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Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)

In gradually varied flow,


• The velocity and depth vary along the channel length.
• The rate of change in depth is gradual and small.

Occurrence of GVF
GVF

• In the vicinity of hydraulic


structure
GVF
• In channel transitions where
there is change of channel GVF
slope and the cross section
GVF Equation
The GVF equation is derived from energy equation
2
Q
E= 2
+y+z
2gA
Differentiating wrt x

2
dE Q dQ Q dA dy dz
= 2 - 3 + +
dx gA dx gA dx dx dx
GVF Equation
dE dz dA dy
= -Sf , = -So , =T
dx dx dx dx
2
Q dQ Q dy dy
- Sf = 2 - 3 T + - So
gA dx gA dx dx

2
dy TQ Q dQ
- Sf = -So + 1- 3 + 2
dx gA gA dx
GVF Equation
dQ
0 If there is no lateral inflow
dx
dy So - Sf
= 2
dx Q T
1-
gA 3
dy So Sf

2
dx 1  Fr
Classification of Flow Profiles
Flow profiles are classified according to

• the slope of the channel, So


-mild, steep, critical
• the actual depth of flow in relation to critical depth
(yc) and the normal depth (yn)
Classification of Flow Profiles
Slope classification

yn in relation Water surface


Slope category
to yc profile
yn>yc Mild M
yn=yc
Critical C

yn<yc
Steep S
Classification of Flow Profiles
M profiles

y > yn Zone 1
So > Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx >0
y > yc (M1)
Zone 2
yn > y >yc So < Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx < 0
(M2)
y < yc Zone 3
So < S f Fr >1 dy/dx >0
y < yn (M3)
Classification of Flow Profiles

M1
Zone 1
yn

M2
yc Zone 2

M3
Zone 3

yn > yc mild slope (M)


Classification of Flow Profiles
S profiles

y >yc Zone 1
So > Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx >0
y >yn (S1)
Zone 2
yc > y >yn So < Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx < 0
(S2)
y <yn Zone 3
y <yc So < S f Fr >1 dy/dx >0
(S3)
Classification of Flow Profiles

S1
Zone 1
yc

S2
yn Zone 2

S3 Zone 3

yn < yc Steep slope (S)


Classification of Flow Profiles

If the depth increases in the direction of flow, the flow


profiles is known as BACKWATER CURVE (dy/dx +ve)

If the depth decreases in the direction of flow, the flow


profiles is known as DRAWDOWN CURVE (dy/dx -ve)
Computation of GVF
Direct Step Method
dy So Sf

2
dx 1  Fr
1 - Fr 2
Δx = Δy
So - Sf
y

x
Computation of GVF
y A P R T D v Fr 1- Fr 1-Fr2 Sf So -Sf x x

4.0

4.5

1  Fr 2
2 2
nQ v
Sf = Fr 2 = x  y
AR 2 / 3 gD So - S f
A
D= y = y2 – y1
T
Sketching Flow Profiles
1. Plot the channel slope with an exaggerated scale
2. Compute for yn for each reach and plot the normal
depth line throughout the entire channel.
3. Compute for ycfor each reach and plot the normal
depth line throughout the entire channel.
4. Locate all possible control sections/points.
5. Starting from the control depth at each section, trace
a possible surface profile.
6. Identify any formation of hydraulic jump and its
location
Control Sections/Points
Control sections are the locations with known
depth/characteristics. It provides boundary conditions
that determines the water surface profile

Three types of control section


• Normal depth control (NDC)
• Critical depth control (CDC)
• Artificial channel control (in the vicinity of control
structure (ACC)

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