Protocol

Protocols: - A protocol is a standard used to define a method of exchanging data over a

computer network such as local area network, internet, extranet, etc. Each protocol has its own
method of how data is formatted, when send, and what to do with it once received, how that
data is compressed or how to check for errors in data.

Some protocols are given below:-

http:-
 HTTP stand for hyper text transfer protocol.
 HTTP was coined by Ted Nelson.
 It port n. is 80, 8008 or 8080
 HTTP/0.9 was the first version of the HTTP and was introduced in 1991.
 Short for the hyper text transfer protocol, HTTP is a set of standards that allow users of
the World Wide Web (WWW) to exchange information found on web pages.
 It is special use for text transfer.

HTTPS:-
 HTTPS stand for hyper text transfer protocol over secure socket layer.
 HTTPS is a secure method of accessing or sending information across a web page. All data
send over HTTPS is encrypted before it is send, this prevents anyone from understanding
that information intercepted.
 It is slower than HTTP.
 It is developed by Netscape.
 Its port n. is 443.
 HTTPs is first used in HTTP/1.1 and is defined in RFC 2616.

ARP:-
  ARP stand for address resolution protocol.
 ARP is used to map an internet protocol address to a physical machine address of a
computer. An IP address assigned for a computer is 32 bits long; but the mac address of
the network card is 48 bits long. Hence ARP is the protocol which matches the IP address
to the MAC address of the computer.
 To check ARP table write in command arp –a
 Dynamic:- the dynamic ARP entries are entered when the client makes an ARP request
but cannot be satisfied by the entries already present in the ARP table.
 Static: - static ARP entries are the entries that have been entered manually using the ARP
utility.
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) doesn't actually use a port itself.

RARP:-
 RARP is stand for reverse address resolution protocol.
 The RARP performs the reverse steps of an ARP. RARP uses the hardware address to
determine the device’s IP address.
 It is originally defines in RFC 903.

telnet:-
 Telnet is a command line client/server program which provides remote control
capabilities for computers on a network.
 Its port n. is 23.
 Telnet enables a user to manage an account or devices remotely.
 Telnet is based on TCP and it can be used to have an interactive TCP connection
of the protocol.
 To login to server, telnet assign username and password.
 The drawback with telnet is that its sessions are unencrypted and therefore
insecure.

SSH:-
  SSH stand for secure shell.
 SSH was developed by SSH communications security Ltd.
 Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol used for creating a secure connection
between two systems. In this protocol, the client machine initiates a
connection with a server machine.
 The client transmits it authentication informatiom to the server, such as a
username and password, in an encrypted format.
 The entire data send received during the connection is transferred using
strong. 128 bit encryption, making it extremely difficult to decrypted and
read.

IGMP:-
 IGMP stand for internet group management protocol.
 Internet group management protocol is define in RFC 1112 as the
standard for IP multicasting in the internet.
 IGMP is the standard for IP multicasting, which involves sending data to
multiple recipients over the internet or other network.
 When routers use multicasting it use 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 range
of IP address.

IP:-
 IP stand for internet protocol.
 It’s port n. is 0
 Internet protocol is responsible for carrying the data generated by all the
other TCP/IP protocols from the source system to its destination.
 It is connectionless protocol, which transmits the message to the
destination without establishing a connection to the receiving the system.

ICMP:-
 ICMP stand for internet control message protocol.
  Internet control message protocol is extensions to the internet protocol
define by RFC792.
 ICMP is an error reporting protocols for TCP/IP message.
 When we ping from one PC to another PC in this period ICMP Protocol
use.
 When it reporting error message this message will be show on desktop
 Destination Unreachable
 Source quench
 Redirect
 Time exceeded

FTP:-
 FTP stand for file transfer protocol.
 FTP was first proposed on April 16, 1971 by Abhay bhushan but it
later define by RFC 959 in 1985.
 It’s port n. is 21
 FTP mostly used to download files from internet.
 FTP is a standard way of sending and receiving files between two
computers.

SMTP:-
 SMTP stand for simple mail transfer protocol.
 It’s port n. is 25
 Mail servers use SMTP as the protocol to send email messages to each
other or to communicate amongst themselves. Like outlook.

POP3:-
 POP3 is stand for post office protocol
  It’s port n. is 110
 Pop3 is a protocol which involves both a server and a client.
 POP3 is one of the most common protocol which is used to receiving mail.
 Pop3 is latest version of POP.
 POP3 and IMAP4 both are nearby same protocol.

LPR:-
 LPR is stand for line printer Requester
 LPR is a popular protocol used to send print jobs through the network.
 It is generic printing protocol which is supported by all the commonly used
operating systems such as UNIX, windows, Linux etc.
 LDP (Line printer Daemon) is the process that accepts print job from the line
printer Daemon client.
 Fax

NNTP:-
 NNTP stand for network news transport protocol
 NNTP is an internet application layer protocol which is used to transfer articles
between servers as well as to read and post articles basically USESNET.
 It’s port n. is 119
 It is very helpful protocol because it provide news thousand of computer at a
time.

NTP:-
 NTP is stand for network time protocol
 It is introduces in 1998.
 NTP versions 1 is defined in RFC 1059
 NTP is the protocol meant to synchronize the clocks of computer systems over
data networks.
 This protocol operates at the Application layer uses 123 UDP port n.
DNS:-
 DNS stand for domain name system.
 Domain name system refers to the hierarchical way of translating domain
names to IP addresses.
 Name is simple to remember for human but number is hard in this situation
DNS helpful for human. Like google.com.in ip address is 64.233.189.104.
 Its port n. is 53.
 It is very important protocol. Without DNS we can’t imagine of internet.

DHCP:-
 DHCP stand for dynamic host configuration protocol.
 It is used to provide IP address automatically.
 Its port n. is 67, 68.
 Router, switches, or servers that assign addresses to other computers using
DHCP on a network make setup and management of the network easier by not
requiring the network admin to define each address for each computer device
on the network.