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kw;Wk;
fUj;juq;fj; jiyth;
Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,
,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> The Director,
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> International Institute of Tamil Studies,
nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
fUj;juq;f xUq;fpizg;ghsh;fs;
Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> ,af;Feh; IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> Ma;tpjo;>
nrd;id – 600113> tpUJefh; - 626001>
jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
fUj;juq;ff;FO cWg;gpdh;fs;
Associate Editors
Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, Dr. Sasi Kumar, Department of Tamil Language
Head of the Department, Indian Teaching Fellow, and Translation Studies,
Studies, Asian Languages & Cultures (Sangam Literature & Traditional
Faculty of Arts and Social Academic Group, Grammar, Telugu, Hindi &
Sciences, National Institute of Education, Japanese, Tamil, English)
University of Malaya, Malaysia. Nanyang Technological Dravidian University, Kuppam-
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rmdassa@gmail.com arpudharambai@gmail.com
Dr. J.B.Prashant More,
Dr. Sascha Ebeling, Professor of Social Sciences, Dr. V. Raman,
Associate Professor, Institute of Research in Social Dean- Department of Visual
College Senior Adviser in the Sciences and Humanities, Communication,
Humanities, Inseec, Paris, Rathinam Arts and Science
Chair, Readings in World France. College,
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Sequence, Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
Department of South Asian Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, E-mail:
Languages and Civilizations, P.G. Assistant in Tamil, dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.co
Department of Comparative SJKT Ladang Temerloh, m
Literature, 34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.
The University of Chicago, E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com, Dr. S. Manimaran,
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, punitha.su@moe.edu.my Associate Professor, Department
Chicago, IL 60637, USA. of Tamil,
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu Mr. K. Raguparan, N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar
Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil, College, Madurai-19.
R. Venkatesh, Department of Languages, Tamil Nadu, India.
(PLM Leader in FORD, Faculty of Arts and Culture, E-mail:
Michigan) South Eastern University, Sri manimaransvn@gmail.com
President and Secretary, Lanka,
Tamil Academy, Canton, E-mail: Dr. T. K. Vedaraja,
Michigan – 48187, kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.co Assistant Professor of English,
America. m Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Dr. A. Boologarambai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Assistant Professor, E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
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D. Maheswari
mzpe;Jiu
முனைவர் க ோ.விசயரோ வன், எம்.ஏ., எம்ஃபில்., பி.எட்., பிஎச்.டி.,
இயக்குநர் (மு.கூ.பபோ.)
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
ள ஆய்வு ள் பற்ைிய சிைப்பு நூல் ளும், இதழ் ளும் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து புதிய
ண்டுபிடிப்பு னள உைனுக்குைன் பவளியிட்டு பண்னைய மக் ளின்
பண்போடு னளயும் வோழ்க்ன முனை னளயும், வோணி முனை னளயும் நமக்குத்
கதனவயோகும்.
ஆய்வு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், பசப்கபடு ள், நோணயங் ள், அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த
பபோருள் ள் எைத் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோகும் வன யில் பல்கவறு
தனலப்பு ளில் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து ஆரோய்ந்து ட்டுனர ள் வழங் ிய தமிழ்நோடு
மற்றும் இலங்ன யிலுள்ள பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப்
கதனவயோகும்.
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp>
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
tpUJefh; - 626 001.
ed;wp
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS
nghUslf;fk;
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
54. jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;
Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture 308
Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah
55. mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;
Unresolved Archaeological Sites 311
Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;
56. jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Excavations 315
M.ep\he;jp
57. njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
jkpofgz;ghL
Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed 322
Thirumayilai Culverts
KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;
58. fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk;
Tamil Culverts and its Structure 326
m.guj;Fkhh;
59. eLfy; czh;j;Jk; jkpohpd; tho;tpay;
Tamilar Social life Instructed by Erecting Stonehenges 333
Kidth;.Nf.ghpksk;
60. mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpag;gLk; murh;fSk;
nfhilfSk;
338
The Kings and the Donations through the Culverts of Alagar Kovil
Kidth;.jp.ghpksh
61. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; eLfw;fs;
Stonehenges in Ettutthokai 343
Kidth; f.r.gthdp
62. jpUr;nrq;NfhL fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; jkpou; gz;ghL
Tamil Culture comprehended through the Culverts of
347
Thiruchencode
Kidtu;. muq;f. ghup
63. fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
Culverts and Copper Plates
351
mk;ig Rtn.M.ghyruRtjp
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
64. jhsp(op)A+u;-ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fsMa;Tk;
Nkw;gug;gha;Tk;
Site Study of Archaeological Remnants of the Stone Age of 359
Thaliyur
Kidtu; f. ghyh[p
65. Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPf tuyhw;wpy; nghd;Ndup tl;lk;
Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization 364
K.gpuG
66. fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
The Origins and Developments of Culverts 370
J.gpupaq;fh
67. cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kf; fl;likg;Gk; tuyhWk;
Archaic History and Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai 374
KidtH =. gpNuk;FkhH
68. jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Evidences 381
r.gpNukFkhup
69. njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;
Archaeology and the Study of Culverts 390
Kidth; Nkh.[.kNf];thp
70. njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;
Archaeology, a Continious Logy 395
,uh. kQ;Rsh Njtp
71. njhy;ypay; – khDltpaYld;> kugpay; rhh;e;j mwptpay;
ghh;itapy;
400
Archaeology- On Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives
g. kjpthzd;
72. fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;- Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on the Culverts and Copper Plates 409
g.nr.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
73. fPob njhy;efu mfoha;Tf; fsk;
Keeladi Ancient Remnant City Archaeological Site 415
Kidth;. nt.Kj;Jyl;Rkp
74. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; - NtzhL
Venad in the Culverts of Kerala 420
Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
75. jkpoHrhh; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
Tamil Oriented Archaeological Excavations 424
j.Kdpak;khs;
76. =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tl;lhuj;jpy; neLq;fy; topghLk;
topghl;L khw;wKk;
428
Stonehenge Worship and its Change in the Srivilliputtur District
KidthH; ,uh. %u;j;jp
77. njhy;jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjlYk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fKk;
Search of Food and Cultural Origins of the Ancient Tamil People 434
KidtH g.R. %Nte;jd;
78. jpUNthj;J}u; (NrahW) jpUj;jyf; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
The Facts of the Thiruvothoor (Seyar) Culverts 440
ikj;jpupmd;G
79. tpUJefh; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
Archaeological Sites in Virudhunagar District 445
Kidth; F.Nkdfh
80. njhy;nghUs; khdpltpaypy; rq;F
Sangu in Archeo-Anthropology 449
,uh.Nkhfd tre;jd;
81. ‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ nghUz;ikapy; njhy;ypay; Xh; ghh;it
Archaeology in the Land of Kannagi 453
,uh. aNrhjh
82. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; epyk; gw;wpa njhd;kf;$Wfspd; Gyg;ghLfs;
The Traces of Land Donations and Revenue in Culverts 457
Kidth; V.Nahfrpj;uh
83. gz;ila fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfs;
Remnants of the Ancient Kandharodai 463
Nfh. uFtud;
84. rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;
The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization 467
uh.u[{yh
85. GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;
The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru 472
Kidtu; ngh.uhzp
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
86. nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk;
Kollankondan Archaeological Site 475
Nfh.uh[d;jh];
87. fl;llf;fiy thapyhf mwpag;gLk; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk;
jkpoH ngUikAk; - xU kPs;ghHit
A Bird Eye Study on the Eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity 479
through Architecture
ng.uh[h
88. [t;thJ kiy- kiyahspg; goq;Fbapdupd; nja;t
ek;gpf;iffs;
484
Deity Beliefs of Javathu Hills Malayali Tribes
m. uhN[\;
89. ts;StH etpYk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L tho;f;if eyg;gz;Gfs;
Life Ethics of Tamil Culture by Valluvar 488
=. nu[pyh Fkhhp
90. Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;
Bronze Idols of the Chola Period 491
Kidth; [h.tsh;kjp
91. NrhoNfusd; fy;ntl;Lfs; ciuf;Fk; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr;
nra;jpfs;
495
Tamil Cultural Facts as Revealed in the Culverts of Cholakeralan
KidtH.r.tdpjh
92. fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; khz;G
The Nobility of Karantai Copper Plates 499
lhf;lh; Nt. tpf;NdR
93. ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; eLfy; nra;jpfs;
Stonehenge shown in Literatures 504
rP.tpky;
94. kUj epyj;jpd; tho;Tk; tPo;Tk;
The Life and Fall of the Marutham Land 508
lhf;lh;.R.tpNtfyjh
95. njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;
Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar Culture 513
J. tp[afyh
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
96. jkpof njhy;ypaypy; ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gq;F
The Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote in Tamil Archaeologial
516
Study
Kidtu; jpUkjp K. tp[arhe;jp
97. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;
Women in Culverts 521
KidtH V. tPug;gd;
98. njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; fy;ntl;L tuyhW
Culvert Cronology in Archaeological Registration 526
Kidth; M.NtzP=
99. iff; $yp rPjd xg;ge;jf; fy;ntl;L - XH Ma;T
A Study on Dowry and Wages Agreement Culverts 531
nry;tp n[ [_ypal; Nkup> KidtH ngh guNk];tup
100. khad; gz;ghL
Mayan Culture 535
KidtH ,uh. [Pthuhzp
101. njhy; goq;fhy rkaKk; gz;ghl;L; epiyf;fsDk;
Primordial Religion and Cultural State 539
n[. n[akjp
102. fPob mfoha;T
Keeladi Archaeological Excavation 544
Kidth;. ng.n[akhhp
103. njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoH tho;Tk; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation 551
vk;.n[anyl;Rkp
104. nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation 555
g.n[anyl;Rkp
105. njhy;goq;fhy ghid XLfSk; gz;ghLk; Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on Ancient Pots and Culture 560
Kidth; gh.n[ah
106. nfhq;F kz;lyk; nghpahh; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk;
gjpTk;
Culvert and Bronze Plate Inscriptions in Kongu Area of Periyar 564
District
rh. n[dpgh;
t.vz; jiyg;G / ngah; gf;f vz;
S.No Title / Author Name Page No
107. jkpoHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;
Tamil People’s Traditional Habits and Beliefs 568
v. \`Pyh
108. The Origins of Tamil Civilization
572
M.Arul Darwin & Dr. S. Suresh Pandi
109. Archaeological Vestiges of Palur
577
Mrs.R.Brinda Kumari
110. Political Condition during the Chola’s as Gleaned from
Inscriptions of Thirunavalur 581
E. Jeeva
111. A Bird View about Ravana’s Sigiriya Palace as an Archeological
Evidence 586
S. Meenaatchi
112. Marine Archaeological Museum at Poompuhar
590
Dr.B. Murugeswari & Dr.A. Muniyandi
113. Archaeological Vestiges of Kannur
593
Dr. (Mrs) J.D.Patrishiya Fernando
114. Lord Siva as Candrasekharamurti - A Study
596
M.Srilatha
115. Adichanallur Artifacts: An Ancient Tamil Civilization of Great
Elegance 599
Mr. B. Thangamarimuthu
116. Inscriptions of Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai-A
Historical Study 607
Dr.D.Uma
117. Tamil Civilization- A Glance
612
Mr. R. Vinayagamoorthy & R.Ganeshkumar
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;
Abstract
The paper purports the facts of the archaeological sites of the Sati Stonehenges in the
areas of Tamil Nadu. It is customary to erect stones for the women who did Sati with her
dead husband and the people believe that the women who commits Sati is of good cadre and
a woman of morals. She is considered as a woman os chastity. Therefore, the study brings out
the stonehenges erected for the women who had committed Sati.
E}w;gl;bay;
mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;
Unresolved Archaeological Sites
The paper purports the facts of the unresolved archaeological sites of Tamil Nadu. It
is the present need to bring out the such measures to proclaim that the Tamils had a cultured
life to the world. Therefore, the study brings out the messages regarding to the topic.
jftyhsp gl;bay;
Abstract
The paper gives the details of the orgins of archaeology and its development. It also
traces the world archaeological sites and the foundsers of the method. Then it discusses the
calculating methods of the system. Finally is focuses on the Tamil origin and the sites related
to the past civilization of the Tamil people. The collected sources related to the the kinds and
types of archaeology and exvacations are a good idea to know about the facts of the field.
Hence, the paper traces to find the Archaeological Excavations of Tamilar region.
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy;
Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid fw;gjhy; ek; ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ngUikiaAk; jkpofj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;igAk; ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;goq;fhy
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gazk;> mtu;fspd; gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wk;> jkpofj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfoha;Tfs;> mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; cz;ikfs;> ehzatpay;>
fy;ntl;bay; Mfpait gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gLtd MFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapd;
mUk;gzpfs;> ,j;Jiuapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;l njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fspd; gzpfs;>
gz;ila kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa gz;ila njhy;nghUs; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ.
kdpjFyk;> fle;J te;j ghijia mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> jw;Nghija tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;G
mtu;fs; epiyia Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> cjTgit mtu;fs; md;whlk; gad; gLj;jpa
gok; nghUl;fNs MFk;. ,j;njhy;ypay; fy;tpapd; %yk;> Kiwahf xU
tiuaiwf;Fs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>
vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj njhy;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd;
tho;f;if epiyia Cfpf;f cjTgit> mtu;fs; gad; gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;wg;
gok;nghUl;fNs MFk;.
,g;nghUl;fs; njhy;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypaiy>
njhy;nghUl;fNs my;yJ njhy;nghUsha;T vdTk; miog;gu;. ,JNt Mu;f;fpahy[p
(archaeology) vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fpNuf;f
nkhopapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; gpwe;jJ. ‘Mu;f;fa];’ (archaios) vDk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypw;Fg;
goik vd;gJ nghUs;. ‘Mu;f;Nf’ (archae) vd;Dk; nrhy;> njhf;fk; vd;Wk;> ‘Nyhfh];’
(logos) vd;gJ mwptpay; my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk;
,ize;Nj Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vDk; nrhy; kyu;e;jJ. Mu;f;fpahy[p vd;gJ
ghu;it E}y;
Abstract
The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found
at Thirumayilai. This is now called as Mylapore. The culverts found here are aged to the
nineth century. These culverts are authentic evidences of the Tamil culture existed before
many thousand years. From these edicts the taxes levied on the people and the taxes unlevied
for some places are able to understand through the study. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea
on Tamil culture by deciphering the culverts of Thirunayilai.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. R.uh[Nrfud;>jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;
2. ,uh.ehfrhkp>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
3. S.I.I. Vol.XII.
4. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp
5. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>khHf;NfhNghNyh.
6. jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;
Abstract
It is the historcal evidences that affirm the loyalty and relics of a civilization or an
existing culture. In relation to that Tamil culture has it own innateness in its historical glory.
The present study fosters to explain the Tamil Culverts and its structures to find out the
genuineness in the culture’s lofty state. It deals with the types and structures of culverts, the
era in Tamil Culture and the ancient culverts in many regions of Tamil nadu. There are many
culverts decreed by the Tamil Triumvirs. Hence, the paper evinces the need of understanding
arcaeologicel sources to know the truths on it.
Kd;Diu
juzpahz;l jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf jpfo;tJ
fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;. gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahJ ,Uf;fTk;
tUq;fhyj;jth; mwpAk; tz;zKk; fUjg;gl;l nra;jpfis fw;fspy; ntl;b itj;jdh;.
,t;thW fw;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa fy;ntl;L vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; r%fj;jpd;
milahskhf ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; tl;nlOj;J> gpuhkp> goq;fhyj;
jkpo; vOj;Jfshyhdit fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; kd;dd>; kf;fs;> nkhop kw;Wk;
Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j ngl;lfkhFk;.
jkpofj;jpd; gioikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; ahTk; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit
MFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjy; midj;J goe;jkpo; E}y;fSk; mjpy;
$wg;gl;l nra;jpfSk; $wyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Nghh;fsj;jpy;
tPukuzk; mile;Njhh;f;F fy;nyLj;jYk>; mf;fy;ypy; mth;Fwpj;j tPur;nra;jpfSk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;lij fhzyhk;. ,t;thW fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wpAk; mjd; mikg;G>
fhyf;fzf;fPL kw;Wk; jkpof fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fy;ntl;L mikg;G
xU Nfhtpy; vd;L vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NfhGuk;> fUtiw Kd; kz;lgk;> kfh
kz;lgk;> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W khspif vd;W nghJthd mikg;G ,Ug;gJ
Nghy fy;ntl;Lf;nfd;W xh; mikg;G cz;L. mjid Kfg;Giu> Fwpg;Giu
Xk;gilf;fpstp %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
Kfg;Giu
fy;ntl;L mikg;gpy; Kfg;Giu ngUk;ghYk; kq;fy Jtf;fkhfNt mikAk;.
Ipjk;gftjh, eNkh ehuhazha> xk; ];t];jp=> mUspr; nray;> `hp ed;whf FUNt
Jiz> `hpRgk];J> `hp=fzjpNa ek rptkak;> rpj;jk;> Gj;jha ehNk> gftNj
thR Njtha eNkh th;j;j khd];a eNkh> ,uhkn[ak; Nghd;w gpw kq;fyr;
nrhw;fis rhd;whf $wyhk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,WjpapYk; kq;fyr; nrhy; ,lk;
ngWtJz;L kq;fy thrfj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kd;dd; ngah; rhrdk;> rhrdk;
ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> rhrdk; ntspaPl;lhshpd; ngah; mtuJ tpUJg;ngah;fSk; kuGk;
tUk;.
Fwpg;Giu
Fwpg;Giuapy; jhdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; nfhilgw;wpa
Fwpg;G> nfhilahspapd; ngah;> nfhil toq;fg;gl;l #oy; nfhil toq;fg;gl;l
fhuzk; kw;Wk; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;lJ epykhf ,Ue;jhy; mjd; ehd;F vy;iyfs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf epyj;ijg; ngWk; nfhilahspf;Fhpa chpikfs;> chpikaw;w
gFjpfs>; thp nrYj;Jtjw;F chpikAs;s gFjpfs; vit> thp ePf;fk; ngw;w gFjpfs;
vit vd;gd Nghd;w tptuq;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mg;gFjpapy;
“,e;E}w;ghw; nfy;iyf;Fl;gl;l cz;zpyk; xoptpd;wp”> “cLk;nghb Mik jtOk;
,lk”> “fPo; Nehf;fpa fpzWk; Nky;> Nehf;fpa kuKk;> kPd;gLgs;sKk;> Njd;gL
nghJk;Gk;> Gw;Wk; njw;wpAk; Nghd;w thrfq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
Xk;gilf;fpstp
Xk;gil vd;gJ ghJfhg;G vd;Wk; fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Wk; Fwpj;J
Xk;gilf; fpstp vd;gJ ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy;Ny MFk;.
fy;ntl;L mikg;gpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahd ,jid “KbTr;nrhy;” vd;Wk; $Wth;.
fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLk; jhdq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ahh; nghWg;G. ,j;jhdj;ijg;
ghJfhg;gjhdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; mt;thW nra;ahky; tpLtjdhy; my;yJ
mj;jhdj;jpw;F ,ilA+W nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fs; ,lk;
ngWk; ,t;tpisTfs; Fe;jfk; nra;NthUf;F mr;rj;ijNah> mtkhdj;ijNah
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
“fy;Yk; fhtphpAk; cs;skl;Lk;”
“Gy;Yk; G+kpAk; cs;skl;Lk;”
“Mj;JkzYk; Mthuk;G+Tk; cs;skl;Lk;”
Nghd;w $w;Wf;fis Xk;gilf;fpstpapy; mikg;gJ cz;L.
fhyf;fzf;fPL
fy;ntl;bd; fhyj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
vOj;Jfspd; thptbtj;ij itj;Nj fzpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; rhpahf fzpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ vk;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
mJ fypahz;lh> rf Mz;lh> nfhy;yk; Mz;lh> `p[php Mz;lh> fq;f Mz;lh>
`pg;Urf Mz;lh> ghz;lth Mz;lh cjp~;buh; Mz;lh> <rhd Mz;lh> Fg;jh; Mz;lh
vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw fhz;Nghk;.
fypahz;L
fypahz;L vd;gJ #hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; gpw Nfhs;fs; Nkr uhrpapy; $ba
ehshd fp.K. 18.02.3101 ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ. ehk; fhZk; fy;ntl;by; fypahz;L
vd;wpUe;jhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;il fz;lwpa mjNdhL 3101I fopf;f
Ntz;Lk; (rpy rkak; 3100) jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapyhf topg;gl;L tUk;
Filtiuf; NfhapYs;s fy;ntl;by; fyp Mz;L 3874 vd;Ws;sJ. 3874 ypUe;J 3101
I fopj;jhy; tUk; 773 fpwpj;jt Mz;lhFk;.
rf Mz;L
rf Mz;bid fy;ntl;Lfspy; rfhg;jk;> rhypthfd rfhg;jk; rf tU~k;>
rffhyk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. “Nyhftpghfk;” vd;Dk; rkz E}iy rpk;k#hp
vd;w rkzKdptu; vOjpa NghJ gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;kth;kdpd; 22-Mk; Mz;by; rf
Mz;L 380 ,y; Kw;Wg; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,JNt jkpofj;jpy; rf Mz;L
Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; E}yhFk.; rf Mz;Lfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifapy;
tp[a efu fy;ntl;LfspYk; ghly; tbtpy; njd;fhrpf; fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhzyhk;.
nfhy;yk; Mz;L
Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhy;;yk; efuk; cUthd Mz;Nl nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;W
xU rpyUk; Fkhp Mw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; Kd;gpUe;j nfhy;yk; efh; flyhyope;j gpd;dh;
kf;fs; Gjpjhf nfhy;yk; efh; mikj;J FbNawpa Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; $Wth;
fp.gp.822 ,y; gioa nfhy;ykope;J fp.gp.825 ,y; Gjpa nfhy;yk; cUthdjhy;
nfhy;yk; Mz;L md;Wjhd; njhlq;fpajhf $Wth.; fy;ntl;by; nfhy;yk; Mz;L
vd;wpUe;jhy; mjNdhL 825 I $l;bdhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;L tUk;.
khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L
kJiuf;F tlfpof;fpy; Rkhh; 20 fP.kP njhiytpy; khq;Fsk; fpuhkk; cs;sJ.
,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fOFkiy vd;w kiyg;gFjp cs;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Ie;J
Fifj;jsq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ehd;fpy; fy;ntl;Lfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt
rkzf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpait vd;w Xh; jdpr;rpwg;G cz;L. ,jid
rpyh; kPdhl;rpGuk; fy;ntl;L vd;Wk; mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L vd;Wk; $Wth;.
fOFkiyapy; jq;fpapUe;J rka gzpahw;wpa rkzrkag; nghpNahh;fSf;fhff;
fw;gLf;iffSld; $ba rkzg;gs;spfs; nrJf;fpaikj;Jj; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; MW gz;ila jkpo; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,f;Fifg;gFjpapy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd ,jpy; Kjy; fy;ntl;by;
“fzpa;ee;j m]phpa; ,Ft;md;Nf
jkk; ,j;jhm neLQ;nropad;
gz md; flymd; toj;jpa;
nfhl;Lgpj;jm gsp,a;”
vd;w thrfk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,J “fzp ee;j; ];hpa;Ft; md;” vd;gtUf;Fg;
gztd;> flyd;> tOj;jp Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd neLQ;nropad;
Kdptuhrpukj;ij nrJf;fpj; jhdkhf toq;fpAs;shd; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpy; tOjp
vd;w nrhy; ghz;bah;fspd; Fyg;ngaiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
GfOh; fy;ntl;L
f&hpypUe;J Nryj;jpw;fr; nry;Yk; NgUe;J topj;jlj;jpy; tlNkw;fpy; Rkhh; 14
fP.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ GfOh;. ,t;T+Uf;fUfpy; Gfopkiy cs;sJ. ,k;kiyapy;
jhd; mUzfphpehjuhy; ghlg;gl;l GfopA+h; KUfd; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. ,k;kiyapy;
nkhj;jk; 12 jkpopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it 1927-28 Mk; Mz;bNyNa
fz;lwpag;gl;lhYk; njspthfg;gbf;fg; glhky; ,Ue;jd jpU.Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
mth;fs; 1965 Mk; Mz;L fs Ma;T nra;J ,it Nrukd;dh; ,Uk;nghiw kugpdhpd;
fy;ntl;L vd;W $wpdhh;.
Kjy; ,Ufy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiwNa
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; Vohk; gj;jpd; nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopahjdhfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;shd;
vd;gJk;. ,f;fy;ntl;by; Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiwapd; kfdhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s
ngUq;fLq;NfhNd gjpw;Wg;gj;J Rl;Lfpd;w ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;gJk;
ngUq;fLq;Nfhdpd; kfdhff; fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gLk; “,sq;fLq;Nfh” Nt
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; xd;gjhk; gj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhd ,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw
vd;gJk; njspthfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;;s ngUq;fLq;NfhNt ghiy ghba
ngUq;fLq;Nfh vd;Wk; ,sq;fLq;NfhNt kUjk; ghba ,sq;fLq;Nfh vd;Wk;
$Wfpd;wtUk; cz;L.
mwr;rY}h; fy;ntl;L
<NuhL efuj;jpypUe;J 20 fp.kP njhiytpy; mty;G+e;JUj;jpf;Fj; njw;Nf 7 fp.kP.
njhiytpy; mwr;rY}h; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nkw;Nf mike;Js;s ehfkiyapYs;s
Mz;bg;ghiwg; gFjpapYs;s ghz;lh;Fop vd;wtplj;jpy; ,aw;ifahd Fifj;jsk;
cs;sJ. ,q;Fjhd; fw;gLf;iffSk;> fw;gLf;iff;F eLNt ,irf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
cs;sd. Fifapd; ,lJGwk; fw;gLf;ifapd; kPJ ,irf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sJ. 5
thpfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;L Ma;thsh;fshy; gbj;J mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
j ij jh ij j
ij jh Nj jh ij
jh Nj ij Nj jh
ij jh Nj jh ij
j ij jh ij j
,ir xir vOj;Jf;fs; rJuf; fl;l mikg;gpy; cs;sJ rpwg;ghFk;. NkypUe;J
fPohfg; ghh;j;jhYk;> ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; ghh;j;jhYk; xNu khjphpahf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ,irj;JiwapYk;> $j;Jj;JiwapYk; ghlty;y
vOj;Jf;fis epidTg; gLj;Jf;fpd;wd. mbahh;fF ; ey;yhh;> rpyg;gjpfhu ciuapy;
,irf;Fwpg;Gfis tl;lg;ghiy> rJug;ghiy vd;W tFj;jhh;. mij Nghd;W
,f;fy;ntl;by; cs;sdt rJug;ghiyahf ,Uf;fyhnkd;W ,irawpQh;
v];.,uhkehjd; $wpfpwhh;.
nefD}h;g;gl;b fy;ntl;L
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; nrQ;rp tl;lj;jpypUe;J tlfpof;fhf 10 fp.kP
njhiytpy; njhz;^h; nfy;Yk; topapy; cs;sJ nefD}h;g;gl;b. ,jw;F Nkw;F
gFjpapy; 3 ngUq;fw;fis mLf;fp itj;jJ Nghd;W mLf;fd;;fy; vd;w rpwpa Fd;W
cs;sJ. ,jw;F fPoLf;fpy; jhd; jkpop fy;ntl;L cs;snjd;W Kidth;.
,uhrNtY.R. 1992 Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
ngUk; nghfo;
Nrf;fe;jp jhapaU
Nrf;fe; jz;zp nr
ap tpj;j gs;sp
gad;ik E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper plans to bring down the details regarding the life of the Ancient Tamil
people by extracting the sources from it. The tradition of erecting stonehenges is an integral
norm in the life of the tamil society. The people gave more attention to the dedicayed ones
who martyred or sacrificed their lives for the sake of the society or community. Hence the
study extract the culvert facts related to the study.
Kd;Diu
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; tuyhW vd;gJ fhyj;jhy; mopf;f Kbahj
nghf;fp\q;fs; MFk;. kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk; Kjy; gz;ghl;bd; gbepiyfspd; tuyhw;iw
mwpaKw;gLk; NghJ rhd;Wfs; kpfKf;fpakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa rhd;Wfisj;
NjLk; Kaw;rpfspd; thapyhf goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpay; Kiwfis
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Mjhuq;fNshL tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpjdpd; tuyhW fhyj;jhy; mopf;f
Kbahj rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; Ma;T
njhy;ypaiy Archaeolo gy vdf;$Wth;. Mjpfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpay;
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. goik ,ay; = Archaic vd;why; goikahdJ vd;W
nghUs;. gioa fhyj;jpd; RtLfisg; gw;wp Ma;tJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. njhy;ypay;
my;yJ njhy; nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy> njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;
kdpj kpr;rq;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;s; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa nghUl;fis
ntspf;nfhzh;e;J Mtzg;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg;
gz;ghLgw;wpajhFk;.
fy;ntl;bay;
fy;ntl;bay; vd;gJ fy;ypd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fis Muha;e;J
mtw;wpd; %yk; juTfisj; njhFf;Fk; ,ayhFk;. vOj;Jf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;>
rpiyfs;> kz;ghz;lq;fs;> XLfs;> ghiwfs;> Fiffs;> fw;fs;> ghidXLfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fspd; %yk;
kf;fspd; rKjhag;gpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifKiw Mfpatw;iw fzpj;Jf;$w KbAk;.
eLfw;fs;
eLfw;fs; tPuj;jpd; milahskhfTk;> ,wg;gpd; milahskhfTk; vOg;gg;gLk;
epidTf;fw;fs; MFk;. eLfw;fs; vd;gJ tPud; epidthf mikf;fg;gl;l fy; vd;Wk;
$wyhk;. epidTf;fw;fs; vOg;Gk; kuG ,e;jpahtpd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fspYk;
KbTiu
tPuj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; tpjkhf eLfw;fs; eLk; tof;fk; gz;Lnjhl;Nl
,Ue;JtUfpwJ. eLfw;fs; fy;ntl;L Xtpak; rpw;gk; Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk;
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vOj;Jf;fspd; tsh;r;rp nkhopfspd; tsh;rr ; p
Mfpatw;iw mwptjw;F eLfw;fs; ngUk; gaid mspf;fpd;wJ. eLfw;fspy;
JizE}y;gl;bay;
Abstract
The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found
at Alagar Kovil in Madurai. This the capital of the Sethupatis who got autonomy from the
Nayak rulers. There are many culverts and authentic evidences of many kings and their
donations done by them. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea on the domain theme.
xUFioait:
Gs;szpnghyq;nfhbait:
ts;szptisehQ;rpyit:
ryk;Ghpjz;LVe;jpdit:
tyk;Ghp ta Nekpait:
thprpiy ta mk;gpdit:
Gfh; ,zh; #o; tl;lj;jit:
Gfh; thsit” (ghpghly; 54-66
vd;Wghpghly; mofh; ngUkhidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kidth; njh.gukrptk; mth;fs;
Kidth; gl;l Ma;tpw;fhf rpy Mz;L fhyk; mofh;Nfhapypy; fsg;gzpahw;wpAs;shh;.
‘mofh;Nfhapiy tphpthf Muha;e;J xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; me;j Myak; ifkhwpr;
nrd;w tpjk; kw;Wk; mjd; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J El;gkhf tpthpj;Js;shh;. mofh;Nfhapiyr;
Rw;wp cUthd epykhdpa mikg;G> rhjpf;fl;Lkhdk;> jpUtpohf;fspy; mLf;fjpfhuk;
ntspg;gLk; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fisAk; mspj;Js;shh;.
mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpayhFk; nra;jpfs;
mofh;Nfhapypd; ngUikiar; nrhy;Yk; gy tuyhw;Wf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
,f;Nfhapypd; Rw;Wr; Rth;fspy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwpaJk; nghpaJkhf Rkhh; 200f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLtJ
Nrhokd;dd; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; 26k; Ml;rpahz;by; ,f;NfhapYf;Fj; jug;gl;ljhdk;
gw;wpa fy;ntl;L goikahdjhFk;. mofh; NfhapYf;F jhdk; toq;fpa mur
ngUkf;fisAk; mth;fs; toq;fpa jhdq;fisAk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
mth;fs; gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; kugpy; te;j Kjyhk; khwth;k
Re;jughz;bad;> Kjyhk; [lhth;k Re;jughz;bad;> [lhth;kd; Kjyhk; FyNrfud;
Nghrhskd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud;> jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy epd;whd;> khtypthzhjpuhah;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l FWepy kd;dh;fshfpa thdhjpuhah;fs;> ehaf;fkd;duhfpa
jpUkiyehaf;fh;> nkhd;idg;gpuhd; tpuj Kbj;j ngUkhd; MdKidajiuad;>
khwth;k Re;jughz;bad;> Re;jughz;bad; kidtp jpUTilahs;> (m.Nfh.f>g-iv)
MfpNahuhth;.
mth;jk; jpUg;gzpfs;
Nrhokd;dh;fs;
gpw;fhyg;ghz;bakd;dh;fs;
Nghrhskd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud; jd; ngauhy; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;j re;jptopghL.
thzhjpuhah;fs; cgdhjp ];J}gpepWtpaJ.
jpUkiyehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapypd; %d;whk; jpUr;Rw;W fl;lg;gl;lJ.
nkhd;idg;gpuhd; tpujKbj;j ngUkhf; MdKidajiuad; ngauhy;
jpUkz;lgk;> myq;fhu kz;lgk;>jhq;F J}z;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
Re;jughz;bad; ngauhy; mikf;fg;gl;l FwL kz;lgk;
Kjyhk; khwth;k Re;jughz;bad; fy;ntl;L
Re;jughz;bad; kidtp jpUTilahs; ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtpf;F nfhLj;j
nehe;jhtpsf;Ffs;
JizE}w;gl;bay;
Abstract
The study of the paper finds out the facts related to messages as revealed in the book
‘Ettutthokai’. Martyrdom is considered as a noble virtue in Tamil society. The classic tamil
people gave much importance to the adventurous deeds of the warriors. So, they have given
due respect to them by erecting stonehenges. These evidences are seen in the literary sources
in detail. ‘Ettuttokai’ is one of the Sangam classics. It gives more information on the tradition
followed by the people on erecting stones to the martyrs. Therefore, the study helps to know
the cultural ethics and informations of Tamil Culture.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
Abstract
In Tamil Nadu temples are the main sources of archaeological evidences. They rely as
the epitome of Tamil Culture. Through the facts edicted in the culverts inside the premises or
the in around areas near to the Arthanareeswara temple of Thiruchencode, lots of evidences
are calculable to identify the titles of the Pandian and Chola kings. Their title names,
donations, philanthrophy given by them and other evidences related to the society and social
culture followed by them are evidently seen through the culverts in the Thiruchencode
Arthanareeswara temple. Hence, the article plans to decode the true facts found out from the
culverts.
Kd;Diu
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpy; Nfhapy;fs; kpfg;ngWk; tuyhw;Wg;
gzpapid nra;Js;sd. kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fs; jkpodp;d;
ehfupfk; gz;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpd; cau;r;rpiaf; fhl;b ep;w;fpd;wd. ,it ntWk;
topghl;Lj; jyq;fshf kl;Lk; mikahky; jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; gz;ghl;ilAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,lq;fshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd. jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; kf;fis
xUq;fpizj;J xw;Wik Vw;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fshfTk; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd. me;j
tifapy; mike;Js;s Nfhapy;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xu; Myae;jhd; ehkf;fy;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUr;nrq;NfhL Myak;. ,e;j Myaj;jpd; ngau; mu;j;jehup];tuu;
Nfhapy; vd;gjhFk;. ,f;Nfhapypd; ntspr;Rtupy; fhq;Nfad; fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.
Ntytd; NfhapYk; mUNf mike;Js;sJ.
,iwtd; jpUNkdpNa xU gz;ghl;il nkhopfpwJ.
cyfpy; MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; cUtNk mu;j;jehup];tuh;
cUtk;. ,J Fwpj;j gz;ghl;Lg; gjpit nkhopAk; Ma;twpQu; ng.mu;j;jehup];tud;
$Wk; fUj;J vz;zj;jf;fJ. njd;dfj;jpNy jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;by; jhd;
mu;j;jehup];tu;f;nfd;W jdp Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyf tho;f;if rpwg;Gw
mikaNtz;Lkhdhy; MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj;
jj;Jtj;ij cyf kf;fSf;F rptd; Nkw;nfhz;l tbtNk mu;j;jehup];tuh; tbtk;
MFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
flTs; rkak; fle;j epiyia ,e;j ,iw jj;Jtk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,J
jkpodpd; milahsk;. MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk; vz;Zk; gz;ghl;il cyFf;F
ciuj;Js;s rpw;gk; vd;W vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,e;j tbtk;
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. Nrf;fpohu;> ngupaGuhzk;
3. Nf.Nf.gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
4. ng.mu;j;ehup];tud;> jpUr;nrq;NfhL
5. T.A Gopinatharao Hindu I conogtaphy voll II Pat, P – 321
6. S II VaX1X, 219 , 426,441
7. ARE – 633 TO 905
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
Culverts and Copper Plates
Abstract
The antiqueness of Tamil Language and Culture is as old as the earth. That is
proclaimed as the Tamil Class is the ancient. All over the world, there is voluminous
evidence that Tamil Culture is the oldest in the world having lots of archaelocal proofs. Most
of the evidences are from the Culverts and Bronze Plates. Many Tamil kings had edicted
culverts and inscribed bronzelets and copper plates to show down their feats, actions, ethics,
etc related to the Tamil society. The Chola and Pandiya Kings had inscribed their titleverses
to proclaim their valour and achievement. The sources at Ilankai and in Tamil Nadu purport
that Tamil Civilization in the unawared places inside the state and putside and at Ilankai. The
inscriptions and edicts prove that Tamil society has arich culture. Modern archaeological
research will help to retrieve the hidden truths about Tamil culture through the ancient
evidences. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the antiqueness of Tamil Culture through
the Culverts and Bronzelets.
cyfpd; %j;j nkhop ek; jkpo; nkhop mjid nkd;NkYk; nkUF $l;LtNjhL
tUq;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; jkpouJ tho;tpaiy mth;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;ba nghWg;gpy; cs;Nshk;. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp
epWtdk; ,g;gzpia rPhpa Kiwapy; nray;gLj;jp tUtJ ghuhl;Ljw;FhpaJ tuNtw;fj;
jf;fjhFk;.
md;idj; jkpio Kd;dpWj;jp vOe;j cyf khDlj;jpd; cd;dj $W
jkpofk; vd;gij njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkhp
Mapilj; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. cyfshtpa
epiyapy; fzpdp top jkpo; gutpAs;sij vy;NyhUk; mwpth;. “ahJkhfp epd;wha;>
Njtp vq;Fk; eP epiwe;jha;” vd;fpwhh; ghujpahh; “ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph”; vd;gJ
fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhhpd; thf;F cyfkakhf;fy; cz;ikahfp cyfj; jkpoh;fis
,e;epfo;T ,izf;fpwJ. ,J kfpo;thd> epiwthd nra;jpahFk;. vt;TapUk; jd;Daph;
Nghy; vz;zpf; fhf;Fk; jkpohpd; nrt;tpay; newpf;F njhy;ypay; cWJiz GhpfpwJ
vd;gij Ma;tJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
fy;ntl;bYk; nrg;NgLfSk; jkpohpd; cah;e;j tho;tpay; newpia nts;spil
kiyahf tpsf;Ffpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lk; nrg;NgLk; xl;bg; gpwe;j ,ul;il thiofs;.
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspd; efyhf nrg;NgLfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jd. Mapuk; ths;
fy;ntl;L:
nrq;fly; topfhl;b 54 gj;jpapy; $wpa nra;jpiag; GwehD}W 48:16-y;
“Nfhij khh;gpw; NfhijahDk; Nfhijiag; Gzh;e;Njhh; NfhijahDk; khh;fop
kyh;e;j neq;j yhDk; fs; eh/Wk;Nk fhdy; mk; njhz;b m/Jvk; CNu mtd; vk;
,iwtd; md;Ndhw; glh;jp ahapd; ePAk”; vd;W $wpajpypUe;J mwpaj;jFk;
nra;jpahFk;.
mf];j]; rPrh;> Kjy; E}w;whz;bd; Nuhk ehl;L murd;. ,td; fhyj;jpy;
gUtf;fhw;wpd; cjtpAld; ,e;jpahTld; fly; top tzpfk; rPuha; ele;jJ vd;Wk;
,t;turd; cUtKila ehzaqfs; Jiw Kfg; gug;gpYk; cs; ehl;bYk; fpilj;jjd;
%yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; mUfpy; 1842 ,y; fpilj;j nts;spapyhd 522 ehzaq;fSs;
135 mf];l]; ehzaq;fs; 378 ilgPhpa]; vd;w Nuhk; murh;fs; fhyj;jitahFk;.
,jpypUe;J ,t;tpU ehLfSf;fpilNa fly;top tzpfk; rpwe;jpUe;jJ vd;Wk; ey;y
JiwKfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Nkyhz;ikAk; rpwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; njspthfpwJ.
jhkpuguzp ejp flypy; fyf;Fkplj;jpy; ,Ue;j nfhw;if Kj;J tpahghuj;jpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. rq;f fhyk; KjNy rpwe;j JiwKfg; gl;bdkhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. ,q;F Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpd; NghJ jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpj;j
ghid XLfs; fpilj;jd. mit etPd Nkk;ghl;L Nrhjid %yk; kpfj; njhd;ikahd
fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
fy;ntl;bd; Kf;fpag; gFjpahfj; jpfo;tJ nka;f;fhP ;j;jp. nka;f;fhP ;j;jp vd;gJ
xU Nte;jDila cz;ikg; GfioAk; mtd; tuyhw;iwAk; vLj;Jf;$wp gpd; mtd;
NjtpahUld; tho;f vd tho;j;jp> mtdJ ,aw;ngaNuhL rpwg;Gg; ngaiuAk; Ml;rp
Mz;ilAk; rpwg;ghff; $WtjhFk;. ,jd; ,yf;fzj;ij
“rPh; ehd; fhfp apuz;lbj; njhilaha; Nte;jd; nka;g; Gfnoy;yhk;
nrhy;ypak; me;jj;jtd; tuyhW nrhy;ypAk; mtSld; tho;f vdr; nrhy;ypAk;
kw;wtd; ,aw;ngah; gpd;dh; rpwf;f ahz;nldj; jpwk;gl Tiug;gJ rPh;
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp” vd;Wk; gd;dpU glyr; #j;jpuj;jhy; mwpayhk;.
Kjy; ,uhr uhr Nrhodpd; nka;fPh;j;jp
“jpUkfs; Nghyg; ngUepyr; nry;tpAk;” vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. Kjyhk;
,uhNre;jpur; Nrhodpd; nka;f;fhP ;j;jp “jpUkd;dp tsutpUepy kle;ijAk;” vd;W
njhlq;FfpwJ. ,uhrhjpuhrdpd; nka;fPh;j;jp “jpq;fNsh jUjd; nwhq;fy;
ntz;Filf;fPo;” vd;Wk; tPuuhNre;jpudpd; nka;fPh;j;jp “jpUtsh; jpus;Gaj;J ,U
epytytk;” vd;Wk; mhpNfrhp guhf; fpuk ghz;badpd; nka;f;fhP ;j;jp “G+kpkpir tdpij
khh;gpdpw; nghypa” vd;Wk;.
Kjy; ,uhNre;jpud; tq;fhs Njrk; tiu ntw;wp fz;lhd; vd;gij “jq;fhj
rhuy; tq;fhs NjrKk;” vd tUk; mtdJ nka;f;fhP ;j;jpahy; mwpayhk;.
tpra je;jp tpf;fpukth;k gy;ytdpd; Ik;gj; njhd;whk; Ml;rp Mz;lhfpa
fp.gp.828-y; jpUNtq;flj;Jg; ngUkhs; mbfSf;Fr; Nrho ehl;L Nrhodhh; cyfg;
ngUkhdhh; jpUtpsf;fpd; nghUl;L Kg;gJ foQ;R nghd;id %yjdkhf itj;Js;shh;.
mijf; nfhz;L fUf;fpg;gl;bia thq;fp jpUtpsf;F itf;fg;gl;L te;jJ vd;w nra;jp
1
1. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s epyhtiu – fpzW ,Jtiu Mok; fhz KbahjJ.
mbapy; Ruq;fg;ghijAk; ,Uf;fpwJ
2
2. ,uhtzd; jd; jhapd; <kr; rlq;fpw;fhf Njhz;ba Ie;J fpzWfs;
Fspg;gjw;Nfw;w ntg;g epiyapy; vg;nghOJk; cs;sJ.
3 4
3. ,yq;ifapy; ENthh;,ypah vd;w ,lj;jpy; rpiw ,Ue;j rPijaplk; mDkd;
fizahop toq;fpa ghiwapy; mDkdpd; fhy;jlk;.
(ghy ruRtjp mtuJ fztUld;)
4. nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp
Abstract
The paper tells about the remnants of the stone age evidences at Thaliyur. It is a field
study conducted directly on the site by professors Noorullah and Balaji of reputed colleges in
Tamil Nadu. The study is an eye opener of site study in the archaeological sites of Tamil
Region. Hence, the article gives out the minute details of the remnants of Thaliyur.
1.ngUq;fy;jpl;ilfs;
,f;fy; jpl;ilf;Ff; fPo; KJkf;fs; jhop xd;W rpije;j epiyapy ;fhzg;
ngWfpd;wJ. Nkw;Gwk; mike;j fy;iyj; njhg;gpf;fy;vd;gu;. ,jd; gf;fthl;by; ehd;F
GwKk; gl;baf; fw;fs; rpwpa miw Nghd;W nrq;Fj;jhf epWj;jg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
,e;epiyapy; ,Ue;Nj gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;yiw vOg;Gk; tof;fk; Njhd;wpapUf;f KbAk;.
,q;F mike;jpUf;Fk; fy;jpl;ilapy; ,UGwk;kl;Lk; KOikahff; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
Vida gFjpfs; rpjpykile;J tpl;ld.
2.KJkf;fs;jhopfs;
,itaidj;Jk; ,j;njhy;ypay; fsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gha;tpy; Nrfupf;fg; ngw;w
nghUl;fshFk;. KJkf;fs; jhopapd; cile;j ghfq;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; kpFjpahff;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fhzg; ngWk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
,lq;fspy; G+Ntiyg;ghL mike;j ,t;NthL fhzg; ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jpUe;j ghid tidAk; Fatu;fs; ,ij vt;thW nra;jdu;
vd;gij mwpa ,aytpy;iy. ghid tidAk; Fatu;fisg; (Nfhtd;) gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; GwehD}w;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
‘fyk;nra;NfhNtfyk;nra;NfhNt
,Us;jpzpe;jd;dF&cj;jpws;g&cg;Gif’(Gwk;.228)
‘fyk;nra;NfhNtfyk;nra;NfhNt
mr;Rilrhfhl;LMuk;nghUe;jpa’( Gwk;.256)
ghidtidAk; Fatu;fSldhd ciuahly;fs; rpy nrt;tpay; gDty;fspy;
gjpthfpAs;sd. goe;jkpo;g; Gytu; xUtUk; fztid ,oe;j ngz;nzhUj;jpAk;
Fatd; xUtdplk; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itg;gjhf Nkw;Fwpj;j rhd;Wfs;
mikfpd;wd. GwehD}W 228-Mk; ghliyg; ghba IA+u; Kltdhu; Fatidg; ghu;j;J
vdJ kd;ddpd; GfOf;F Vw;w mstpy; kpfg; ngupa jhopapid cd;dhy; nra;a
KbAkh? vdf; Nfl;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. GwehD}W 256-Mk; ghlypy; ngz; xUj;jp
Nghupy; ,we;J Nghd jdJ fztNdhL Nru;j;Jj; jd;idAk; mlf;fk; nra;tjw; Nfw;w
ngupa jhopapidr; nra;ag; gzpf;fpd;whs;. ,jd; %yk; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; ghid
nra;Ak; Fatu;fs; vj;jifaj; jhopapidAk; Goq;F nghUl;fisAk; nra;Ak;
njhopy;El;gk; mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu; vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. jhopA+upy;
fpilf;Fk; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> gok; ghidNahLfs; cs;spl;l <kg; nghUl;fs; gy
jug;gl;l epiyfspy; fpilj;jpUg;gJ ,t;tpyf;fpar; rhd;Wfis nka;g;gpg;gjhf
cs;sJ. ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j jhopfs; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg ngWtjd;
fhuzkhfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+u; jhopA+u; vd miof;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. jhopfisr;
nra;Ak; Fatu;fs; tho;e;jpUe;j gFjpahfTk; mike;jpUf;f ,lKz;L.
epiwTiu
1. jhsp(op)A+u; vd;w ,t;T+upy; ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fs Ma;tpd;
topahff; fz;lwpag; ngw;Ws;sjd; %ykhf ,g;gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhyg;gz;ghL
epytpapUe;jikapid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
2. ngUq;fw;fhy KJkf;fs; jhopfs; ,g;gFjpapy fhzg; ngWtjhy; ,t;T+Uf;Fj;
Jizepd;wit
Abstract
The paper tells about the Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization The study
is an eye opener of site study in the archaeological sites. Hence, the article gives out the
minute details of the remnants of Ponneri.
Kd;Diu
Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPfk; Njhd;wpaij tuyhw;W Ma;thyu;fs; Muha Kw;gl;l
gpd;Gjhd; khDl tuyhWfs; kpf Ntfkhf Muhag;gl;L gjpTnra;J tUtij tuyhw;W
tiuthsu;fshd Nf.Nf gps;is f.ntq;flrhkp MfpNahu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
fhyj;jpd; njhd;ikahy; khDl r%fj;jpd; gpwg;gplkhf epiy nfhz;Ls;s MuzpaWk;
nfhw;wiyahWk; jkJ gazj;jpy; kdpjFy ehfuPfj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;J
tsu;j;njLj;Js;sJ vd;gij nghd;Ndup tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Muha;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ. Ma;Tf;fskhf tpsq;Fk;
njhz;il ehll;bd; jpUts;Shu; khtl;lkhdJ vl;L tl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT 3424 rJu fpNyh kPl;lu;fshFk;. ,jpy; nghd;Ndup
tl;lj;jpd; miktplk; 13.32° 80.2° MFk;. fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,t;T+u;
ruhrupahf 10 kPl;lu; (32 mb) cauj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kPQ;R+u; Nrhotuk; Mfpa
Cuhl;rp xd;wpaq;fs; cs;sd.
njhz;il ehLk; rq;f E}y;fSk;
tlngz;iz Kjy; njd;ngz;iz tiu ,Ue;j epyg;gug;Ng mf;fhyj;
njhz;ilkz;lyk; vdg;gl;lJ. m/J mUthehL> mUth tljiyehL vd ,uz;L
gpupTfshf ,Ue;jJ. tlf;Nf ,Ue;j mUth tljiy ehl;by; jpUg;gjpiaj;jhd;
'fupfhw;Nrhod; fhL nfLj;J ehlhf;fpdhd; tpisepyq;fshf Mf;fpdhd;. Vup
Fsq;fis ntl;Ltpj;jhd;; njhz;il kz;lyj;ij ehlhf;fpdhd;; ehfupfj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;' vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy Kjypa jkpo; E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.'jpiuad;'
mUthtljiy ehl;il Mz;lNghJ ',se;jpiuad;' mUth ehl;il Mz;ldd;
vd;gJk; mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ. njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; vd;gtd; fhQ;rpia Mz;l
jkpo; murdhf ,Ug;gJ ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. njhz;ilkhd;
,se;jpiuad; fhyj;jpy; fhsj;jp Kjypa kiyehLfisr; Nru;e;j fhLfspy; fstu;
vd;Dk; tFg;gpdu; tho;e;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fl;Fj; jiytdhf ,Ue;jtd; Gy;yp vd;gtd;.
,td; jpiuaDf;F mlq;fp ,Ue;jhdh my;yJ khWgl;ltdh vd;gij
Mjhu Ehw;fs;
Abstract
The brief study on the origin and the developments of the culverts in Tamil Nadu
deals with the beginings of culvert edicts from the Brahmi culverts of the great Ashoka, the
various types of culverts, culvert Sites, culverts in South India, old Indian culverts, Tamil
culverts of tha Tamil Kings, literary evidences and etc to reclaim the nobility of Tamil
culture. The paper discloses the facts in the archaeological facts.
JizE}y;fs;
Abstract
The brief study on the origin and the developments of the Archaic History and
Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai. It is a very famous temple in the Sivagangai District.
Lord shiva is the presiding God. It is famous for the Maragatha Lingam and the Culvert
edicts. The paper discloses the facts in the archaeological facts.
Nfhapy; fl;likg;G
cj;jpuNfhrkq;iff; Nfhapy; fl;blf;fiy kuG jpuhtplf; fl;blf;fiy
kughFk;. rptDf;Fk;> cikf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa ,uh[NfhGu EioTthapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk; <rDf;fhd EioTthapy; kl;Lk; jw;nghOJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfhapypd; cl;gpufhu Eiotpy; ahspapd; thapy; fy;yhy; Md ge;Js;sJ. ,g;ge;ij
mjd; thapypUe;J cUl;lyhk;. Mdhy; ntspapy; vLf;f KbahJ. ,J jkpo;r;
rpw;gf;fiy tuyhw;Wf;F xU rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. cyfpy; cs;s 1087
rpthyaq;fisAk; jd;Ds; mlf;fpa rf];uypq;fk;> ghzhRud; topg;gl;l ghzypq;fk;>
];gbfypq;fk;> 11 tpehafH rpiy> uh[NfhGuj;jpy; ruNg];tuH rpiy> gr;ir kufj
ypq;fk;> khzpf;fthrfH ypq;fk;> rpiy> mf;dpjPHj;jk;> ,ye;ij kuk; ahTk;
rpwg;Gilad.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;ifapy; cs;s gQ;rNyhf eluh[H rpiyiag; ghHj;jhy;
tyJGwk; Mz;fs; MLk; jhz;ltKk; ,lJGwk; ngz;fs; MLk; espdkhd
fiyg;gilg;ghfTk; cs;sJ. tpf;fpufj; jpUNkdp> fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;GfisAk;
ghHf;Fk;NghJ ,e;eluh[H rpiyAk; njhd;ikahdjhff; fUjyhk;. Nfhapy; thrypy;
tpehafH> KUfH itg;G KiwAk; khwpAs;sJ. KUfDf;F thfdkhf ahid
cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf KUfDf;F ,e;jpud; jdJ Iuhtjj;ij ,j;jyj;jpy;
mspj;jhd; vd;W Mjp rpjk;gu kfhj;kpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
NkYk; ,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiwapypUe;J rpjk;guk;> ,uhNk];tuk;> nkf;fh
,d;Dk; gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; Ruq;f top ,Ug;gjhfj; njhd;kr; rhd;Wfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;top kdtop vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhtpypy; cs;s Xtpaq;fSk;
rpw;gq;fSk; goikAk; moFk; tha;e;jdthFk;.
cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - kufjf;fy; eluh[H
cyfj;jpNyNa kpfg;ngupa kufjf; fy;yhy; Md rpiy ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;sJ
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. rhjhuzxyp miyfs; $l kufjj;ij cjpuitf;Fk;. mjdhy;jhd;
~kj;jsk; nfhl;l kufjk; cjpUk;|> ~ke;jpu xypf;Ff; $l kufjk; cjpUk;| vd;W
,yf;fpa tof;Ffspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fhuzk; gw;wpNa ,r;rpiy
tbtikj;j rz;Kf tbNtyH re;jdf; fhg;gpl;L kufjr; rpiyia kiwj;jhH.
,r;rpiyNa Mjp eluh[H. kufjk; xypf;Nf cjpUk; vd;why; cspahy;
nrJf;fg;gl;lhy; vg;gbj; jhq;Fk;. mjdhy; ,J kdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;
jhdhf Rak;G tbtpy; te;jjhfTk; fUJtH.
nly;ypiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L 1300 fspy; Ml;rpnra;j myhTjpd; fpy;[p>
,f;Nfhapy; kufjf;fy; rpiyiaf; nfhs;isabf;f Kaw;rpnra;J Njhw;whd;. ,NjNghy;
gyH vLf;f Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdH. rkPgj;jpy; $l kufjr; rpiyiaf; nfhs;isabf;f
jpUl;Lf; Fk;gy; ,f;NfhtpypDs; Eioe;jjhf Clfr; nra;jpfs; thapyhfTk; mwpa
Kbe;jJ. Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; ,d;Dk; gpwuhYk; ,r; rpiy fsthlg;
glhikf;F rz;Kf tbNtyH nra;j re;jdf;fhg;G ghJfhg;Ng MFk;. ,f;Nfhapy;
Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfH Kjypa gy ngupNahHfs; ghbAs;sdH. mUzfpupehjH
,q;Fs;s KUfd; kPJ jpUg;Gfo; ghbAs;shH. kq;fs <];tupiag; Nghw;Wk; tifapy;
t.j. Rg;ukzpak; gps;is gps;isj;jkpo; ghbAs;shH (1901> 1956 ,y; kWgjpg;G
te;Js;sJ)> kJiug;Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> tPurpq;fhjdGuhzk;> Mjp
Jiz E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper deals on the facts related to the relics of Tamil civilization in the Tamil
region. It speaks of the origins of Tamil people, their lands demolished in the deluge, their
language, culture and customs through archaeological evidences. Therefore, the study traces
the antiqueness of Tamil culture with reference to the archaeological sources..
ghujg; Nghu;
ghujg; Nghupidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Js; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
ghz;ltu; Ie;J NgUld; nfsutu; E}WNgUk; Nghupl;l NghJ mt;tpU gilfSf;Fk;
cjpad; Nruyhjd; czT nfhLj;Js;sijg; GwehDhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“myq;Fisg; Gutp ItnuhL rpid,
epyk;jiyf; nfhz;l nghyk;G+e; Jk;ig
<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJ fsj;njhopag;
ngUQ;Nrhw;W kpFgjk; tiuahJ nfhLj;Njha;” (Gwk;.2:13-16)
,jidg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilAk; gjpT nra;fpwJ.
“<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJfsj;J mtpag;
Nguku;f; fle;j nfhLQ;rp neL;e;Nju;
Muhr; nrUtpd; Itu; Nghy” (ngUk;.415-417)
,UngUk; gilfSf;Fg; ngUQ;NrhW nfhLj;j fhuzj;jhy; ,e;jr; Nrud;
ngUQ;Nrhw;Wjpad; Nruyhjd; vd;W $wg;gl;lhd;. ghujg; Nghu; eilngw;w fhyk;
fp.K.1500 vdg;gLfpwJ. mg;gbahdhy; ,e;jr; Nrudpd; fhyk; fp.K.1500Mf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; $Wfspy; ,ny%upah vd;Dk; Fkupf; fz;lk;> jkpoupd; gpwg;gplk;>
gz;ilj; jkpoupd; epy mikg;G> ee;ju;> Nkhupau; MfpNahupd; Fwpg;Gfs;> ghujg; Nghu;
epfo;T Mfpad ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfshf mike;J jkpoupd; njhd;ikapid
mwptjw;Fj; JizGupfpd;wd.
KJkf;fs; jhop
njhy;ypay; mfo;tpy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk; ngw;wdthFk;.
Mjpr;rey;Y}upYk;> GJit mupf;fNkl;bYk; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; KJkf;fs; jhopfs;
jkpou;fspd; ehfupfr; rpd;dq;fs; vdg;Nghw;wj;jf;fd. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiuj;
jhopapy; Gijg;gJ gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
“fyk;nra; NfhNt fyk;nra;NfhNt
,Us; jpzpe;jd;d F&cj;jpud; g&cg;Gif
mfypU tpRk;gpd; Cd;Wk; #is
ede;jiy %J}u;f; fyQ;nra; NfhNt” (Gwk;.228:1-4)
vd;W kl;fyk; nra;gtidg; ghu;j;Jg; Gytu; xUtu;> ~Nrhod; fps;sp tstd;
,we;Jgl;ldd;. mtid mlf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtd; GfOf;Fj; jf;fthW jhop
nra;a Ntz;LNk eP vq;qdk; nra;ag; Nghfpwha; vd;W Nfl;fpwhu;. ,jd;top Gijf;
Fopfs;> fy;yiwfs;> jhopfs; Mfpad ,we;Njhiug; mlf;fk; nra;a rq;f fhyj;jpy;
gad;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ. Nghupy; ,we;j tPuu;fisg; Gijg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp
mtd; epidthff; fy;el;L topghL nra;jYk; cz;L. ,tw;iw eLfy;> tPuf;fy;>
khrjpf;fy; vd toq;fpdu;. xU ehfupfj;jpd; ,ilawhj njhlu;rr ; pahf tpsq;Fk;
,e;epfo;tpidr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“guYil kUq;fpw; gJf;if Nru;j;jp
kuy;tFj;J njhFj;j nrk;G+q; fz;zpahL
mzpkapw; gPyp #l;bg; ngau; nghwpj;J
,dpJ el;ldNu fy;Yk;” (Gwk;.264:1-4)
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;
Archaeology and the Study of Culverts
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and the study of culverts in the Tamil
region. It gives a very clear detail on the proponent scholars of archaeology. The study
scrutinizes the types of archaeological excavations done all over the world. It quotes down
the roles of the archaeologist and the rules for them to follow. Hence, the paper attempts all
sorts of Tamil linguistic and archaeological explanations are detailedin the paper.
njhy;ypaypd; tiffs;
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ goikahd nghUl;fs; mwptpay; g+h;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Jiw MFk;. Mdhy; fhy fl;lq;fSf;F Vw;gTk; nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; gFjpfis
itj;Jk;> nghUl;fspd; gphpit itj;Jk;> mit Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; Kiwia itj;Jk;
njhy;ypay;Jiw ty;Yeh;fs; njhy;ypaiy tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
kj;jpajiug; gFjp njhy;ypay;
fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpaj; njhy;ypay; gphpit kj;jpa jiuf;fly; njhy;ypay; vd;W
miof;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpd;w
fhuzj;jpdhy; njhy;ypay; Ruq;fk; vd;Wk; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; ePub mUq;fhl;rpak;
vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;.
vfpg;jpaj; njhy;ypay;
vfpg;J ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpakpf;f gpukpLfSk;> mq;Nf fpilf;Fk; mhpa fiyr;
nry;tq;fSNk vfpg;jpaj; njhy;ypay; vd;Dk; jdpg;gphpT Njhd;Wtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhapw;W goq;fhy kdpjdpd; ehfhpfk;> vOj;JKiw Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspthf
vfpg;jpa njhy;nghUspay; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l njhy;ypay;
gy ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Njhd;wpa kdpjidg; gw;wpa ve;jtpj
vOj;J Mtzq;fSk; ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt kdpjdpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk;>
kdpj ehfhpf tsh;r;rpiaAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fkf; njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs
Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
cNyhff; fhyj;njhy;ypay;
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jidj;
njhlh;e;J ntz;fyf; fhyk;> nrk;Gf;fhyk; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,f;fhy fl;lq;fspy;
kdpjd; jdf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fisAk; Mil mzpfyd;fisAk; cw;gj;jp
nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,it cNyhff; fhy njhy;ypay; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
tuyhw;Wf; fhy ehfhpfq;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fj; njhy;ypay;
rhd;WfNshL ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSk; Jizepw;fpd;wd. tuyhw;Wf; fhyj; njhy;ypay;
vd;gJ gz;ilf;fhyj; njhy;ypay;> kj;jpa fhyj;njhy;ypay;> njhopw;njhy;ypay;>
nghUspay; njhy;ypay;> ,ijj; njhy;ypay; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ngsj;jj; njhy;ypay;
vd;W gyp gphpTfshfg; gphpe;J tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
njhy;nghUspay; nghUshjhuk;
njhy;ypay; Ma;tpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L mf;fhy
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifia mwpayhk;. ekJ njhd;ikahd gaphpay; $Wfs;
kdpjdpd; nghUshjhuf; fhyfl;lepiy mtd; czT> ciwtpl Kiwfs;>
,aw;ifapd; khWghLfSf;Nfw;g kdpjdpd; ,aq;fpte;j epiy Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhpe;J
nfhs;s mtrpakhd xd;whfg; nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,dtpay; njhy;nghUspay;
,k;Kiw r%f-khDltpay; Nehf;fpy; njhy;nghUspaiy MuhAk; KiwahFk;.
Rpy ,d kf;fs; gpw kf;fNshL fye;J thohky; jdpj;Nj Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy;
trpj;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fspd; r%ff; fyhr;rhug; gof;ftof;fq;fisf;
2. nts;spf;fhyk;
3. gpj;jisf; fhyk;
4. Guhz ehafh;fspd; fhyk;
5. ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
vd Ie;J tifahfg; gphpj;jhh;fs;.
,e;jpahtpy; njhy;ypay; tsh;rr ; pf;F tpj;jpl;lth;fs;
,e;jpa kd;dh;fshy; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,f;fiyr; nry;tq;fspd;
mUikia cyfpw;F mwpar; nra;j ngUik Mq;fpNya mwpQh;fisNa rhUk;.
Mrpahtpd; Guhjdg; ngUikfis ntspf;nfhzu xU mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mhpa
gzpiar; nra;jth; rh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gth; Mthh;. rhh;y]; tpy;fpd;];>
fNyhdy; Nfhapd; nkf;fd;rp> n[k;];gphpd;]g;> fNyhdy; kpNlh]; ila;yh;> Nk[h;
fNyhdy; mnyf;]hz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk;> uhgh;l; G&];g+l;> N[k;];gh;nf];> fh;rd; gpuG>
rh;[hd; khh;~y;> rh;khh;bkh; tPyh; Nghd;Nwhh; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbfshth;.
fy;ntl;bay;
gz;ila tuyhw;iwj; njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; gy;NtW rhd;Wfspy;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhdit. fy;ypy; ntl;lg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;W $WfpNwhk;. fy;ypy; vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpj;jhy; mit mopahky;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;gij Kd;Ndhh; fz;ldh;.
',sikapy; fy;tp rpiyapy; vOj;J'
'ey;yhh; xUth;fF ; r; nra;j cgNjrk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghy; fhZNk'
vd;w njhlh;fs; ,jid tpsf;Fk;.
Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j nfhilfisAk;> Nfhapypy; nra;j jpUg;gzpfisAk;
Cuhh;; rigahh; KbTfisAk;> murdJ MizfisAk; Nfhapypy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg;
nghwpj;J itj;jdh;. Gz;zpaj;jpw;fhfTk;> GfOf;fhfTk; nghwpj;J itj;j
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;jhd; ,d;W ekf;F mf;fhy tuyhw;iw mwptpf;Fk; rhd;Wfshfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd. mit ngUk;ghYk; ciu tbtpYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; ghly; tbtpYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Kf;fp;a mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; xU gphpT fy;ntl;bay; MFk;.
fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ghiwfspYk; FiffspYk; FwpaPLfisAk;
vOj;Jf;fisAk; nghwpf;f ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd;
tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; njhpe;J nfhs;s ,it Kjd;ik rhd;Wfshf epd;W
cjTfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; vOj;Jfspd; Njhw;wk;
goq;fhy kdpj ,dk; $bthoTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; jd; fUj;Jfisg; gpwhplk;
$wTk; Kw;gl;l nghOJ xypfis vOg;gpdhd;. gpd; jd; jq;Fk; Fiffspy;
rpj;jpuq;fisj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j gr;rpiyfisf; nfhz;L jPl;bdhd;. mtw;wpNyNa
jd; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpAk; FwpaPLfspy; NtWgLj;jpAk; fhl;bdhd;. gpd;G
FwpaPLfis vOj;Jfshf khw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;.
Mjhuq;fs;
Abstract
The focus of the study has been planned to prove that archaeology is not only the
scientific study of the ancient remnants but a continious study (logy) to identify and to
commemorate the reputation of a society or culture or civilization. This discussion suggests
that in Tamil identity, the field of archaeology has done its important part in finding the
historical object of Tamil civilization and culture. Moreover, the screening moves to find the
architecture and sculpture patterns, ancient remnants and the excavations done at Korkai,
Adichanallur, Keeladi, Kodumanal and other areas of Tamil Nadu. Hence, the paper
discloses the derivated details from the resources.
njhy;ypay;
tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhy kdpjh;fisAk; mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
nghUl;fisAk; gw;wpg; gbg;gJ njhy;ypay; MFk;. njhy;ypay; Ma;tpw;F Kf;fpa
Mjhukhf mfo;thuha;rr ; pg; nghUl;fs; cjTfpd;wd. njhy;ypay; my;yJ
njhy;nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf; fiy njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;> kdpj
kpr;rq;fs; vz;zpkg; nghUl;fs; kw;wk; epyj; Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa
nghUl;fis ntspf;nfhzh;e;J. Mtzg;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;T> gjpT nra;tjd; %yk;
nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg; gz;ghNl MFk;.
njhy;ypaypd; tuyhW
“/gpstpNah gpNahd;Nlh’ vd;w ,j;jhypa tuyhw;W mwpQh; gz;ila Nuhkpd;
njhy;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L xU Kiwahd fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwia cUthf;fpdhh;.
mjdhy; ,th;> ‘njhy;ypaiyf; fz;Lgpbj;jth;’ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ‘rphpNaf;Nfh>
gprpNfhyp’ vd;w ,j;jhypa tzpfh; fpof;F kj;jpa flypy; cs;s njhy;nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L ‘fkhd;lhpah’ vd;w MW njhlh; Gj;jfq;fis gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;by;
vOjpdhh;. mjdhy; ,th; ‘njhy;ypaypd; je;ij’ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
,jw;Fg; gpwF 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,j;Jiw
ngUk; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ. INuhg;gpah;fs; kiwe;J Nghdjhff; fUjg;gLk; ‘l;uha;’
epyj;ij gw;wp mwptjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; ‘rhhh;yR lhh;tdpd;’ ghpzhkf; nfhs;ifAk;
,j;Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
njhy;ypayhsh;fs; jq;fs; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wp Ma;T
nra;tjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; fle;j fhyk; gw;wpa mth;fsJ
Nfs;tpfspy; njhf;fp epw;Fk;. ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;J mth;fSf;F Mh;tk; cz;L. Gjpa
ghh;it E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and the study human science in the point
of anthropological and microbiological perspectives. The openness of the archaeological
excavations led the world to study the origin of human beings and their civilizations. That
also led them to study the genetical stages they have developed by the fossils got in the
excavations. These findings help to find out the culture and civilization of the Tamil people.
Hence, the paper attempts all sorts of Tamil linguistic and archaeological explanations are
detailedin the paper.
E}w; gl;bay;
1. Kidth;.e.mwpTuh[;> Kidth;.M.Fkhh; “jkpof tuyhWk;> jkpoh; gz;ghLk;” –
Kjw;gjpg;G : [_d; 2010> ntspaPL : ghit gg;spNf\d;];> ,uhag;Ngl;il>
nrd;id 14.
2. lhf;lh;.fh.kPdhl;rpRe;juk;;> “gz;GilNahhpd; gy;Jiwg; ghh;itfs;;”–(gy;Jiwf;
fl;Liufs;) ,uz;lhk;;gjpg;G : 2006> ntspaPL : DTP., KO Se.Iyyappan,
Coimbatore – 46.
3. v];.gp.tpNtfp> “NtjKk; tpQ;QhdKk;” – Kjw;gjpg;G : brk;gh;; 2009> ntspaPL:
v];.Mh;.gphpz;l;> mq;Frk;> jpUnthw;wpa+h;> nrd;id – 19.
The paper traces the origins of archaeology and a glance on the culverts and copper
plates. These findings help to find out the culture and civilization of the Tamil people. Hence,
the paper attempts to trace Tamil archaeology.
Kd;Diu
ehl;bd; njhz;ik tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfspy; xd;W fy;ntl;Lfs; (m) rpyhrhrdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by;
fhye;NjhUk; fy;ntl;Lfs; vt;tsT nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij lhf;lH v.Rg;guhAY
mtHfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW ml;ltizg; gLj;jpAs;shH.
fy;ntl;Lfspd;
t.vz; fhyk; (fp.gp) murH
vz;zpf;if
gy;ytH 300
gpw 300
nkhj;jk; 13400
nrg;NgLfspd; vz;zpf;if
fp.gp. 550 – 1300 - 60
fp.gp. 1300 – 1900 - 500
nkhj;jk; - 560
7. fj;jpf;fhdk; :
fj;jp Kjypa NghHf; fUtpfis nra;Nthhplk;
thq;fg;gl;l MAjthp
rhrdj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,e;j rhrdj;ij toq;fpa Kjyhk; guNkRtutHkd;
Gfiof; $Wk; RNyhfk; cs;sJ. mjpy; murd; gujd;> rfud;> fHzd;> aahjp Mfpa
ehd;F murHfSld; xg;gplg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhd;. $uk; nrg;Ngl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
tpj;jpahtpePj gy;ytuhrd; Ntz;bf;nfhs;s gy;yt murd; guNkRtuH tHkd; ,e;j
Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jhd; vd;W mwpa KbfpwJ. guNkRtu jlhfk; vd;w VhpiaAk;
ghyhw;wpypUe;J ,jw;F ePH nfhz;L tUk; fhy;iaAk; ,d;Dk; fhzyhk;.
ghh;it Ehy;fs;
Abstract
The paper tells about the Remnant city of Keeladi near the present Madurai. Tamil
people’s culture and origin has been dated and calculated by the help of Aathichanallur
exvacations but the finding of the Keeladi site becomes prominent to know about the culture
and the civilization there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the findings at the
Keeladi site.
Kd;Diu
rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUg;Gtdk; topahf ,uhNkRtuk; nry;Yk;
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy;> kJiu efUf;Fj; njd;fpof;Nf Rkhh; 12 fp.kP. njhiytpy;
fPob njhy;ypay; NkLk;> mfoha;tplKk; mike;Js;sd. itif Mw;wpd;
njd;fiuapYs;s ,t;T+h; nfhe;jif> kzY}h; Nghd;w gy;NtW tuyhw;wplq;fshy;
#og;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nfhe;jif> kzY}h;> gs;spr;re;ij vd;Dk; njhd;ikahd
FbNaw;wq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;> CUf;Fs;NsNa njhy;ypay; NkL ,Ug;gJk;
,f;fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj;jd;ikia muz; nra;Ak;.
,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w nrq;fw;fl;LkhdKk; kw;Wk; tho;tpay; njhlh;ghd
Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhy; - nghUl;fSk; xU KOikahd tsh;r;rpaile;j efuk;
Gije;Js;sij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gLk; efu
mikg;Gf;fs; fw;giday;y> cz;iknad;W ,t;tfo;tha;T ep&gpj;Js;sJ. Nkw;fpy;
Nrukz;lyj;ijAk;> fpof;fpy; ,uhNkRtuk; mg;ghy; ,yq;ifiaAk;> ghz;ba
kz;lyj;ijAk; ,izj;jpLk; gy;NtW tzpf topj;jlq;fs; ,g;gs;sj;jhf;fpD}Nl
fpisj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd. ,g;ngUtopj; jlj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ rq;ffhy Cuhd fPob.
fPob njhy;efuk; fz;Lgpbg;G
,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; gug;gha;T epWtdk; 1861 – Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j epWtdj;jpy; gy gphpTfs; cs;sd. mjpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd gphpT mfoha;Tg;
gphpT vd;W $wyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 6 njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tg; gphpTfs;
cs;sd. rkPgj;jpy; 2001 ,y; jhd; njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F vd;W mfoha;Tg; gphpT xd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd; mikf;fg;gl;l 5 mfoha;Tg; gphpTfSk; tl,e;jpahtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;l 5 mfoha;Tg; gphpTfSk; tl,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lit. fpU\;zh>
Nfhjhthpf;F fPNo ve;jnthU gphpTk; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. 2013 ,y; jhd; ,e;j
gphptpy; jpU.fp.mkh;ehj; uhkfpU\;zh njhy;ypay; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; mth;fSf;F
E}w;gl;bay;
Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
=rhujh kfsph; fy;Y}hp> nguk;gY}h;.
Abstract
The paper brings forth the details inscribed in the culverts regarding the county
Venad in the culverts of Karala. The facts tell about the culvert edicts of Cholapuram,
Thirukadithanam, Mampalli of present Kerala and Rameswaram temple of Tamil Nadu. The
evidences got through the culverts say about the state of the Venad kings and their position
under the Padian kings. This county lied between Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The
glorious past of the Venad royalties are elicited in the paper. Hence, the paper discloses the
derivated facts from the sources.
3. A+jh;fspd; FbNaw;wk;
4. kzpf;fpukk; mQ;Rtz;zk; Nghd;w tpahghuf; FOf;fspd; Nrit
5. fp.gp.825 ,y; nfhy;ykhz;L Jtf;fk;
Nghd;w tuyhw;W epfo;Tfshy; nghUshjhuk; Nkd;ikaile;J NtzhL tuyhw;wpy;
jdf;nfd;w xU jdpaplj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. ,JNghd;w Nruh;fspd; njd;gFjp NtzhL
gyKiw Nrho> ghz;bah;fspd; flw;gil Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F cs;shdJ.
jpUf;fbj;jhdk; fy;ntl;L
“nrh]; j= Nfhg;gh;f;fudputp kh; jpUtbf;F
nry;yhepd;w Ahz;buhd;lhkhz;ilf; nfjph;
ge;jpuhkhz;L NtzhLila Nfhth;jdk;
khh;j;jhz;ld; mikr;R ed;WioehL
tho;e;” (T.A.S.Vol.V.P.177)
vd;w gh];fhuutpth;kdpd; jpUf;fbj;jhdk; fy;ntl;by;Nfhth;j;jd khh;j;jhz;lhd;
NtzhL murdhf tpsq;Ffpwhh;. NkYk;> mthplk; ed;Wio ehl;bd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk;
xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
“mr;Nrhpf;fy; fhuhz;ik nra;j Ntzhl;L FkuDija
th;k;kd;…………………………” (T.A.S.Vol.V.P.45)
vd;w nfhy;yk; ,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;by; ,uhk FyNrfudpd;
Nfhapyjpfhhpfs; Fkhud; cjath;kd; vd;gtiu Ntzhl;bYs;s Nrhpf;fy;ypd;
(FbapUg;G) nghWg;ig xg;gilf;fpwhh;. ,th; gpd;dh; Ntzhl;L murdhf khwpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mf;fy;ntl;Lg; gFjp mope;j epiyapiyNa fpilj;Js;sJ. vdNt>
njspthf mwpaKbatpy;iy.
khk;gs;spr; nrg;NgL
nfhy;yj;jpy; mike;Js;s ‘gdq;fhTy muz;kidiaf;’ Fwpj;J khk;gs;spr;
nrg;NgL (T.A.S. Vol.IV.P.9) kw;Wk; gy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nra;jpfspy; cs;sd. me;j
muz;kidapy; itj;J ,uhkFyNrfud; (fp.gp.1102) xU $l;lj;ij elj;jpAs;shh;.
vdNt> Nruh;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhff; nfhy;yk; tpsq;fpaJ. NkYk; gdq;fhT
muz;kid murh;fspd; tpUe;jpdh; khspifahf tpsq;fpapUf;fyhk;. mJNghd;W
NtzhL Fwfpa fhyj;jpy; rf;jp tha;e;jjhf tpsq;fpajw;Ff; nfhy;yj;jpd; jiyefuk;
xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;.
KbTiu
kpfg;goq;fhyj;jpy; NtzhL nfhy;yj;jpw;Fk; jpUtde;jGuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
xU rpW ehlhf ,Ue;jJ. fp.gp.8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk; tiu NtzhL Ma;ehl;bd;
xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,g;ngah;
Ntzhl;L kd;dh; ma;adbfs; jpUtbfspd; jhprhg;gs;sp rhrdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
mjd;gpwF rphpad; nrg;NgL> jpUtd;kz;^h;> jpUf;fbj;jhdk;> ,uhNk];tuk;
Nfhapy;fy;ntl;L> khk;gs;spr; nrk;NgL> khk;gs;spr; nrg;NgL Nghd;w fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
NtzhL Fwpj;Js;s nra;jpfSk; me;ehl;il Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J gpw;fhyk; tiu
NtzhL vd mwpag;gl;l ehL fp.gp.17 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd; ‘jpUtpjhq;$h;’ vd
JizE}y;fs;
Abstract
The idea of the paper is to let know of the archaeological digging done in the region
of the Tamil Nadu. It reveals the relic sites on the banks of Tamiraparani and Vaigai.
Aaadichanallur, Alagankulam and Keeladi are some example for the site studies. Hence, this
article caters down the norms of archaeology, types, and methods in the archaeological
department for estimation.
Kd;Diu
jkpoHfspd; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; ,d;Wk; epfo;e;J tUfpwJ. njhy;ypay;
fsk; kw;Wk; mfoha;Tfspd; tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
njhy;ypay; - mfoha;T tpsf;fk;
njhy;(njhd;ik> goik)+,ay; = njhy;ypay; gioa fhyj;jpd; RtLfisg;
gw;wp Ma;tJ. njhy;ypaypy; mfoha;T vd;gJ njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis
ntspf;nfhzHjy;> nray;gLjy;> gjpT nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw xUq;Nf Fwpf;fpwJ.
mfo;jy; vd;why; G+kpf;F mbapy; tuyhw;W vr;rq;fisj; Njhz;b Muha;tJ
mfo;thuha;r;rp MFk;. njhy;ypay; my;yJ njhy;nghUspay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy>
njhy;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa nghUl;fis
ntspf;nfhzHe;J Mtzg;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk;
kdpjg;gz;ghL gw;wpa gbg;ghFk;.
jkpof njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
jkpof njhy;ypay; fsq;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit
1. tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
2. Muk;g fhy njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
3. kj;jpaf;fhy njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
4. mz;ika fhy mfotha;Tfs;
,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Ma;tfk;
,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Ma;tf mikg;ghdJ ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug;G+Htkhd njhy;ypay; Ma;T mikg;ghFk;. ,t;tikg;G
gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
gzpfs;
i) ,e;jpahtpy; njhy;nghUs; Muha;rr
; pfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
ii) ,e;jpa ehl;bd; njhd;ikahd gz;ghl;L kuigf; fhj;jy;
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
Abstract
The paper tells about the Remnant Stonehenge Worship and its change in the
Srivilliputtur District. Tamil people’s culture becomes prominent to know about the culture
and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the
findings of stonehenge worship and its change in Srivilliputtur District.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
Abstract
The paper elicits about the search of food and cultural origins of the ancient Tamil
people. The idea becomes prominent to know about the culture and the civilization existed
lang back there. Hence, the study paves way to comprehend the search of food and cultural
origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Kd;Diu
nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; ehfupf tsHr;rpapd; tpisthy;
vOe;jit MFk;. nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; khDl tho;tpd; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;fis
mwptpf;fTk; mwpTWj;jTk; nra;fpd;wd. cyf ,dq;fspy; jkpopdNk njhd;ikj;
jd;ikAilajhfTk;> Vida ,dq;fSf;Fj; jk; gz;ghl;Lg; gq;fspg;gpidg;
gfpu;e;jspg;gjhfTk; mike;Js;sjid mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfs; vLj;Jiuj;J
tUfpd;wd. njhd;ikj; jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjLjiyAk;> mt;thW ngw;w cztpd;
topahfg; gz;ghl;il cUthf;fpa epfo;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpd;wJ.
Ntl;ilr; r%fj;jpy; czTj;Njly;
Mjpkdpjdpd; ,df;FO tho;f;ifapd; njhlf;fk; Ntl;ilr; r%fj;jpy;
njhlq;Ftij khDltpay; Ma;Tfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. njhy;Fbr; r%fkhf
tho;e;j Mjp jkpoHfs; md;iwa cyfpd; gue;Jgl;l epyg;gug;gpy; g+HtFbfshf
tho;e;jdH. mtHfs; njhy; r%fkhf thoj;jiyg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa jkpopdkhfj;
jpfo;e;jtHfs; Mtu;. Mjpkdpjd; jd; tho;f;ifia tpyq;Ffisg; Nghd;Nw mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhd;. tpyq;Ffs; jkf;Fupa cztpid Ntl;ilahbg; ngw;Wj; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjidg; Nghd;W Mjpj;jkpoDk; Ntl;ilahbNa jkf;fhd cztpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhd;. Ntl;ilahLtjw;F Vw;w tifapyhd clw;jpditAk;> typikiaAk;>
kdj;jplj;ijAk; mtd; tpyq;Ffisg; ghu;j;Nj mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. ,jdhy;
,ay;ghfNt mtdplk; Ntl;ilahLk; Nghu;f;Fzk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. ,r;rpwg;gpd;
nghUl;Nl njhy;jkpou;fs;
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thnshL
Kd;Njhd;wp %j;jFb" (G.nt.kh. fue;ij> g. 10-11)
vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldH. Mjpj;jkpou;fspd; MAjq;fshf thSk;> NtYk;> fizAk;>
tpy;Yk;> mk;GNk epiyj;jpUe;jd. ,it Ntl;ilf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;l epiyg;ghl;bidf;
fhl;Ltjhf mike;jpUg;gjid mwpayhk;.
czTj;NjLlYk; Ntl;ilahlYk;;
njhy;jkpou;fspd; Kjd;ikahd njhopyhf tpyq;fpd; Ntl;ilahLjNy
,Ue;jJ. GwehD}w;wpy;>
“………….mk;Fbr; rPW}H
vy;mbg; gLj;j fy;yhf; fhl;rp
tpy; cOJ cz;khH ehg;gz;…" (Gw. 170:2-4)
vd;Dk; ghlybfspy;> mofpa FbapUg;Gfis cila rPW}upy; gfw;nghOnjy;yhk;
Ntl;ilahbj; jpupe;j fy;tp ,y;yhj fhl;rpia cila tpy;yhfpa Vuhy; cOJ
cz;ghHfs; vd;W Ntl;ilj; njhopy; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjid mwpayhk;.
,jdhy; tpy;iy Kjyhff; nfhz;L czitj; Njba nra;jp njspthfpwJ.
grpa Cd; cz;lepiy
njhy; goq;Fb kf;fs; tpyq;fpd; ,iwr;rpiag; gr;irahf cz;gjidNa
fw;wpUe;jdu;. ehfupf tho;f;ifapd; Kjw;gbahf mike;jJ grpa ,iwr;rpia
neUg;gpypl;Lr; Rl;L cz;Zk; epiyf;F khw;wpaJ. neUg;gpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> neUg;gpy;
,l;l gz;lq;fspd; Ritj; jd;ik khw;wKk; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhzu;e;j nghUs;fis
neUg;gpl;Lr; Rl;Lj; jpd;Dk; gof;fj;jpw;F khw;wpaJ.
tpyq;F tho;f;ifapypUe;J fpisj;njOe;j kdpj r%fk; Kjypy;
tpyq;fpdj;NjhL Xl;ba tho;f;if KiwapidNa gpd;gw;wpajpy; tpag;gpy;iy.
fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshf> mehfupf tho;f;if tho;e;j kf;fs; $l;lk; czTf;fhf kl;LNk
Ntl;ilj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lJ. grpa Cd; czT cz;ZtijNa mtHfs;
njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH vd;gjidg; GwehD}W>
“ntUf;Ftpil ad;d ntUNzhf;Ff; fae;jiy
Gs;Cd; jpd;w GyTehW fatha;
nts;tha; Ntl;LtH>>>>" (Gw. 324:1-3)
vd;Dk; mbfspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. gwitfspd; grpa Cidj;; jpd;wjhy; Gyhy;
ehw;wk; tPRfpd;w nky;ypa thapid cilatHfshf Ntl;LtHfs; jpfo;e;jdH vd;w
Fwpg;gpid ,g;gFjp czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffisg; gr;irahf cz;Zk; tof;fhW cyfpd;
njhd;ikr; r%fq;fspy; ,d;Wk; tof;fpypUe;J tUfpwJ. ,t;thW njhy; goe;jkpo;f;
Fbiar; rhHe;j tPud; xUtdJ nray;ghl;bid>
“gr;#d; jpd;W ike;epzk; ngUj;j
vr;rpy; <Hq;if tpw;Gwj; jpkpupg;
Gyk; Gf;fdNd Gy;mzw; fhis" (Gw. 258:4-6)
vd;Dk; ghlybfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jpy; grpa Cidj;jpd;W> epzkpf;f vr;rpyhfpa
<uk; nghUe;jpa ifiaj; jd; tpy;ypy; KWf;Nfw;wpg; g+Rk; epfo;Tk;> mtd; Gy;ypa
jhbia cila fhis Nghd;W fhzg;gLthd; vd;gJk; ,jd;top fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jPapy; Rl;L cz;Zjy;
fhykhw;wj;jpy; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; jkpou;tho;tpy; ,ize;Njhbd. grpa
Cidj; jpd;Dk; tof;fpypUe;J Nkk;gl;l r%fj;jpy; Ntl;ilahba tpyq;Ffisj;
jPapy; Rl;L cz;zg; gofpa epiyg;ghl;bid>
“KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrh yhltH
fUtp E}y;fs;
ikj;jpupmd;G> jiytu;>
jkpo;khlk; mwf;fl;lis> mz;zhefu; – nra;ahW – 604 407.
Abstract
The article traces the facts in the culverts of Thiruvothoor. many culverts evinces of
the origin of the place. the Pandian and Chola kings had carved culverts related to the
temples and of their administration. the name of the place can be seen in Thevaram and
Malaipadukadam. the nobility of the people and the charity are seen through the culverts
Hence, the study explain the interrelated particulars from the clarification found on the
culverts.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. gl;bdg;ghiy.> gh.m.555-556.
2. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 19.> (2014).
3. NkyJ.
4. g.fe;jrhkp.> jkpo;ehl;bd; jytuyhWfSk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fSk;.> g.56.(2011).
5. NkyJ.> g.62.
6. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 21.
7. rptuhk;[p.> jpUKiw jpUj;jyq;fs;.> g. 118.
8. NkyJ.> g.23.
9. NkyJ.g. 24.
10. jp.G+.gr;irag;gd;.> jpUNthj;J}u; jytuyhW.> g. 21.
11. NkyJ.g. 21.
12. NkyJ.>gf;.23-24.
Abstract
The paper traces the origins of archaeology in the Virudhunagar District. The
archaeological evidences are enough to find the antique state of the Tamil culture. The
places such as Thiruthangal, Sivakasi, Venpukottai, Kollankondan, Puliparaipatti,
Venganallur, Chettur, Veppankulam, Kottankulam and Cholapuram have rare culverts and
archaeological sites with rare relics. Hence, the paper attempts to bring forth all sorts of
evidences to trace down the facts related to it.
jftyhsp gl;bay;
e.uhirah> taJ 60> nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd;> 2001-k; Mz;L ,uh[ghisak>;
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;.
JizE}y;
Nf.Nf. gps;is> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>
nrd;did - 2004.
Abstract
The paper elicits the details of the use of Sangu (Conch) and the cultivation of it. The
study details it with the evidences from the culverts and the authentic literary sources.
Thoothukudi is on of the very important place in Pandiya Nadu in diving to get Sangu for
making the ornaments from it. The medical qualities of Sangu flesh are also discussed in the
article. Hence, the critique gives out the minuscule information of the use of Sangu in Tamil
culture.
vd;Wk;>
“,UNtW kz;byj; jpaf;fk; Nghy
NekpAk; tisAk; Vw;wk; ifapy;
fUtp kpd;d”
“ryk;Gup jz;Nle;jpdit
tyk;Gup taNekpait”
vd;Wk; gupghlypy; jpUkhypd; ifapy; rq;F ,Ug;gJ Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
C) epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jy;
rq;f fhye;njhl;Nl epkpj;jk; ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk; jkpo; kf;fspilNa cz;L.
,ijNa tpupr;rp vd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gbf;fpNwhk;. ,q;F rq;F Koq;FtJ
ed;epkpj;jkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ (rPtf.1888) murd; NghUf;F Gwg;gLk; NghJk; ntw;wp
mile;j NghJk; rq;F Koq;fy; tof;fnkd;gijg; gy E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;.
v) ek;gpf;if
Mltu; ifapy; rq;F Nuif ,Ug;gJ rpwg;GilaJ vd;gij “tyk;Gup nghwpj;j
tz;if Njtyp” (rPtf.204) vd;Dk; gFjpahy; czuyhk;.
gpzpiag;Nghf;Fk; Nguhw;wy; rq;fpw;F cz;L.mjdhy; jhd; jha;khu;fs; jq;fs;
Foe;ijfSf;F ghy;> kUe;J Nghd;wtw;iw rq;fpdhy; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. rq;fpd;
fwpahdJ nfhba tpahjpfisAk; kba itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. kpfTk;
RitahdJ ,wg;gpd; NghJ rq;fpd; rj;jj;ij ,g;NghJk; Nfl;f KbfpwJ. Mf
kdpjDila tho;tpy; ,d;wsTk; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; rq;fhdJ kpfTk;
njhd;ikahd nghUs; vd;gijf; fhl;bYk; mJ gad;ghl;by; ,Ug;gJ Nghw;wj; jf;fJ.
,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj;jpw;F Ke;ija
ehfupfk; ek; jkpou; ehfupfk; vd;gij nka;g;gpf;f njhy;nghUs; khdpltpay; vd;gJ
mtrpkhd Ma;thfpwJ. ,j; njhd;ikahd nghUl;fis ,yf;fpaq;fNshL
nghUj;jpg;ghu;j;J xU Kbit vl;LtNj rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;.
E}w;gl;bay;
The paper elicits about archaeology in the land of Kannagi. It becomes prominent to
know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves
way to comprehend the region that Kannagi lived before ages back and these evidences may
help to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Kd;Diu
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ fl;blf;fiy> njhy;nghUl;fs;> njhy;Yaph; vr;rk;> kdpj
kpr;rq;fs;> vz;zpkg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l vQ;rpa
nghUl;fis ntspf;nfhzh;e;J> Mtzg;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk;
nra;ag;gLk; kdpjg; gad;ghL gw;wpa gbg;ghFk;. Gjpa njhy;ypaw; fsq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;jy;> mtw;wpy; mfo;tha;T nra;jy;> tifg;gLj;jy;> gFg;gha;jy;
Ngzpf;fhj;jy; vd;gdnty;yhk;> njhy;ypay; rhh;e;j topKiwfspd; gy;NtW
Kf;fpakhd fl;lq;fs; MFk;. ,q;qdk; Muhag;gLk; njhy;ypay; rhh;e;j
mfoha;TfisAk;> mfoha;tpd; %yk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rpiyfisAk; gw;wp>
nghUs;fisAk; fz;zfp tho;e;j kz;zhfpa g+k;Gfhhpy; fpilj;j jfty;fisg;gw;wp
‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ vd;Dk; jhak;khs; mwthzdpd; nghUz;ikapy; Muhag;gLtij
,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.
fz;zfp kz; - g+k;Gfhh;
gioa ,yf;fpa Gfo;ngw;w fhtphpg+k;gl;bdNk g+k;Gfhh; MFk;. ,J fw;Gf;furp
fz;zfpapd; tho;tplkhk;. ,e;efhpy; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fiyfs;> tho;f;if
Kiwfs; Nghd;wit kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
“ghh;$o; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l fhgpapd; Ntypf;fw;fSs; xd;iwf; nfhil
mspj;j ngsj;jg; ngz; Jwtpahd Nrhkh vd;gth; ‘fhfe;jp’ vd me;ehspy;
toq;fg;gl;l ,f;fhtphpg; g+k;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. Mf fhfe;jp vd;w ngah;
fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpw;F toq;fg;ngw;w gy ngah;fSs; xd;W. (jhak;khs; mwthzd;>
fz;zfp kz;zpy;> g.219)
,J kl;Lky;yhky; G+k;Gfhhpy; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fshd grp> Neha;>
gif Kjypait jhf;fhkypUf;f> ‘trpAk; tsDk; Ruf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W tho;j;jp>
ngz;fnsy;yhk; g+ir nra;Ak; xU gypgPlj;jpy;> ntw;wp Nte;jd; ntw;wp ngWkhW
tPuh;fs; vy;yhk; KuR miwe;J gypnfhLg;gh;. ,JNghd;w ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa nray;fSk;
,e;efhpy; ,lk; ngWtij mwpa KbfpwJ.
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
Abstract
The article discusses on the land related edicts from the Pandian age to the later
Chola age. The evidences are clearly depicting that the kings and philanthrophists had a
great deal of land administrative system and charity norms. Every of their actions are carved
in the culverts to be retained in the future. The scope lies on the idea to study the land
donations, measurement system, sale and revenue regarding land. Hence, the study brings
out the related facts from the substantiation.
Ma;T Nehf;fk;
fy;ypy; vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mf;fhy kd;dh;fspd;
Ml;rpKiwapid Mz;lhff; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL Nfhapy;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
,iwapypfisg; gw;wpa Mtzq;fisg; gjpTfshfNt tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. ,j;jifa
epiyapy; epyk; gw;wp thpfSk; kw;Wk; msitfSk;> epy tpw;gid> epyj;jpd;
ngah;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ghz;bah; fhy> Nrhoh; fhy Ml;rpfspy; xg;gPlhff; nfhz;L
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu ,yq;FfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Nehf;fk;
fy;ntl;L nghwpf;fg;ngw;w fhuzj;ij tpsf;Fk; gFjp fhzg;gLk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Nfhapy;fSf;F epyk; ,iwapypahf toq;fpaijNah my;yJ
Nfhapy;fspy; jpUee;jh tpsf;F mikg;gjw;F nfhLj;jijNahL Fwpg;gpl;L
vOjg;gLtjhf fy;ntl;L mikAk;.
epyk; NfhapYf;F tpw;Fk; NghJk;> gpwUf;F tpw;Fk;NghJk; me;epyj;jpd;
gug;gsT> mjd; ehd;F gf;f vy;iyfs;> me;epyj;ijr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; gpwnghUs;fs;>
me;epyj;jpw;F ePh;gha;r;Rk; tha;f;fhy; Mfpait tpsf;fkhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gLtijr; rhd;Wfs; top mwpayhk;.
,iwapyp
rptd; NfhapYf;F epyk; tpw;fg;gl;l Nghnjy;yhk; rz;NlRtuh; ngauhNyNa
tpw;fg;gl;ld. kw;wg; nghUl;fs; nfhilahf mspj;jhy; me;jf; nfhilahdJ
,aw;ifia tOj;jp rhd;whf;fp fhf;fg;ngWk; vd ,ay;ghfNtr; Rl;b vOJk; tof;fk;
fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLtJ rpwg;ghFk;. mspf;fg;ngw;w nfhil re;jpuhjpj;jh; cs;ssTk;
epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk; vd;W Fwpf;fg;ngw;wpUj;jy; ,aw;ifia Kd; epWj;jp tho;e;j
fhyr;#oiyf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
Abstract
The article details about the ancient place Kandharodai which acted as a capital of
the northern Tamil territory of Ilankai. The facts related to the name of the place is
explained rationally. It was also a famous business centre on those days. Valukai River and
the evidences of agriculture before 2500 years back at Jaffna are detailed with possible
evidences. Temples are the very important relic to consider and Seeri Meenakshi Amman,
Kannaki Amman, Vatrakkai Amman temples are very famous and age old classic temples.
The well before the Vatrrakai Amman is a very old one in the place. Hence, the study make
lucid the combined minutiae from the disclosure found on reliable sources.
rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;
The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization
The paper elicits about the scripts of Indus Valley Civilization. It becomes important
to know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back there. Hence, the study paves
way to understand the region that kannagi lives before ages back and these evidences may
help to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
Kd;Diu
rpe;Jntspapy; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ‘rpj;jpuf; FwpfNs
rpe;Jkf;fs; gad;;gLj;jpa vOj;Jfs; vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsH fUj;J. mt;ntOj;Jfis
tifgLj;jp ‘rpe;J ntspapd; gz;il vOj;Jf; Fwpfspd; gl;bay;’ vd;Wk;> ‘gz;il
,e;jpa vOj;Jfspd; mikg;G Kiw’ vd;Wk;> ‘rpe;J ntsp vOj;Jfs;’ vd;Wk;
mwpQHfs;> jhk; mwpe;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. mtHfl;Fg; gpwF lhf;lH
`d;ll ; H vd;Dk; NguwpQH rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp tpupthf Muha;e;J> mofpa
E}y; xd;iw 1934,y; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH.’ ,t;Ma;tpid mbg;gilahf itj;J
rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jfisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.
vOjg;gLk; nghUl;fs;
];nlill; (Steatite) vd;Dk; xUtiff; fy;kPJ Rz;zk; jltpr; Rl;L> mjd;kPJ
vOj;JfSk; tpyq;F Kjypa cUtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,f;fw;fshNy
nghUs;fs; rJukhfTk; ePsr; rJukhfTk; ePz;L cUz;l tbtkhfTk; mike;Js;sd.
rpy Kr;rJukhf mike;Js;sd. fapw;iwf; NfhHj;Jf; fOj;jpy; fl;bf; nfhs;tJ
Nghy mike;Js;sd. nrk;ghyhd ePs; rJuj; jfLfs; gy fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy;
tpyq;F cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;Jfs; NkYk; fPohfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit murupd; ngaHfshf ,Uj;jy; $Lk;. ,uz;nlhU ePs; rJuf; fspkz; jl;Lfs;
kPJ rpy vOj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vOJk; Kiw
rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; ,q;Ff; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufs;> ehzaq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd;
kPJ vOjpaNjhL my;yhky; mopAk; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; kPJk; vOjp te;jdH.
mtHfs; Njhy;> ghgpu];> gl;L ,tw;wpy; xd;iwNah ,uz;ilNah gad;gLj;jp
,Uf;fyhk;. vOj;Jfs; NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Neuhf mike;Js;sd.
,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; mfutupir cilad my;y. rpj;jpu voj;Jfs; gy. xypf;Fwpg;G
cilad gy. ,t;ntOj;Jfs; tyk;-,lkhf thrpf;fg;gLgit. rpy ,lq;fspy; ,lk; -
KbTiu
rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jfs; Xuiriar; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;l nkhopiar; NrHe;jit>
mtw;wpypUe;Nj gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; Njhd;wp tsHr;rp ngw;wd. gpuhkp vOj;Jfs; jkpo;
nkhopf;nfd;Nw mikf;fg;gl;Lg; gpd;dH tlnkhopf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb Gjpa Fwpfs;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;ld> rpe;J ntsp vOj;Jf; Fwpfs; jpUney;Ntyp ehzaq;fspYk;
fpilj;Js;sd> ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jkpo; xd;wpNy jhd; vOj;Jfs; neLq;fzf;F
epiyia miltjw;F Kd;Ng cUtq;fspd; ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Dk; Rit
gaf;Fk; nra;jpfis mwpayhk;. vdNt rpe;Jntsp vOj;Jf; Fwpfs;> `Puh]; ghjpupahH
$WtJNghy gz;ilj; jpuhtpl kf;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;jdNt mit jpuhtpl nkhopf;F
mike;j gz;il vOj;Jf; FwpfNs vd;W Kbgh $WtJ nghUe;Jk;.
ghHit E}y;fs;
GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;
The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru
Abstract
The article deals with erection of stonehenges in Tamil culture as revealed by the
classical work ‘Purananooru’ It also has other significances. The culture of the people
belong to a category giving much importance to valour. Therefore, the study traces the
erection of stonehenges found in the classical work ‘Purananooru”tamil society.
Jiz E}y;
Abstract
The paper elicits about the Kollankondan Archaeological Site. It becomes a need and
its very important to know about the culture and the civilization existed lang back at
Kollankondan. Hence, the study paves way to understand the region to understand the
cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
jftyhsh; gl;bay;
e.uhirah taJ 60> nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd;> 2001k; Mz;L> ,uh[ghisak;>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
JizEhw;gl;bay;
Abstract
The paper elicits a bird eye study on the eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity
through Architecture. It becomes a requirement and its very important to know about the
culture and the civilization existed lang back through the architecture. Hence, the study
paves way to understand the region to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil
people by architectural evidences.
Kd;Diu
fhye;NjhWk; jkpoH Nghw;wp tsHj;j fiyfSs; fl;lf;fiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kuGk; GJikAk; fye;J mtHfs; cUthf;fpa fl;Lkhdq;fSs; gy> ,d;wsTk;
tho;e;J mtHjk; fiyj;jpwk; $WtNjhL> gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,f;fl;likg;Gfs;
ngw;w tbt khw;wq;fisAk; Gj;jpizg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; gpd;dike;j fiyQHfspd;
cz;ikahd ciog;igAk; cyFf;F czHj;jp epw;fpd;wd. kdpjdJ cs;sj;ijj;
jd; takhf;fp> epuk;gp> mt;tsNthL epy;yhky; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wNy fiy vdg;gLk;.
$Ljy;> Fiwjy; ,d;wp vg;nghUSk; msNthL mike;jpUg;gpd;> me;j mikg;Gf;
fz;izf; ftUtJ ,ay;G. vdNt> fiy vd;gJ msTk; nghUj;jKk; jd;Ds;
mlf;fp epw;gJ@ mJ rkaj;jpy; cs;sj;jpwF ctif Cl;LtJ@ cs;sj;ijj; jd;ghy;
<Hg;gJ ,it fiy fiy vd;gjhFk;.
fiyapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
ehfhpfj; njhlf;fj;jpy; jtoj; njhlq;fpa gioa fw;fhy kdpjd;> jhd;
tho;e;j kiyf;Fifapy; ,Ue;j ghiwfs; kPJ jd; iftz;zj;ijf; fhl;bdhd;.
mf;iftz;zk; rpy Xtpaq;fshf ,d;wsTk; fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ. mtuJ
cs;sj;jpypUe;J nghq;fp vOe;j fiy czHNt mtid Xtpag; Gytdhf;fpaJ.
rpwpa fj;jpiaf; nfhz;L rpwpjsT kug;gl;iliar; rPtp> mr;rt P g;ngw;w ,lj;jpy;
mofpa gps;isahH cUtj;ijf; fy;yhf; fdpkfd; mikf;fpd;whd;. mtdJ
cs;sj;jpypUe;J nghq;fp vOk; fiy Mw;wNy mtd; if topahfg; GFe;J
mt;tofpa rpw;gj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ.
fiyQd; ,yf;fzk;
fyQd; ,aw;if mikg;Gf;fisf; $He;J ftdpj;jwpjy; Ntz;Lk;@ nghUs;fspd;
gy;NtW ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;Wf;Nfw;g nghUj;jj;ijAk; ed;F njspjy; Ntz;Lk;@ jd;
epidtpy; Njhd;Wtdtw;iwf; fhtpakhfNth> XtpakhfNth> rpw;gkhfNth>
Ntnwhd;whfNth ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyapd;
nghUisAk;> tho;f;if KiwiaAk; ed;F mwpe;J njhpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;@ fiyQd;
rpwe;j xOf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it midj;Jk; xU Nrug; ngw;wtNd rpwe;j
fiyQd; Mthd;.
rq;ffhyf; fl;llf;fiy
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkUf;F (fp.gp.590-630) Kw;gl;L tho;e;j jkpoHfspd;
fl;llf;fiy mwpit mwpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mit fhl;Lk; kidfs;
,iwtho; kidfshfTk; Fbtho; kidfshfTk; mike;jd. Fbtho; kidfSs;
rpwpa mstpd rpw;wpy;> Fuk;ig> vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd. nghpa mstpd tskid> efH
vdg;gl;ld. Gy;Nta; Fuk;ig> Ftpe;j Fuk;ig> GJf; fyj;jd;d nrt;tha;r; rpw;wpy;
vDk; ,yf;fpar; Rl;ly;fs; ,tw;wpd; fl;likg;igf; $Wfpd;wd.
efH nrhy;
,iwtho; kidfisr; Rl;lTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s efH vDk; nrhy;>
‘khlkhd; efH’> ‘tpz;nghU neLefH’> ‘fbAiltpad; efH’> ‘mfy; efH’ ‘epow;faj;jd;d
ePs;efH’, ‘tpidtsk; nfO jpUefH’, ‘espkid neLefH’ vd tskidfspd;
mfyk;> ePl;rp> caHr;rp> ngUik Gyg;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fSld; ,izj;jhsg; gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j tPLfs; nrq;fy; fl;llq;fsha;r; Rij G+rg;ngw;W Xtpaj; jPw;wyhy; moFgLj;jg;
gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;wpy; mugpak; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l epyhKw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
cj;jpuq;fSk; J}z;fSk; kuj;jhy; mikf;fg; gl;bUe;jd vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ‘efH’
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
fl;ll mikg;G Kiwfs;
muz;kidfs; mike;j tpjk;> mtw;iw mikj;j rpw;ghrphpaH jpwd; Fwpj;J
neLey;thil ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. E}ywp GytHfs; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; ,e;jf;
iftpidQHfs; kjpy;> thapy;> epiy> Njhuzk;> fjTfs;> khlk;> epyhKw;wk;> vOjzp
kz;lgk; ,tw;iwr; nrk;ikAw murHf;F Vw;gj; jpl;lkpl;L mikj;jdH. ‘nrk;G
,ad;wd;d nrQ;RtH’, ‘Fd;W Fapd;wd;d me;jzH gs;sp’, ‘Fd;W Fapd;wd;d
Xq;Fepiy thapy;’, ‘tiu Fapd;wd;d thd;Njha; neLQ;RtH’, ‘nfhLq;fhy; khlj;J
neLq;fil’, ‘xz;RtH ey; ,y; caHjpz;iz’ ,it Nghd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs;
mf;fhyf; fl;likg;Gfis tpsf;f ty;yd.
fhg;gpa fhy fl;ll mikg;G Kiwfs;
fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;> Gjpa fl;llf;fiyr; nrhw;fs; njd;gLtjpypUe;J rq;ff;
fl;likg;Gfspy; khw;wq;fs; NeHe;jikia czuyhk;. Nghjpif vDk; nrhy;>
J}Zf;Fk; cj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilaykUk; jhq;fiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. kzpNkfiyapy;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fiyr; nrhy;> rq;f fhyj;jpy; fhy;fspd; kPJ mkHe;j
cj;jpuq;fs;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; ,ilapy; Nghjpifiag; ngwj; njhlq;fptpl;likiaj;
njsptha;r; Rl;LtJ fhzyhk;. $iuapd; Rikiag; gutyhfj; jhq;f ,g;Gj;jikg;G>
fl;Lkhd fiyQHfSf;F cjtpaJ. NkYk; Ntjpif vDQ;nrhy; mbj;jsj;jpw;Fk;
ghHit E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper focuses on the beliefs of deities amidst the Malayali Tribes of Javadhu
Hills. It is a clear evidence of the ancient worship among the tribal people. It reveals the fact
that they follow Tamil culture in the worshipping methods. Hence, the article traces the
evidences related to it.
E}y;fs;
Abstract
Thirukkural is great social treatise of Tamil culture written by Thiru Valluvar. His
ideas are really the ones of soulfully experienced ones. The Tamil people are very notable for
moral and ethical life. The customs of the society and the attitude of the people are clearly
portrayed in the work by Valluvar. Hence, this paper tries to bring out thr values from the
work that has been taken from the antique literary sources.
Kd;Diu
ePjpE}w;fSs; tho;T newp fhl;Lk; tsk; kpFe;j topfhl;b E}yhf jpUf;Fws;
jpfo;fpwJ. thd;Gfo; ts;StH mspj;j njs;sKjhfpa jpUf;Fws; cyfg;
nghJkiwahf tpsq;FtNjhL tho;f;iff;F topfhl;Lk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhfTk;
fw;Fk; NjhWk; GJg;nghUs; jUk; ew;wkpo; ,yf;fpakhf njhd;Wj;njhl;Nl toq;fp
tUfpwJ. ,jd; njhd;ikahd fUj;Jfs; xt;nthd;Wk; kf;fisr; nrk;ikahd
ghijapy; etpyr; nra;a itf;fpd;wJ. ,d;W cyf kf;fshy; jq;fSf;F chpa
nry;tkhf nghJr;nrhj;jhf mhpa ,yf;fzkhf Nghw;wg;gl;L tUk; ngUikia kpfTk;
mile;J tUfpwJ. ,jdhyd;Nwh gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNk ek; Njrpa ftpQuhd
Rg;ukzpa ghujpahH jkJ Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHf;Fk; jpwdhy; ts;Std; jd;id
cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL vd;whh;.
gz;ghL
gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ ‘culture’ vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd;
nkhopg;ngaHg;G MFk;. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy;ypw;F xU nghUs; cz;L. xU nghUs;
n;jhd;Kiw kf;fs; tuyhw;wpaYf;Fg; nghUe;JtJ. kw;nwhUg; nghUs; jpUj;jKw
KaYk; kdepiyia Fwpf;f tUtJ MFk;. gFj;jwpthy; ey;yjd; eyDk; jPajd;
jPikAk; Ma;e;jwpe;J KOKjw; nrOk;nghUs; gw;NwhL xOf;fj;ij tpOkpajhf
Nghw;wp Nkd;NkYk; jpUj;j jpUj;jKw KaYk; kdepiyNa csg;ghq;Nf gz;ghlhFk;.
jpUf;Fws; fhl;Lk; gz;ghL
jpUf;Fwspy; kf;fs; gz;ghL ngWjw;F vz;zw;w fUj;Jfis toq;fp
topfhl;bdhH jpUts;Sth;. mtH ,sikj; njhl;Nl fUj;J tskpf;f E}y;fs; gy
gapd;W mwkdg;ghd;ikAld; FLk;gj;NjhL tho;e;J Foe;ijfs; kPJk; jhapd; kPJk;
vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kf;fs; kPJk; jzpahj md;G nfhz;L ehk; tho ey;Yyfk;
tho ekJ gz;ghL tsu mwpa fUj;Jfis jpUf;Fwspy; ms;sp toq;fpAs;shH.
Jiz E}w;fs;
Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the bronze idols belong to the Chola Pariod. The Cholas are
very notable Tamil Kings who are very keen and magnanimous in building temples of
immortal architecture and wroughting of unbelievable bronze idols. These idols are the
evidences of their aesthetic sence. Today, many of the idols were smuggled for its valuable
art and the quality of the metal. In such a sort of condition the tamil people have to know
about these relics. Consequently, the study convey out the facts related to the study.
Kd;Diu
jkpo;ehl;by; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; tbf;Fk; fiy rpwe;J tpsq;fp ,Ue;jhYk;>
Nrhoh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; tbf;Fk; fiy cd;dj epiyia mile;jJ vdyhk;. nrk;gpy;
rpwe;j cUtq;fisg; gilf;Fk; fiy rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj rpwe;J te;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. jkpof Nfhapy;fspy; topghl;Lf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; cyf kf;fspd; ftdj;ij fth;;e;Js;sd. ,it vopYk;> fw;gid
cUtKk; jd;dfj;Nj epiwe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; tpiyapy;yh nry;tq;fshf
jpfo;fpd;wd. mj;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; nra;j epiyjid Muha;tNj
,t;tha;T fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
tuyhW
,e;jnrg;G gbkk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghq;F Mil> mzpfyd;fs; Kb mikg;G>
cUt mikjp Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,J Nrhoh;fisg;
gilg;gikg;gpw;F rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fhyk; fp.gp.11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjp vdyhk;. ,f;fhyk; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; tho; fhykhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
vLf;fg;ngw;Ws;s nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jit.
“jpUntz;fhL VW}Uk; ngUkhd; nrg;Gj;jpUNkdp Kjyhk;; ,uhNre;jpud; fiyg;
gilg;gpw;F XH rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,e;j mikg;gpy; NtnwhU jpUNkdpia ghh;f;f
,ayhJ. Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; (2) fpilj;j fhis thfd Njth; jpUTUtk; rw;W khWgl;l
jiyf; Nfhyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehif fhapNjkpy;yj; khtl;lk; ed;dpyk; tl;lk;
“mk;gh; khfhsk;” (3) jpUNkdpia ,g;gbkk; xj;Js;sJ. tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpy; Nrhoh;
fiyr; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; kpFjpahf fpilf;fhtpl;lhYk;> fpilj;Js;s xU rpy
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspy; moFkpf;fjhf jpUNkdpfs; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;
ghh;it E}y;fs;
Abstract
The study of the paper extends the facts related to the culvert edicts of Cholakeralan
and his donations to charity and other sorts of philanthrophical aids done to his people. The
culverts are the sole proofs of the kings ruled the Tamil country’s Chola’s reign and
reigndom. The assessment tells of the edicts in the culverts that tell the title names of the king
Rajendra Chola and his creation of cities on the time of his reign. The culverts taken as
sources help us to know the culture of the Tamil people through the culverts edicted by the
great Chola kings.Hence, the study helps to know the cultural ethics and informations of
Tamil Culture.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper tries to sort out the Karanthaai Coperplates of tha Chola kings. These are
the very antique ones and made systematically. In the Indian copper plates history, these are
the ones which are multitude in numbers. The inscriptions tells of the merits of the Sangam.
Hence, the study delineates the related facts from the explanations found on the plates.
Njhw;Wtha;
nre;jkpo; ehl;bd; tuyhw;iwf; fzpj;njOJjw;F Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshf
tpsq;Ftd fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> Rtbfs;> ,yf;fztpyf;fpaq;fs; vd;wpd;dthk;.
jkpohpd; mwpTg; gjpTfspd; epiyfyd;fshfj; jpfOk; ,tw;why; ee;jkpofj;ij Ml;rp
nra;j khl;rpik jq;fpa kd;dh;fs;jk; tuyhWfSk;> mf;fhy murpay;> rKjhak;>
nghUshjhuk;> mwepiyfs;> rkatsh;r;rp> epyg;ghFghL vd;wpd;Ndhud;dTk; njs;sjpw;
Gydhfpd;wdthk;. mt;tifapy;> ,w;iwf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Nrhoh;fhyr;
nrg;NgLfSs; Fwpf;fj;jFe;j fue;ijj; jkpo;rr ; q;fj;jpd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd;
nrg;Ngl;Lj;njhFjp;apd; rpwg;Gf;fisr; rhw;w vOe;jNj ,f;fl;Liuahk;.
Nrhoh;fspd; nrg;NgLfs;
fUq;fy;ypw; nghwpf;fg; ngw;wdtha fy;ntl;Lfs; fhynts;sj;jhYk;
gifapdhYk; mopf;fg;gl;L kiwe;J NghFQ;#oy; Vw;gLnkd;gij ed;Fzh;e;j
ek;Kd;Ndhh;fs;> mjd; Neh; gpujpahf epd;W epyTk; tifapy; nrg;Gj; jfLfspYk;
rhrdr; nra;jpfisr; nrJf;fp itj;jdh;. ,k;kuGg;gb cUg;ngw;w nrg;NgLfs;
jdpj;Jk; gy VLfisAila njhFjpfshfTk; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws;> fp.gp.957
Kjy; 970 tiuapy; Nrhoehl;il Ml;rp nra;j Re;juNrhod; vDk; ngah; nfhz;l
,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdpd; ‘md;gpy;’ nrg;NgLfNs Nrhokd;dh;fs; ntspapl;l nrg;NgLfspw;
fhyj;jhw; Kw;gl;ljhff; fpilj;Js;sd.
md;wpAk;> Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; Midkq;fyr; nrg;NgLfs;> Kjyhk;
,uhNre;jpudpd; jpUthyq;fhl;Lr; nrg;NgLfs;> tPuuhNre;jpudpd; rhuhyr; nrg;NgLfs;>
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Midkq;fyr; nrg;NgLfs; vd;wpd;dTk; Nrhog; Nguurpd;
tuyhw;iwg; giwrhw;Wtdtha;j; jpfo;fpd;wd.
fue;ijr; nrg;NgLfs;
Nrhog; Nguurpd; jiyefuha;j; jpfo;e;j jQ;irak;gjpapy; fhtphpapd;
fpisahwhfpa ntz;zhw;wpw;Fk;> ntz;zhw;wpd; fpisahwhfpa tlthw;wpw;Fk;
eLepw;Fk; rkntspg;gFjpahf mike;j gioikahd CNu ‘fUe;;jpl;ilf;Fb’ MFk;.
fhg;Gr; nra;As;
tlnkhopapy; ‘mD\;Lg; RNyhfk;’ vd toq;fg;ngWk; ,f;fhg;Gr; nra;As;
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; Nfhg;G tisaj;jpd; tl;lkhd Kfg;gpy; cs;sJ. 32
fpue;jntOj;Jf;fshdike;j tlnkhopr; RNyhfkhf ,J Kiwngw tpaw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;nra;Aisf; fhz;kpd;:
“uh[j; uh[d;a kFl];Nuzp uj;Ne\{ ]h]ek;
Vjj; uhN[e;u Nrhs];a guNfrhp th;k;kz” (Nkw;gb-g-20)
,r;nra;Aspd; nghUs; tUkhW:
“guNfrhpth;kdhd ,uhNre;jpu NrhoDila ,e;j
rhrdk; murh;fspd; KbthpirfspYs;s ,uj;
jpdq;fspd; kPJ nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.” (Nkw;gb-g-20)
rhrd Kjw;gFjp
,r;nrg;Ngl;Lj;njhFjpapd; Kjw;gFjpahdJ kd;dh;Fyg; Gfo;ghLk; ‘kd;dh; kuGg;
Gfo;rr; paiu’ahFk;. tlnkhopapy; ,J ‘gpur];jp’ vd toq;fg;gLk;.
Nrhoh; Fyj;Njhw;wk; Kjyhf> Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd; vl;lhtJ
Ml;rpahz;L tiuapYk; (fp.gp.1020) mtd; epfo;j;jpa ntw;wpr; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;> mwr;
nra;jpfisAk;> rhrdj;ij vOjpath;> rhrdj;ijr; nrg;NgLfspy; ntl;bth;
MfpNahiug; gw;wpAk; mwr;nray; vf;fhyj;Jk; fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;Fld;
kd;dd; $Wk; fhg;Giu gw;wpAk; Ety;tJ ,g;gFjpahk;.
Kjy; %d;W VLfspy; MW gf;fq;fspy; vOgj;njl;L tlnkhopr; nra;Al;fshd
,r;nra;jpfs; rhw;wg;gLfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fsidj;Jk; tlnkhopr; nrhy;nyhypfl;Nfw;g
goq;fpue;j vOj;Jf;fshyhditahk;. (Nkw;gb-gf;-20>21)
,tw;Ws; Kjypuz;L nra;Al;fs; mur tho;j;jhFk;. %d;whtJ Kjy; MwhtJ
nra;Al;fs; tiu KiwNa #upaFyj;Njhd;wy;fshd ‘fjputd;’, mtd; kfd; ‘kD’,
mtd; kfdhd ‘,l;RthF’> mtd; kfd; ‘khe;jh;’> ‘Kff;;RFe;jd;’> ‘rpgp’
vd;wpd;Ndhiug; Gfo;e;Jiuf;fpd;wdthk;.
VohtJ nra;As; ‘Nrhod;’ vDk; Fbg;ngah; Kjy;tid etpy;fpwJ. vl;lhtJ
Kjy; gd;dpuz;lhtJ nra;Al;fs; tiu KiwNa> ,uhrNfrhp> guNfrhp> kpUj;A[pj;
vDk; RuFU> cghhprutR vd;Nghiug; gw;wpg; GfYfpd;wd. gjpd;%d;W Kjy;
gjpide;jhtJ nra;Al;fs; fhpfhyd;> tprahyad;> Mjpj;j Nrhod; MfpNahiur;
rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd. gjpdhwhtJ nra;As; Mjpj;jDf;F kfdhfpa ‘guhe;jf Nrhodpd;’
gpwg;gpidAk; gjpNdO Kjy; ,Ugj;jpnahd;W tiuapyhd Ie;J nra;Al;fSk;
guhe;jfdpd; gyjpwr; rpwg;Gf;fisg; Nghw;Wfpd;wd. ,Ugj;jpapuz;lhtJ nra;As;
mhpQ;raidAk; ,Ugj;jp %d;whtJ nra;As; ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfidAk; gw;wpg;
NgRfpd;wd. gue;jfdpd; Nrt+h;g; Nghhpid EtYtd ,Ugj;jpehd;F kw;Wk; ,Ugj;jp
Ie;jhk; nra;Al;fshFk;. ,Ugj;jp MwhtJ nra;As; Kjy; Kg;gj;jpnal;lhtJ
nra;As; tiuapyhd gd;dpnuz;L nra;Al;fs; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrNrhoidg;
gy;yhw;whDk; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd.
Kg;gj;jpnahd;gJ Kjy; vOgj;jp%d;W tiuapyhd nra;Al;fs;
,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; gpwg;G> ,sikf;fhyk;> ,tdhl;rpapy; NrhzhL ngw;w ey;tho;T>
ntd;wpfs;> ,td; toq;;fpa gpukNjaq;fs; vd;wpd;dtw;iw ,dpjpd; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
Abstract
Tamil culture is an ancient culture very much devoted to valorable feats. The people
are brave and sturdy. In the classic history of the Tamils there are many evidences that show
they revere the warriors who died in chivalric, valorable acts and sacrificial customs. They
erected stonehenges in memory of them. These are seen in many literary sources and in the
culverts seen all over the Tamil region. Nallor, Virudhunagar, Villlupuram, cholavandha,
Kangeyam and many othey parts had culverts in commemorating the adventurous deeds of
the warriors. Hence, this paper tries to fetch out the details associated to the domain topic.
Njhw;Wtha;
rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;f;ifia cah;epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;wth;fs; vd;why;
mJkpifapy;iy. mfj;ijg; NghyNt> Gwj;jpw;Fk; jq;fs; jdp ,lk; tFj;jpUe;jdh;.
gz;ilj; jkpohpd; tho;tpay; gjpTfis ,t;Tyfpw;F czh;j;jpLk; rhd;WfSs;
eLfw;fspd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpofk; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpah KOtJk; eLfw;fs;
Mq;fhq;Nf fz;lwpag;gl;L tphpthd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,Ug;gpDk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhl;lg;ngw;Ws;s eLfy; nra;jpapid gz;ilkf;fs;
ek;gpf;;ifapidAk; ,izj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
eLfw;fs; elg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;
‘tPud;fy;> tPuf;fy;’ vdTk; ‘epidTj;J}z;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tPuAff;fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l Nghh;fspy; tpOg;Gz;
gl;LkbAk; tPuDf;fhf> mtdJ tPuj;ijg; Nghw;Wfpd;w tifapYk;> mtdJ
jpahfj;jpid kjpf;fpd;w tifapYk; fy; xd;wpid el;L> mjid topgLtJ jkpohpd;
kughf ,Ue;Js;sjid ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ.
eLfw;fspd; mikg;G
eLfw;fspd; tPudpd; cUtk;> ngah; nray; Nghd;w Fwpg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk;
,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj; juTfisAk;> eLfw;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
cUtq;fisAk; vOj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;fpd;wNghJ MNfhs; Ghpe;Njh> kPl;Nlh> nfhba
tpyq;FfSld; Nghhpl;Nlh> gypahfNth jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;fhf ,wf;Fk;
tPuDf;Nf eLfy; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l midj;Jf; fw;fSNk xw;iwf; fy;yhf mike;Js;sd.
fy;tLP mikg;gpyhd eLfw;fs; rw;Wg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;ld. %d;W
ghh;it Ehy;fs;
Abstract
The paper elicits a study on the life and fall of the Marutham Land of Tamil culture
and antiquity. It becomes very important to know about the culture and the civilization
existed lang back through the evidences. Hence, the study paves way to understand the region
to understand the cultural origins of the ancient Tamil people.
J. tp[afyh>
ntq;fNl];tuh fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hp> GJf;Nfhl;il - 622001
Abstract
The paper elicits a study on the Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar culture. It
becomes very important to know about the culture and the civilization that existed lang back
through the evidences. Hence, the study paves way to understand the the cultural origins of
the ancient Tamil people.
Kd;Diu
gz;ila ehw;fspy;> nghJthf ,e;jpahtpYk;> rpwg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpYk;
tuyhw;W epfo;rr ; pfis VLfspy; vOjp itf;Fk; tof;fj;ij kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;byh;.
kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> ciufisAk; gilj;Jf; nfhLj;j goe;jkpoh;fs;
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisf; Fwpj;J itf;fhkw;NghdJ tpag;gpDk; tpag;ghf cs;sJ.
Mo;e;j Muha;r;rpapd; gadha; jkpofj;jpd; tuyhWfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd.
vt;thW mit Mo;e;j Muha;r;rp %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liu
Muha;fpwJ.
rpe;J rkntsp mfo;thuha;rr ; p
rpe;Jrkntsp mfo;thuha;r;rpfSf;Fg; gpwF jkpohpd; tuyhWk; ehfhpfKk; Gjpa
Nfhzj;jpypUe;J Nehf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk; gz;ila jkpouhy;
tsh;ff; g;gl;lJ vd;W mz;ikapy; rpy Ma;thsh;fs; jk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;L
tUfpd;wdh;. `Puh]; ghjphpahh; `ug;gh vOj;JfSf;Fk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
njhlh;G cz;nld;W $Wfpwhh;. NuhkhGhp ehzaq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; rpy ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;Js;sd. mhpf;fNkl;L mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L NuhkhGhp
ehzaq;fs; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd nropg;ghd thzpfj;Jf;F rhd;W
gfh;fpd;wd.
rq;f fhyk;
,f;fhyj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk;> gz;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. gok; ghz;ba kd;dhpd;
ehzaq;fs; rpy rJutbtpYk;> rJutbtpYk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; xU Gwk;
kPd; rpd;dKk;> gpd;Gwk; ahid my;yJ fhis rpd;dKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it
fp.K.2 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.2 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhy mstpy;
ntspaplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;bd; goik jd;ikia
mwpayhk;.
E}w;gl;bay;
The article brings forth the essential contribution of the famous Robert Bruce Foote
in archaeological field of the Tamil region. His contribution to the Tamil Archaeology is
immense and indebted one. He is the first one to proclaim that the Tamils are a group of
people who lived before million of years. He dedicated him in the land survey department of
the British Government of India and did lots of surveys and dig sites all over india. Very
important of his findings are the tools before to that of the Ice Age, Theri area of Thirunelveli
Dist, Atthirapakkam and pallavaram. Hence, the study brings out the related facts from the
corroboration.
Kd;Diu
vOj;J rhd;WfNs ,y;yhj fw;fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw fzpj;J mtu;fsJ
tho;tplq;fis Muha;e;J mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfs; %yk; kdpj ,dj;jpd;
tsu;r;rpia mwptpf;Fk; Jiw njhy;ypay; Jiw MFk;. njhy;ypaYk;> tuyhWk;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W kpfneUq;fpa njhlu;Giladthfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. fle;jfhy
kdpju;fspd; nray;fisAk;> rhjidfisAk; tpsf;FtNj tuyhW. tuyhW
nghJthf vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fisNa rhu;e;J cs;sJ. Mdhy; njhy;ypay; vd;gJ
vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; gy njhd;ikkpf;f
Cu;fspy; mfo;tha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mit goq;fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghL>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; ,Jtiu elj;jg;gl;l
mfo;tha;Tfis goq;fw;fhyk;> ,ilf;fw;fhyk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;>
tuyhw;Wj; njhlf;f fhyk; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpy; goq;fw;fhyk; Fwpj;j
Ma;Tfis Kjd; Kjyhf Nkw;nfhz;l ngUik njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu; ,uhgu;l;
G&];G+l; mtu;fisNa rhUk;.
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gpwg;Gk;> gzpAk;: (fp.gp. 1834-1912)
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;
Fbak; Fif
,uhgu;l; G&];G+l; goq;fw;fhykk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk; kw;Wk; cNyhf fhyk; gw;wpa
Ma;Tfisj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpdhu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ghid XLfs; gw;wpa jdJ
fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;jhu;. eu;kij Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,tu; fz;Lgpbj;j
Guhjdr; rpd;dq;fs; ,tUf;F NkYk; Gfioj; Njbj;je;jd. Nkw;fpe;jpahtpy;
ngYk;Fif kw;Wk; Fbak; Fif Mfpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,tu; jhd;
fz;Lgpbj;j nghUl;fs; gw;wpa vy;yhr; nra;jpfisAk; ~~The Foote Collection of Indian
Pre-Historic and Proto Historic Antiquities|| vd;w E}ypy; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shu;.14 NkYk;
jdJ ,e;jpag; gq;fspg;G epidTfis 12 ghfq;fshf ntspapl;lhu;. ,jid ,e;jpa
epytpay; Ma;Tf; fofk; ~~Geological Features of the South Maharatta Country and
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;
Women in Culverts
Abstract
The article focuses on the state of women in the culverts of Tamil Nadu. It studies with
the title evidences and bring down the conclusion that in Tamil society women enjoyed
administrative rights and other autonomous previleges. Though women related inscriptions
are very rare, they have dedicated and donated to temples, charity, Queen’s philanthrophy,
dowry and other evidences are seen in the culverts. The culvert edicts are suitable proofs to
give a redeemed scenario among the present generation and to cultivate such qualities
among the the female genaration.
Kd;Diu
r%fk;> mwptpay;> fiy ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fisg; gw;wpa gjpTfs;
kpff; FiwNt vdyhk;. mtw;wpYk;> fy;ntl;Lfspy; murHfspd; nfhil> tPuHfspd;
guhf;fpukq;fs; Mfpait gw;wpait jhd; mjpfk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. Mdhy;>
ngz;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; gy;NtW fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk;>
fy;tpawpTk;> cyfpay; mwpTKila ngz;fs; FLk;gg; nghWg;Ngw;W> ,y;ywj;jpid
ey;ywkhf;fpdH. ,jw;F rhd;whf fy;ntl;Lfs; rpy fpilj;Js;sd. vdNt>
mf;fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,f;fl;Liu
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fspd; jpUg;gzp
rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia> rq;fg; ghly;fs; %yk;
mwpfpNwhk;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ fp.gp.8-k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.13-k; E}w;whz;L
tiu jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyiaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; thapyhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
md;iwf;F> murp kl;Lk; my;yhky;> tzpfH> tptrhap> fhtyH MfpNahuJ
kidtpfSk;> Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzp nra;j NjtubahHfs;> gzpg;ngz; MfpNahUk;
nfhLj;j nfhilfis rpyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gjpT nra;jpUg;gjd; %ykhf mf;fhy
ngz;fspd; NtWgl;l Nfhzk; ekf;Fg; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fspd; nfhil
mtpehrp tl;lk; Myj;J}H rkzH Nfhapy; thry; fy;ypy; cs;s fp.gp. 10-k;
E}w;whz;L tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;L %yk;> rpj;jiuaH kfSk;> nfhq;Fr; Nrhod;
kidtpAkhd thdtd; khjtp rpw;whr;rH Myj;J}upy; tPu rq;fhjg; ngUk;gs;spiaj;
jpUg;gzp nra;J GJg;gpj;Js;shH vd;w nra;jpAk;> md;D}H kd;dPrH Nfhapy; fUtiwj;
JizEhw;gl;bay;
Abstract
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpw;F ,d;wpaikahj rhd;Wfisj; jUtJ
,yf;fpaq;fSk; fy;ntl;LfSk; MFk;. fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpoupd; gz;ghL> nfhil> tPuk;>
murhl;rp> ePjp Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; epfo;rr ; pfspd; ifNaLfs; vd;Wk;> rKjha gz;ghl;bd; tpsf;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; kf;fs; jk; gof;f tof;fq;fspd; gpujpgypg;Gfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk;
njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tij njhy;ypay; vdyhk;. njhd;ikahd
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiwapy; mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w
vr;rq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> fhRfs;> nrg;NgLfs; Kjypatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ma;e;jhpjNy njhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fq;fs; vdyhk;. njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfs; ,y;iynadpy; kdpjdpd; fle;Jte;j ghijAk;
mth;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. vdNt fy;ntl;L tuyhw;wpd;
%yk; njhy;ypay; gjpTfis ,f;fl;Liu tpsf;Fk; vdyhk;.
fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;Gfs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfisg; ngUk;ghYk; Ie;J gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk;. mit>
1. fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fk; mjhtJ kq;fythrfk;.
2. fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;l fhyk;
3. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
4. ifnaOj;Jfs;
5. KbT mjhtJ Xk;gilf; fpstp1
vdyhk;. NkYk; fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; \];t];jp =| (kq;fyk; cz;lhfl;Lk;)
vd;Dk; nrhy;jhd; ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J>
1. mUspr; nray;
2. `up ed;whf FUNt Jiz
3. `up Rgk];J
4. `up = fzgjNa ek
5. rptkak; - Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; fy;ntl;bd; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
'ey;yhh; xUth;fF ; r; nra;j cgfhuk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy; fhZNk"
vDk; xsitahh; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy;| vd;w nrhy; %yk;
goq;fhyj;jpy; fy;Nky; vOJk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jij mwpayhk;. mf;fhy kf;fs; rpy
nra;jpfs; mopahky; ,Uf;f gy nghUs;fs; kPJ mtw;iw epiyahf vOJk;
tof;fj;ij cilath;fshf ,Ue;jdh; mtw;wpy; fy;Yk;> cNyhfKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Kjypy; fy;ypd; kPJ vOj Ntz;ba nra;jpia Xtpak; Nghy;
tiuthh;fs;. gpd;G mjd; kPJ $h;ikahd csp Nghd;w fUtpahy;
ntl;Lthh;fs;. ntl;ba vOj;Jfs; fy;ypy; rpwpJ gs;skhfj; Njhd;Wk; fy;ypy;
ntl;lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mit \fy;ntl;Lfs;| vdg;gLk;. fy;iyf; Fwpf;fr; rpiy
vd;w xU nrhy;Yk; cz;L. NkYk; rhrdk; vDk; nrhy; mwptpf;Fk; nra;jp
my;yJ cj;juT vdg; nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLk;. mjdhy; fy;ntl;ilr;
\rpyhrhrdk;| vdTk; toq;fpdh;. fy;ntl;bd; %yk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
Xiyapy; vOjp gpwF fy;ntl;by; nghwpj;jdh;. rpytw;iw nrg;NglhfTk;
vOjg;gl;ld. gy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,e;j Xiyia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L fy;ypYk;
nrk;gpYk; vOjpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w Fwpg;GfisAk; fhzyhk;.
fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; vOjpath; ngah; my;yJ nrg;Ngl;il vOjpath;
ngah;fs; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Fwpg;gh;. cjhukhf>
1. ,r;rhrdk; fy;ypy; ntl;bNdd;. ,t;T+h; mofpa jr;rd; - vd;Wk;
2. ,t;ntOj;J ntl;bNdd; fhypq;fuha Mrhupad; vOj;J - vd;Wk;
ntl;bath; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gJ fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.2
3. rptd; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; \gd;khNfRtuh; ,ul;ir| vd;Wk;
jpUkhy; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
\it~;zth; ,ul;ir| vd;Wk; vOjg; ngw;wpUf;fk;.
4. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ehLk; mjd; gpupTfSk; kpfj; njspthff; Fwpf;fg;
ngw;wpUf;fk;.
5. ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpLk; gy;NtW tifahd msitfis
goq;fhy fy;ntl;by; fhzyhk;.
epy msitfs; : Ntyp> kh> Fop> FWf;fk;> nra;
epWit msitfs; : gyk;> f/R> tuhfndil> foQ;R
Kfj;jy; msitfs; : nghjp> fyk;> kuf;fhy;
ePl;ly; msitfs; : ghfk;> Kok;> rhz;> tpuy;
6. Nfhapy;fspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w gy;NtW Jiwr; rhh;e;jth;fspd; Cjpa tptuk;>
kf;fs; nrYj;Jk; tup Kjypa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.3
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the culvert evidences of Dowry and Wages and the agreements
dealt with it. In Tamil culture and tradition culvert marking is an integral part. Cutting
culverts in regard to Dowry and wages settlement were also done on those days. Even
muslims followed the carving of culverts to settle wages. Accordingly, the study put into
words the culvert facts related to the study.
Kd;Diu
~~kidj;jf;f khz;Gila shfpj;jw; nfhz;lhd;
tsj;jf;fhs; tho;f;ifj; Jiz.||
vd;gJ ts;StH thf;F. ,y;yw khz;Gila ew;FzKilats;jhd; fztDf;F
Vw;Gilats;. ngz; ghHj;jy; kw;Wk; khg;gps;is ghHj;jy; epfo;rr
; p eilngw;w gpd;G
epr;rajhHj;jk; eilngWk;. epr;rajhHj;jpd;NghJ gy;NtW rlq;Ffs; muq;NfWk;. mjd;
gpd;dH jpUkzk; eilngWk;. jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ ngz;izAk; nfhLj;J nghz;izAk;
nghUisAk; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; gutyhf midj;J rkaq;fspYk; cs;sJ.1 Mdhy;
rPjdk; ngWtNj kpf Kf;fpakhf mikAk; NghJ khHf;f czHTs;s ngz;iz
Njly; ,uz;lhe;ju mk;rkhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. ,f;fl;Liu jpUr;nre;J}H tl;lk;
J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; fhay; gl;bdk; nfhbkwg;gs;ypapy; elg;l;Ls;s gyif
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpia gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wJ.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l
nra;jpfs; fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa
fy;ntl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ.2 ngUk;ghYk; kd;dHfspd; Mizfs; mtHfs; nra;j
gzpfs; Nghd;wit fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu tPuHfs; gpuGf;fs;
mjpfhupfs; Nghd;NwhH njhlHgpYk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; njhlHgpYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cs;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $bait Mjyhy; kpfg;
goq;fhy tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; epfo;TfSf;fhd ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfshf ,it
jpfo;fpd;wd. gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xU nkhopapy; kl;Lkd;wp xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
nkhopfspYk; xNu nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;gb mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
tof;nfhope;J kwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;l nkhopfs; gytw;iw thrpj;J mwpaTk; mtw;iw
kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;aTk; cjTfpd;wd.3
mbf;Fwpg;G
4. NkyJ.> g. 52.
5. Kj;J vj;jpuhrd;> fy;ntl;Lfs; nrhy;Yk; tuyhW> tdpjh gjpg;gfk;> 2000> g.
31.
6. itif mdp\;> fl;bNyWtjw;F tup-fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wk; rhl;rpak;> ,iza
thug;gj;jpupif> Vg;uy;> 2019> g. 2.
7. Iravatham Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy : From the Earliest Times to the Sixth
Century C.E., Cre-A, 2003, P. 67.
8. Kj;J vj;jpuhrd;> NkyJ.> g. 54.
JizE}y;gl;bay;
khad; gz;ghL
Mayan Culture
Abstract
The paper studies the lifestyle of the Mayan people and the connections of Tamil
people. Their lives are sophisticated, fulfilled with development and valuable tradition and
cultural norms. Those people lives are highly affirmed to the life style of the Tamils. The
name Mayan is also used by the Tamil people. Hence, the study helps to know the Mayan
people’s culture and informations regarding to Tamil Culture through evident sources.
E}y;fs;
Abstract
The paper finds out the changing stages of culture with the advent of religion and
politics. The scrutiny puts its base as the Saiva, Vainava, Country Deities as institutions or
cultural origins and the Kamatchi lamp gradual change and the land based cultural
discussions; especially the Tamil division of land segregation are the aims of the article.
Accordingly, the study put into words the facts related to the study.
Kd;Diu
njhd;ikfhy gz;ghl;bw;F rkaq;fNs mbg;gil epiyf;fsdhf mike;jJ.
gz;ghL vDk; nrhy; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. khh;f;rpd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g r%fj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;J nfhz;Nljhd; cs;sJ. ,j;jifa
khw;wq;fSf;Fg; gpd;Gykhf rpy fhuzpfs; miktJz;L. ,f;fhuzp;fs; ,lk;> fhyk;>
#oy; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g mikAk;. mjhtJ jkpoh;fspd; rka MSikia
gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fisAk; mjw;fhd fhuzpfisAk; Ma;T
nra;ayhk;.
rkatho;Tk; gz;ghLk;
r%f tho;tpd; mr;rhzpahf tpsq;Fk; gz;ghL ,dk;> ehL> nkhopf;Nfw;g
khWgLk; jd;ik cilad. rhd;whf ,e;J kjj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; ,e;jpah
OOikf;FNkh> cyfk; kOikf;FNkh xNu khjphpahd nray;ghLfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. MfNt gz;ghl;L Nehf;fpyhd rka Ma;T mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; ,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;il Muha Kw;gl;lhy; mjw;fhd fhyr;#oiyAk;
mwptJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ Vnddpy; gz;ghL vd;gJ njhz;ik fhye;njhl;L
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gy;NtW khw;wq;fis mile;j tz;zk; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
mbg;gilf; fhuzk; gpw gz;ghLfspd; fyg;Gk;> gpw rkaq;fspd; jhf;fq;fSNk MFk;.
jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghL Fwpj;j Ma;tpy; jkpohpd;; rka tho;f;ifapd; Kd;id
tuyhw;iw mwptJ mtrpakhFk;. jkpoh;fsplk; jdpj;Jtkhd rkak; VJk; ,y;iy
vd;W tuyhw;wpayhu;> mfo;tha;tpayhh; fUj;J njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. rpe;Jrkntsp
ehfhPfj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;l KbTfspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. 1
irt khh;f;fk;
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu khh;f;fk; ,Ue;jhfTk; mJNt irt
khh;f;fk; vd;Wk; mNj mfo;tha;tpayhh; $Wfpd;wdh;. vdpDk; ,r;irt khh;f;fk;
epWtdkakhf;fg;gltpy;iy. Md;kPf khh;f;fkhfNt jpfo;e;jJ vdyhk;. ,iwepiyia
khhpak;kd; topghL
khhpak;kd; gutyhfj; jkpofk; KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLk; njatkhFk;. vdpDk;
,j;nja;tj;jpw;F tl;lhuj;jd;ikAz;L.
,Uf;fd;Fb khhpak;kd;> nghpaghisak; khhpak;kd;> rkaGuk; khhpak;kd;
%d;Wk; xd;wy;y. ,tw;wpw;F cUtk;> topgLk; Kiw kw;Wk; fijfs; ntt;Ntwhf
mike;Js;sd.
njd; jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kd; rpiyf;Fk;> tl jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kd;
rpiyf;Fk; mjpf NtWghL cz;L tl jkpofj;jpYs;s khhpak;kDf;F jiy kl;LNk
mikf;fgl;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mq;F khhpak;kd; NuZfh guNkRthpNahL ([kjf;dp
Kdpfij) ,izf;fg;gLfpwhs;. njd;jkpofj;jpy; cs;s khhpak;kDf;F KO
cUtr;rpiy mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,q;F khhpak;kd; fhspak;kNdhL
,izf;fg;gLfpwhs;. Njhw;wj;jpy; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; rpy EZf;fkhd
NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
rkak;rhh; Gyq;FnghUs; gz;ghL
Gyq;F nghUl;fspYk; gy;NtW njhd;ikrhh; kuGfs; kwf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
mj;njhd;ikf;fhy nghUl;fisf; fhZk; NghJ njhy;goq;fhy jkpoh;fspd;
jkpo;g;gz;ghl;ilg; giwrhw;Wk; vr;rq;fsha; vQ;rpAs;sd.
rhd;whf md;iwa fhy mfy;tpsf;fhd fhkhl;rp tpsf;fpidf; $wyhk;. ,jpy;
vz;nza; Cw;Wk; gFjp cauk; FiwthfTk; mNjrkaj;jpy; rw;W mfykhfTk;
fhzg;gLk; gf;fthl;by; jw;fhyk; Nghd;Nw tWk;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mk;kd;
rpiyNah ahidNah ,d;iwa fhy fhkhl;rp tpsf;fpy; mike;jpUg;gJ Nghy;
njspthf mike;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ,it jw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ug;gpDk; Gyq;F nghUshf
md;whlk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tutpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;.
KbTiu
njhy; goq;fhye;njhl;L rkak; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L thpDk;
,d;Wtiuj; jdf;fhd epiyj;jj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L gz;ghl;bd; epiyf;fsdhfj;
jpfo;e;J tUfpd;wJ. njhy;goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; gyuJ tPLfspy;
,Ug;gpDk; mJ Gyq;F nghUshf md;whlk; gad;gLj;jhj epiyNa epytp tUfpd;wJ
vdyhk;.
mbf;Fwpg;G
fPob mfoha;T
Keeladi Archaeological Excavation
Abstract
The paper detracts the Keeladi Excavations, near Madurai by the Archaeology
Department of the Indian Government. The paper tells about the four stages of
archaeological survey. The classic antiquity of Tamil culture and civilization on the banks of
the famous Vigai River has been in the verge to identify itself as a great relic of India. Even
there are some complications from the government, the voice and action from the Tamil
people and politicians has made a remarkable point in safeguarding the evacuations. The
products got from these areas dates back to 2200 years and all sorts of sophisticated
equipment and possessions were with the people and inscriptions of Brahmi Tamil were also
found. Hence, the paper brings forth the evidences of the Keeladi evacuations to the
limelight.
Kd;Diu
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng efu ehfupfk; jkpofj;jpy; nropj;J
tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;jJ fPob mfoha;T. ,e;j Ma;thdJ
jkpoh;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j tuyhw;iwNa Gul;bg;Nghl;lJ. jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikahd
tuyhw;iw mk;gyg;gLj;jp jkpo;j; Njrpa njhd;ik epiwe;j tuyhw;iw epiy
epWj;jpaJ. fle;j 2015 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;if khtl;lk; kzYhUf;F mUNf kj;jpa
njhy;ypay; Jiwahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l fPob mfoha;T 2016 kw;Wk; 2017 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; njhlh;e;J eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,e;jpah kl;Lkd;wp cyfNk fPob
mfo;tha;tpd; KbTfs; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jnfhs;s Mh;tk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; fl;l
mfoha;tpy; Ehw;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l jkpo;, gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
ghidNahLfSk;, 6 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd gok; nghUl;fs; vd Njhz;lj;
Njhz;lj; jkpoh;fspd; goq;fhy ehfhpfk; ntspg;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
mfoha;T gw;wpa tuyhW
mfoha;T vd;gJ njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis ntspf;nfhzh;jy;, nray;gLjy;,
gjpTnra;jy; vd;gtw;iw xUq;Nf Fwpf;fpwJ. ,r;nray; ,d;ndhU nghUspYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ cz;L. ,J xU fsj;ij Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd topKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,g;gbahd mfoha;T xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhy;ypay; fsk;
my;yJ njhlh;Gs;s gy fsq;fNshL rk;ge;jg;gLtJld; ,J gy Mz;Lfs;
elj;jg;glTk; $Lk; Xhplj;jpy; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; ,Ug;gij epyk; CLUTk;
kz;ghz;lq;fs;
“Nuhkg; NguuRld; nfhz;bUe;j tzpfj;njlh;ig nka;g;gpf;Fk;gbahd
tzpfh;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nusyl;> (rouletted) mhpl;ild; (arretine) tif
kz;ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. NkYk; tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;ffhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jitahd
fUg;G> rptg;G kz;ghz;lj; Jz;Lfs;> nrk;gOg;Gepw fyit g+rg;gl;l kz;ghz;lj;
Jz;Lfs; MfpaitAk; fpilj;Js;sd.”9 jkpofj;jpy; nrk;gOg;Gepw url; (russet)
fyit g+rg;gl;l ghz;lq;fs; ,Jtiu nfhq;Fg;gFjpNyNa fpilj;jpUg;gijf; nfhz;L
,g;gFjp nfhq;Fg;gFjpAlDk; thzpgj; njhlh;gpypUe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
nfhq;F ehl;by; “Nuhk; ehzaq;fs; mjpf mstpy; fpilg;gJ Nghd;W ,q;Ff;
fw;fUtpfs; epyg;gug;gpd; Nky; rpjwpf;fplg;gJ fz;Zf;fpdpa fhl;rpahFk;.”10
jkpop vOj;Jf;fs;
“Mjd;> cjpud;> jprd; Nghd;w jdpegh;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kz;ghz;l XLfs; fPobapy; fpilj;Js;sd.”11
fsj;jpd; fhyk;
Kjw;fl;lkhf ,e;jf;fhyk; fp.K.%d;whk; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp.gj;jhk;
Ehw;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j trpg;gplkhf fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. Ma;it
cWjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf “,e;j mfoha;tpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L khjhpfs; (samples) fhpkj;
Njjpaply; Kiwapy; gFg;gha;T nra;a mDg;gl;lJ. [Piy 2017,y; ntspte;j
,jd;KbTfs; ,e;j ikak; Rkhh; 2200 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd;gij
cWjpnra;Js;sJ.”12
mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f Nfhhpf;if
fPob mfoha;T khjphpfs; 2200 Mz;Lfs; goikahdit. fPobapy;
mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikf;f kJiu cah; ePjpkd;wk; cj;juTk; gpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. ,J
jtpu ciwfpzW xd;wpd; fl;Lkhdk; xd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;j ciwfpzW 93
nrd;bkPl;lh; Rw;wsT nfhz;l MW ciwfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jw;F Kd;ghf
fPobapy; kj;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiw elj;jpa Ma;tpYk; ,NjNghy ,uz;L
ciwfpzWfs; fpilj;jd. jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s nghUl;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jk;
Kaw;rpfSk; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Ma;Tf;F mDg;Gk; Kaw;rpfSk; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
,jw;F Ke;ija fhyq;fspy; Kbe;j gpwF Ma;Tf;nfd jdpahf murplk; epjp Nfhhp
mjw;Fg; gpwFjhd; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Ma;Tf;F nghUl;fis mDg;GtJ tof;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ Jtf;fj;jpy; xJf;fg;gLk; epjpapypUe;Nj Ma;TfSf;nfd
epjp jdpahf vLj;J itf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fhh;gd; Nll;bq; Nghd;w
Ma;Tfis cldbahfr; nra;a KbAk; vd;fpwhh; nIfehjd; vd;gth;.
KbTiu
rpe;J vd;w ejpf;fiuapy;jhd; kdpjFyj;jpd; Kjy; ehfhPfk; njhlq;fpaJ vd;W
tuyhW $WfpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; Mhpah;fs; %j;j Fbkf;fs; vd;W ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2017 Mk; Mz;L elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fpilj;j nghUl;fs;
2200 Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ. NkYk;> ,J rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhpfj;ijtpl
kpfg;goikahdJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,q;Nf fpilj;Js;s jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fspy; goikahd jkpo; vOj;JKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
JizEhw;gl;bay;
Abstract
The paper detracts the Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation
by the Archaeology Department of the Indian Government. The paper tells about the stages
of archaeological survey. The classic antiquity of Tamil culture and civilization on has been
revealed now. Hence, the paper brings forth the evidences of the Kodumanal evacuations to
the limelight.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. NguhrphpaH rp.f.rpw;wk;gyk; vk;.V.> gp.vr;.b> NguhrphpaH tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> gz;ila
jkpofk;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> ,yq;if.
2. fh.,uhrd;> rq;f fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;T> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;rr ; p epWtdk;>
nrd;id.
nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation
Abstract
The paper discusses on the archaeological substantiation and the lifestyle of the
Tamil people. The study tries to absorb the details of the people from the ancient literary
sources, once they were found in the paimarya leaflets, culverts and the tltles carved by the
kings. The fact is that the cultural vestige and traditional loftiness of the culture seems highly
ethical and enriched with systematic principles of life. They enjoyed every thing with reason
and logic. Hence, the paper discusses these details in a research point of view.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. KidtH ,uh.nraghy;.
KidtH m.kh.ghpkzk;> mfehD}W> gf;.425.
KidtH F.nt.ghyRg;gpukzpad;.
2. KidtH ,uh.nraghy;> mfehD}W> g.vz; 20.
3. m.g.ghiyad;> GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> g.vz; 359.
4. m.khzpf;fk;> nghpaGuhzk;> g.vz; 354.
Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fs;
Abstract
The study gives a close glance on Ancient Pots and Culture of the Tamil People in a
scientific perspective related to the finds of the archaeology department. It scrutinizes the
ware culture of the ancient people of the various world civilizations and the Tamil
civilizations inside India. Then, it moves to tell about the various types of pots especially the
black pots, red pots the polishing methods of the discovered relics. Hence, the paper is a
better review on the ware culture.
ghu;it E}y;
Abstract
The study is based on the culvert and Bronzelet evidences collected from the Kongu
area of the Periyar District. Most of the evidences are very classical and tells about the
contacts of the Tamil society with the Caesers of Rome in Business. It also tells about the
cultural rituals and ethical principles of the Tamil society. The sites of Kodumanal are
archaic evidences of the Tamil Brahmi script, society and their ancient past. Much more
evidences are unmistakably lucid proofs of the lofty society. Hence, the paper delves through
a keen survey with the aforesaid evidences.
Kd;Diu
gz;ilaj; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; NruehL> NrhoehL> ghz;baehL vd;w %d;W
ehLfisg; NghyNt> njhz;ilkz;lyk; kw;Wk; nfhq;F kz;lyk; MfpaitAk;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jd. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; nfhq;F kz;lyk; jdpnahU ,lj;ijg;
(1)
ngw;Ws;sJ. nfhq;F vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,dpik> Njd; vd;gd nghUshFk;. nfhq;F
kz;lykhff; fUjg;gLk; Ch;fs; Nryk;> <NuhL> jh;kGhp> ehkf;fy;> godp> Nfhit
Mfpait MFk;. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; fy;ntl;bYk; nfhq;F ehl;bd; fiy>
gz;ghL> ehfhPfk; kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuj;jpy;
“jkpo; kz;lyk; Ie;J tiufSk;
<uhW nfhz;bl epw;Fq;
FbfSk; Mnwz;kh; fz;bl” - thp. 623(2)
“jkpo; kz;lyk; Ie;J” vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. ,e;j kz;lyq;fspy; xd;W nfhq;F
kz;lyk; ,e;j gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fisf; “nfhq;fh;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhfr; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy;
“nfhq;FGwk; ngw;w nfhw;w Nte;Nj!” - Gw. 373 ghly;(3)
vd;W GwehD}W $Wfpd;wd. nfhq;F ehL jdpehL vd;W “tuhfkpj;juhpd;” E}ypy;
Fwpg;G ,Uf;fpd;wd. nfhq;F kz;lyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; <NuhL khtl;lj;ijj; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfs; ,f;fy;ntl;by; Muhag;ngWfpd;wd.
njhy;nghUs;fs;
cyif Mz;l “rf;jp fhsp” gpuk;khtpd; jiyia cilj;jJk; mit
ehd;fhfr; rpjwp tpOe;jd. <uXL vd;gJ <NuhL vd;Wk;> nts;is XL vd;gJ
KbTiu
gz;ilaf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; nfhq;F kz;lyk; ehd;fhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mjpy;
xU gFjp <NuhL khtl;lk; MFk;. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; Vuhskhd fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk;
fpilj;jd. ,it tuyhw;Wr; nray;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mbf;Fwpg;G
ghh;it E}y;fs;
Abstract
Tamil nadu is a place of rich culture and it has been seen from the proto times to the
present times. The traditional habits and their beliefs are really moral with a staunch morale.
They have certain ethics based on the life to lead a gook life. They celebrated Birth and do
Death rituals, Maturity of girls, Marriage, Good time fixing, Dreams, Mantras, sorcery and
etc. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the informations related to the beliefs of the Tamil
people.
Kd;Diu
jkpoHfspd; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; Vuhskhd gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
ek;gpf;iffisAk; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sdH. mtHfs; gpd;gw;wpa gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
ek;gpf;iffisAk;; goq;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rp %ykhfTk;
mwpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. kdpjdpd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; mtd; gpwe;j kz; rhjp> rkak;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;g khWgLfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; jkpo; kf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
gof;f tof;fq;fs;
jkpoHfs; vspikahd tho;f;ifia tho;e;J te;jtHfs;. ,d;Wk; #hpad;
cjpf;Fk; Kd;G vOe;J ePuhLjy; gof;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. gpd;G
Nfhtpy;fSf;Fr; nrd;W nja;tq;fis topgl;L jq;fSila Ntiyfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH. cr;rpg;nghOjpy; ghYzT cz;Zjy; mtHfspd; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; FLk;g tho;tpdpy; gytifahd gof;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; jkpof kf;fspilNa jhahH> kidtp top cwtpdHfsplk; mjpf gw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifAk; itf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. r%f epfo;Tfspy; jha; khkDf;F
Kf;fpakhd flikfSk; nghWg;GfSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. FLk;g epfo;rr ; pfSf;F
Vw;gLk; nghWg;Gfis mtHfNs Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
MltHfs; jq;fs; cld;gpwe;j mf;fhs; kfis kzg;gJ gof;fkhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. Kiwg;igaDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fhky; ,Ue;jhy; mtUf;F
e\;l<L jUk; gof;fk; rpy rhjpfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. kf;fspd; gof;f Kjph;rr ; pahy;
nfhz;litnay;yhk; tof;fkhf khWfpd;wd. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,e;j tof;fq;fs; rpy
caHe;Njhuhy; xOf;fkhfg; Ngzg;gl;L mwE}w;fspy; vOjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. r%jha
tof;fq;fspy; gpiw vOJjy;> rpyk;G mzpjy;> nts;szp mzpjy;> nrt;tzp
mzpjy; Kjypad jkpohpilNa njhd;Wj;njhl;L fhzg;gLk; tof;fq;fshFk;.
Jizepd;w E}w;fs;
Abstract
The paper deals with the evidences based on the excavations in 1920 - 22 at Harappa
& Mohenjodaro (now Pakistan) confirmed the existences of a hitherto unknown civilization
in the Indus Valley are nearly proto Tamils. Contacts with dated phases of Mesopotamian
civilizations showed that the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, built of brick,
including well constructed houses, a regular city plan and an elaborate covered drainage
system, were flourishing before and after 2350 BC. After this discovery the Indus Valley took
its place with Mesopotamia and Egypt as the home of one of the oldest evolved civilizations
of the world. It is evident from the excavated material that the civilization was essentially
indigenous in character. Hence, the paper scrutinizes the facts as revealed from the research
facts as enunciated by Prof Ra. Mathivanan and authentic evidences in regard to Tamil
Civilization.
The archeological research and the signs exist that Harappa and Mohenjodaro which
were emphatically invigorated fortresses with rectangular watchtowers at standard interims
were seats of brought together government taking after that of dictatorial organizations or
minister lords who joined the mainstream and religious organization, like sanctuary leaders of
Ur in Mesopotamia. Seventy-five littler destinations have been related to a separation
between the two outrageous purposes of in excess of 1000 miles North to South, and 300
miles East to West. Its territory surpassed contemporary civic establishments in
Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran.
The Harappa site, shockingly, fell under the control of block diggers and this
vandalism is one of the best misfortunes to paleohistory as generally more information about
the Indus Valley culture would have been accessible. Unearthings have uncovered nine
occupation levels, one over the other, showing significant lots of thriving and after that
decrease. It was at last surrendered around 1700 BC. Notwithstanding staying houses, there
were efficient laborers' quarters, workers' stages for beating grains, and storehouses. Tops of
structures were level and were made of wood, reed and mud. Dividers were regularly 5 feet
thick and the extent of the normal house was 35 ft by 35 ft with a few rooms put around a
focal patio. A lion's share of the houses were two stories high and some were significantly
higher. They seem very much planned and agreeable, with most having restrooms and a
roundabout well.
The most striking structure at Harappa is the "Incomparable Granary" with
measurements of 168 X 135 feet, potentially filling in as an open stockpiling, and at
Mohenjodaro, the "Incomparable Bath", perhaps utilized for religious or stylized washing.
The component of a huge royal residence was 242 X 112 feet and another was 177 X 116
feet.
Their arrangement of seepage is the most total old framework yet found and may
nearly be named "present day". A block lined channel streamed down each road and into this
fundamental channel ran little tributary channels from the houses on either side. The channels
were secured over with block laid a couple of crawls underneath road level and which could
be lifted if important, to investigate or clean. The lanes keep running in straight lines from
East to West and are crossed by others at right points going north to South, making these
urban areas to be viewed as the soonest models yet found where a plan of town arranging
existed. Wherever the impression is of request and symmetry. A portion of the principle
avenues of Mohenjodaro are of significant size. Sir John Marshall the master paleologist has
wondered about the arranged city and waste framework and says that such brilliant structures
were never found in some other antiquated progress. Some slight contrasts in the pottery
found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro drove analysts to the end that Harappa was more
seasoned than Mohenjodaro. Their boats cruised from the western port of Lottal uncovered in
what is currently Gujarat.
The skeletal remains have a place with heterogeneous races. The two urban areas
appear to have been cosmopolitan as they had a coasting populace attributable to their
business character. The valley had flanks open to the interruption of different races and the
inside was involved from times prehistoric by races of nearly lower phases of advancement.
The fundamental supply of the general population had affinities with the Mediterranean
individuals. Different sorts found were Austro-Asiatic and some Mongolian and Alpine
individuals from the Central Asiatic good countries. The internments contained expansive
accumulations of pots numbering 15 to 40. The dead wore trimmings - shell bangles, pieces
of jewelry, anklets of glue dabs, a copper finger ring, and hoops of flimsy copper wire.
In their stoneware there is everything from gigantic capacity jolts down through a
wide scope of family unit utensils to minor fragile residential holders. Stoneware is wheel-
made and all around terminated and for the most part demonstrates a thick red texture,
frequently treated with a brilliant red slip. There are putting forth stands, containers, glasses
and saucers, flagons, dishes, bowls, spoons, radiators, cooking pots and water pitchers.
Painted plans incorporate foliated and geometrical gadgets, for the most part between locking
circles, vase, brush, and scale themes. Can articles included took care of copper reflects (the
copper, when cleaned, needed to accomplish for the still unfamiliar glass), antimony poles,
shell spoons and mother of pearl shells.
Different things found are etches, tomahawks, saws, blades, lances and sharpened
stones, even a copper razor; likewise fish snares, needles, searing skillet and even a supper
dish with spread. There are bone and ivory objects, statuettes in stone and red sand stone with
subtleties worked out with outrageous authenticity and aesthetic ability. Despite the fact that
preceding the Greco-Roman statuary by around 2000 years, it can without much of a stretch
stand correlation with it. There were likewise decorated work and high-class small scale
statuary.
Of the extensive number of earthenware human puppets found at Harappa, the larger
part are female, bare, aside from a limited support round the hips. Many wear a particular
fan-like hood at the back of the head and are embellished with abundant adornments.
Comparable highlights support the conviction that they were holy pictures speaking to the
"Incomparable Mother Goddess" whose pictures are found in extensive numbers in Iran,
Mesopotamia and Egypt. Male dolls were bare and for the most part whiskery and wore long
hair at the back. The dolls were displayed by hand and painted red. There were similitudes
with such items found in the Middle East around the second thousand years B.C. Creature
and fledgling puppets were additionally found in vast numbers.
The figural workmanship is likewise delineated by steatite seals bearing life-like
portrayals of such creatures as Brahamani bull, jokester, tiger, rhino, crocodile, unicorn, a
human figure with horns and a tail, and a horned tiger. The seals additionally bear short
engravings in pictographic content. The plastic craftsmanship was additionally very much
created. Decorations are of numerous materials - earthenware, shell, copper, bronze, globules,
valuable metals overlays with gold, ivory, carnelian and different stones. Accessories and
pendants of dots of semi-valuable stones are generally normal. Square plate formed carved
carnelian globules embellished with white plans like those of Mesopotamia and Iran have
additionally been found, to show exchange with those neighbors toward the west. Gold
neckbands, armlets, bangles, finger rings and filets for head wear were worn both by people
while carnelian dots, hoops, nose studs, anklets and funnel shaped head adornments were
worn only by ladies.
The most attributes of all articles found are the seals and sealings. Some Indus Valley
seals found in Mesopotamian destinations have set up the nearby associations between the
two societies and to fix a date for the Indus Valley human progress. The date of the Indus
Valley has been fixed with some conviction as contemporaneous with the early dynastic time
of Babylonia - around 2500 - 1800 B.C. It must be recalled that it relies upon Mesopotamian
order, and any change of the last should involve a comparing re-dating of the Indus Valley
finds. Copper and bronze were utilized for making household utensils, actualizes, statuettes
and adornments. The absolute nonappearance of iron made executes demonstrates that they
had a place with the Bronze Age.
Horticulture was the primary occupation. They developed wheat, grain and date palm
and were meat eaters. The presence of block lined road depletes and downpour water pipes,
the general utilization of block in development and the portrayal of the seals of creatures, for
example, the tiger, rhino, elephant and wild oxen which support wet living space
demonstrated that the Indus Valley delighted in substantial precipitation. They bargained crop
surplus to import fundamental crude materials, for example, metals and different wares. The
design was plain and utilitarian. The point appears to have been to make life agreeable as
opposed to sumptuous. Their religion appears to have included "Mother Goddess", and trees
and creature adore.
It is sure that they were of non-Aryan racial stock and exceptionally edified, having
an elevated requirement of workmanship and craftsmanship and a well-created arrangement
of pictographic composition that had existed for an extensive period before the entry of Indo-
Aryans. It may be the case that they were intruders as their settlements have likewise been
found in Baluchistan. They were most likely as of now profoundly enlightened before they
entered the nation. Practically all specialists call the development "proto-Dravidian" and
many are of the conclusion that they are the progenitors of Tamils.
Prof Ra. Mathivanan, an examination researcher, has verified that letters found in the
Harappa engravings were antiquated Tamil. The pictographic composition found under an
artistic creation on a stone development in the South Arcot locale of Tamil Nadu was
equivalent to that found in the Indus Valley. A four foot long block discovered amid
unearthings in the Karunool region of Andrapradesh has engravings in Indus Valley letters. A
seal discovered amid unearthings in Anaicoddai in Eelam contained both Indus Valley letters
and brahmic content. The sum total of what these have been converted into advanced Tamil.
More proof of who the Indus Valley individuals were is found in the interpretations of
the Vedas ( which were composed by the Aryans who came to India somewhere in the range
of 3500 years prior) by H.H. Wilson, Ralph Griffith, and A.A. McDonnell and A.B. Keith in
English and by M.R. Sambunatha Iyer in Tamil. The Indus Valley individuals are portrayed
as noseless, dark and pagan brutes. They are called Dravidians, Thasar, Thayook, Asurar,
Arakkar, Rakshather and Sutra. They are likewise depicted as enemies of divine beings,
chandalas, milechas, children of whores and in numerous other unfavorable terms. Be that as
it may, their strength and battling capacities are applauded. There are a few reference to the
town of Hariyupa (later moved toward becoming Harappa). A portion of the many significant
lords of the Thasar (Tamils) alluded to in the Vedas are Samparan, Varacinan, Viruthiran and
Susunan with whom the Aryans took on numerous conflicts. These evidences are widely seen
and have authentic proofs of tamil civilization all over the world.
References
3. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p. 35.
4. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
5. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Studies in Chola History and Administration, University of
Madras, Madras, 1932, p.210.
6. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 211.
7. K.K. Pillai, Tamilaga Varalarum Makkal Panpadum (T), Tamil Nadu Text Book
Society, Madras, 1973, p. 23.
Abstract
Palur (12 46'N latitude and 95 55'E longitude) is situated in Chingleput Taluk of
Kanchipuram District, in Tamil Nadu, it is a small village about 12km away from chingleput
town, on the highway leading from Chinglepet to Kanchipuram. There is a railway station
known as palur railway station. There are frequent bus services from Chingleput as well as
from Kanchipuram to reach Palur. On the eastern side Reddipalalyam, on western side
Melacheri, on northwestern side Kongananjeri on southeastern side Villiyambakkam served
as the boundary village to the Palur. This village covers an area of 2341.25 hectares and
situated on nortern bank of river Palar. The paper studies the evidences related to it.
Excavations at Palur
The Department of Ancient History And Archaeology, University of Madras has
undertaken field explorations at Palur in 2000. After this explorations the Department
conducted excavations at Palur from 2001 to 2005, for about five seasons under the
Directorship of Dr.P.Shanmuga and then under Dr. Ekarmbaranathan
Nearly 7 trenches were laid in these five seasons. They are as follows:
PLR - 1 in 2001,
PLR - 2, PLR -3, PLR -4 In 2002,
PLR - 5 in 2003
PLR - 6 in 2004 and
PLR - 7 in 2005.
From PLR - 1 to PLR - 7, all the trenches were laid at different parts on an
archaeological mound called Nathamedu situated on the northeastern side of the Patangesvara
temple. These trenches were laid to assess the general character of the habitation deposits at
the place and to determine its cultural sequences. The Excavation unfolded the presence of
two cultural periods, namely: Period - I and Period - II respectively. Period – I (3rd Century
B.C to 3rd Century A.D)
The earliest time limit of the period - 1 (3rd century B.C) is determined on the basis of the
occurrence of black and red ware, all black ware and painted ware.
Habitation layers assignable to this period are as follows:
PLR-1: (4) and (5)
PLR-2: (5),(6),(7)
PLR-3: (3),(4),(5)
PLR-4: (4),(5),(6)
PLR-5: (5),(6)
PLR-6: (3),(4)
PLR-7: (5),(6),(7)
The second period (3rd Century A.D. to 9th Century A.D.) is characterized by the
occurrence of red slipped ware and coarse red ware. In this level, survivals of the potteries
found in Period I are available a few in number. This Period is represented in the following
layers
PLR-1: (1),(2),(3)
PLR-2: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-3: (1),(2)
PLR-4: (1),(2),(3)
PLR-5: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-6: (1),(2),(3),(4)
PLR-7: (1),(2),(3),(4)
Pottery
Pottery is very much associated with mankind right from Neolothic age in South India
and it becomes an inseparable unit of many cultural traits. This early historical site, which
was excavated for the five seasons from 2001 to 2005 had yielded a variety of pot sherds. On
the basis of ceramic types unearthed from the site, they can be broadly categorized as:
Black ware
Black and Red ware
Rouletted ware
Red slipped ware
Russet coated and Painted ware
Coarse Red Ware
(a) Black Ware
Black ware is a high quality ware among the South Indian potteries. Both interior and
exterior of this ware are black in colour. It is found in association with the black and red
ware. It was made out of well levigated clay and has a glossy appearance. It is wheel turned
and fired to a medium or high temperature. Both interior and exterior of this ware are black
in colour.
(b) Black and Red Ware
The black and red ware an unique pottery in the Iron age sites. This type of pottery
that undergoes inverted firing (to turn upside down). Due to this firing technique it is always
black in the interior. It was inside black colour and outside red colour. The common shapes
are dish, bowl, conical vessels and fine shaped lid.
a Nadu in the medieval period. During the time of excavations at Nathamedu in Palur
different types of potteries, terracotta objects, minor antiquities and iron objects like nails,
slags, chisel and pieces of slightly rusted iron objects were exposed.
The study revealed that the people were first settled in the Nathamedu area and later
on moved to the present settlement on southern side. The traces of iron smelting noticed in
the excavation, indicate that iron smelting activity was in practice during the early historical
times.
References
Abstract
The history of Tamilnadu has many things to contribute to religion, art and culture.
One may notice that national wealth is innumerably sacred and holy temples have been
decorating the spiritual land of Tamils. Most of the temples contain valuable inscriptions
which serve as the most authentic sources for reconstructing the ancient history. Among such
ancient temples, the Thirunavalur temple is one of the few living South Indian temples with a
rich past. Hence, the paper decodes such evidences.
Among the many reputed towns of South India, a unique place is enjoyed by the
Thirunavalur because of its hoary past spiritual and cultural greatness. It has also the rare
distinction of having been one of the seat of the Chola power. Thirunavalur is situated at a
distance of about 28 kms from villupuram. On the villupuram to Trichy National Highway, at
the Gedilam junction. The Temple is 12 kms from Panruti on the Panruti to Ulundoorpettai
road and it is 15 kms from Ulundoorpettai. The temple is now called Bhaktajaneshwara. This
Sanskrit name is represented in the inscriptions if the temple by its Tamil equivalent
Thiruthondishwara. Both names refer to the 63 devotees of Shiva (Thiruthondishwara or
Bhakthajaneshwara), whose lives are narrated in the periyapuranam and one of whom is
supposed to have been a chief of Thirunavalur itself. An inscription of the Chola king
Paranthaka I. States that the stone temple of Thiruthondishwara was built by his son
Rajadityadeva. Hence it is also called Rajadityesvara in some of its inscriptions.1
The inscriptions of the Cholas and their feudatories are found in the
Thiruthondishwara temple of Thirunavalur. These are the primary source of reconstructing
the political condition of Thirunavalur region. Most of the epigraphs mentioned the
endowments and gifts made in the form of lands, villages, jewel, lamps, etc. The donors
mentioned in the inscriptions are mainly the rulers, feudal chiefs, the officials, the merchants
the devaradiyars and the people.2
Administration
During the Chola period the Chola country founded by Vijayalaya had Tanjavur as its
capital, with river Godavari on the north, Kanniyakumari in the south, Bay of Bengal on the
east and the Arabian sea on the west as its boundaries.3 From the inscriptions, we come to
know that Thirunavalur region had formed a part of Chola dynasty.
Administrative units
The Chola divided their empire into several units for administration namely
mandalams, valanadus, nadus, and oor.4
Mandalam
The “Mandalam” or province was the largest division of Chola administration, which
correlate to the present day “state” there were ten mandalams, in the Chola empire namely.
Chola manadalam,5 Tondaimandalam, Rajarajamandalam. Adiraja mandalam, Vikramachola
Mandalam. Mudikonda Cholamandalam, Malaimandalam, Mummudichaola mandalam and
Vengimandalam. Among them Thirunavalur was in “Jayangonda chola Mandalathau
Thirumunaipadi Melur Nattu thirunavalur”6 and from the Rajaraja-I inscriptions of
Thiruthondishwara temple, we come to know the other mandalans i.e. Chola mandalam and
Naduvil mandalam.7
Valanadu
Each Mandalam was subdivided into Valandus. “Valanadu” is equivalent to present
day district. Since these Valanadus, assumed the names of the respective king, with the
change of king the name was also changed. Besides a valanadu which was one unit in the
reign of one king got bifurcated into two Valanadus under another king.8
Thirunavalur region formed a part of Nadu Nadu, Rajaraja valanadu, Rajandra Chola
valanadu,9 Mathurantha valanadu, Gangaikonda Chola valanadu, Meykunra valanadu,10
Nittavinoda valanadu, Uyyakodar valanadu, Virarajendra valanadu, etc., successively.
Nadu
Each Valanadu within was divided into a number of nadus which were sometimes
known as Kurram. Those nadus can be compared with the present day taluks. From the
inscriptions of Tithuthondishwar temple, it is found that the Thirunavalur region formed a
part of Thirumunaipadi Melur nadu, Amur nadu, keezhamur nadu, Kundrathur nadu,
Peruganur nadu, Valaiyur nadu, Senkunda nadu,11 Narippali nadu, Tenkal nadu,
Therumunai pati nadu, Melataki meykunra nadu, Kunrattu nadu, etc., successively.
Village
The Village was the loweet unit to of the administration and was governed by an
assembly council. The Thirunavalur Thiruthondishwar temple inscriptions gives the
information that “Alunganam” a village as simply was functioning there. Thirumaligai Sabha
was also attached to the village administration.12
King
The king was the centre of the monarchical form of government who was ordained to
take care of the public. The kingship was hereditary. He was the head of the administration
and his presence and authority was felt throughout the empire.
It was the custom of the kings to visit their kingdom personally and enquire with
officials in order to understand the condition and grievances of their citizens. The government
officials would bring all important issues to the attention of the king and would issue certain
orders to solve the problem.
Government officials
The rulers administered their kingdom with the assistance of ministers. The ministry
was advisory body and it assisted rulers. The advisory bodies were classified as Peruntharam
(higher grade) and Sirutharam (lower grade).13 The inscriptions of this temple also disclose
that Peruntharam officials were serving in the Thiruthondishwara temple administration.
Duties of the officials
There were many officials in the administration. The officer who wrote down the royal
decrees passed by the king from time to time on palm leaves was known as Tirumandira
Olai. An inscription shows that Meenavan Marayan and Moovendhavelan wrote monarch
orders.
During the reigns of the Cholas, the Thirumaligai assembly members were the
Brahmins and the administration of the temple was conferred on the government officials.14
The kings used to honour their government servants by conferring several titles. The
Thirunavalur Thiruthondishwara temple inscriptions evidence exhibits the fact that the
government officials were concerned with such titles. Among them the titles of Brahmarayan
and Brahmadhirayah were conferred only on the officials belonging to the Brahmin
community.15
Army
The King was the head of the army and the navy. Usually, the king used to different
keep of army to protect themselves and their kingdoms. The Chola king Vijayalaya was able
to vanquish Mutharayar and founded the Chola kingdom which developed the Chola empire
in to the regime by Chola Rajaraja I. It was due to the expansion of the Chola army. The
Cholas had several sections in the army such as the infantry, elephant corps, the navy, the
cavalry and the chariot force etc.16
Kings of those days were able to display their might and extent their region over seas
with their powerful naval forces. We are able to understand form the prasati “Kandalurchalai
Kalamaruth Earuliya” of Rajaraja I that the Cholas had a powerful navy.
Rajendra I invaded Eelam (Srilanka) in C.E. 1017 and conquered it. There are
inscriptions of his time in Srilanka to evidence this historical fact. Since he conquered Eelam,
he assumed the title “Maduraiyam Eelumum Konda Prakesari Verman.”17
Village Administration
The Chola period was famous for local administration. It was the village
administrative system that ensured that all the orders and beneficiary plans of the kings under
the monarchy percolated to the village public. It was only during the Chola regime the village
administrative system excelled.
References
1. Epigraphiga Indica, Vol. VII, 8/3, p.133.
2. T.V. Sadasiva Pandarathar, Pirkala Solar Varalaru (T), Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar, 1979, p. 270.
3. K.A. Nilakanta Satri, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, p. 310.
4. R.K. Mookerji, Local Government of Ancient India, New Era Publication, New Delhi,
1958, p. 39.
5. A.R.E. 360 of 1902.
6. T.V. Mahalingam, South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, pp. 23-25.
7. A.R.E., 252, 253, 254 of 1939-40.
8. T.V. Sadasiva Pandarathar, Op.cit., p. 280.
9. A.R.E., 361 of 1902, 260 of 1939-40.
10. Ibid., 350, 361 of 1902.
11. Y. Subbarayalu, The political geography of the Chola country, Department of
Archaeology, 1974, Madras, p. 76.
12. T.V.Mahalingam, Op.cit., p. 210.
13. M.S. Govindasamy, The Role of Feudatories in the later Chola History, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar, 1979, p. 21.
14. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p. 35.
15. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
16. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 260.
17. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Studies in Chola History and Administration, University of
Madras, Madras, 1932, p.210.
18. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 211.
19. K.K. Pillai, Tamilaga Varalarum Makkal Panpadum (T), Tamil Nadu Text Book
Society, Madras, 1973, p. 23.
20. N. Subramaniyan, Tamilaka Varalaru (T), Ennes Publication, Madurai, 1973, p. 242.
Abstract
The article is about the chronicled and proof of extraordinary ruler lord Ravana in
SriLanka. He is depicted as an extraordinary adherent of Shiva, an incredible researcher, an
able ruler and a maestro of the Veena, however somebody who wished to overwhelm the
Devas. His dad was Visravas (child of Pulastya, one of the maker Prajapati) and mother
Nikasa. His ten heads speak as far as anyone is concerned of the six shastras and the four
Vedas. Ravana is likewise portrayed as the writer of the Ravana Samhita, a book on Hindu
crystal gazing, and the Arka Prakasham, a book on Siddha drug and treatment. It is said that
he composed a book of Ayurveda solutions for newborn children on the solicitation of his
significant other. Likewise he utilized the drug for his kin and the warrior who battled for
him.
Keywords: - Ravana, Sigiriya, Ten face, Lion, Pushpakavimana, Fountain of liquid magma
Ravana had a considerable appearance with his ten heads (thus he is otherwise called
Dasakantha and Panktigriva) and twenty arms. His body was shrouded in scars, won in
unlimited fights with the divine beings. Three injuries, specifically, were from the plate of
Vishnu, the jolt of Indra, and the tusk of Airavata, the elephant of Indra. Through his
dedication and retribution to the extraordinary god Brahma, Ravana was made strong and had
the ability to accept any structure he wished from men to mountains to death itself. He was
powerful to the point that he could cause seismic tremors and tempests. He was an
extraordinary fan of Lord Shiva. Ravana would contemplate for quite a long time at a
conclusion to please him. Regardless of how he was as a human, one couldn't deny that he
was an enthusiastic aficionado. Ruler Shiva was so awed by him that he offered on him the
ability to utilize divine weapons, a respect that just a persevering enthusiast could procure.
In Ramayana, Pushpaka Vimana which Ravana utilized while snatching Sita, it was
the flying item that Ravana imagined (Within folklore). This story just demonstrates that his
insight wasn't simply restorative, yet additionally logical. He had a curve towards
development and thought of his novel vehicle. Hence, for Sri Lankans, even the beginning of
the war among Ravana and Lord Rama is altogether different. Indians trust that none of it had
happened had Ravana not snatched Sita. Notwithstanding, the Sri Lankans trust that
everything began with Lakshmana removing Surpanakha's nose after she proposed Lord
Rama. For them, what Ravana did was whatever an elder sibling would have done to
vindicate the damage caused to his more youthful sister. Sri Lankans don't revere Ravana as a
divine being nevertheless they view him as an incredible lord for all that he is celebrated to
do. For them, he was the ruler who opposed intruders. For them, he is the disastrous saint
who was double-crossed by his own siblings when he attempted to vindicate his sister's
respect.
The Sigiriya Rock is really a solidified magma plug from a wiped out fountain of
liquid magma. The most critical element of the stone would be the Lion staircase prompting
the castle garden. The Lion could be imagined as an enormous figure transcending against the
stone bluff. The opened mouth of the Lion prompts the staircase worked of blocks and
timber. Anyway the main survives from this lofty structure are the two paws and the stone
work dividers encompassing it. All things considered the cuts and forests in the stone face
give an impression of a lion figure. The term Sigiriya begins from the word Sihagri, for
example Lion Rock. No less than, three million blocks are found over the stone which was
utilized in development here, and there is an inquiry still raised how they moved these blocks
from ground to the highest point of the stone which is 660ft in stature.
Smooth white marble stones are utilized for venture inside the royal residence and for
washing pool, which isn't local to that place. We can scarcely discover, 1000 marble squares
which gauge fifteen pounds. Another interesting element is that, there is no staircase from
ground to climb top where the castle is. Metal stairs where built just amid a century ago. It
takes two hours to climb the stone presently utilizing these stairs. The means where
extremely restricted before just on a ground level, with the goal that none could get on up and
see. There is a substantial water tank, which is the world's biggest solid water tank. This is
made by scooping out tons and huge amounts of stone from strong shake. This whole tank is
90ft long and 60ft wide with 7ft profundity. This implies about 3500 tons rock scooped out
without crude devices. The characteristic of scooping out the stone shows up as a long snake
like example, as if reminds like when a frozen yogurt is scooped out. The water in the tank
stays full even in overwhelming summer, it isn't dried or overflown notwithstanding for once.
This is viewed as bath of Ravana by local people. On the ground level, splendid passage has
been built by joining two immense rocks, which still a question mark to the specialists how
was this conceivable in that period. A few sides of the stone royal residence, contain forests
which are cubic fit as a fiddle, a vast entire, some profound even cuts ninety degree vertical
which are cut.
The western mass of Sigiriya was predominantly secured by frescoes, made amid the
rule of Kasyapa. Eighteen frescoes have made due right up 'til the present time. The frescoes
are delineating naked females and are viewed as either the representations of Kasyapa' s
spouses and courtesans or priestess performing religious ceremonies. Regardless of the
obscure personality of the females delineated in the frescoes, these exceptional old artworks
are praising female magnificence and have extraordinary recorded importance.
A standout amongst the most striking highlights of Sigiriya is its Mirror divider. In
the days of yore it was cleaned so altogether that the ruler could see his appearance in it. The
development of such a landmark on a gigantic shake around 200 meters higher from the
encompassing scene required progressed building and designing aptitudes. The patio
nurseries of Sigiriya are among the most seasoned arranged gardens on the planet. Sigiriya
has water greenery enclosures, cavern and rock gardens, and furthermore terraced patio
nurseries. They are situated in the western piece of the stone and are with a complex pressure
driven framework, which comprises of waterways, locks, lakes, dams, spans, wellsprings, just
as surface and underground water siphons. In the blustery season, all channels are loaded up
with water, which starts to course through the entire territory of Sigiriya.
On either side of the street that leads from the western passage of the complex to the
stone greenhouse and Sigiriya shake are a couple of rectangular pools (photograph to one
side). Just before the pools are a progression of limestone wellsprings that are gravity
sustained from the storages at the second and more elevated amount of patio nursery two (the
wellsprings are appeared in the photograph to one side). Amid the stormy season they keep
on working. The royal residence and fortification complex is perceived as one of the best
instances of old urban arranging. The site quickly pulled in the consideration of students of
history and archeologists, however just during the 1980s real unearthings occurred here.
One of the two split stone passages that lead from the rock patio nurseries to the
terraced greenhouses. This is made by two rocks supporting each other like a curve so as to
confine the foe section in a constrained manner, so that Ravana could assault effectively.
Among the most noteworthy parts of the urban structure at Sigiriya are its arranging
arithmetic and all out plan idea. The arrangement of the city depends on an exact square
module. The design broadens outward from the directions at the focal point of the royal
residence complex over the stone. The eastern and western passages are legitimately lined up
with the focal east-west hub. The imperial water gardens and the canals and defenses of the
western area depend on a "reverberation" plan, which copies the format on either side of the
north-south and east-west tomahawks. In its absolute origination Sigiriya speaks to a splendid
mix of ideas of symmetry and asymmetry in an intentional interlocking of geometrical
arrangement and regular structure.
References
Archaeological Evidences
Abstract
As archaeology aims at studying the human cultural and social past, it has an
obvious alliance with history. History narrates the past with the aid of textual references that
were coexistent with the past. Archaeology relies on material remains and monuments. Both
these disciplines converge to give us a right perspective of the past; one supplementing the
other. Hence Archaeology is essentially a method of reconstructing the past from the
surviving traces of former societies. Both archaeology and history are concerned with the
study of human past. Archaeology presents another method of approach to history, a study of
human cultures through the material remains. Archaeology studies the story of man’s past
through his material remains. The word Archaeological comes from the Greek word
‘Archaios’ means ancient and ‘Logos’ means theory or science.
TamilNadu is famous for a number of ports on the eastern seacoast. The ports of
sopatanam, Kaverippumpattinam, Tranquebar, Karaikkal, Periyapattinam and Kanyakumari
are mentioned in the chronicles of foreign travellers as well as in Sangam literature. Among
them Poompuhar was once a flourishing ancient port city known as Kaveripumpattinam.
Dynasties that ruled over TamilNadu the Cholas held a place of eastern and used this ancient
town as their post capital. Puhar in Tamil means the estuary of rivers in the sea.
This port town has been mentioned and cited on the temple inscriptions, in ancient
literature and travelogues different names and its has been referred to as Kaganthi,
Sampapathi, PalarpukarMoothur, MannagathuVanpathi, cholapattinam, Kaberia Empourium
and Kolapattinam. There are frequent references to this important port town in ancient
To conclude the aim of this museum is to give a total picture of human achievements
in the past, in a scientific manner. Not only that through the marine Aaechaeology survey we
made our civilization and passed it from the Stone Age to the Space Age.
References
Abstract
The village Kannur was earlier denoted as kanrur. The toponomy of the village was
derived as Kanru + Ur, the term ‘Kanru’ in Tamil denotes the sapling or young tree and also
young calf of animals such as cow and sheep. The field survey shows that virtually offsprings
of coconut plants are grown in abundance whereas the Ur denotes the settlement. In course of
time the name Kanrur was changed into kannur.
Srimuhgaiswara temple facing towards east, enshrines the main deity in the linga
form and other accommodates the goddess Maragathambigai. The main shrine embellished
with the Garbagraha and ardhamandapa. The images of Vinayaka and subramanya are
enshrined in the kostha on either side of the entrance. Dvarapalaka is conspicuously absent in
this temple. The temple has simple architectural features, with simple adhisthana; the pithi
has devakosthas on the south embellished with Dakshinamurthy, west, and north. The
prastara has kudu motifs, above which rises the super structure vimana, which is in Vesara
style. Above the entrance, in a small niche, Siva and Parvathi are seated, which is built of
cement.
The Maragathambigai shrine also bear similar architectural features, but devoid of
devakosthas in the pilaster. Above the prastara raises the typical Dravidian vimana, with
three Kalasas on top. The super structure above the grabhagriha of the Amman statue is also
built in cement. The Amman statue is placed at the centre, on all the four cardinal directions
the image of lion is placed. A small Balipitha and square nandhi mandapa, with four pillars
are placed in an axial line.
Ganesa Temple
There is a small temple dedicated to Lord Ganesa. The garbhagriha enshrines
Ganesa, with front mandapa with two round shaped pillars. The pillars pertains to the Chola
period, it is assumed the pillars pertains to the buried site of the ancient Siva temple. It is
located near the Srimuhaisvara temple.
Dilapidated Sculptures in Kannur
Surya
The Dilapidated sculpture of Surya is seen on the road side, which was once housed in
the ancient Siva temple. The Sculpture is buried upto his waist. The image is dilapidated
condition. He holds lotus flowers in his two hands. A thick yajnopavidha passes through his
chest. The waist band and drapery are clearly embellished. The image can be assigned to
Chola period 10th century A.D. There is another dilapidated temple near the new Siva temple.
The temple structure is completely encroached with Vegetation and ant hills inside the
garbagraha.
Nandhi
The ancient Nandhi is also seen on the road side. The sculpture is in a dilapidated
condition. The two small horns and small pendant is sculpted beautifully on its head. This
image also can be assigned to Chola period 10th Century 10th C.A.D.
Boundary Stone or Marking Stone
The lands were endowed to the Siva Temple were called Devadana lands.The Temple
and the Village Assembly controlled the Devadana lands. Sometimes, whole village was
granted as Devadana for carrying out daily worship and festivals. Likewise the land was also
endowed as Iraiyili to Temple, which was exempted from taxation. Iraiyili. For these kind of
lands there was a boundary stone planted to denote the boundaries of the donated land. The
boundary stone also called Marking stone adorned with the symbols of Trident Mark and
Circle mark was planted which was an ancient practice. The Tamil Lexicon mentions that the
boundary stone (vy;iyf;Fupa epUj;jq;fs;) is a stone planted to denote the boundary.
In order to represent this symbol, there is a boundary stone or marking stone is found
in front of the Pillar Temple very nearer to Mukeswara Temple (Siva temple) in kannur
Village which is 5 kilometers from Sriperumbadur taluk, Thiruvallur district. The Stone has
Trident Mark which facing upwards with blossom petals and Circle symbol mark. This sign
represents that the existence of Siva Temple in Kannur village and the circle denoted sun and
star which represents that till existence of sun and star in the universe, the land donated to the
temple should maintained. These are some of the evidences of the place.
References
Abstract
The cult of Siva known as Saivism is one of the oldest faiths in the world and most
widely spread in India. Siva means ‘in whom all things lie’, and connected to kind,
benevolent and friendly. The third among the Hindu Tirmurti. and in the Veda he was known
as Rudra ‘the terrible god’, the destroying deity but in the later times it became usual to give
that god the euphemistic name Siva the auspicious one’. Siva is identified with the symnbolic
form of Linga and the anthropomorphic forms like Bhairava, Nataraja, Virabhadramurti,
Umamaheswara, Daksinamurti, chandrasekharamurti, etc. The present paper is an attempt to
analyse the imagery of Siva as Daksinamurti in the context Konerirajapuram in south Indian
temple.
shoulder have been glittering in those times. The bhava is srngara, one under the spell of
libido. The Kasyapa-silpasastra (patalam) talks of three types, called Kevalamurti,
Gaurisahita and Alingana. Much of the enumeration is (50 out of 62 sloka is reserved for
iconometrical details. It adds the lord is rajasabhava.
The headgear is of jatamakuta type, bearing candrakala. Be wears the pitambara and
sakalabharanas. If united with Devi, the latter is seated on the Lord’s left thigh and called
Gaurisamyuta. If alingana ‘embracing’ the left fore – hand in varada attitude holds Devi in
its grip. The sarasvatiyacitrakaramasastra (adhyaya 15)also presents lot of iconometrical
details (58 out of 72 slokas). It adds that the lord may wear the jata – or krita- makuta.
The tiara in addition to the crescent is decorated with nagapuspa ‘snake flower’. The
Lord is of the color of sphatika ‘crystal’i.e. white. He wears a dress consisting of the hide of
tiger or a pitambara. The ornaments include the following : katisutra (chord around hip),
yajnopavita (white sacred thread ), navaratnamala (necklace of nine gems), upagriva (cf.
Gudimallam image), karnika or karnapatra in left earlobe, makarakundala in right earlobe
and so on.
The face exhibits srngarabhava or rajasabhava. The emblems, attributed to the four
hands, arethesame in all these texts. See also filliogat. The above account would pertain to
independent murtis who were cast in three different types. Candrasekhara is perhaps
associated Lingoabhavamurti because he wears the candrakala.. in fact in Lingoabhavamurti,
apart from the shapeless (T. pintam) linga, the murti is Candrasekhara / otherwise called
because os his association with the Linga. This seems to be the outcome of a later tradition. .
The Nayanmar do not link Candrasekhara with Lingoabhava. But they have lot of data,
bearing on Candrasekhara as an independent Murti. Nanacampantar gives the Tamil
transcription of the epithet, Cantiracekaran (3:318:3).
Navukkaracar in a patikam (4:3) commences each hymn with reference to the moon-
crested Lord. They are Matarpiraikanniyan ‘Lord of the handsome – moon –crest, Pollian
Kanniyinan ‘Lord of the young-moon-crest’, Eripirailk kanniyinan Lord of crescent –crest;
(eri = pirai, redoubled expression), Piraiyilan kanniyinan
Lord of the young-crescent –crest’, Etumatik kanniyan ‘Lord of the crescent –crestt’,
Tanmatik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the cool –moon-crest’, Katimatik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the
crystal –moon –crest’, Virumpumatik kanniyan ‘Lord of the darling –crescent –crest’,
Murpiraik kanniyinan ‘Lord of the first-day moon-crest (candrarekha)’, Tinkamatik kanniyan
‘Lord of the crescent –crest ‘ and Valarmatik kanniyinan’Lord of the waxing –moon-crest’.
The moon is mati, pirai tinkal, nila, cantiran,coman, soma, and caci . The sekhara
‘crest’ aspect of the moon of siva is denoted by various terms such as cuti or tari ‘wear’, vai’
place’, utai’ possess’, cer (1:66:1)’unite ‘ and poti (2:215:10) ‘merge. The Lord’s headgear is
catai (1:3:6, 2:21:10) or cencatal ‘red –hued locks of hair’ (1:2:7).
The color of the moon is white and so called venmati (5:167:4) ‘white moon’ panimati
‘dewed moon’ (1:120:2) (Skt.himakirana). The moon may be full or waxing or wanning or a
crescent. General expression such as mati katirvimatiyam ‘moon spread out like a bunch of
paddy crop’antivanmati’ (evening)twilight moon’ mancunamalaimati ‘twilight (yellow)
fogged moon and kutaticaimati eastern moon are likely to refer to the full-moon.
The crescent is generally called pirai. Some poetic forms are mulaittinkal ‘sprouting
moon’ pillaippirai ‘child crescent’ (Skt.balarka) illampirai ‘young crescent’, konalilampirai
‘curved young moon’, murracvenmati immature young moon’ valarumpirai ‘growing
crescent ‘and mekantoypirai crescent meshed in clouds’. The wanning moon is tyntatinkl.
The Sanskritic source of thought as recorded in the Sritatvanidhi (especially bearing
on Devi, have bequeathed a number of interesting terminologies. They are candraradha’ half
moon’ (STN 1:9), candrarekha ‘streak of moon’ (STN 1:44, 1:75), candrankita (1:65),
Sasisisu ‘baby moon’ (STN 1:6 ), indurekha (STN 1.77), candrakala ‘digit of the moon’
(STN 1:88, 1:234), ardhendramaulim (STN 1:121), kaladhara (STN 5:100) and candra
khanda ‘fracture of the moon’ (STN 5:254).
The myth behind the union of Siva with Candra is not clear in the Nayanmar hymns.
There is a rare allusion Siva who stole the moon and crested it (cantira-naik kavarntu tarittar
6:289:4). The cult value behind the moon- crested Lord is clearly stated in some of the
hymns. These evidences prove the name Chandrasekara as the prime name of Lord Shive.
Reference
1. This must be a reference to the nagalinga (Rawolfia serpentine) flower in the shape of
a cobra, expanding its hood above the sirvoartana of a Linga. The clue to obtaining
flowers from a tree is likely to the nagalinga flower as it blossoms at bought- tip of
the bulky tree.
2. Filliezat presents a copious account of the myth and iconography of
Lingodbhavamurti with due reference to Candrasekhara in his learned paper. I would
like to dedicate this small piece to the memory of the versatile genius, Professor Jean
Filliozat, but for whom there would have been no centre of the Ecole Francaise
Extreme orient at Pondichery.
3. Dehejia, Vidya slaves of the Lord: the path of the Tamil Saints. New Delhi. 1988.
4. Gauri Parimoo Development of Paradigms in western Indian Cave Temples 1991.
5. Goety, Hermman Art of the world : Indian. New York, 1959.
6. Heston, M.B. Iconographic themes of the Gopura of the Kailasanatha Temple at
Ellora. Artibus Asiae, 1981.
7. IPS Inscriptions of the Pudukkottai state. Pudkkottai. 1929.
8. Joshi,N.P. Early forms of Siva. in M.W. Meister ed., infra, 1984.
9. Kalidos, Raju History and Culture of the Tamils. Dindigul, 1976.
10. Kandan, K. ‘Kiratarjuniyam’ in Early Indian Art. Annali (AION), 1991.
11. Kramrisch, Stella The Presence of Siva , Bombay, 1981.
12. The Satyagirisvara Temple at Tirumeyyam: its Iconographical Significance. Journal
of the Indian Art History Congress. 1994.
Abstract
The existence of humans in the Indian subcontinent has been dated lower back to
round 30,000 years. The contemporary science has enabled us to excavate into the coronary
heart of the earth and examine the way of life of human beings who first inhabited this
country. Apart from human skeletons, numerous objects are found in either authentic or
dilapidated circumstance on every occasion an excavation is carried out. Such findings link
us to the past and assist us to examine about how we adapted ourselves to live on below the
changing circumstances. One famous website which has been of an exceptional help in
gaining knowledge of about the history of India is Adichanallur in the nation of Tamil Nadu.
The first character to rise out an excavation at this website was once Dr. Jagor from
Germany, with his two accomplices; the District Engineer and the Collector. His excavations
had been accompanied through two others: Alexander Rea from England and Louis Lapique
from France. Dr. Jagor managed to get greater than 50 types of utensils via the excavation
alongside with human skulls and skeletons. Despite being excavated from the Indian land,
Dr. Jagor carried all these objects to his mom country, the place they had been kept in the
Berlin Museum. Later, Alexander Rea managed to find out more than 5800 objects via
excavations inside duration of sixteen years from 1889 to 1905. Similar to the urns excavated
by means of Alexander Rea, the new observed urns have been stuffed with rice, paddy, empty
vessels, lamps, and different objects. The purpose behind packing all this stuff in the urns
ought to be the trust that the lifeless were to journey to any other region for the duration of
which they would require all these objects to survive. Other findings of the excavation
covered utensils in red, black, and red-black, vessels, copper bangles, ear-rings, spear-heads,
and many other objects of that period.
The palm-sized bronze figurine got here from the archaeological website online at
Adichanallur, positioned along the Tamirabarani River in Thoothukudi district, says C.
Maheswaran, the retired curator for anthropology at the Department of Museums. “It
probably represents a mom goddess who stood for fertility,” he adds. “The artefact is
primitive but is circa 1,500 BC,” surmises T. Satyamurthy. As superintending archaeologist
at the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), he had led the fourth excavation — fifth, as per
some information — in Adichanallur in 2004-05.
For almost a hundred years, the Mother Goddess has been mendacity safely internal a
vault at the Egmore Museum. Now the figurine, as properly as different artefacts, together
with gold diadems (gold jewellery tied with a string on the forehead) will join hundreds of
other Adichanallur artefacts for display at a revamped gallery in the museum, says Kavitha
Ramu, Director, and Department of Museums.
Keezhadi, contending that the ASI used to be balking at the prospect of digging out an
extensive, ancient Tamil civilisation that was once independent of Vedic Hinduism.
Sangam literature, especially the before works, has been a touchstone for the
Dravidian movement. The poetry of the Sangam canon conjures up the internal world of
emotions and the outer world of activity however is largely silent on non secular practices or
even God. Many scholars aver that there is no trace of Vedic Hinduism in the verses, and
almost nothing of the caste system or Brahmins. To many proponents of the Dravidian
movement, the early Sangam technology represents an best non-Brahmin, non-caste past, and
offers them their separate identity. “If simply the burial website can throw up so many things,
think about what a full-fledged excavation in Adichanallur may unearth,” says R.
Mathivanan, who served as the Director the State government’s Tamil Etymological
Dictionary project.
‘habitation site’ where historical people lived. In a number of reports in The Hindu and
Frontline published at that time, journalist T.S. Subramanian explained what was once
excavated during that dig. A research paper posted in 2010 in the Indian Journal of History of
Science said that Adichanallur was additionally an historical centre for mining and
metalwork. A mineral pattern from a burial urn containing copper artefacts was dated to
1,500 BC, plus or minus seven hundred years, via Raj Kishore Gartia of Manipur University.
“At Adichanallur, arsenic was once intentionally delivered to copper so that the alloy may
want to be work-hardened over a huge vary of temperatures without worry of embrittlement.
Among the ancients in India, this technique has been located solely in the Indus Valley,
without Adichanallur,” says B. Sasisekaran, who used to be serving as a scientist at the
National Institute of Ocean Technology when he did the lookup as phase of the team. He
adds that at the close by Krishnapuram too, an ancient mining website online was found,
indicating that this used to be not an isolated activity. The experts concluded that metal
artefacts had been made here till the eighth century AD.
The courting approach used has, however, drawn criticism. In the Thermo-
luminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence relationship (OSL) techniques
adopted, the final time the mineral was once heated (probably for its manufacture) is
detected. Critics say that carbon relationship is more excellent for Adichanallur. Mr.
Sasisekaran counters that OSL is indeed the general for relationship minerals, as carbon
relationship is used more for natural material. He provides that OSL had efficaciously dated
findings through marine archaeologists at the Gulf of Khambat. But some archaeologists
insist that radio carbon courting at three reputed institutes would settle the trouble and
additionally limit the error margin in the OSL dating. Diversity of the remains. For pretty
some time now, Adichanallur has been the playground of contentious theories voiced
throughout the world. These theories have dealt with some of the biggest questions regarding
the history of no longer simply India however the complete human race. Starting in Chennai,
or Madras, as it was acknowledged then, the Adichanallur findings have exercised brilliant
minds in Kolkata, Berlin, Paris, London, Australia and Ithaca in New York State, home to
Cornell University.
“Adittanallur (Adichanallur) skeletal records have come to be considered as the
keystone for many theories of race formation, which were primarily based upon the tenets of
until now anthropological preoccupation called racial paleontology,” said Kenneth Kennedy,
former professor of physical anthropology at Cornell, in his essay, “Hauntings at
Adichanallur: An anthropological ghost story”, posted in 1986.
Adichanallur’s global hyperlinks began with the arrival of German antiquarian and
Berlin resident of Russian descent Friedrich (Fedor) Jagor in the nineteenth century.
Germany at some point of Jagor’s time was a late entrant to the imperialist recreation that
nonetheless fancied its chances. The Germans believed that they may want to use
ethnography to apprehend the native populations they were encountering in Asia and Africa.
This resulted in a race amongst German cities to raise their cosmopolitan status and trap up
with different cities on the continent by using enhancing the ethnological collections of their
museums. Jagor, a resident of Berlin, used to be a outstanding player in this race. Between
1857 and 1893, Jagor made three trips to Asia. During his 2nd excursion in 1876, he
excavated “upwards of fifty kinds, of baked earthenware, utensils of all sizes and shapes, a
great quantity of iron weapons and implements… and a notable quantity of bones and skulls”,
wrote the District Gazetteer. Jagor shipped his finds to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.
Jagor has left designated chronicles of his travels, but not of Adichanallur. “Jagor brought
again some 10,000 artefacts in all. The Indian artefacts were first saved at the Ethnological
Museum and in 1963 have been added to the newly hooked up Department of Indian Art,
now a phase of the Museum of Asian Art next to the Ethnological Museum,” says Roland
Platz, curator for South/Southeast Asia at the Berlin Ethnological Museum. Jagor may
additionally not have written about Adichanallur however his treasures have been turning into
properly known in Europe, cited Kennedy. Louis Lapicque, a French neuroscientist who
believed in race theories, landed in Adichanallur in 1903. Kennedy delivered that Lapicque
dug out one skull that, in accordance to Lapicque, constituted evidence of a primitive Negroid
race. This cranium was once “proudly displayed” at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
in Paris, in accordance to Kennedy, who cited that many different experts of that time were
additionally weighing in on the skeletal remains. Meanwhile, Alexander Rea, the
superintending archaeologist of the ASI in Madras, had commenced his very own excavation
at the turn of the 20th century. In all he excavated 14 skeletal remains, and many of the
artefacts he dug out were put on show at the Egmore Museum in Chennai.
In 1930, Solly Zuckerman, a research anatomist, did a measurement-based study of
two Adichanallur skulls. He located the first to be relatively Australoid but didn’t assume it
was too unique from being Dravidian. The second, he said, was once likely female, and
remarkably comparable to the Old Woman of Grimaldi, one of two Stone Age skeletal
remains observed in Italy. The Grimaldi finds had been thought to help the ‘Out of Europe’
concept which was later discredited. The Grimaldis had been supposed to be examples of
darker-skinned Europeans who gave upward jab to Black Africans and, probable for
Zuckermann, Dravidians too.
In 1963, Indian anthropologists B.K. Gupta and P. Chatterjee published a find out
about primarily based on extra superior skeletal contrast techniques in which they said the
skeletons showed a medley of “primitive” elements that belonged to Veddoid-Australoid and
Mediterranean races. These races had “contributed to the formation of Dravidian speakers”,
they said. ‘Vedda’ is a tribe that is nevertheless found in today’s Sri Lanka. In Tamil,
‘Vedda’ stands for the hunter tribe. As per the folklore, the most popular deity in the State,
Murugan, comes from that tribe. The two Indian anthropologists stated that the Australoid
and the Mediterranean skeletal remains had also been located in Indus Valley Civilisation,
thus establishing a link with Adichanallur.
Reviewing these studies, Kennedy concluded in his essay that the Adichanallur
remains discovered until then were pretty diverse. On that basis, he called for more
conclusive excavations and evaluation so that the ghosts of Adichanallur ought to be put to
rest.
The Aussie connection
By 2014, the ‘Out of Africa’ concept had turn out to be the scientific consensus on the
beginning of man, and Australia had embarked on a undertaking that would exhibit that the
aborigines in that united states had been descendants of ‘Out of Africa’ migrants dwelling in
South and Southeast Asia throughout the Ice Age. The Australoids had reportedly pushed
towards Australia via sea and land routes — apparently, Australia used to be connected to the
mainland then. Among the scientists working in that mission used to be P. Raghavan, who
used to be born to Indian Tamil parents in Jaffna however left the island country in the late
Nineteen Seventies due to the ethnic strife there. He and his sister Gayatri Pathmanathan
moved to Chandigarh as researchers. Raghavan later moved to Australia.
In December 2004, he was on a visit to Chennai for his research on the hyperlink
between aborigines and South India. A motel receptionist, after asking about his profession,
knowledgeable him that some ancient skeletons had been unearthed at Adichanallur.
“Adichanallur grew to be my passion...” says Mr. Raghavan. While physical anthropologists
before him noticed Adichanallur in isolation, Mr. Raghavan, assisted by his sister, noticed it
in the context of Korkai, some 15 km from Adichanallur, and the Sangam references to it as a
port worried in sea exchange and pearl fishing. Radio carbon dating had discovered that a
pattern from Korkai used to be circa 800 BC. At that time (2,500 years ago) the sea would
possibly have been at least 6-7 km inland, he says.
After lookup the use of superior software and databases, and scrutiny of the fossil and
semi-fossil files in the area, he testifies to the foreign foundation of the humans whose
skeletal remains have been found. He says they date to 2,500-2,200 BC. “Many of the
Adichanallur skulls were that of people from the Middle East, the Mediterranean region,
Southeast Asia and the Far East, which include what is today Vietnam, Cambodia, China and
Japan. The skulls had abnormalities and dietary deficiencies of the form commonly suffered
by means of seafarers and deep-sea divers. They possibly got here in through the silk
alternate route, and the burial ground excavated was once probable a distinctive cemetery for
foreigners,” Mr. Raghavan says. The cranium remains pointed to sexually transmitted
diseases, which was once again was a usual thing of seafarers; he adds. Some of the skulls
had mysterious, well margined cavities simply above the eyebrows. Mr. Raghavan says that
they had been possibly brought about through non-cancerous (benign) tumors (also
recognized as Pott’s Puff Tumors) and related to excessive sinuses. They had been in all
likelihood prompted by using positive micro organism that often attack sailors and deep sea
divers, he adds.
The Egmore Museum gallery seeks to highlight the sea exchange aspect. “The
revamped Adichanallur gallery in Egmore Museum will supply site visitors a feel of historic
Tamil life and their maritime things to do via the use of digital and augmented reality,” says
K. Pandiarajan, Tamil Nadu Minister for Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture.“We
hope to draw in Central as well as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dollars for the
usual museum revamp project,” he adds. “The State government has sanctioned ₹30 lakh for
refurbishing the Adichanallur gallery, which will be completed by using March-April,” says
Kavitha Ramu of the Department of Museums.
Awaiting closure
Mr. Raghavan says that of the almost one hundred seventy skeletal stays studied,
Caucasoid constituted 35%, Mongoloid 30%, Negroid 14%, Australoid 5%, Dravidian 8%,
and blended traits 8%. He says that the Australoid had been likely cutting-edge Australian
aborigines who have been recognized to have had seafaring qualities. Modern anthropologists
frown upon any value being attached to race, retailer for the purposes of reconstructing
history. The existing belief is that there are four races: Australoid, Negroid, Caucasoid and
Mongoloid. But these are statistical constructs that do not decide or describe culture,
behaviour or ability. No one is merely of any race and the races are no longer closed genetic
systems.
“In any case, India is an admixture of all the 4 races. The extent of the combine may
vary from place to region,” says Mr. Raghavan, adding that Dravidian and Aryan are
linguistic and no longer racial entities. Dravidianists argue that as lengthy as there are caste-
based inequalities and concentration of electricity in the higher castes, empowerment politics
primarily based on race and identification are each applicable and necessary. When marriage
across caste boundaries turns into commonplace, such politics won’t be required, they say.
They hope that an substantial excavation will conclusively set up a glorious Tamil civilisation
alongside the Tamirabarani. “Less than 10% of the web site has been excavated. There is
scope for lots more work there,” says Mr. Satyamurthy.Mr. Raghavan’s finding offers closure
to at least one aspect, however. Fedor Jagor got here looking for the stays of a primitive
humans to exhibit in a Berlin museum so that the city could present itself as greater
cosmopolitan. Little would he have recognized that he was digging up an historic
cosmopolitan cemetery, if now not the burial place of a complete cosmopolitan community.
Reference
4. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/adichanallur-samples-sent-for-
carbon-dating-asi-tells-hc/article26369217.ece
5. "Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution - Times of India". The
Times of India. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
6. Kalyanaraman, M. (12 January 2018). "The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that
suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication". Retrieved 6
April 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
7. Photo Credit: A. Shaikmohideen
8. Photo Credit: B. Jothi Ramalingam
Abstract
Madurai, one of the religious centers of Tamil Nadu has a continuous history of more
than 2500 years and the seat of Tamil Literary Academy known as Tamil Sangam. Madurai
city was of the ‘Sarvatobhadra’ type with streets laid around a temple in the center and roads
leading to it four sides. Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple which has become synonymous
with the city of Madurai is an ancient Saivaite shrine in the state. Known as ‘Koilnagar’ (the
temple city), this city is a sacred centre.The inscriptions of Madurai Meenakshi
Sundareswarar temple give more valuable accounts about the temple. There are 64
inscriptions in the temple. Among them 44 belong to the later Pandyas, 19 to Vijayanagar
Nayak rulers and 1 to the British regime. They give valuable accounts on various grants and
donations offered to the temple for the performance of daily, monthly and annual Pujas,
rituals and festivals.
Introduction
The Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple is a vast complex, containing 12 gopuras of
varying sizes, two vimanas, a beautiful tank, numerous mandapas with fine pillars and an
abundance of fine sculptures in stone and in mortars. The inscriptions of Madurai Meenakshi
Sundareswarar Temple give more valuable accounts about the temple. Most of the
inscriptions mention various grants and donations offered to the temple for the performance
of daily, monthly and annual Pujas, rituals and festivals. As such, 64 inscriptions are found in
the temple. Among them 44 belong to the later Pandyas, 19 to Vijayanagar Nayak rulers and
1 to the British regime. The sculptural evidences belonged to the early Pandayas of the 9th
and 10th century AD is found in the temple. As far as the inscription are concerned the
earliest inscriptions of 12th century AD onwards are found in the temple.
Inscriptions of the Later Pandyas
In the inscriptions of Later Pandyas, the God of Madurai temple was mentioned as
Thiruvalavayudaya Nayanar and the Goddess as Thirukama Kottamudaiya Nachiyar. The
earliest inscriptions of later Pandya ruler Kulasekarapandya I (1190 – 1216 AD), which is in
the north wall of second prakara of God’s Shrine, refer to the installation of two lamps at the
outer entrance of the garbhagraha of the temple of Thiruvalavayudaiyar. For this purpose,
twenty achchu (gold coin) was donated by Agapparivara Mudali, an officer of the king. An
agreement was made by Urar (village people) to maintain the two sacred lamps. He also
donated tax free lands to the temple. Maravarman Sundara Pandya I (1216 – 38 AD) also
donated gold coins to light the lamps in the temple. He donated lands to the temple for
feeding tapasis in SundaraPandya Madam, and granted Brahmadeya lands. MadappuraIrai Ili
(donation of lands to madam) to Gnanasambandar madam was donated by Satayavaraman
Kulasekara Pandya II (1237 -39 AD).
According to an inscription at the north wall of II prahara of Sundareswarar shrine,
Maravarman Sundara Pandya II (1239-51AD) issued a royal order by that four gold coins
were donated from the income acquired in the name of tax from Turumur village in
Andanadu for the supply of sandal paste. In his 4th year of the kingship (1243 AD) he
assigned 25 kalam of paddy from Turumur village for offering to God Atiraveesi Aaduvar
and for the celebration of the puram festival in Aipasi. He also donated land as
Thiruvilakkupuram for burning the oil lamps at the temple. The king at the request of Annan
Tamil Pallavaraiyar granted a village CholaPandyaNallur for constructing Atiraveesi
Aaduvar Thirumandapam, a Thirumaligai and a processional car and for general repairs
including those to the gopura with seven stories. He remitted taxes in two villages for the
maintenance of garden to get flowers for daily pujas.
Tax free lands were granted for a special Puja to be performed on the birthday of
(Aipasiaham) Hoysala ruler Veerasomeswarar, during the reign of Maravarman Sundara
Pandya II. Lands were granted in Karunilakkudi Nadu for buying perfumes. Karunilakudi
Nadu denotes modern Sivakasi region.
During the time of SadayavarmanVikramaPandyan (1253- 1274 AD) taxes were
remitted for exchange of land for gosalai (cow shed) madapuram. Maravarman Kulasekaran I
(1268- 1312 AD) donated lands (Jivitakani) for eleven musicians of the temple, and also
granted land to a musician Periyan Tanivantan alias Valtanaivenra Pandya Vadyamarayar of
the temple. He donated lands for maintenance of gardens, to provide flowers for Puja and
rituals and for feeding pilgrims in the BhuvanekaVira mutt. In this mutt, 1000 people were
offered Annadanam (offering food) for ten days- 100 people for each day, during the Avani
festival. Tax free lands were donated in the name of Adukkalaipuram for the daily
expenditure of the temple kitchen. Tax free lands donated from Mattur in
MudithalaiPandyaChaturvedhiMangalam to MathevanAzhagiyachokkanar for service
rendered in the temple kitchen. Tax free lands were donated from
ParantakaPandyaChadurvedhimangalam to a Brahmin Thirunattapperumal as ‘maniyam’ for
service rendered in the kitchen. Similar land grands were also made to one Rasandan alias
Munayadarayan in Parittikudi Nadu.
Lands were donated in Pakanurkuttram for the supply of food to Mahesvaras who
stayed in the NaralokaSuriyanThirumadam during the rule of Maravarman
KulasekaraPandya. During the time of PandyasAnnadanam (offering food) was offered to the
devotees every day at lunch time in some temples and few others had book shops in the
temple premises.
In an inscription of the Pandya period which is at the eastern tower of the temple,
mention that 801 persons were employed for the construction work. The following table
shows the details about the workers employed in the temple construction and their wage
structure during the period of SundaraPandya (1216- 1238 AD) who built this eastern tower
known as SundaraPandyan Thirukkopuram.
Wage structure and number of workers engaged in temple construction
No. of Hours of
S. Types of Wage rate as per the previous
workers work per
No employees records
employed day
1 Architects 74 10 hours 1/2 Panam and 12 olacku paddy
2 Sculptors 111 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 10 olacku paddy
3 Craftsmen 198 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
4 Supervisors 50 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 12 olack paddy
5 Labour(men) 140 10 hours 1/4 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
6 Labour (women) 88 10 hours 1/3 Panam and 8 olacku paddy
During the Pandya period tax free lands were donated to the people for other various
services also rendered to the temple. Nallaperumal Annan Tamil Pallavarayan was appointed
to make Thiruchinnam (Emblem) in the Thiruvalavayudayar temple. For this purpose a land
was given to him as tax free, from which two gold coins were collected as tax and was given
as salary to the employees.
Inscriptions of the Chola Period
The Chola period of the ninth through thirteen centuries was a crucial period in the
development of South Indian temple practices and this includes the formulation of the pattern
of the Brahmotsava or Mahotsava as we know it today. There is good evidence to that certain
of festival practices were already present in Hindu temples of the earlier Pallavas and Pandya
period. A few Tamil hymns of the SaivaNayanmar poets, for example, refer to or describe the
processions of Shiva. The ninth century Saiva poet CeramanPerumal composed a lengthy
poem, the TirukkaliyanarVula, describing his vision of Siva’s procession among the Gods of
Sivapuram (the city of Siva), which provided a model for the actual processions organized by
the South Indian temples of Siva. However the most important period of festival
institutionalization took place during the rule of the Cholas. These practices has been
maintained and expanded by later rulers of the Vijayanagar, Nayaks and modern periods,
right upto the present.
There are some references to the services rendered by the Chola ruler Kulothunga III
in Madurai. This Chola monarch invaded the Madurai country in AD 1202- 1203 and
performed Veerabhisheka and Vijayabhisheka in the Madurai temple. He established a street
in his name around the Tiruvalavayudayar temple and performed special pujas. He made
provisions for special pujas. An epigraph of the king in Pudukottai district mentions that he
covered the Vimana of the Madurai temple with gold plates. But none of the inscriptions of
the rulers prior to Kulothunga III could be found in the temple. The reasons might be the
Muslim invasions of Madurai, who destroyed the temple completely and when the Nayak
rulers renovated the temple including the garbagraha these inscriptions might have been
vanished from the place. Further research is to be made to find out these inscriptions.
Inscriptions of the Vanatirayas or Banas Period
Among the 64 inscriptions of the Madurai temple, 3 inscriptions mention about the
Vanatirayas. Taxes were remitted for the village NambidayaNallur in Vembainadu which was
granted by Vanatirayar for worship, offerings during Sandhi Puja, instituted by him in the
temple and for feeding the Kovanavar, reciting the Thiruvembavai during the month of
Margazhi. Provision was made to perform music Sadaripan in front of the Lord when he
stops at the VanatirayanTiruvasal in South of Goddess shrine. According to
Thiruvilayadalpuranam, this music was sung by Lord Siva in favour of Banabattar, when the
Lord came as a wood seller to teach a lesson to Somanathan a renounced poet. The musicians
who were singing Thiruppatikam in the temple were donated lands. An inscription of the
reign of MaravarmanKulasekaraPandya I from Ilayankudi provides new information about
the temple. Record from a Vishnu temple at Ilayankudi refers to the erection of
Kalingarayanmandapam on the banks of the Vaigai by Gangaikonda Suriyadevan
Vanathirayan Kalingarayan for the purpose of sacred bath to be provided to Lord
Thiruvalavayuda Nayanar of Madurai on important festival occasions. He also donated the
images of Suriyadeva and Isvaramudayar to the temple. It is also mentioned that he made an
image of Thiru Udaya Nachiyar in the name of his wife. Provision was made for the offerings
to ViradamudittaI swaramudaiyar shrine in the temple complex set up by Mahabali
Vanadirayar. Another record mentions the salary given to Sendaduvan alias Uttamapandya
Pichan for reciting Tevaram in front of Lord Siva.
Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara- Nayak Period
In the inscriptions of the Vijayanagara- Nayak period, the Madurai temple God is
referred to as Chokkanadaswamy and the Goddess is mentioned as Meenakshi Amman.
Kumarakambana II was the first ruler of Vijayanagar period who renovated the Madurai
temple. He brought back the images of Lord Siva which was taken to Nanchil Nadu during
the Muslim invasion and restored the worship in the Madurai temple, after purification
ceremonies. He also made ornaments for the deities and granted Thiruvilayadal village for
performing the daily pujas in the temple.
There are 19 inscriptions in the Madurai temple, which mention about the
Vijayanagara- Nayak period. The Nayak rulers renovated, expanded and enlarged this temple
into a spacious complex. During Krishnadevaraya’s period (1509- 1529 AD) 500 pon was
given as gift by Narasayar of Mahipala Kulakalacheri in Uttaramerur for taking out the deity.
Saluva Narasanayaka, an officer of Krishnadevaraya, dug a tank, Ezhukadal to the east of
References
1. Epigraphiga Indica, Vol. VII, 8/3, p.133.
2. V. Balambal, Studies in Chola History, Kalinga Pubulications, New Delhi, 2010, p.
35.
3. A.R.E., 257 of 1939-40.
4. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, Op.cit., p. 260.
Abstract
Tamil civilisation shaped the reason for Indian civilisation. Tamils culture spread all
over India as per S.A. Taylor and different specialists. Tamils from the south moved north
when Kumari Kandam that is the southern tip of India was disintegrated by the ocean. These
individuals settled around the banks of the Sindu stream and throughout the years were in
charge of the making of Indus Valley civilisation as indicated by Hendry Heras, a christian
minister, who researched about that time. The Indus Valley is one of the universes soonest
urban human advancements, alongside its counterparts, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
Among the settlements were the major urban focuses of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO
World Heritage Site), Ganweriwala, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi. Hence, this paper elicits the
details regarding to the decoding of Tamil Civilization.
Indus valley civilisation is pretty much 7000 years of age and there is narrative
confirmation to demonstrate that it is exceptionally best in class, individuals were
knowledgeable in design, laying of streets, making garments, furniture, adornments and
utensils. The Tamils were truly proficient in expressions of the human experience, business,
religion, language and organization. At its pinnacle, the Indus Civilization may have had a
populace of well more than five million. Tamils of the old Indus stream valley grew new
procedures in craftsmanship (carnelian items, seal cutting) and metallurgy (copper, bronze,
lead, and tin).
About 1,400 Indus Valley destinations (towns) have now been found. That is
enormous human progress, sufficiently expansive to be called a domain. The towns were
spread out in lattices all over the place, straight roads, all around manufactured homes. These
individuals were mind blowing developers. The houses and structures were worked with
consistency and standard materials. The prepared block squares were made with standard
extents of materials. Researchers have discovered what they believe are mammoth stores for
new water. They have likewise discovered that even the littlest house at the edge of every
town was connected to that town's focal seepage framework. They depleted waste water out,
yet in addition had a framework to siphon new water into their homes, like current pipes. The
development is noted for its urban communities worked of block, roadside seepage
framework, and multistoried houses. Keep in mind, these frameworks were manufactured
about 7000 years prior.
Tamil Language in Indus Valley
The Indus content, alludes to short series of images related with the Indus Valley
Civilization, individuals who lived in these 1400 towns had a typical language. Researchers
have discovered antiquities at various locales (towns) with the equivalent or comparative
image of a unicorn on them.
Russian researcher Yuri Knorozov deduced that the images speak to a logosyllabic
content and proposed, in light of examination, a basic agglutinative Dravidian language as the
doubtlessly contender for the fundamental language. Knorozov's recommendation was gone
before by crafted by Henry Heras, who proposed a few readings of signs dependent on a
proto-Dravidian suspicion. The word Tamilar experienced numerous progressions to Dravidia
as pursues: Tamilar > Tamilia > Tamila > Ithramila > Ithradida >Dravida As per
etymological scientists it very well may be seen that the Sindu-Dravida civilasations was
Tamil civilisation. Indus Valley Civilization is for the most part described as an educated
society on the proof of these engravings.
Among 400 and upwards of 600 particular Indus Valley images have been found on
seals, little tablets, clay pots and in excess of twelve different materials, including that
obviously once hung over the door of the inward stronghold of the Indus city. All the Indus
valley seals had been perused by Dr. R. Mathivanan and it is set up that it is Tamil works.
Fish image in Seals
A fish is a typical image found in all Indus Valley seals. Father Hera legitimately
distinguished it as meen. Fish is additionally appeared as image for planets in space. It is an
imagery that the stars swim in the space sea. So far different translators had distinguished this
fish pertinent both for stars just as planet. The most huge understanding is that this image
demonstrates a month in all Indus seals . This specific leap forward in Indus content
decipherment exertion appropriately clarifies all engravings found on these Indus seals.
Tamils in the Sindu region talked in bygone Tamil called Kodunth Tamil. When they
moved to different pieces of India, the language changed dependent on the vernaculars of
those territories. At the point when individuals moved to various nations, their language
further changed as it was impacted by that nation's tongue. Lingustic analysts state that the
north-dravidia Tamil converged with dialects from Sumeria, North Africa and even Europe.
The north-dravidia language later converged with the Persians and European dialects got by
the Aaryans.
Aaryan, a white race, who were for the most part shepherds, lived in the zone between
the Caspian Sea and Black Sea and the these individuals needed to relocate because of
cataclysmic events. They relocate in gatherings to Europe and Persia. From Persia, they
moved to India through passing Khyber. As their language had numerous Persian words,
researchers utilized that as proof to demonstrate that they had remained there for an extensive
stretch.
Aaryan vedas were a mix of old Indo-European dialects. Subsequent to settling in
Sindu zone their language assimilated old Tamil words. This was called piragrtham and the
vast majority of the mantras were in this verbally expressed language.
Tamil Religion in Indus Valley
The examination discoveries from Indus Valley depicted the religious lifestyle of
Tamils, in that period. The proof to help components of Tamils Religion, Saivam present in
Indus Valley is with the recuperation of numerous images of Siva lingam from the Indus
Valley’s remains. A few seals show Swastikas, which are found in numerous overall
religions. Swastika is an advanced Tamil Syllabic character speaking to the sound. Swastika
Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization protected at the British Museum.
Saivam in Indus Valley
Numerous Indus valley seals show creatures. What's more, old cutting which was found
demonstrated a yogi with three horns, stooping under a banyan tree looking at the tip of his
nose. Encompassing him were a goat, wild ox, dairy animals, tiger, snake, and deer. Sir John
Marshall was of the sentiment that this seal demonstrated that individuals around there
trusted that God ensures man as well as all types of life and Pasupathi alluded to here, is the
Sivan referenced in Saivam as a definitive God. This supposition was acknowledged by
numerous scientists. As men and creatures were seen around God it was expected that,
individuals in that time likewise had confidence in the idea of re-birth. A statue which was
discovered remaining on one leg, with the other leg lifted was the early type of Nataraja, as
per specialists.
In Mohenjodaro, wells were found among the sanctuaries ruins and there were
structures with rooms. Subsequently, it was asserted that there were offices to clean up and
rooms to remain for the general population who went to the sanctuary. Statues of Gods and
proof of poosanai (adore) done by clerics were found in the sanctuaries. It was trusted that
there could have been rules to shape statues and to do poosanai around then.
These discoveries demonstrate that the four Tamil Vedas and Saiva Aagamams were
there before the entry of Aaryans. Therefore, it was found that the Aaryan vedas depended for
the most part on Tamils vedas. Tamils added to Aaryans vedas as per numerous researchers.
Thus, Aram, Porul, Inbam, and Veedu referenced by Tamils were the reason for Aaryan veda
considerations with respect to Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha or Mukthi. These
references prove that tamil Culture was all over the parts of Asia.
References
1. Epigraphiga Indica, Vol. VII, 8/3, p.133.
2. T.V. Sadasiva Pandarathar, Pirkala Solar Varalaru (T), Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar, 1979, p. 270.
3. K.A. Nilakanta Satri, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras, 1955, p. 310.
4. R.K. Mookerji, Local Government of Ancient India, New Era Publication, New Delhi,
1958, p. 39.
5. A.R.E. 360 of 1902.