Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 30

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(ET)

ET = Evaporation from crop field (E)


+
Transpiration by crop plants (T)
+
Intercepted precipitation by crop plants lost as
evaporation (I.P)
CONSUMPTIVE USE (CU)

CU = ET + {water used by plants for metabolic activities}

CU≈ ET Marginal value


POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• Highest rate of evapotranspiration - by a short and


actively growing crop or vegetation - with abundant
foliage completely shading the ground surface - and
abundant soil water supply under a given climate.

• Maximum water loss from the field.

• Evaporating capacity of the atmosphere.


REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSIPRATION (ETₒ)

• Rate of ET from an extended surface of 8 to 15 cm


tall green grass cover of uniform height, actively
growing, completely shading the ground and not
short of water.
ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETcrop)

• Rate of evapotranspiration by a particular crop in a


given period under prevailing soil water and
atmosphere conditions.

Where kc = crop coefficient


FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• Humidity
• Temperature
• Wind speed
• Precipitation
• Irrigation depth
• Method of irrigation
• Growing season of crop and cropping
• Soil and topography
Hydraulic conductivity
Water holding capacity
METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF CROP
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

i. Direct methods

ii. Pan evaporimeter method

iii. Empirical methods


DIRECT METHODS

Water balance or hydrologic method

i. Lysimeters

ii. Field experimentation

iii. Soil water depletion

iv. Inflow outflow methods


LYSIMETER

• Experimental soil located in a container and


separated hydrologically from the surrounding soil.
• Involves growing crops in lysimeters installed in crop
fields to provide crop environment and measuring
the water balance during crop growing period.
Water added (P&I)
Water balance Change in soil water storage
Water lost
(evaporation, transpiration, runoff, deep percolation)
LYSIMETER (Contd.)

possible to avoid these losses


LYSIMETER

Non-Weighing type Weighing type


(With automatic recording)
cheap and easy to when very short period (hourly
install or daily) estimates are required

weighing type container is placed inside a


tank containing some suitable
liquids (water, Zncl₂)

Remains floating

easy to weigh
FIELD EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
• Water table should be at considerable depth (atleast
3m deep for bed crops).
• Irrigation water is applied to selected field
experimental plots in such a way that there is neither
runoff nor deep percolation.
Various levels of irrigation
• Water supplied to the crop is correlated with the yield
obtained.
• Quantity of water used to produce the yield that
appears most profitable is taken as the CU.
• Seasonal consumptive use measurement.
SOIL WATER DEPLETION METHOD
• Suitable for partly uniform soil.
• Water table should be deep enough so that it does
not influence the soil water fluctuations in the root
zone (atleast 3m).
• Soil water content in different layers of the root zone
are measured just before and after irrigation.
• Soil water depletion between successive
measurements is considered as the consumptive use
for that period.
• Frequent soil water measurements - for more
accurate information.
INFLOW OUTFLOW METHOD

• For estimating the yearly ET over large area.

• Also called water balance method.

• CU- in hectare metres

• ΔGW- change in ground water = Gi – Gi+1


beginning – end
PAN EVAPORIMETER
EMPIRICAL METHODS

i. Blaney-Criddle method

ii. Penman method


BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD

• Blaney and Criddle (1962) proposed an empirical


relation which is largely used by Irrigation Engineers.
Blaney Criddle equation expresses potential evapo-
transpiration (consumptive use) in terms of
temperature and day time hours. If Cu is monthly
consumptive use, its value is given by

Where Cu = monthly consumptive use in cm


k = monthly crop coefficient to be determined
from experimental data
BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD (Contd.)

f = monthly consumptive use factor given by

tm = mean monthly temperature in C ͦ


p = monthly percentage of hours of bright sunshine
in the year
BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD (Contd.)
If Cu is the seasonal consumptive use , its value is
given by

However, if the crop coefficient (or crop factor) also


varies from month to month, the total consumptive
use or seasonal consumptive use is given by

The value of k can be found from charts for different


crops available at various agriculture research stations.
However, in the absence of these charts, the value of k
can be taken from table.
BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD (Contd.)

Monthy crop coefficient factor k


CROP Rice Wheat Maize Sugarcane Cotton Potato Corn Vegetables

Light Dense

VALUE OF 1.1 0.65 0.65 0.9 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.80 1.20
k
RANGE OF 0.85- 0.5-0.75 0.5-0.75 0.80-0.10 0.5-0.9 0.65- 0.65- 0.7-1.0 1.1-1.4
k 1.3 0.75 0.85
BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD (Contd.)

Monthly daytime (sunshine) percentage hours (p)

Latitude Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Degrees
PENMAN METHOD

Penman developed a theoretical formula based on


principles of both energy budget and mass transfer
approaches to compute potential evapo-transpiration
in the following form

Et : evapo-transpiration, mm/day
α : psychromatic constant = 0.49 mm Hg/°C
Δ : slope of the curve between saturated vapour
pressure (es) and temperature at mean air
temperature
PENMAN METHOD
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)
Ea = drying power of air - which includes wind velocity
and saturated deficit

u2 = mean wind speed in km/day measured 2 m


above the ground
es = saturation vapour pressure at mean air
temperature, in mm Hg
ea = actual vapour pressure in the air, in mm of Hg

where RH = relative humidity (%)


PENMAN METHOD
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)

H = daily net radiation in mm of H2O, given by the


relation

RA = mean monthly extra-terrestrial radiation in mm


H2O/day
φ = latitude of the place where Et is being computed
r = reflection coefficient of the surface
= 0.15 to 0.25 for close crops
= 0.05 to 0.45 for barren land
= 0.05 for water surface
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)

n = actual duration of bright sunshine which is a


function of latitude of the place, and is an observed
data at the place.
Alternatively, the value of n can be taken equal to p
given by table.
N = maximum possible hours of bright sunshine
available at different locations
Stefan-Boltzman constant = 2.01 x 10-9 mm/day
T = mean air temperature in K = 273 + C
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)

The wind speed measure at any other height z can be


reduced to 2 m height by the relation (known as
1/7th power law).

Thus, measuring n, ea and u2 at the place, and


knowing all other relevant data from tables, the
value of Et can be computed from equation given by
Penman.
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)

Mean monthly solar radiation (RA) incident on earth


outer space (Extra-terrestrial radiation) in mm of
evaporable water per day (After Criddle)
Month Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere
90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
PENMAN METHOD (Contd.)

Maximum possible hours of bright sunshine in hours (N)

Month North latitude in Degrees


0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°

Вам также может понравиться