D

Properties of Plane Areas

Notation: A ! area
!x, y! ! distances to centroid C
Ix, Iy ! moments of inertia with respect to the x and y axes,
respectively
Ixy ! product of inertia with respect to the x and y axes
IP ! Ix " Iy ! polar moment of inertia with respect to the origin of
the x and y axes
IBB ! moment of inertia with respect to axis B-B

1 y Rectangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

b h
x A ! bh !x ! #2# y! ! ##
2
h C x
y bh3 hb3 bh
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! 0 IP ! ## (h2 " b2)
12 12 12
b

2 y B Rectangle (Origin of axes at corner)

bh3 hb3 b2h2 bh
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! ## IP ! ## (h2 + b2)
3 3 4 3
h
b3h3
O IBB ! # #
x 6(b2 " h2)
B b

3 y Triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

c
bh b"c h
A ! ## x! ! ## y! ! ##
x 2 3 3
h
C y x bh3 bh
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## (b2 $ bc " c2)
36 36
b
bh2 bh
Ixy ! ## (b $ 2c) IP ! ## (h2 " b2 $ bc " c2)
72 36

966
 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas 967

4 y
c Triangle (Origin of axes at vertex)
B B bh3 bh
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## (3b2 $ 3bc " c2)
12 12
h
bh2 bh3
x
Ixy ! ## (3b $ 2c) IBB ! ##
O 24 4
b

5 y Isosceles triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

bh b h
A ! ## x! ! ## y! ! ##
x 2 2 3
h
C x bh3 hb3
y Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! 0
B B 36 48
b bh bh3
IP ! ## (4h2 " 3b2) IBB ! ##
144 12
(Note: For an equilateral triangle, h ! "3! b/2.)
6 y Right triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)
bh b h
x A ! ## !x ! #3# !y ! #3#
h 2
C y x bh3 hb3 b2h2
B B Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! $ ##
36 36 72
b
bh bh3
IP ! ## (h2 " b2) IBB ! ##
36 12
7 y Right triangle (Origin of axes at vertex)
B B
bh3 hb3 b2h2
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! ##
12 12 24
h
bh bh3
IP ! ## (h2 " b2) IBB ! ##
12 4
O x
b

8 y Trapezoid (Origin of axes at centroid)

a
h(a " b) h(2a " b)
A ! ## !y ! # #
2 3(a " b)
h x
C y h3(a2 " 4ab " b2) h3(3a " b)
Ix ! ## IBB ! ##
B B 36(a " b) 12
b
968 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas

9 y Circle (Origin of axes at center)

d = 2r
pd2 pr 4 pd 4
A ! pr 2 ! ## Ix ! Iy ! ## ! ##
r 4 4 64
C x pr4 pd4 5p r 4 5p d 4
Ixy ! 0 IP ! ## ! ## IBB ! # # ! # #
B B 2 32 4 64
10 y Semicircle (Origin of axes at centroid)
pr2 4r
A ! ## y! ! ##
r C 2 3p
y x
B B (9p 2 $ 64)r 4 p r4 pr4
Ix ! ## # 0.1098r4 Iy ! # # Ixy ! 0 IBB ! # #
72p 8 8
11 y Quarter circle (Origin of axes at center of circle)
pr2 4r
A ! ## x! ! !y ! ##
x 4 3p
B B
C y pr4 r4 (9p 2 $ 64)r 4
Ix ! Iy ! # # Ixy ! ## IBB ! ## # 0.05488r4
O x 16 8 144p
r
12 y Quarter-circular spandrel (Origin of axes at point of tangency)
B B
$ %
r p 2r (10 $ 3p)r
A ! 1 $ ## r 2 !x ! # # # 0.7766r !y ! # # # 0.2234r
x 4 3(4 $ p) 3(4 $ p)

O
C y
x $ 5p
16 %
Ix ! 1 $ ## r 4 # 0.01825r 4
1
$ p
%
Iy ! IBB ! ## $ ## r 4 # 0.1370r4
3 16

13 y Circular sector (Origin of axes at center of circle)

x x
a ! angle in radians (a % p/2)
2r sin a
C A ! ar 2 !x ! r sin a y! ! # #
3a
a a
y r r4 r4 ar 4
Ix ! ## (a " sin a cos a) Iy ! ## (a $ sin a cos a) Ixy ! 0 IP ! ##
x 4 4 2
O
 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas 969

14 y Circular segment (Origin of axes at center of circle)

a ! angle in radians (a % p/2)
C

y a a
r
A ! r 2(a $ sin a cos a)
2r
$
!y ! #3# #
sin3 a
#
a $ sin a cos a %
x r4
O Ix ! ## (a $ sin a cos a " 2 sin3 a cos a) Ixy ! 0
4
r4
Iy ! ##(3a $ 3 sin a cos a $ 2 sin3 a cos a)
12
y
15 a Circle with core removed (Origin of axes at center of circle)
a ! angle in radians (a % p/2)

r a
b a
a ! arccos ##
r
b ! "!
r 2 $ a!2 $
ab
A ! 2r 2 a $ ##
r2 %
C x
a r4
b 6 $ 3ab
Ix ! ## 3a $ ##
r
2ab3
2 $ ##
r4 % r4
$ab
Iy ! ## a $ ##
2 r
2ab3
2 " ##
r4 % Ixy ! 0

2a

16 y Ellipse (Origin of axes at centroid)

pa b 3 p ba3
A ! pab Ix ! ## Iy ! ##
b 4 4
C x
b pab
Ixy ! 0 IP ! ## (b2 " a2)
4
a a
Circumference # p[1.5( a " b) $ "a!b! ] ( a/3 % b % a)
# 4.17b2/a " 4a (0 % b % a/3)
17 y Parabolic semisegment (Origin of axes at corner)
ertex
V

x
y = f (x)
$ x2
y ! f (x) ! h 1 $ ##2
b %
h
C y 2 bh 3b 2h
A ! ## x! ! ## y! ! ##
x 3 8 5
O b
16bh3 2hb3 b2h2
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! ##
105 15 12
970 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas

y
18 Parabolic spandrel (Origin of axes at vertex)
y = f (x)
x hx2
h y ! f (x) ! ##
b2
ertex
V
C y bh 3b 3h
O x A ! ## x! ! ## !y ! ##
b
3 4 10
bh3 hb3 b2h2
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! ##
21 5 12
19 y Semisegment of nth degree (Origin of axes at corner)
y = f (x)
x $ xn
y ! f (x) ! h 1 $ ##
bn % (n & 0)
h
C
y
x
n
A ! bh ##
n"1$ % b(n " 1)
!x ! # #
2(n " 2)
y! ! ##
hn
2n " 1
O
b 2bh3n3 hb 3 n b2h2n2
Ix ! ### Iy ! ## Ixy ! ##
(n " 1)(2n " 1)(3n " 1) 3(n " 3) 4(n " 1)(n " 2)
20 y Spandrel of nth degree (Origin of axes at point of tangency)
y = f (x) hx n
y ! f (x) ! ## (n & 0)
bn
x h
bh b(n " 1) h(n " 1)
A ! ## x! ! ## y! ! ##
C y n"1 n"2 2(2n " 1)
O x
b bh3 hb 3 b2h2
Ix ! ## Iy ! ## Ixy ! ##
3(3n " 1) n"3 4(n " 1)
21 y Sine wave (Origin of axes at centroid)
4bh ph
A ! ## y! ! ##
p 8
h C x
y
B
b b
$ 9p 16 %
BIx ! #8# $ #p# bh3 # 0.08659bh3
$4 32
%
Iy ! ## $ ##3 hb3 # 0.2412hb3
p p
3
8bh
Ixy ! 0 IBB ! ##
9p

22 y Thin circular ring (Origin of axes at center)

d = 2r
Approximate formulas for case when t is small
p d 3t
r A ! 2prt ! pdt Ix ! Iy ! pr 3t ! ##
x 8
C
pd 3t
t Ixy ! 0 IP ! 2pr 3t ! ##
4
 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas 971

23 y
Thin circular arc (Origin of axes at center of circle)
t Approximate formulas for case when t is small
b ! angle in radians (Note: For a semicircular arc, b ! p/2.)
B B
C
r sin b
b b y A ! 2brt !y ! #b#
r
x Ix ! r 3t(b " sin b cos b) Iy ! r 3t(b $ sin b cos b)
O

$ %
2b " sin2b 1 $ cos2b
Ixy ! 0 IBB ! r 3t ## $ ##
2 b
24 y Thin rectangle (Origin of axes at centroid)
Approximate formulas for case when t is small

b A ! bt
b
C tb3 tb3 tb3
x Ix ! ## sin2 b Iy ! ## cos2 b IBB ! ## sin2 b
12 12 3
t
B B
25 Regular polygon with n sides (Origin of axes at centroid)
A
b B C ! centroid (at center of polygon)
R1 R2
b n ! number of sides (n ' 3) b ! length of a side
b ! central angle for a side a ! interior angle (or vertex angle)
C
a
360°
b ! ##
n
n$2
n $
a ! ## 180° % a " b ! 180°

R1 ! radius of circumscribed circle (line CA) R2 ! radius of inscribed circle (line CB)
2
b b b b nb b
R1 ! ## csc ## R2 ! ## cot ## A ! ## cot ##
2 2 2 2 4 2
Ic ! moment of inertia about any axis through C (the centroid C is a principal point and
every axis through C is a principal axis)
nb4
$b
%$b
Ic ! ## cot ## 3cot2 ## " 1
192 2 2 % IP ! 2Ic