;gpy; Nfhrf;
fhnlhpjy; fz;ld;dp
FKwy; jPh;j;jhs;...8
vd;fpwhh; rhiyahh;. md;dpkpQpyp Nfhrh;fis mopj;jij>
... je;ij
fz;ftpd; mopj;jjd; jg;gy; njWtu
xd;nkhopf; Nfhrh;f; nfhd;WKuz; Nghfpa
fLe;Njh;j; jpjpad; mOe;ijf; nfhLq;Fio
9
md;dpkpQpyp...
vd;W je;ijapd; fz;fisg; gwpj;j Nfhrh;fisj; jpjpadpd; cjtpAld; nfhd;w
gpd;jhd; mts; rpdk; jzpe;jJ vd;fpwhh; guzh;.
Kjy; jkpo;g; ngz; Nghuhsp
Kjy; jkpo;g; ngz; Nghuhsp md;dpkpQpyp vd;gij> md;dpkpQpypapd; tQ;rpd

epiwNtw;wk; ve;j murdpd; ntw;wpf;Fk; jho;e;jjhf ,y;iy. xUtifapy;> rhjhuzg;
ngz;zhfpa mtsJ ntw;wp> murg; Nghh; ntw;wpfistpl cah;e;J epw;fpwJ. tPW
nfhz;L tpl;lhy; ngz; ve;jf; fhhpaj;ijAk; rhjpj;JtpLths; vd;gjw;F
md;dpkpQpypapd; tuyhW rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf cs;sJ. tQ;rpdk; $WjYk; mij
epiwNtw;WjYk; Mz;fSf;Nf> mth;fspYk; murh;fSf;Nf chpa jdp chpik my;y
vd;gij epiyehl;ba Kjy; jkpo;g; ngz; md;dpkpQpyp vd;Nw njhpfpwJ 10 vd;fpd;wdh;
rhiyahh; - rhypdpahh;.
md;dpkpQpypiag; gw;wpa ,e;jr; nra;jpjhd;> kdpj Neaj;Jf;F khwhd

td;nfhLikfisj; jkpoh;fs; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sNt khl;lhh;fs; vd;Dk; cz;ikiag;
nghpa vOj;Jf;fspy; nghwpj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. kd;dh;fSk; kwth;fSk; Nfhgk;
nfhs;Sk; jFjp cilath;fs;. fhuzk;> jq;fSf;Fr; rpdk; %l;ba gifth;fisj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhf;fp mopf;Fk; Mw;wy; mth;fSf;F cz;L. mg;gbg;gl;l Mw;wNyh jFjpNah vJTk;
,y;yhj rhjhuzg; ngz;zhz md;dpkpQpypapd; Nfhgk; Xh; ,dj;ijNa mopj;Jj;
Jilj;J tpl;lJ vd;why; nghJthfNt jkpoh;fs; kdpjNea xopg;Gr; nray;fis
khngUk; mopTr; nray;fshff; fUjpapUe;jhh;fs; vd;gNj fhuzk;. Nkw;F cyfpd;
gpw;fhyj;J N[hd; Mg; Mh;f; Nghyj; jkpo;kfs; md;dpkpQpyp %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng nray; elj;jpapUf;fpwhs; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wf;Nf jdpj;j Gfo; Kj;jpiuiaj;
11
jUfpwJ vd;W td;nfhLikf;F vjpuhfj; jkpoh;fs; NghuhLk; Fzj;jpdh; vd;gij
md;dpkpQpypapd; tPuk; fhl;LfpwJ vd;fpwhh; rhypdpahh;.
mjpfhuk; nra;jhy; mopNt Vw;gLk; vd;gjw;F Nfhrh;fs; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;

fhl;lhf cs;sdh;. jkpof Ml;rpahsh;fs; ePjpAld; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf>
mjpfhuk; mjpfhu
khfg; Nghdhy;
mf;fhuk; mth;fisNa
mopj;Jg; NghLk;!
Gjpjhd nra;jpay;y>
gioa cz;ik@-
nghy;yhj Nfhrh;fij
12
vLj;Jf; fhl;L
vd;W ,f;fijia vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhh; rhiyahh;.
KbTiu
rq;f ,yf;fpak; fhjy;> tPuk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp ghLfpd;wJ. md;dp kpQpyp

tPuj;jpy; MZf;F ,izahf tpsq;fpAs;shs; vd;gij mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. mts; jd; je;ijapd; ghh;itiag; gwpj;j Nfhrh;fisj; jpjpadpd;
JizAld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whs;. ,jd; %yk; jkpoh;fspy; ngz;fSk; nfhLikiaf;
fz;L nghq;fp vOth; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
mbFwpg;Gfs;
1. fhyejp jPuj;jpNy> g. 77
2. K.E}.> g.78
3. rq;f fhy murh; thpir> njhFjp - 2> g. 28
4. jkpo; je;j ngz;fs;> g. 150


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5. mfk;> g. 262
7. fhyejp jPuj;jpNy...> g. 95
8. K.E}> g. 97
9. mfk;> g. 196
11. rq;fj; jkpohpd; kdpjNea kzpnewpfs;> gf;. 129-130
12. fhyejp jPuj;jpNy...> g. 98
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> fhyejp jPuj;jpNy> rhiy ntspaPL> nly;yp> gjpg;G-1965.
2. fh.Nfhtpe;jd;> rq;ffhy murh; thpir> njhFjp-2> jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa irt

rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> nrd;id-1.
3. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> rhypdp ,se;jpiuad;> jkpo; je;j ngz;fs;> jkpo;

Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id. gjpg;G-1968.
4. e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;> uh.Ntq;flhryk; gps;is> mfehD}W> jpUney;Ntyp

njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> nrd;id-1.
5. rhypdp ,se;jpiuad;> rq;f jkpohpd; kdpjNea kzpnewpfs;> cyf jkpo;

Muha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
A Scrutiny on Friendship across Literatures
S. Sabitha Shunmuga Priya,

Assistant Professor of English,
V.H.N.Senthikumara Nadar College,
Virudhunagar – 626001.
Criticism at the present time needs to educate itself in the fashion of this poets and
novelist. The critic’s problem today is that too many works glamour for the critic’s notice.
The masses of secondary writings detailed interpretations, biography, background studies are
making tend to fence off ever – narrowing fields. The critic should have the tendency of
viewing all literature should have the critical context. Gifford says,
… a keen eye for the total and particular; the awareness of historical context;
an active belief that all literature is one and indivisible… The first problem
awaiting him is that of national accent,( 14-15 Gifford)
The critic should recognize the national accent reveals the presence of an inner
tradition. Comparative literature is a comparatively new term at least into technical sense. All
the major Greek critics like Aristotle, Longinus and others made a revealing comparative
study of the structural or rhetorical devices used by the classical poets. It is a study of a
comparison. It starts as a small mode of study and develops into the concept. Comparative
literature covers the following aspects like Influence, Analogy, Thematology, genre studies,
translations, literature and other arts and literature and ideas on philosophy, Sociology,
Psychology, etc. the term ‘Comparative Literature’ is coined by the famous Victorian poet
and literary critic, Mathew Arnold. He used the term to refer to compare literary works across
languages, across culture. According to Weisstein, “the nation of influence must be regarded
as virtually the key concepts in comparative literature studies.
Masterpieces have been produced in all languages. Literary translation thus becomes
indispensable for the study of comparative literature. It is only through translation that many
of the literary masterpieces of one country have found a hearing and become naturalized in
countries.
“Those who have literary sense, which like every other sense is improved by
practice, will soon get familiar with the contours of language, its usual forms


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and tendencies; and so let themselves be guided by it, like one learning a new
dance.” (Comparative Literature 47)
It influences the writers. Montague, the famous French essayist, influenced Francis
Bacon in English to produce his famous Essays. G.U. Pope was influenced by Thirukkural in
Tamil Literature. In this way, this paper wishes to portray a comparative study on Bacon’s
Essays from English Literature and Thirukkural from Tamil Literature. Tamil Literature has a
rich and long literary tradition. It is more than two thousand years. The contributors to Tamil
literature are mainly from Tamil people belongs to Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Sri Lankan Tamils
from Sri Lanka, and from Tamil diasporas. It covers the history of Tamil Nadu and closely
follows the social, political and cultural trends of various periods. The early Sangam
literature, starting from the period of the second century BC, It includes the various aspects of
life, including love, war social values and religion. From sixth and twelfth century BC, the
Tamil devotional poems written by Nayanmars, and Alvars, it created the ‘Bhakti
Movement’. Kambaramayanam and Perriya Puranam were written in that era. These poets
were patronized by the Chera, Chola and Pandiya. The later medieval period saw many
assorted minor works are also contributed by a few Muslim and Europian authors. Tamil
Literature is unique and it covers Aryan and pre- Aryan periods in Indian culture. A revival
of Tamil Literature takes place from the late 19th century works on religion and philosophical
nature. The modern Tamil literary movement started with Subramaniya Bharathi. With the
growth of literacy, Tamil prose begins to blossom and mature. The available Tamil Literature
has divided into three categories. These are Major Eighteen Anthology Series, Eighteen
Anthologies and the Ten Idylls and Five Great Epics. Tolkappiyam a work on grammar,
phonetics, rhetoric and poetic is dated from this period. Three centuries after the Sangam
witnessed an increase in the mutual interaction of Sanskrit and Tamil. The best known of this
works on ethics is Thirukkural written by Thiruvalluvar. The book is a comprehensive
manual of ethics, politics and love, containing 1,330 kural (couplets) other famous works of
this period are Kalavial, Nalatiyar, Inna Narpathu, Iniyavai Narpathu and Pazhamozhi
Nanuru.
Thiruvalluvar is a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher whose contribution to Tamil

Literature is the Thirukkural, a work on ethics. There is a doubt in his birth. Some say he was
born in Thirumaylai, Chennai and some say Thirunayanarkurchi, a village in Kanyakumari


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District of Tamil Nadu. Thiruvalluvar is thought to have lived sometimes between third
century BC or the first century BC. He is also called as Deiva Pulavar, Valluvar, Poyamozhi
Pullavar, Senna Pothar, GanaVettaiyan, or Ayyan. Thirukkural has been translated into
several languages. Thirukkural is divided into three sections as ‘Aram’, ‘Porul’ and ‘Inppam’.
The first section has thirty-eight chapters, the second seventy chapters and third twenty-five
chapters. In each chapter, ten couplets are arranged. Each chapter (adhigaram) talks about a
specialized subject. The couplets (kural) are under a particular concept under the chapter.
‘Thiru’ is an honouring word and ‘kural’ is a form of a poem in English it is like couplet
form. In English, these couplets can be found in Ballads and Sonnets. Canterbury Tales had
written in blank verse with couplet format. The counting of words will differ in any form of
poems in English but in Tamil, kural comes under ‘venba’. These ‘venba’ has the structure
of four words in all the lines expect the last. The last line contains three words. In this
manner, Thirukkural has four words in the first line and three words in the second line. So it
is called as‘Kural Venba’.
Thirukkural has commentaries from the eleventh century. The commanders are
Manakku Devar belongs to the eleventh century; Kaaligar belongs to the twelfth century, and
Parimalalazhagar belongs to the thirteenth century. 1935, V.O.Chidambaranar had written a
commentary on the first part of Thirukkural. Kural had translated into Latin and it was made
by constanzo Bechi in 1730. English translation had done at the years 1886 and it had been
done by George Uglow Pope. Thirukkural does not refer to any religion. G.U.Pope’s
translation has been selected for the comparative study of Thirukkural and Bacon’s Essays,
the title Of Friendship has selected from Bacon’s Essays. Four chapters/ adhigaraingal have
been selected from Thirukkural. They are Nattpu/Friendship, Nattpu Araythal/Investigation
in Forming Friendship, Thee Nattpu/EvilFriendship and Kuda Nattpu/Unreal Friendship.
This paper will compare the unity and the contrast of these topics with Bacon’s Essays with
the help of G.U.Pope’s Translation.
English literature has started from a combination of the writers from England,
Scotland, Wales and the whole of Ireland. Then it developed and covered the former British
Empire, including the United States. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English
language has spread around the world since the 17th century. Following this, English
becomes the common language in all over the world. Due to its reflection, each and every


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country has its own English writers to focus on their social issues. At the result, English
Literature has spread as Indian Writing in English, African Literature, Australian Literature,
Canadian Literature, Common Wealth Literature and American Literature and so on.
Francis Bacon was born on 22nd January 1561. Queen Elizabeth called him as her
‘young Lord Keeper’ in reference to his father, Sir Nicholas Bacon. At the age of twelve,
Francis entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and four years later was admitted to Gray’s Inn
to study law, ambition awareness of his abilities, and the reasonable hope that his maternal
relatives the influential Cecils, would be helpful, led him to solicit his uncle, Lord Burleigh
for public office. Originally his awarded gods were of the highest order. When he was
twenty-three he composed, The Greatest Birth Time, or the Great Renewal of the Empire of
men over the universe to announce a new method of scientific discovery which would show
his countrymen how to use nature for the glory of God and the use of man’s estate. Despite
his business as jurist parliamentarian and councilor, he had already managed to publish, The
Colour of Good and Evil, along with the first edition of his Essays in 1597. He published The
Advancement of learning Divine and Humane (1605),De Sapientia Veterum, Of the Wisdom
of the Ancients(1609), and Instauratio Magna(1620), Novum Organum, the New Organon. In
addition, he composed Maxims of the Law (1596).
The art of getting on in the world was the main theme of the ten brief Essays which
Bacon published in 1597. Bacon’s Essays consists the subject of, studies, discourse, Suitors,
Expense, Faction and Negotiating. The expression was terse and aphoristic, each little
division. Being independent of the others structurally the weightiness of these three is often
relieved by pairing or antithesis. Between 1607 and 1612 Bacon added twenty- four essays to
this revision of the earlier ones but did not publish them in that form. Bacon’s Essays are of a
different type, impersonal, brief and descriptive title Essays. The style in the fifty- seven
essays of the final edition (1625) is even less contracted in the history of English Literature
Bacon ranks among the creators of modern prose. Bacon’s Essays are reflective and
philosophical. Essay is a literary composition on any subjects. It gives expression to one’s
own personal ideas or opinions on some topic. An essay must be a unity, developing one
theme with a definite purpose. The subject must be clearly defined in the mind and kept in
view through. The subject may be treated in a variety of ways and from different points of
view. The essay should follow a certain ordered lines of thought and come to a definite


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conclusion. A descriptive essay consists of a description of some place or thing. In Bacon’s
Essays, his usual method is to weigh and balance matters in dictating the ideal course of
action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each. Bacon’s
Of Friendship is an elaborate discursive on friendship. But Bacon did not value this essay
through books. He understands the value of direct experience and observations. In this Essay
he speaks out the true function or fruit of friendship. Of Friendship was written at the special
request of his friend Toby Mathew in commemoration of an intimacy which had been tried
by adversity and prosperity of both sides, and endued to the end without cloud or interruption
on either.
In Nattpu, Valluvar says, friendship is a rare thing which can enter all the places and it
gives a valuable protection from the foes. The friendship of the wise, waxes like a new moon
but that of the fools wanes like the full moon. Valluvar portraits, “Learned scroll the more
you ponder, Sweeter grows the mental food;” (Thirukkural 783) Like learning the good
books, the cultivated friends give delight. Friendship is to be a practice not for the purpose of
laughing so the friendship should warn and to advice on doing wrong. At the ssame time,
Bacon points out the friendship sharps the mental function too. According to him, there is no
need to share the entire thing with anyone. But if he put a problem to one’s ears, “he waxeth
wiser than himself; and that more by an hour’s discourse, than by a day’s meditation” (Bacon
70). Here Bacon refers thinker with the tool by rubbing it against a rough stone. Here Bacon
refers thinker with the tool and not –so- intelligent listener as the rough stone. Both of them
are talking about the value of living friendship.
In Valluvar’s view, there is no need to visit often or to see the charming faces; the
equal thought is enough to unite the both. He feels, “the heart’s rejoicing gladness when the
friend is near.” (Thirukkural 786) The love dwells (merely on the smiles of the face are not
friendship, but that which dwells deep in the smiles of the heart is true friendship. Valluvar
points out “Friendship from ruin saves, in the way of virtue keeps;” (Thirukkural 787). The
true friendship’s duty is to prevent his/her friend from the bad way by advising. True
friendship products its friend as, “Utukkai Izhandhavan Kaipola”,(Thirukkural 789) the hand
of one to adjust the garment which is loosened before an assembly. Bacon says the loyal
unselfish friend will take care of his friends’ responsibility even after his death also.
Friendship may be said to be on its throne when it possesses the power of supporting one at


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all times and all circumstances. Valluvar warns, though friends may praise one another by
decorating words, such friendship will vanish. Thus chapter Nattpu explains the importance
of friendship. Bacon visualizes that the society knows how debilitating and fatal heart
ailments can be. Pleasant and intimate conversation with a friend brings back vigour to the
heart. The heart diseases (mentally disturbed) can be cured by a friend’s presence. Bacon and
Thiruvalluvar investigate the friendship and presenting their findings in many ways.
In Nattpu Araythal/ Investigationin Forming Friendship adhigaram, Valluvar

investigates how the friendship should be. He starts his chapter by saying, making friendship
without knowing a person fully is not good so he advices to give up the friendship before
making it because it will be hard to give up after making it. If a person makes the friendship
without knowing the character and crime of a person will make the death pain at the end.
Valluvar gives an idea, “Temper, descent, defects, associations free/ From blame: know these
then let the man be a friend to thee.” (Thirukkural 793) Make friendship with one after
ascertaining his character, birth, defects and the whole of one’s relations. Bacon goes one
step forward and points out, “The modern languages give unto such persons the name of
favourites; as if a matter of grace and conversation.”(Bacon 67) these individuals mere add
grace and give a company to a friend. Romans called these individuals as “particpes
curarum” (Bacon 66) which means a person who shares of cares. This friendship shares the
responsibilities or worries, and it is maintained not only by weak and emotional rulers but
also by a formidable strength and political acumen. These coteries are honoured as friends
and they are asked to guide other members of the loyalty and bureaucracy to address them so.
Valluvar asks to have the friendship for any cost with the person who poses the fear of guilty
for wrong things of the world and from the good family. Valluvar asks as to make friendship
with the people who control you and advise you in doing wrong. For this, Bacon proceeds to
praise the advice that comes from well-meaning, un-biased wise friends. Such advice seldom
leads to undesirable consequences. If a person is guided by his own instincts his emotion and
the judgment will be coloured biased one-sided. Sometimes they can make to cry to correct
the wrong.
Valluvar says, “Ruin itself one blessing lends: /‘Iis staff that measures out our’s pain”
(Thirukkural 796) that means, one can understand the true friend in his problem. He suggests
giving up the fool’s friendship to get a good one. “Padhiyaar/Kenmai oreei vital”


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(Thirukkural- 797). He expresses not to think of things that discourage the mind, nor contract
friendship with those who would forsake in adversity. Valluvar advocates continuing the
enjoyment of the friendship of pure; (but) renouncing even with the gift, the friendship of
those who do not agree. Through Nattpu Araythal/Investigation in Forming Friendship,
Valluvar channels the people in making their friendship. These two great legends point out
the things which are very dangerous to one’s friendship.
In the chapter Thee Nattpu/Evil Friendship valluvar says the bad friendship may be
increased as a fruit which is an excess of love but it will be good to drop down. In his view,
what is the benefit to get or lose the friendship of those who love when their gain and leave
when there is none? He compares the call girls and thieves with the friends who compare
their friendship with the profit which he had gained. Solitude is more preferable to the place
where it is resembled the untrained horses which throw down the riders in the fields of battle.
Bacon quotes Pythagoras “Coe ne editor” that means “Eat not the heart” (Bacon 69). Bacon
goes on to conclude the friendship is like a double edged sword. In the plus side, he could
reduce the grief encountered in day-today life. On the minus side, such happiness may be
illusory.
Valluvar portraits, it is far better to avoid the contract of the evil friendship of the base
that cannot protect their friends even to do so. He advises to have a distance with the wise is
batter having a friendship with a fool. Valluvar communicates “than friendship yields that're
formed with laughter vain” (Thirukkural 817). What comes from enemies is a hundred
million times more profitable than what comes from the friendship of those who cause only
laughter. He recommends avoiding the people who pretend to be the inability for they could
do. Valluvar warns, the friendship of whose actions do not agree with their words will
distress. Bacon shows the example which is about Septimus Severus – Plautianus. When
Severus wishes to marry his son to Plautianus’ daughter, Plautianus insulted Severus. But
Severus wants to retain his friendship with Plautianus.
Bacon estimates this friendship with some different examples from Rome Empire.
The first is Sylla- Pompey’s friendship. Pompey is designed as ‘Pompey the great” by Sylla.
Because of that, the name of Pompey was raised, prized and boosted about being superior to
Sylla. After sometime Pompey had more clout and power than Sylla. The next is Julius
Ceasar- Brutus’ friendship. Julius Ceasar was caught by the brilliantness of Brutus. He was


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Ceasar’s closest confident advisor. As a reward, Ceasar made Brutus his heir after his
nephew. Brutus had cast a spell over Ceasar and an influence the later never suspect as
wicked. Sometimes these nobilities take advantage on their friendship. Bacon quotes,
“Augustus raised Agrippa (though of mean birth) to that height, as when he

consulted with Macenas took the liberty to tell him, that he must either marry
his Agrippa or take away his life: there was no third way” (Bacon 68)
Bacon gives a historical example for the reason of loneliness from Cominues’ note.
Cominues is a writer and diplomat who served under Duke Charles Hardy and later Louis XI
of France. He notes, Duke Charles Hardy’s mental faculty had gradually deteriorated in his
old age due to not sharing secrets with anyone. Like that, Louis XI of France had left
isolation; it was due to suspicious nature. Flattery in friendship is also very hazardous.
Valluvar asks as to avoid the people who have a friendship in the privacy and have the
contraction to the public. This chapter delivers the message, with whom one should avoid the
friendship. In the adigaram, Kuda Nattpu/Unreal Friendship, Valluvar talks about the unreal
friendship. The people who pretend to be the same community and differentiate in their inner
heart are equal to often changing love of women. Though (one’s) enemies may have mastered
many good books, “To heartfelt goodness men ignoble hardly may attain,/although abundant
stores of goodly lore they gain.” (Thirukkural 823) it will be impossible for them to become
truly love at heart. Valluvar advises being aware of the people who are having a smiling face
before all and having a wicked mind inside. Along with this, he alerts to avoid the words of
those who do not love from their heart. Valluvar clarifies that though the foes may utter good
things as though they were friends, once will understand their evil import. Valluvar compares
friendship with the ‘bow’ which will bend to hurt. Like that the humiliating speeches of one’s
foe. “Tis pliant bow that show the deadly peril near!” (Thirukkural 827) He alerts the kings,
that they may affect by the great love but make it die (inwardly); as regard those foes who
show them great friendship but despite them in their heart. If a foe becomes a friend one
should be aware in their smiling face and to alert in their friendship. Bacon turns his vision on
the kings and monarchs. They elite their friendship with unusual lengths and befriend with
good and worthy people. To maintain the friendship the kings and monarchs give them
generous rewards through the wealth and bestowal of honour. Such effects to cultivate
friendship may turn hostile causing harm to their benefactor. Bacon examines the sound


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difference between the ruling elite and the subjects. At the time the prince tries to expand the
liking for some individuals he gives power and raise them but if the chosen person is
fundamentally wicked that generosity will become unanticipated harm.
Bacon starts his Essay Of Friendship with the reference of Aristotle. Finding pleasure
in solicitude is contrary to the human character and mind. In Bacon’s words, “the people
delight the solitude is either a wild beast or a god” (Bacon 66). The truth and the wisdom
which had been drawn on the mediators’ mind through the isolation can be profoundly a great
reward for the hermit. One man should learn to differentiate between a crowd and kinship
between society and friendship. Bacon quotes it as “For a crowd is not Company” (Bacon
66). It makes the faces as the fleeting pictures. Bacon borrows the ideas and concepts from
Latin, Magna Civites, magna solitude” (Bacon 66). It means in the large cities, the people’s
residency are scattered so there is a great solitude. But in a small town or villages, the
residencies are very close. So it provides an opportunity to make a bond of friendship among
hearts. At the result of this research, it is easy to find the both celebrities have many
similarities and some contrast in their writings.
Bacon expresses his experiences in an essay form where else Valluvar presents it in
poetry. Valluvar divides his poetry (Friendship) into four chapters. They are well
distinguished in the matter. Both works are based on the experiences what they gained in the
world but Bacon’s Essays are bounded with examples. Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural is in the
form of rules which has to be followed in life. Both are well versed in spotting the dos and
don’ts in friendship. Including this, Bacon focuses on the benefits and drawbacks of isolation.
It differs in only one thing that is a period of the author. Valluvar belongs to Sangam period.
It is before the birth of Jesus Christ and the birth of English language but Bacon belongs to
sixteenth-century literature. It shows the Tamilians’ well-civilized culture and it is a proof to
show Tamil is older than English.
Work Cited
Bullough, Geoffrey (ed). Bibliographical Series of Supplements to ‘British Book News’ on
Writers and Their Work. London: Longmans (pb), 1961.
Gifford, Henry. Concepts of Literature Comparative Literature. London: Routledge (pb),


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1960.
Pope, G.U. (Rev). Thirukkural. Chennai: Kumaran Pathippagam, 2008.
Selby, F.G. (ed). Bacon’s Essays. Chennai: Macmillan India, 1985.
Rao, Prasada, N.D.V. High School English Grammar and Composition Wren & Martin. New
Delhi: S.Chand & Company (pb), 1991.
Web Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature


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A Glance on Karikala Cholan in Sangam Literature
Dr.M.Vijayashanthi,
Assistant Professor of History,
Fatima College,
Madurai, Tamilnadu.
Introduction
The Cholas had a pre-eminent place in the political history of South India. They ruled
the fertile soil of the rivers Kaveri, Pennai, Palar and Vellar. They ruled from Venkattam in
the North to Kullithali in the south. It comprised the modern Tanjavur, Trichy and
Pudukkottai districts. Karikalan was the greatest king in the Sangam Chola Dynasty. Sangam
Literature is the most valuable and conspicuous source for the study of Sangam age. We
know the life and achievements of Karikalan from the (Ten Idylls) Pattinapallai and
Porunararruppadai and Agananuru, inscriptions of Asoka and archeological excavations
supported the literature.
Pattinappalaiis an Aham poem. It consists 301 lines. Kadiyakur Urutirankannanar is

the author of this poem. The valor of Kari Kala and the commerce and trade of the Chola
country and port Kaviripatnam described. These descriptions are considered with the
archeological excavations. Karikalan was the hero of this poem.
Porunararruppadaiwas composed by Mudattamakkanniyar, a woman poet. It
contains 248 lines. The poem throws light on the heroic deeds of Karikal Chola. The singing
and acting of Porunar, the bards, the description of the Yal and the patronization of the poets
by Karikala etc are also described.
Karikalan’s Achievements
Karikalan was the greatest of the Chola kings of the Sangam age. His original name
was Tirumavalavan. He lived in the first century BC. After the death of his father Ilamset
Senni, there was a plot against Karikalan. He was kidnapped and imprisoned by the
conspirators. Karikala was escaped from the fire but his leg was charred so he was called
Karrikal. Other explanation to his name was that he killed elephants of his enemies. In Tamil,
‘Kari’ means elephant. So, Karikalan means ‘Killer of elephants’.
Muchchakaramum Alappadarku Neettiyakal
Ichchak karame Alanthadal – Seichsei
Arikalmel Thenthodukkum Ayipunalneer Nadan


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Karikalan Kalnerup(pu) Uttru. - Puram
Battle of Venni
Karikal Chola got the victory in the great battle at Venni near Tanjore; this battle
enabled him to wipe out a widespread confederacy formed around him, In this battle Chera
king Perumcheral Adan, supported by Pandya ruler and eleven Velir chieftain fought against
Karikala. The Chera king accepted his defeat and committed suicide. Another success of
Karikala was his great victory at Vakaipparandalai. In this battle he defeated a confederacy of
nine minor chieftains. Paranar refers this battle in Agananuru.
The Himalayan Expedition
Silappadikaram mentions the Himalayan expedition of Karikala. During the marriage
festival of Kovalan and Kannagi, those who blessed the couple referred to Karikala’s
achievement of imprinting the Chola emblem of the tiger on the Himalayas. Ilango mentions
the North Indian invasions of the Karikala. The Periyapuranam mentions his return journey
that he stayed at Kanchi and built a fort around the city. He also built Panchanadeswara
temple in Thiruvayaru and performed Kumbabisekam.
Conquest of Sri Lanka
Karikala’s invasion and conquest of Sri Lankawas attested by the Mahavamsa which
refers during the rule of Vanganasika. According to Pattnappalai, Puhar became an important
harbor and an alternative capital to Karikala. Karikala possessed a powerful navy. After the
battle, the Chola army carried away 12,000 of the inhabitants as slaves. Karungulai Adanar in
his poem Puram 7 vividly says Karikala’s destruction of enemy’s territory and laments his
death, recalling his heroism, love and liberality and his performance of Vedic sacrifices.
Irrigation
After consolidating the country, Karikala spent his time for the benefits of his
subjects. The construction of Kallanai was the famous achievement of Karikala.
Cholamandala Sadaham deals the construction of Kallanai. Kallanai has 1080 ft length and
40 – 60 ft breadth and 18 ft height. It was built by clay bricks. He laid the foundation for the
prosperity of Tanjore Delta, which subsequently earned the well – coveted title, ‘The Granary
of South India’. He richly deserves the title ‘Karikal Peruvalathan’ and ‘Kaviri Nadan’ for his
accomplishments, the epic Silappathikaram explains about it.
Patron of Poets
Karikalan patronized many poets and artists. Urudrankannanar, Karungulai Adanar


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and Mudattamakkanniyar were the important poets patronized by Karikalan. He gave 16
lakhs of gold to Urudrankannanar at a 16 pillared hall. He himself well versed in classical
music. So he was praised as ‘Elisai Vallavan’.
Taluvu Sentamil Parisil Vanar Pon
Patthodu Aaru Nurayiramparap
Pandu Pattinapalai Kondathu - Kalingathuparani
Justice
Karikala’s administration of Justice is praised in Tamil verse. The glory of his
wisdom is sung as:
Naraimudu Makkal Uvappa – Naraimudithu
Sollal Murai Seithan. - Puram
Conclusion
Karikala was a man of wisdom. Karikala was not only an able ruler but also a gallant
warrior. Sangam literatures are the main source to know about the history of Karikala. After
Karikalan the history of the early Cholas became confused. Karikala Cholan Manimandapam,
a Memorial Hall was built in order to honour of the king who built Grand Anaicut in
Tanjavur District.
Reference Books
1. Nilakanta Sastri.K.A. - The Cholas, University of Madras, 1984.
2. Narayana Velupillai.M. - Pattupattu, Mullai Nilayam, Chennai, 1999.
3. Prabhahara Babu - Porunarattrupadai, Tamilan Pathippagam, Chennai, 2002.
4. Sooryanarayanan.P. - Tamilnattu Varalarrin Ilakkiya Atarangal, International Institute
of Tamil Studies, Chennai, 1998.
5. Swaminathan.A. - History of TamilNadu, Deepa Pathipagam, Chennai, 2004.
6. Subramaniyan.A. - Social and Cultural History of TamilNadu upto 1336 A.D, Ennes
Publication, Udumalaipet, 2005.

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International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 9

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 10

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 11

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 12

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 13

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International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 14