Animal Reproduction

1. Reproductive hormones are primarily derived from 1.Hypothalamus 2.pituitary 3.gonads 4.placenta 5.uterus

2. Reproductive hormones are divided in to two groups based on type and action

a. Primary hormones of reproduction

b. Metabolic hormones that influence reproduction

3. hormones directly involved in various aspect of reproduction such as

a. Spermatogenesis b. ovulation c. sexual behavior d. fertilization e. implantation

f. maintenance of gestation g. parturition h. lactation& maternal behavior

4. Protein hormone molecular weight 300 to 70,000 daltons

5. steroid hormone molecular weight 300 to 400 daltons

6.fatty acid derived hormones molecular weight 400 daltons

7.Second messenger hypothesis proposed by Sutherland

8.First messenger is Hormone

9.Gorski et al 1984 presented evidence that steroid hormones pass through both the cell membrane and cell

cytoplasm before binding to receptors in the nucleus.

10.Hypothalamus lies at the base of the brain bordered

Anteriorly - by the optic chiasm

Posteriorly - by the mammillary bodies

Dorsally - by the thalamus

Ventrally - by the sphenoid bone

11 Entire hypothalamus size is about 1/300 of the entire brain 12.Control centers of preovulatory LH and

FSH

PON – Preoptic nuclei

AHA – anterior hypothalamic area

SCN – suprachiasmatic nucleus

13.Control centre of tonic LH and FSH secretion

VMN – ventromedial nucleus

ARC – arcuate nucleus

ME – median eminence

14. Location of pituitary below the hypothalamus in a bony depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella

turcica.

15.Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the neurohypophysis (posterior

pituitary)

16. Oxytocin & vasopressin were first peptide hormone to be synthesized (du Vigneaud et al 1953)

17.du Vigneaud received a nobel prize in 1955 for the identification and synthesis of these peptide hormones

(Oxytocin and vasopressin)

18. Marsupials - Arginine vasopressin

19. Pigs – Lysine vasopressin

20. Warthog, Peccary,Hippopotamus – both

21.Vasotocin is the hypothalamic hormone found in the bird and has both oxytocin and vasopressin like actions

22. The complex of neurophysin 1 & oxytocin can be considered a prohormone for oxytocin

23. Oxytocin also produced form the corpus luteum of Ewe, cow , human.

24. Oxytocin has two sites of origin 1. Ovary 2. Hypothalamus.

25.Oxytocin in Greek word “rapid birth”

26.Estrogen enhances the responsiveness of smooth muscle to oxytocin.

27.In birds and Reptile Vasotocin appears to be important in causing contraction of the shellgland and vagina to

induce oviposition.

28.Exogenous oxytocin has a luteolytic action in Cow and Goat

29.drug of choice for induction of parturition in mare oxytocin

30.Schally & Guillemin in 1977 got nobel prize for determining the chemical structure of hormones of the

hypothalamus that control pituitary function.

31.the half life LH-RH is 7minutes in the EWE

32. Frog has the same LH-RH structure as the mammal

33. Anterior pituitary gland secretes three gonadotrophin hormones

a. follicle stimulating hormone

b. luteinizing hormone

c.prolactin

34.FSH has also been termed follicotrophin

35.Half life of FSH is 2 to 2.5 hours

36. FSH will not cause estrogen secretion from the ovary by it self, but in the presence of LH it will stimulate

estrogen production from either the ovary or testis

37. FSH responsible for spermatogenesis up to secondary spermatocytes after which androgens are

responsible for final stages of spermatogenesis

38. hMG ( human menopausal gonadotrophin) will have the FSH like action.

39. LH also been termed as interstitial cell stimulating hormone(ICSH)

40.LH molecular weight is 30,000 daltons ant half life is 30 minutes

41.Preovulatory LH surge is responsible for rupture of the follicle wall and ovulation

42.LH is the main luteotrophic substance in domestic animals

43.the interstitial cells of both the ovary and testis are stimulated by LH.

44.In the male , the interstitial cells(Leydig cells) produce androgens after LH stimulation.

45.The increased concentration of LH and FSH after gonadectomy is due to the lack of a negative feedback

from the gonadal steroids on the tonic LH control center in the the hypothalamus

46. Ovine prolactin have the molecular weight of 24,000 daltons.

47.Prolactin are similar structure to growth hormones and in some species have similar biological properties

48. Prolactin is a lutetrophic properties in Rats & Mice

49.In domestic animals prolactin acts on the CNS to induce maternal behavior.

50. There are no product are available on the market for prolactin

51. placental hormone 1.PMSG 2.hCG 3.Plcental lactogen(PL) 4. Protein B , P4 , E2

52.PMSG will have long half life 7days this is due to high sialic acid content

53. PMSG secreted from endometrial cups in the equine uterus

54. The fetal genotype of PMSG is secreted from the endometrial cups

55. Endometrial cups are formed about 40 days of pregnancy and persist until day 85 of pregnancy.

56. PMSG will have the both FSH& LH like action but predominantly have FSH like action

57. Accessory corpora lutea produce progestogens important to the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare

58.PMSG is isolated from the blood of pregnant mares and is not found in urine

59.PMSG was one of the first commercially available gonadotrophins and is used to induce superovulation in

domestic animals.

60.PMSG is ineffective in the mare and will not induce superovulation at doses feasible for administration

61.Molecualr weight of hCG is 40,000 daltons.

62. The alpha subunits of hCG is similar to the alpha subunits human, porcine, ovine and bovine LH.

63.hCG is synthesized by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta of the pregnant primate and is found in

both the blood and urine.

64.hCG has been detected in the urine as soon as 8 days after conception by sensitive RIA this is only 1 day

after implantation in the human

65. hCG will have the both FSH& LH like action but predominantly have LH like biological action

66.Clinical use of hCG in cattle cystic ovaries usually require 5000 to 10,000 IU

67.Placenta lactation is a protein with chemical properties similar to prolactin and growth hormone.

68. PL has a molecular weight in the range of 22,000 to 23,000 daltons

69.PL hormone has been isolated from placental tissue but cannot be detected in the serum of the pregnant

animal until the last trimester of pregnancy

70.Protein B to have a long circulation half life of 7 days,

71. protein B can be detect it in the blood of pregnant cow as soon as 22 days after conception.

72.Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone it has a molecular weight of 5,700 daltons

73.Relaxin and Insulin have a similar structure, they have different biological actions

74.Relaxin is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum of the ovary during pregnancy

75.Relaxin also secreted from placenta and uterus in some species

76.Under physiological conditions, many of relaxin‘s effects are obtained only after pre sensitization of the

target tissue with estrogen

77. Main biological action of relaxin is dilation of the uterine cervix and vagina prior to parturition

78.In the Guinea pig relaxin will causes separation of pubic symphysis

79.Inhibin also termed as folliculostatin

80 Inhibin is produced by the sertoli cells in the male, and granulosa cells in the female

81.Inhibin can inhibit the release of FSH without altering LH release.

82.Inhibin responsible for the differential release of LH and FSH from the pituitary

83.In the male androgen are produced by the interstitial cells ( Leydig cells) of the testis, with a limited amount

being produced by the adrenal cortex.

84.Horse is a unique species because the seminiferous tubules and epididymis also produced testosterone

in high levels

85.Androgen stimulate the latter stages of spermatogenesis and prolong the life span of epididymal sperm

86.Testosterone is not the biologically active form

87.Dihydrotestosterone is a biologically active form

88.LH stimulates testosterone production in the leydig cells

89 FSH stimulates aromatization of the testosterone to estrogen in the sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

(Dorrington et al.,1978)

90.LH stimulates thecal cells of follicles to secrete testosterone: the testosterone subsequently aromatized to

estradiol in the granulosa cells under the influence of FSH stimulation (Fortune and Armstrong, 1978)

91. Androgen maintain the secondary sex character and sexual behavior or libido of male animals
92.In domestic animals androgen have not improved semen quality

93. Cutting a horse proud: In stallion the part of epididymis is left attached to the vas deferens when a stallion

is castrated the gelding look and behave like a stallion due to the

androgen produced by the remaining epididymis. Allowing part of the epididymis to remain is termed cutting a

horse proud.

94. Physiologically high level of androgen prolongs the life of the epididymal sperm in the stallion rather than

acting on the secondary male sex characteristics.

95. Estrogen act on the CNS to induce behavioral estrus in the female.

96.a small amounts of progesterone with estrogen are needed in some species such as the EWE& COW.

97.The first ovulation in the ewe at puberty or the start of a breeding season is without estrus.

98.Estrgen act on the uterus to increase both amplitude and frequency of contraction by potentiating the effects

of Oxytocin and PGF2 alpha.

99.Estrogen stimulates the duct growth and causes the development of the mammary gland.

100.Physical development of female secondary sex characteristics are attributed to estrogen

1 .Estrogen stimulate the calcium uptake and ossification of bones

2 .Plant estrogen called isoflavons primarily are found in legumes such as subterranian clover and alfalfa.

3. Genistein and coumestrol commonly causes infertility problems primarily in the female animals asd less

frequently in the male.

4.Zeranol is a compound with estrogen activity it is produced by a mold.

5.Estrogen have been used as abortifacients in Cows and sheep because they have a luteolytic action ( regression

of CL)

6. In the sow estrogen have a luteotrophic action.

7. Progesterone is secreted from luteal cells of the corpus luteum, placenta & adrenal gland.

8. function of progesterone: Prepare the uterus for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy by increasing

secretory glands in the endometrium and inhibiting the motility of the myometrium.

9.Progesterone acts synergistically with estrogen to induce behavioral estrus in sheep and possibly in cattle.

10.progesterone helps to develops the secretory tissue (alveoli) of the mammary gland.

11.High level of progesterone inhibit estrus and the ovulatory surge of LH.

12.Prostaglandins act locally at the site of their production on a cell to cell interaction and therefore do not

conform exactly to the classic definition of a hormone

2.Arachidonic acid is a precursor for prostaglandin synthesis

3.Indomethacin is a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor

4.PGE2 will have the luteotrophic action

5.PGF2alpha will have a luteolytic action

6.The mechanism by which PGF2alpha gets from the endometrium of the uterus to the ovary is unique in that

PGF2alpha passes directly through the walls of the utero-ovrian vein into the ovarian artery and directly to the

corpus luteum(McCracken,1980)

7.In domestic animals , an increase in estrogen which increases myometrium growth in the uterus, stimulates

PGF2alpha synthesis and release.

8.In the Cow & Ewe PGF2alpha will not causes regression or prevent the formation of the CL during its first 5

days of life.

9.In the Sow PGF2 alpha will not causes regression of CL until day 12 of the estrus cycle.

10.First RIA system was developed by Yarlow and Berson in 1950s.

11.Farm animals mating is limited during estrus, coinciding with the time of ovulation.

12. Length of estrus cycle is 16 to 24 days (Hafez 5th )

Cow, Sow,Goat - 20 to 21 days

Ewe - 16 to 17 days

Mare - 20 to 24 days

13.Time of ovulation:

1.Ewe - 24 to 30 hours from beginning to estrus

2.Goat - 30 to 36 hours from beginning to estrus

3.Sow – 35 to 45 hours from beginning to estrus

4.Cow - 10 to 11 hours after the end of the estrus

5.Mare – 1 to 2 days before end of the estrus

14.Male stimulation reduces estrus duration (cow, sow, ewe) and decreases the variability of the ovulation.

15.Estrogen also stimulate the production of prostaglandins by the uterus

16. Modification of steroid hormone action on the uterus appears to be regulated by the concentrations of

estrogen and progesterone receptors that vary through the estrous cycle.

17.The period of proestrus to early metestrus is characterized by high concentrations of endometrial cytoplasmic

estrogen receptors.

18.At the end of estrus ovulation occurs followed by corpus luteum formation resulting in progestone secretion

19.Large luteal cells spontaneously secrete progesterone at a high rate

20. The corpus luteum of pregnancy is resistant to the luteolytic effect of PGF2alpha

21.The CL is the main source of progesterone and relaxin in pregnant swine

22.The ovary is the primary source of relaxin in several species that require this organ throughout gestation

example Pigs and rodents

23.Relaxin distributed uniformly throughout ovarian tissue and not confined only to corpora lutea.

24.Uterine PGF2alpha controls the life span of the corpus luteum which in turn regulates the length of cycle

25.If pregnancy occurs the luteolytic influence of the uterus has to be negated since progesterone secreted by the

corpus luteum is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy.

26.The period of corpus luteum activity is called the luteal phase; it lasts 14 to 15 days in Ewes and 16 to 17

days in cows and sows.

27 The follicular phase from the regression of the corpus luteum to ovulation is relatively example 2 to 3 days in

Ewe and Goats: and 3 to 6 days in cows and sows.

30.CL regression is not caused by a decreased secretion of pituitary luteotrophic hormones (LH& Prolactin) but

by the action of a luteolytic factor PGF2alpha.

31.In domestic animals the uterus has a basic role in PGF2alpha production

32.In cattle energy balance during the first 20 days of lactation is important in determining the onset of

postpartum ovarian activity.

33.The time require for post partum involution varies from 4 to 6 weeks

34.Swine return to estrus rapidly following weaning

35.Post partum uterine involution in farm animals

1. cow- 35 to 40 days

2. sheep – 25 to 30 days

3. Pig - 25 to 28 days

36.Continuous production of progesterone suppresses estrus & ovulation in most of the mammals

40.Sow exhibits estrus within 48 hours after parturition but there is no ovulation.

41.In sow a high plasma estrogen rise after farrowing

42.In mare there is a fertile oestrus 1 to 3 weeks after parturition

43. In Cows, Ewes, & Goats silent ovulation can occurs 2 to 3 weeks following parturition

44. Suckling cows exhibit shorter intervals to uterine involution

45. Fertility is low during the first estrus, particularly when the female suckles.

46. Maximal fertility in the cow occurs 60 to 90 days after calving

47. In sows fertility is nil during weaning; a highly fertile estrus occurs a few days after weaning.

48 Prealpes and Merino sheep are long season breeders whereas Blackface and Southdown are short-season

breeders.

49.Silent ovulation cycles always occurs at the beginning and end of the sexual season
50. In Goat the sexual season is well defined in temperate climates

51. In Cattle and Pigs estrus occurs regularly throughout the year and seasonality is discrete.

52.Fertility in the Sow is lower in the summer than in other seasons and the litter size is also smaller then.

53. Mare is a long day seasonal breeder.

54. Survival time of ova and spermatozoa is relatively short (20 to 48 hours)

55.In Cattle and Sheep , the small volume of semen is ejaculated into the cranial end of the vagina and onto the

cervix.

56.In Horse & Swine the voluminous ejaculate is deposited through the relaxed cervical canal into the uterus.

57. Spermatozoa removed from the Vas deferens & Epididymis are successfully used in AI.

58.Three stages are recognized in sperm transport in the female reproductive tract

1.Short & rapid sperm transport

2.Colonization of reservoirs

3. Slow, prolonged release

59. Fertilization occurs only when a critical number of spermatozoa reach the site of fertilization.

60.Sperm reservoirs

Cattle - Cervical crypts

Mare - Uterotubal junction

Sow - Uterotubal junction

Bitch - Endometrial glands.

61. Spermophagy more common in uterus

62. Only a few viable sperm are found in the ampulla at the time of fertilization

63.The penetrability of spermatozoa is inhibited greatly in progestational cervival mucus.

64.Sperm transport in the female genital tract is also controlled by Oxytocin and sympathetic &

parasympathetic nervous system

65.sperm hyper activation occurs primarily in the oviduct near the time of ovulation

66.site of sperm capacitation is Isthmus region

67.PH of female reproductive tract

1.Vaginal PH - is acidic 4.0

2.Cervical mucus – is basic 8.4

3.Uterus - intermediate 7.8

4.Oviductal fluid – around 7.1 to 7.3 in the follicular phase

- 7.5 to 7.8 in the luteal phase

68. Site of fertilization is near the ampullary – isthmic junction of the oviduct
69.The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa is higher in the oviducts & uterus than in the

ejaculate.

70. Ejaculates that contain a high concentration of abnormal spermatozoa might be associated with a high rate of

abortion

71.Increased fertilization rate is associated with increased numbers of accessory sperm per ovum

72.Acidity or excessive alkalinity of the female reproductive tract mucus immobilizes spermatozoa, where as

moderate alkaline mucus enhances their motility

73.The cervical mucus secreted at the time of ovulation provides an environment suited to the maintenance of

metabolic activity of spermatozoa.

74.Most spermatozoa perish the selective barriers before reach the site of fertilization is

1. Uterine cervix 2.Uterotubeljunction 3. Oviductal isthmus

75. In the uterine cavity sperm undergo phagocytosis by leukocytes

76 Most viable spermatozoa lodging in the cervical crypts, escape the leukocytes, so that an adequate population

survives.

77. Damaged spermatozoa are carried passively back through the ectocervix with the help of ciliated cells

beating toward the vagina.

78.The ratio of immotile spermatozoa that are being eliminated is higher in the cervix than in other segments of

the female reproductive tract

79 Transport time of ova in the oviduct

Cattle - 90 hrs

Sheep – 72 hrs

Horse - 98 hrs

Pig - 50 hrs

Cat - 148 hrs

Dog - 168 hrs

Women - 48 to 72 hrs

80.Unfertilized ova are retained in the oviduct of the Mare for several months

81.Fertilized eggs reach the uterus at an appropriate progestational stage of estrous cycle

82. The rate of egg transport is faster from the infundibulum to the ampullary- isthmic junction than through the

isthmic portation

83. The patterns of oviductal contraction vary significantly at various times in the estrous cycle.

84. About 80 hrs after ovulation, the blastocyst reaches the uterine cavity

85. In natural breeding, spermatozoa are deposited during estrus at least 10 to 12 hrs before ovulation.
86 In cattle semen is ejaculated in the anterior vagina near the external cervical os.

87. Most of the species the egg is capable of being fertilized for some 12 to 24 hrs.

88.Transuterine migration is more common in horse, swine.

89. Fertilization of aged eggs in swine is associated with polyspermy and hence abnormal

embryonic development.

90.All unfertilized eggs eventually disappear through complete disintegration or phagocytosis in the uterus.

91.Oviductal epithelium is more active near the developing embryo.

92. Semen: It is the liquid or semigelatinous cellular suspension containing the male gametes or spermatozoa

and secretions from the accessory organs of the male reproductive tract.

93.The fluid portion of this suspension, which is formed at ejaculation, is known as seminal plasma.

94.Spermatoza are formed within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

95.The entire sperm cell is covered by a membrane known as the plasmalemma or plasma membrane.

96.Acrosome or acrosomal cap is a thin double-wall structure situated between the plasma membrane and the

anterior portion of the nucleus.

97. Acrosome: The anterior end of the sperm nucleus is covered by the acrosome, a thin double – layered

membranous sac that is closely applied to the nucleus during the last stages of sperm formation.

98.The acrosome contains several hydrolytic enzymes including acrosin, hyaluronidase, estrases and acid

hydrolases. Involved in the fertilization process.

99.The equatorial segment of the acrosome is important because it is this part of the spermatozoon along with

anterior portion of the postacrosomal region,which initially fuses with the oocyte membrane during fertilization.

100. In the middle piece of spermatozoa having central axonemal core of 9+2 of microtubules

1. The axoneme of the tail is responsible for sperm motility

2.The protoplasmic or cytoplasmic droplet which is usually detached from ejaculated spermatozoa

3.This protoplasmic is composed of residual cytoplasm containing remnants of the Golgi apparatus that was

involved in formation of the elongated sperm cells.

4.The principle chemical components of spermatozoa are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids.

5. Nearly one-third of the dry weight of a single sperm cell is contributed by the nucleus.

6. Spermatozoa containing about 2% ash, are high in phosphorus, nitrogen and sulphur

7. Sperm head contain DNA conjugated with specific protein called histones

8. The sulfhydryl bonding, which occurs within spermatozoa, increase as the cells pass through the epididymis.

9.The released hyaluronidase disperses the cumulus cells that surround the newly ovulated ova, whereas an

esterase is thought to provide a means for spermatozoa to pass through the corona radiate of the ovum.
10.Acrosin which is thought to assist in digesting a pathway through the zona pellucid for the penetrating

spermatozoon.

11. Both the cumulus oophorous and the corona radiate are absent from the oocyte at the time of fertilization in

most farm animals

12.Mammalian males are heterogametic in that approximately one-half of the spermatozoa contain an X-

chromosome and the other half a Y-chromosome.

13.The males of avian species are, however, homogametic in that they produce spermatozoa with only one kind

of sex chromosome.

14.The seminiferous epithelium, lining the seminiferous tubuls, is composed of two basic cell types: sertoli cells

and the developing germ cells.

15.Sperm stem cell- spermatoagonia

16. The spermatocytes then undergo meiosis, thereby reducing the DNA content of the cells to one- half that of

somatic cells.

17.This series of cellular division including the proliferation of the spermatogonia and the meiotic divisions, so

collectively known as spermatocytogenesis.

18.The haploid cells resulting from this divisional process are called spermatozoa. These metamorphic changes

are known as spermiogenesis.

19. The type B spermatogonia divide at least once and probably twice to form the primary spermatocytes.

20. Without further DNA synthesis, the resultant secondary spermatocytes divide again to form the haploid cells

known as spermatids.

21. The entire divisional process of spermatocytogenesis, from spermatogonia to spermatid, takes approximately

45 days in the bull.

22. The round spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by a series of progressive morphologic changes

collectively known as spermiogenesis.

23.During Spermigenesis process condensation of the nuclear chromatin, formation of the sperm tail or flagellar

apparatus, and development of the acrosomal cap.

24.The Golgi phase characterized by formation of PAS positive proacrosomal granules with in the Golgi

apparatus.

25.Acrosomal phase characterized by major changes in the nuclei ,the acrosomes and the tails of the developing

spermatids

26.The modifications in nuclear and acrosomal shape appear to be molded by the surrounding sertoli cells.

27.Maturation phase of spermiogenesis involves final transformation of the elongated spermatids into cells to be

released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

28.Spermiation: The release of formed germ cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules is known as

spermiation

29.Following release of the spermatozoa, the residual bodies are rapidly disposed of by the sertoli cells.

30.Sertoli cells apparently aid in recycling the protoplasmic components.

31. In the Bull as many as 12 stages of spermatogenesis cycle have been described.

32.Time necessary to complete a cycle of the seminiferous epithelium varies among domestic species.

Duration of cycle

1. Bull - 14 days

2. Horse - 12 days

3. Ram - 10 days

4. Boar - 9 days

33. Seminiferous tubules are not penetrated by blood or lymph vessels.

34.The blood testis barrier has two principle components:

1.The incomplete or partial barrier of the myoid cells that surround the tubules

2. The unique junctions between adjacent sertoli cells

35.The myoid cell layers are not well developed in bull, ram. boar.

36.The blood-testis barrier not only excludes entry of certain substances but also appearance to function in

retaining specific levels substances, such as Androgen binding protein (ABP) Inhibin & enzymes inhibitors

within the luminal compartments of the tubules

37.With in the seminiferous tubules the fluid secretions are originated from sertoli cells

38.Testicular fluid is a composite secretion of both the sertoli cells & epithelial cells lining the rete testis.

39.Sertoli cells are thought to be the predominant source of fluid leaving the testis.

40. Testicular fluid contains several unique proteins including ABP, which is secreted into the lumen of the

seminiferous tubule by the Sertoli cells.

41. The ABP forms a complex with the androgens produced by the Leydig cells.

42.LH stimulates the interstitial cells of leydig to produce androgens, mainly testosterone.

43. Testosterone also secreted into the seminiferous tubule where it is necessary for maintenance of

spermatogenesis.

44.FSH interacts with receptors on the sertoli cells to cause production of ABP, conversion of testosterone to

dihydrotestosterone & estrogen., Inhibin.

45.Inhibin secreted into the blood stream has a negative feedback effect on FSH but not on LH secretion.

46.Leydig cells are stimulated by pulses of the pituitary gonadotrophin, LH to secrete androgens

47. Testosterone converted in to dihydrotestosterone by the enzymes 5 alpha steroid reductase

48.Testosterone converted in to estrogens by the enzymes aromatase

49.The epithelial cells of the epididymis require relatively high levels of androgen for normal function.

50.Maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis involves several functional changes, including development of

the potential for sustained motility, progressive loss of water and distal migration and eventual loss of

cytoplasmic droplet.

51.Spermatozoa are transported through the epididymis in about

Bull - 7days

Boar - 12days

Ram - 16 days

52. Secretory components of epithelial cells lining the epididymis, such as ―immobilin” in some laboratory

animals & ―quiescence factor” in the bull.

53.Presence of droplet on a significant number of ejaculated spermatozoa is a sign of immaturity because in

most species, which the possible exception of the boar, the droplet separates from the spermatozoa before

ejaculation.

54. Spermatozoa develop their initial ability to fertilize ova during their transport through the epididymis.

55.Changes occurring during epididymal transport such as droplet movement and loss and the increase in

specific gravity, changes in motility, chromatin structure, acrosome morphology or plasma membrane change .

56. fertility can be obtained spermatozoa removed from the distal half of the body of the epididymis, but the

fertilization rate is less than that obtained with spermatozoa removed from the tail of the epididymis or vas

deferens.

57.Major site of sperm storage within the male reproductive tract is the caudal portion or tail of the

epididymis.

58.The tail of the epididymis contains 70% of the total spermatozoa in the excurrent duct, whereas the vas

deferens contains only 2%

59.Ejaculates collected after prolonged sexual rest usually contain a high % of degenerating or ―stale‖

spermatozoa.

60. Seminal plasma appears to be an essential component in most natural mating processes because it serves as a

carrier and protector of the spermatozoa.

61. Seminal plasma to be more important in the natural mating process mainly Cow& Ewe because ejaculates is

deposited in the vagina

62. Seminal component originating from tests, epididymides and accessory sex glands of the male.

63. The only accessory gland common to all mammals is the prostate.
64.Epididymis or its functional analogue and the vasdeferens are the only accessory organs present in male

birds & reptiles.

65. Spermatozoal motility itself is not an accurate predictor of potential fertilizing capacity.

66. The energy required for spermatozoal motility is apparently derived from intracellular stores of ATP .

( Ref: Roberts page no:622)

67. Species High concentration of the component in semen

Bull - Fructose (530mg/ml)

Goat - Glyceryl phosphoryl choline GPC 1650 mg/ml

Boar - Inositol 530 mg/100ml (1100-2100)

Goat - sorbitol 92 mg/100ml

Stllion - Ergothinine 40- 110mg/100 ml

Bull - Potassium 140mg/ 100ml (80-210)

Boar - Sodium 650mg/100ml (290-850)

Ram - Phosphorus 375mg

Bull - Citric acid 700mg/ 100ml (300-1100)

68.Semen ejaculate volume (ml)

Bull 5-8 ml

Ram 0.8-1.2 ml

Boar 150-200 ml

Stallion 60-100 ml

Cock 0.2- 0.5 ml

69.semen PH

Bull - 6.4 to 7.8

Ram - 5.9 to 7.3

Boar - 7.3 to 7.8

Stallion - 7.2 to 7.8

Cock - 7.2 to 7.6

70.Spermatozoa concentrations (million/ml)

Bull - 800 – 2000

Ram - 2000- 3000

Boar - 200 – 300

Stallion – 150- 300 ; Cock – 3000- 7000

Ref : Hafez 5th edition page no: 190

71. Bull - Fructose (460- 600)

Ram - Sorbitol (26- 170)

Boar - Inositol (380-630)

Bull - Citric acid (620-806)

Ram - GPC (1100-2100)

Stallion – Ergothioneine (40-110)

72. Most species the ovum is in metaphase 11 of the second meiotic division when ovulated

73. Ova of the Horse, dog & Fox are only on their first meiotic division at the time of ovulation.

74. Spermatozoa require maturational changes that occur during a 10 to 15 day passage through the epididymis

after which fertilization is possible.

75.Spermatozoa maturational changes are dependent on epididymal secretions and transport time.

76.Spermcapacitation and the acrosome reaction are two separate events necessary for sperm-ovum fusion.

77. Capacitaion was first observed by Chang & Austin during 1951

78.Capacitation is a process in which sperm must reside in the female reproductive tract before becoming

capable of attaching to and penetrating the ovum.

79 Capacitation appears to be the oviduct, specifically in the isthmic region

80.Capacitation leads to acrosomal changes needed for sperm penetration of the ovum investment.

81.Capacitation functions to prevent premature acrosome activation until the spermatozoa reach the site of

fertilization and come in contact with the ovum.

82.The true acrosome reaction involves fusion of the sperm plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal

membrane.

83.False acrosome reaction that occurs during senescence or degeneration of sperm.

84.Fusion & vesiculation of the acrosome release hydrolytic enzymes e.g: hyaluronidase and acrosin

implicated in penetration of the ovum.

85. Female ovulate at various times after onset of estrus.

86.Spermatozoa longevity in the female reproductive tract appears related to the length of estrus.

87.Swine & horse sperm have greater longevity than do that of sheep and cattle

88.Male ejaculate billions of spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract, only 100 to 1,000 spermatozoa are

present in the ampulla after 8 to 12 hours

89. Fertilization in mammals requires three critical events.

1.Sperm migration between cumulus cells

2.Sperm attachment and migration through the zona pellucid

3.Fusion of sperm and ovum plasma membranes

90.Hyaluronidase, present in the bull acrosome, would allow penetration of the cumulus oophorus.

91.Arylsulfate from boar acrosome causes cells of the cumulus oophorus to disperse.

92. Sperm receptor site are present on the zona are supported by species specificity of sperm attachment to the

zona surface.

93. penetration of the zona by spermatozoa occurs within 5 to 15 minutes after attachment.

94.Acrosomal activation is essential for sperm penetration of the zona

95.Enzymes exposed during the acrosome reaction are needed for the passage of sperm through the zona, but

sperm motility is also required.

96.The acrosome reaction is a prerequisite for fusion between ova and spermatozoa plasma membranes, and

zona free ova cannot undergo fusion with nonacrosomal activated sperm even though attachment to the

membrane surface occurs.

97.Second polar body will be extruded after fertilization.

98.Attachment of spermatozoa occurs initially at the equatorial segment of the sperm head with either the

microvilli or the intervillous area of the vitelline membrane.

99. The equatorial region of the sperm plasma membrane becomes intermixed with the ovum plasma membrane

and can be identified in the egg membrane as late the 8- cell stage.

100.Polyspermic fertilization can result with formation of polyploidy embryos that undergo embryonic death or

abnormal development.

1.The block to polyspermy is at the zona pellucid in most mammals(e.g. Sheep, swine ) with a secondary

physiologic block at the vitelline membrane in some species( e.g : rabbit)

2.Cortical reaction: Initiation of the block is at sperm penetration of the ovum when cortical granules are

released into the perivitelline space. Release of the content of these granules

results inextensive reorganization of the zona pellucid and/ or vitelline surface referred to as the cortical

reaction.

3.Physiological polyspermy more common in birds & reptiles.

4.The pig appears most susceptible to polyspermy

5.Systemic or local injections of progesterone into the oviduct increases the incidence of polyspermy.

6.After fusion remaining maternal haploid chromosomes are then enclosed by a pronuclear envelope forming

the female pronucleus.

7.The sperm nuclear envelope is rapidly replaced by a new envelope within the ovum cytoplasm, forming the

male pronucleus.

8.Following fusion with the egg plasma membrane, the spermatozoan nuclear envelope disintegrates and the

released chromatin material undergoes decondensation.

9.Once the male & female pronuclei are in close proximity, the nuclear envelopes disperse, allowing

intermixing of the chromosomes.

10.Failure in hybridization process can occur during fertilization and/ or cleavage.

11.In species hybridization high rate of fertilization is possible in one direction but not in the other for example

a male snowshoe hare and female rabbit is successful but a female snowshoe hare and male rabbit is much less

so.

12.Cleavage: Cell divisions occurs without an increase in cell mass.

13.Cells of mammalian embryos contain little yolk except for swine & horse.

14.Cleavage of the zygote is by vertical division through the main axis of the egg from animal pole ( site of

polar body extrusion) to vegetal pole (area of yolk reserve).

15.Cleavage division are always mitotic with each daughter cell (blastomere) receiving the full assortment of

chromosomes.

16. Blastomeres from a two- cell embryo have the developmental latitude to form two healthy offspring.

17.Totipotent: fully capable of giving rise to an intact embryo

18.Embryo has formed 8 to 16 blastomeres referred to as a morula

19. The lower part of the ampulla of the oviduct is the site of fertilization in most mammalian species.

20.Blastocyst differentiated into two populations of cells

1.one population of cell forms the inner cell mass & give rise to the embryo proper.

2.other give rise to trophectoderm or trophoblast which forms the chorion.

21.When the embryo has developed to the 8 to 16 cell stage (4- cell in the pig) it has transported into the uterus

where its continues to proliferate.

22. PGF2 acting locally, appear to impede transit of the embryo into the uterus, where as PGE2 appear to

accelerate their delivery to the uterus.

23 Parthenogenesis: development of an egg without intervention of sperm.

24.Among cattle , Dairy breeds have twinning rates of about 3.5% whereas in beef breeds the average is less

than 1%.

25.The incidence of dyzygotic twins is 1 to 2% in thoroughbred mares & near 3% in draft type mares.

26.When two ovulations occurs unilaterally, the twin pregnancy rate is low. Whereas when a single ovulation

occurs on each ovary the incidence of twining is higher.

27.A twining rate can be achieved using bilateral embryo transfer.

28.In cattle monozygotic twins represent 10% or less of twins born.

29.Monozygotic twins usually originate after implantation when the inner cell mass differentiates into two

primitive streaks, giving rise to two identical offspring.

30. Fetal death among twins in utero is often attributed to placental insufficiency or inadequate uterine capacity

since total placental surface area of twins is only slightly greater than that of a single fetus.

31.Release (hatching) of the blastocyst from the zona pellucid occurs in the uterus 4 to 8 days postovulation.

32.PGE are involved in the zona hatching process.

33. On day 11 postestrus in the Sheep & Pig and day 13 in the Cow the blastocyst undergoes a logarithmic

elongation phase.

34.In cow on day 18 gestation the blastocyst has extend into the contralateral horn.

35.The rapid elongation of conceptus in sheep & cattle occurs through continuous hyperplasia of trophectoderm

and extraembryonic endoderm.

36.In pig elongation of conceptus occurs due to cellular reorganization rather than cellular hyperplasia.

37. Rapid elongation of pig blastocyst estrogen production and calcium release from endometrial epithelium

which may stimulate the elongation process.

38. Rapid blastocysts elongation in pigs is unique to each blastocyst within the litter.

39. In horse blastocysts do not change from a spherical to a filamentous morphology during early development.

40. Intrauterine migration and equidistant spacing between embryo is essential to embryonic survival in

polytocous species.

41.Transuterine migration is rare in monovulatory ewes and cows. However, intrauterine migration will occur in

sheep but not cows when multiple ovulations occur on the same ovary.

42.In pig the embryoblast does not remain beneath the trophectoderm but after hatching moves or digests the

overlying trophoblast (Rauber‘s layer)

43.In pig embryos are found near the tip of the uterine horn 5 to 6 days after initiation of estrus and then migrate

toward the uterine body with embryos entering and mixing with embryos in the opposite uterine horn as

early as day 9.

44.In pig migration & spacing of the embryos is terminated on approximately day 12 when rapid blastocyst

elongation occurs.

45. In mare transuterine migrations occurred approximately 13 times per day between day 10 to 16 of

gestation.

46. In mare fixation of embryo within the uterine lumen occurs on day 16, although migration is possible as

late as days 25 to 30 of gestation.

47. In mare uterine tone that begins on day 16 & becomes most intense on day 25 of gestation.

48. Rodents & Primates have blastocysts that penetrate the uterine mucosa by penetration and phgocytizing the

uterine luminal epithelium as they migrate into the uterine stroma.

49. Implantation in domestic animals is superficial and non-invasive & involves phases of trophoblast –uterine

epithelial cell apposition and adhesion.

50. In Pig blastocysts begin to attach to the uterine surface on day 13 with attachment completed across

trophoblastic surface between days 18 to 24.

51. Placental attachment in ruminants involves both caruncular and inercaruncular areas of the uterine

endometrium.

52.Meternal parts and foetal parts attachment is characterized by the appearance of binucleate cells arising

from uninucleate cells of trophoblast.

53. Binucleate cells first appear on day 17 & present throughout gestation.

54.Binucleate cells secrete: Placental lactogen & pregnancy associated glygoproteins.

55 .In mare implantation or attachment does not occurs until 24 to 40 days of gestation.

56. In mare endometrial cups are formed on 38 days of gestation it secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin.

57. Mare will have diffuse & microcotyledonary type of placenta.

58. Membrane origin

Chorion - Mesodermal layer will split & combaine with trophectoderm

Yolk sac - Endoderm

Amnion & Allantois - Mesoderm

59.Pregnant animal‘s uterine endometrium dominated by progesterone which stimulate development of

glandular epithelium it secrete histrotorph. which is essential for nourishment of conceptus.

60.Pig blastocyst start to produce estrogen form 11 & 12 days of gestation onwards.

61.Secretory proteins of the cow, pig & ewe endometrium are also known to contain immunosuppressive

factors.

62.MRP is necessary for:

CL maintenance , production of progesterone, continued endometrial development & secretory activity.

63.If the conceptus fails to signal its presence at exactly the correct time the function of the CL is terminated by

the luteolytic action of PGF2alpha from the uterus.

64.Functional corpus luteum is essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy in all farm animals.

65.The effect of the conceptus is luteostatic since progesterone production is maintained at a level comparable to

that of diestrus during pregnancy.

67.Basal secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary is also essential for CL maintenance and function during

pregnancy.

68.In pig uterine PGF2 alpha is luteolytic and estrogens produced by conceptuses provide the signal for MRP

that occurs between 11& 12th day of gestation.

69.In pig, a second period of estrogen production occurs between day 16 & 30 of pregnancy.

70. In Pig the concentration of PGF2 alpha in utero-ovarian vein plasma are elevated between days 12 & 16 of

cycle and lead to luteolysis.

71.In pig luteolysis prevented by secretion of PGF2alpha in an endocrine direction is blocked & PGF2 alpha

is not available to the CL to cause luteolysis.

72.Conceptus must be present in both uterine horns of pigs, at least two per uterine horn, for pregnancy to be

established.

73. In pig if there is no conptuses in one horn, the PGF2alpha released from the endometrium of the corpora

lutea on both ovaries.

74. MRP in cattle occurs between 16 to 19 days of pregnancy.

75. Bovine conceptuses also produce PGE2 which may play a role in maintenance of CL.

76.Equaine concepptus migrates within the uterus from one uterine horn to other 12 to 14 times per day between

12 to 14 days of pregnancy possibly to inhibit endometrial PGF2alpha production and thereby protect the CL.

77.The period of intrauterine development is termed as pregnancy or gestation

78. Length of gestation is calculated as the interval from fertile service to parturition.

79.Age of the dam influences the duration of pregnancy in different species.

80.Young heifers carry their calves for a slightly shorter period than older heifers.

81.Muliple foetuses in monotocous species also have shorter gestation periods.

82.Male calves & foals are carried 1 to 2 days longer than females.

83.PGF2alpha is released from the series of pulses into the utero-ovarian vein and reach the ovary directly via

countercurrent system in cattle, sheep, pig. or systemic channels in horse to terminate the life of the CL.

84.If no blastocyst is present in the uterus of ewe on day 12; sow by day 13; mare by day 14 to 16 of the cycle,

the CL begins to regress.

85. In the Sow a minimum of four embryos is needed to maintain pregnancy.

86. In pig and horse embryonic secretion of estrogen may be responsible for luteal maintenance.

87.The vaginal mucosa is pale and dry during most of gestation but is edematous and pliable toward the end of

pregnancy.

88.During pregnancy progresses the uterus undergoes gradual enlargement but myometrium remains quiescent

thereby preventing premature expulsion.

89. Corpus luteum of pregnancy is called corpus luteum verum

90. Some cows may show estrus during early pregnancy due to follicular activity in the ovaries.

91. In mare as many as 10 to 15 follicles develop in mare between the 40th & 160th day of pregnancy. These

follicles luteinize to form accessory corpora lutea.

92.The corpus luteum of pregnancy in the cow persists a maximal size throughout pregnancy.

93.In mare both the primary as well as the accessory corpora lutea regress by the 7th month of pregnancy.

94.Rapid relaxation of pelvic ligaments occurs when parturition approaches its more noticeable in Cow, Ewe

than in mare and is related to high levels of estrogens in late pregnancy and to the action of relaxin.

95.Progesterone is a key hormone necessary for maintenance of pregnancy.

96.Corpus luteum is persists throughout pregnancy in all farm animals except in mare.

97.Ovariectomy at any stage terminates pregnancy in Cow, Goat and Sow.

98.Ovariectomy during the latter half of pregnancy does not cause abortion in mare & ewe because the placenta

produces progesterone in these species.

99. Farm animal species classified according to the source of progesterone during later half of pregnancy as

placental dependent mare , ewe. or CL dependent Cow, Ewe, Sow.

100.Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum is essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy in all farm

animals.

1.The blood progesterone level remains constant throughout pregnancy in the Ewe & Cow and attains a high

level early in pregnancy in Sow.

2. Pregnanediol is a urinary metabolite of progesterone in the mare, has not been detected in other farm species

3. In the mare , progesterone concentration up to first 35 days of gestation secreted by primary corpus luteum.

4. in mare then rise of progesterone after 38 days to 150 days of gestation is due to the development of

secondary corpora lutea. After that placenta take over remaining period of gestation.

5. In mare between 40 to 130 days of gestation high concentrations of cCG or PMSG are present in maternal

blood but not in fetal blood.

1. Puberty: When the female become sexually mature and able to reproduce is referred to as puberty.

2. Gonadostat theory: At puberty the threshold level of oestradiol is lowered, thus following the pituitary to

respond.

3. Non- seasonal polycyclic animals – Cow & Sow

4. Seasonally polycyclic animals - Mare, Ewe ,Doe & Cat

5. Monocyclic animals - Bitch

6. During the pre- pubertal period the growth of the genital organs is very similar to that of other organ systems.

7. Age of puberty in female of domestic specie

Cow - 7 to 18 months

Ewe - 6 to 15 months

Dow - 4 to 8 months

Mare - 1 to 2 years
Sow - 6 to 8 months

Bitch - 6 to 20 months

Queen cat -7 to 12 months

8. The onset of puberty is signalled by either the occurrence of the first oestrus or the first ovulation.

9. The failure of the pre- pubertal ewe lamb to undergo ovulation and exhibit oestrus is due to the high threshold

for the positive- feedback effect of oestradiol and thus there is no LH surge.

10.Protein Leptin is a 16kDa & consisting of 140 amino acids secreted by white fat cells in adipose tissue

11. Ram or Boar effect: female sheep or sow exposure to the male of the species will advance the timing the

onset of puberty. This may be mediated through pheromonal and other sensory cues influencing hypothalamic

GnRH secretion

12. Pro-oestrus characterized by a marked by increase in activity of reproductive system

13.Ovulation occurs during oestrus phase of the cycle in all domestic species with the exception of the Cow

Where it occurs about 12 hours after the end of estrus.

14. Ovulation is a spontaneous process in all domestic species with the exception of Cat, Rabbit & Camel in

which ovulation induced by act of coitus.

15. During metoestrus phase the granulosa cells of the ovulated follicle give rise to lutein cells which are

responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum

16. During dioestrus phase the corpus luteum is fully functional and it secrete large amounts of progesterone.

17.During anoestrus phase there is a period of sexual rest during which the genital system is mainly quiescent.

18. Pineal gland control the reproduction in seasonal breeding species & also in the timing of puberty by

influencing the release of FSH , LH, Prolactin.

19.In case of Mare pineal gland removed does not show a normal response to changes in photoperiod .where as

piealectomized ewes still shows seasonal breeding

20.Melatonin concentrations increase during the hours of darkness.

21.Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) stimulate the release of FSH & LH and the inhibition of the conversion of

dopamine to noradrenaline, and blocks the oestradiol –induced release of LH, which is responsible for

ovulation.

22. Serotonin inhibits the basal secretion of LH and regulates other neurosecretory systems.

23.Dopamine has an important role in the control of prolactin release

24.LH is responsible for ovulation and formation of CL

25. Inhibin & oestradiol act in concert in suppressing FSH secretion.

26. Pre ovulatory surge of oestradiol stimulates the release LH, which is so necessary for the process of

ovulation and corpus luteum formation.

27.The negative feedback of progesterone in mediated via a reduced pulse frequency of gonadotrophin release,

where as oestradiol exerts its effect via a reduced pulse amplitude.

28. Throughout the oestrous cycle, during pregnancy and other reproductive stages, there is continuous follicular

activity with growth and Atresia.

29.The Sow there is no evidence of a wave-like pattern.

30 Selection of dominant follicle involves the decline in FSH and acquisition of LH responsiveness

31. progesterone is suppressive to LH secretion and the growth of the dominant follicle

32. During pregnancy the follicles tend to be of smaller diameter than those of present in follicular waves of

non- pregnant individuals.

33. Function of IGFs mainly( IGF-1& IGF-2) causes follicular growth and maturation , as well as the emergence

of a dominant follicle by sensitizing follicular granulosa cells to the effects of FSH.

34.The CL is rapidly formed from the graafian follicle after ovulation, primarily from the granulosa and the

thecal cells.

35. The CL has the greatest blood supply per unit tissue compare to any of organ.

36. In Bitch there is a early signs of luteinization of the follicle before it has ovulated

37. Hormones responsible for formation of CL is LH& Prolactin

38. In Sow prolong the luteal function by LH but prolactin will not involved

39. In Ewe the prolactin appears to be more important luteotrophic agent

40. In Bitch the prolactin involved luteotrophic effect on second half of gestation onwards only

41. In the Human, Dog, Cat, the normal life span of the CL is unaltered in the absence of the uterus.

42. In the Mare, if the ovary is transplanted outside the pelvic cavity, luteal regression still occurs this because

of luteolysin (PGF2 alpha) is transported throughout the systemic circulation.

43. In Sow the luteolytic substance is transported locally but not exclusively to the adjacent ovary.

44.In Bitch even if absence of pregnancy there is always a prolonged luteal phase

45. PGF2 alpha was first isolated from fresh semen and was assumed to be produced in the prostate gland

46. The primary site for the initiation of luteolysis in the CL is through the large lueal cells, which become

smaller, then followed by the small luteal cells.

47.In the Ruminants, luteal regression is caused by episodic release of PGF2alpha from uterus at intervals of

about 6 hours.

48. The CL becomes more sensitive to the luteolytic effect of PGF2 alpha as it ages. the early CL is

unresponsive to PGF2alpha.

49. Mare is a seasonal breeder , cyclic activity occurs from spring to autumn. During the winter mare normally

become anoestrus
50.The average length of the equine cycle is 20 - 23 days; the cycles are longer in spring and shortest from june

to September.

51. Mare typically, oestrus lasts 6 days and dioestrus 15 days, ovulation occurs on last day of heat

52.The onset of heat after foaling occurs on the 5th to 10th day.

53. Twin ovulation commonly occurs in mare

54. Non- fertilized eggs remain for longer periods in oviduct in mare

55. All equine ovulations occurs from the ovulation fossa.

56. In mare the follicular waves have been classified into Major waves & Minor waves.

57. Majority of young cattle the estrus associated with the first ovulation is silent

58. In Cattle the average length of estrus cycle is 20 to 21 days

59. The ovulation is spontaneous in cattle and occurs on average 12 hours after the end of oestrus.

60. In cattle vaginal PH also fluctuates throughout the oestrus cycle but is lowest, 7.38 on the day of oestrus.

61. The function of cCG is luteinizes follicle and maintains the functions of secondary corpora lutea.

67.Litter size and maternal weight gain in the pig appear to be independent of each other.

68.Physiologic anemia of pregnancy observed in women & bitch does not occurs in farm animals.

69. Placenta is an apposition or fusion of the fetal membranes to the endometrium to permit physiologic

exchange between fetus and mother.

70. Type of placentation are 1. Chorionic 2. Chorioallantoic 3.Yolk sac.

71. Chorioallantoic placentation is characteristic of all farm animals.

72.Function of villi is bring the fetal(allantoic) vessels into proximity with the maternal blood vessels.

78.In ruminants , the fusion of fetal cotyledons with caruncles or specialized projections of the uterine mucosa

to form placentomes or functional units.

79.Caruncles are convex in the cow & giraffe : concave in sheep, goat

80.In early pregnancy in the mare, Sow, the placenta consists of a simple apposition of fetal and maternal

epithelium

81.In mare between 75 to 110 days of gestation the complex folding and branching of the two surfaces give

rise to the formation of microcotyledons.

82. Endometrial cups are a unique feature of the equine placenta.

83. The endometrial cups are formed by the invasion of the endometrium by a band of specialized trophoblstic

cells ( chorionic girdle) that peel off the fetal membranes by day 38.

84. Endometrial cups are the source of eCG present in high concentrations in the blood of mares between 40 to

130 days of gestation.

84. In sheep placentomes ranging from 90 to 100: in cattle 70 to 120.

85.Normally chorioallantois extends in to the nongravid horn, but degree to which the caruncles hypertrophy is

usually less than that in the gravid horn.

86.The chorionic sac of adjacent pig fetuses are in apposition, and chorionic attachment between one or more

fetuses is encountered frequently.

87.Vascular anastomosis between allantoic circulations rarely occurs in sheep.

88.A high incidence of vascular anastomosis is encountered between twin bovine fetuses, give rise to the well-

known intersexual condition of freemartinism.

89.Placental barrier: the membranes separating the fetal & maternal circulations are collectively known as

placental barrier.

90. Wide structural variation occurs in the epitheliochorial placenta of farm species for example the uterine

epithelium forms a partial syncytium in the ewe and large binucleate cells in the chorionic epithelium of the

cow& ewe.

91.About 84% of the total uterine blood flow near term passes to the placentomes, the remainder supplies the

endometrial and myometrial of the placenta.

92.The mean umbilical blood flow in goat, sheep,& cow is higher than that in the mare.

93.In the mare, the microcotyledons, like the cotyledons of the sheep and cow are highly vascularized.

94.The placenta performs many functions and substitutes for fetal GI tract , Lung , kidney , liver &

endocrine glands.

95. Fetal pig blood has a great affinity for oxygen than that of the sow due to the lower concentration of 2,3-

diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in the erythrocytes.

96.The placental membranes are freely permeable to water and electrolytes.

97.Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of the fetus and is transferred across the placenta by means of active

transport system.

98.The fetal blood glucose levels are lower than those of the mother and are approximately 25% in limb,

somewhat higher in calf, and 60% in foal as compared to internal levels.

99. Fructose comprises about 70 to 80 % of the sugar in fetal blood, while glucose is predominant in maternal

blood.

100. The maternal and fetal levels of FFA are closely correlated in the horse but FFA transfer across the

ruminant placenta in minimal.

101. Proteins as such are not transferred.

102. Immunoglobulins are transmitted in man and some animals but not in farm animals.

103. Cortisol is transferred from mother to fetus in many species but not in goats and sheep.

104. The unconjugated steroids, progesterone & estrogen gens cross the placental barrier readily.
105. The placenta is a transient endocrine organ like the corpus luteum.

106. It secretes both trophic and steroid hormones that are released into the fetal as well as the maternal

circulation.

107. eCG ,estrogen , progesterone, placental lactogen & protein-B. are produced by the placenta.

108. Some species (ewe & mare) and not others (cow, goat & sow) are capable of synthesizing sufficient

amounts of progesterone to maintain pregnancy by using acetate and cholesterol derived from the maternal

circulation.

109. During the latter half of gestation, a high rate of estrogen production occurs in the placentas of mare, cow,

sow & ewe.

110. The placenta relies on fetal cortisol to induce activity of the placenta enzymes and thus synthesize estrogen

form progesterone.

111.Placental lactogen is first detected in placental issue of sheep on day 16.and in the bovine conceptus

between days 17 and 25 of gestation.

112. The uterus is also not an immunologically privileged site.

113. Fibrinoid layer is absent around the villi of the human placenta.

114.Period of embryo:

Cattle - 15 to 45 days of gestation

Sheep - 12 to 34 days of gestation

Mare - 12 to 60 days of gestation

115. Glucose is the major metabolic fuel for the fetus.

116.Period of fetus:

Cattle - 45 days to until birth

Sheep - 34 days to until birth

Horse - 60 days to until birth

117. Although fructose comprises about 70 to 80 % of the sugar in the blood of fetal ungulates (cattle,

sheep, goats) its use is negligible, except when blood glucose levels are low.

118.In Cattle over one half of the increase in fetal weight occurs during the last 2 months of gestation. At term

the weight of the fetus contributes to approximately 60% of the total weight of the conceptus.

119.During fetal organs development first CNS, then bone & last muscle and adipose tissue.

120. First Fetal heart beat appears:

Cattle - 21 to 22 days

Mare - 24 days onwards

Ewe - 20 days
Sow - 16 days

Bitch - 24 days onwards

121.Under nutrition of the ewe during the latter part of gestation leads to the production of stunted lambs, even

though a normal level of nutrition was present earlier.

122. The length of gestation in the pig is not reduced by increases in litter size.

123. In monotocous species, notably cattle, twin fetuses are genrally smaller than single fetuses, probably

because the length of gestation is reduced.

124. In sheep, fetal weight is related to placental weight.

125.In general heart rates are higher in the fetus than in the adult.

126.The fetal heart rate ranges from 170 to 220 beats per minute in sheep and from 120 to 140 beats per minute

in cattle.

127. Fetal urine forms a major source of amniotic fluid in the latter part of pregnancy in sheep.

128.Fetal fluids increase throughout gestation in all species, but in the pig they tend to decline at term.

129.The volume of allantoic fluid is relatively higher than amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the exception being

the ewe at midgestation.

130.Allantoic fluid, composed of hypotonic urine, maintains the osmotic pressure of the fetal plasma and

prevents fluid loss to maternal circulation.

131.Amniotic fluid contains

Low levels of K+ , Mg++.glucose creatinine, uric acid & urea.

High levels of Na+ , Cl-, P+++ and fructose. Enzymes, iron, amniotic plaques, cells.

132.Allantoic fluid contains.

Low levels of : Na+ , Cl-, P+++ and glucose.

High levels of : K+, Mg++, Ca++, fructose, creatinine, uric acid & urea.

133. Functions of amniotic fluids:

Protects fetus from external shock , prevents adhesion between fetal skin and amniotic membrane, Assists in

dilating cervix and lubricating birth passages during birth.

134. Functions of allantoic fluids:

Helps to maintain osmotic pressure of fetal plasma.

135.Amniotic plaques: In ruminants the inner lining of the amnion particularly near the umbilicus contains

numerous raised, discrete, round foci called amniotic plaques.

136.Hippomanes: A smooth, discoid, rubberlike, amber masses floating in the allantoic fluid and are probably

aggregations of fetal hair and meconium.

137. Membrane Origin

Yolk sac - Early entodermal layer

Amnion - Cavitation form inner cell mass

Allantois - Diverticulum of hindgut

Chorion - Trophoblastic capsule of blastocyst

138.Classification of chorioallantoic placentas:

. Pig diffuse Epitheliochorial none ( nondeciduate)

Mare diffuse & Epitheliochorial none ( nondeciduate) Microctoryledonary

Sheep, Goat, Cow, Cotyledonary Epitheliochorial none ( nondeciduate)

water buffalo

Dog, cat Zonary Endotheliochorial moderate (deciduate)

Man, Monkey Discoid Hemochorial extensive ( deciduate)

139. Parturition or labor is defined as the physiologic process by which the pregnant uterus delivers the fetus

and placenta from the maternal organism.

140. Most signs of approaching parturition relate to changes in the pelvic ligaments, enlargement and edema

of vulva & mammary activity.

141.Waxing occurs in most mares between 6 to 48 hours before foaling & is replaced by drips or streams of

milk 12 to 24 hours later.

142. Nest building is a feature of impending parturition in polytocous.

143. Cattle & seek isolation just prior to the onset of parturition.

144. Parturition is triggered by the fetus and is completed by a complex interaction of endocrine , neural and

mechanical factors.

145.Successful parturition depends upon two mechanical processes.

1.Ability of the uterus to contract and the capacity to the cervix to dilate sufficient sufficiently to enable the

passage of the fetus.

146.Ripening of cervix is hormone dependents and may be influenced by elevated levels of estrogens, secretion

of relaxin (pig) & PGF2 alpha at the onset of parturition.

147.Maternal plasma levels of progesterone decline sharply just prior to the onset of parturition in most farm

animals.

148. In horse relatively high levels of progestogens and low levels of estrogen occur at the time of parturition.

149.Parturition in the CL– dependent species (goat, pig & cattle) is initiated by regression of the CL but in the

placenta dependent species(sheep) fetal cortisol activates a 17 alpha hydroxylase it convert the progesterone to

estrogen.

150.Rising concentrations of estrogens and the declines concentrations of progesterone stimulate PGF2 alpha.
151. PGF2 alpha plays a central role in inducing strong uterine contractions of the second stage of labor &

causing dilation.

152. Oxytocin mediates the neurohumoral reflex (Ferguson‘s reflex) stimulation of the birth canal by the

conceptus during labor.

153. In sheep, cortisol stimulates the placenta to convert progesterone to estrogen.

154.The elevated levels of estrogen stimulate secretion of PGF2alpha

155.In CL dependent species, cortisol in addition to the synthesis of estrogen causes a release of PGF2alpha

from the endometrium, which in turn causes regression of the corpora lutea.

156.Anxiety, stress or fear prolong the act of parturition in several species through a decrease in myometrial

contractility induced by a release of epinephrine.

157. Fetus determines the day of parturition , whereas the mother decides the hour of parturition.

158. In the pig they begin at both ends of the uterine horns and subsequently are propagated toward the cervix or

in the opposite direction.

159. The bellows effect in the pig reduces the distance traversed by succeeding piglets and avoids a pile of

piglets at the cervix.

160.The distention of the cervix and vagina by the conceptus initiates the neurohumoral reflex.

161.The combined forces of intra- abdominal and intra uterine pressure mark the beginning of the second stage

of labor.

162.The greatest effort is associated with the emergence of the head & chest.

163. The expulsion of the placenta is rapid in the mare but is slower in ruminants due to the cotyledonary type

of placentation.

164.The largest mass of placenta, however, is usually expelled 3 to 4 hours after the delivery of the last piglet.

165.Exogenous glucocorticoids can be used to used to induce parturition in cattle, goat & sheep but not in the

horse or pig.

166.PGF2alpha induces parturition in the pig, goat & cattle because they depend on the CL for progesterone

during pregnancy.

167.Immunoglobulins are transferred to the newborn by way of the colostrums; the small intestine is permeable

to immunoglobulins for a period of 24 to 36 hours after birth.

Animal Dilatation of cervix expulsion of fetus expulsion of placenta

1.Mare 1 – 4 hr 0.2- 0.5 1

2.cow 2- 6 hr 0.5- 1.0 6-12

3.Ewe 2- 6 hr 0.5- 2.0 0.5-8

4.Sow 2-12 hr 2.5- 3.0 1-4

168. Puerperium or post partum period:

The period extending from delivery until the maternal organism has returned to its normal non pregnant state.

169.Puerperium would be the interval between parturition and the occurrence of the first estrus at which

conception can occur.

170. Uterine involution: The restoration of the uterus to its normal non pregnant size and function after

parturition is termed uterine involution.

171.Lochia: the uterine discharge normally occurs during puerperium, is composed of mucus, blood, shreds, of

fetal membranes, and maternal tissue and fetal fluids.

172.The release of PGF2alpha is longer in species with cotyledonary type of placenta (cow, goat, buffalo) than

in those with a diffuse type of placenta ( horse, pig)

173.Regeneration of the endometrium is completed earlier in species with a diffuse placenta than those with a

cotyledonary placenta.

174.The endometrium is fully regenerated between the 2nd &3rd week in the horse and pig: between 4th & 5th

week in ruminants.

175.The interval from parturition to first estrus ranges from 30 to 72 days from dairy cows and from 46 to 104

days for beef cows.

176. Most mares exhibit a foal heat within 6 to 13 days post partum.

177. Sow frequently exhibit an anovulatory estrus 3 to 5 days after farrowing

Normal histologic involution in normal parturition or until about 70 to 90 days postpartum.

In bitch the uterine horns are back to nearly normal size in 4 to 5 weeks

178. Removing the piglets or weaning them at any time induce estrus and ovulation within 3 to 5 days.

179.Boar secretion from preputial pouch, which give pork its boar odor are involved in sexual behavior.

180. The duration of courtship and copulation varies with the species, both events are shorter in cattle &

sheep than in swine & horse.

181. The sequence of courtship tends to be simpler and shorter in mammals than in birds, fish or arthropods.

1. Among ungulates and gallinaceous birds, males generally dominate females.

2. In the male, sniffing and licking the female are the most frequent patterns, suggesting an important function

of chemical communication through olfaction.

3. Except in swine, the male of domestic ungulates smells the female‘s urine and then raises his head, with lips

curled, in the ritualizes flehmen reaction.

4. In sheep, goat & cattle tactile stimulation of the female is made by nuzzling & licking the perineal region

whereas with the horse, the stallion often bites the females‘ neck and with swine the noses her flanks.

5. Urination is used by the stallion for marking the place where an estrus female has urinated.
6. Boar urinate in a rhythmic pattern during sexual activity.

7. Receptive cows & goats exhibit increased frequency of nonspecific bellow or bleats whereas the sow utters a

typical estrus grunt.

8. Cows, goats, & sow tend to mount and to be mounted by other females but this is exceptional in ewes and

mares.

9. Estrus mare shows frequent exposure of clitoris

10. Flehmen reaction is absent in swine.

11. Vocalization behavior in sheep & goat courting grunts during sexual approach

12. Stallion marks with urine the place where a mare has urinate.

13. Sheep & goat showing the postures during copulation: rapid movement backwards of head at ejaculation.

14. Post coital reaction in sheep: stretches head & neck where as in goat will licks penis.

15. Receptive sows also display interest in the boar‟s head

16. Boar may be associated with mock fighting

17. Estrus mares tend to urinate frequently in the presence of a stallion

18. Increased urination is not characteristic of estrus in sheep and pigs but is specific of sexual receptivity in

horse.

19. Female sow head- to – head sniffs; mock fighting.

20. In bull prior to mounding excretes dribbling of accessory fluid, form the prepuce derived from the

Cowper‟s gland and differing from the seminal plasma emitted from the vesicular glands during ejaculation.

21. Homo sexuality frequently observed in swine.

22. Among farm animals, the boar has the longest ejaculation time. copulation is performed within 3 to 20

minutes with an average of 4 to 5 minutes.

23. Bulls & rams represent one extreme in that they typically ejaculate instantaneously on the first intromission.

24. Boar however, may maintain intromission for as long as 20 minutes with a single ejaculation.

25. Semen is ejaculated near the os cervix in the case of cattle and sheep, into the uterus in swine and partially

into the uterus in horse.

26. During the ejaculation ram & goat male‘s head is suddenly moved back ward, where as in the bull it is

pressed down back ward.

27. Postcoital reaction: the cow arches her back and elevates the tail after copulation and keeps this posture

for several minutes.

28. The male goat usually licks the penis after ejaculation.

29. The maximal number of ejaculations is higher in bulls and rams than in stallions & boar.
30. The goat, the stallion and the boar reach exhaustion after a less number of ejaculation thans in the ram &

bull

31. The bull will copulate only 5 to 10 times with a free estrus female, the ram 3 to 6 times, the stallion & boar 2

to 4 times daily.

32. Estrus is limited to about a day in sheep, cattle; but to longer periods in the sow & mare.

33. In species in which the period of sexual receptivity is short, ovulation take place after its end, but in species

that remain receptive for long periods, ovulation occurs during estrus.

34. The male‘s sexual reactivity is grossly permanent or undergoes slow and limited seasonal variations,

whereas the receptivity of the female is restricted to a few hours or a few days.

35. The stimuli eliciting the approach of the estrus female appear to be essentially olfactory in nature.

36. The production of the attracting male pheromone is under the control of androgens.

37. These pheromones are excreted in the urine of intact adult males, and its production is androgen

dependent.

38. During the standing reaction the receptive sow is absolutely immobile arches her back and cocks the ears.

39. Boar‘s preputial secretion contain a compound 5alpha-androst-16-ene-3-one responsible for the boar odor.

40. Stallions produce and excrete large quantites of estrogens compared to those produced by males of most

other mammalian species.

41. In the female estrogens are only present during a few days of the estrus cycle.

42. Following post pubertal castration, erection, intromission and even ejaculation may persist for a long time,

but decreased frequency.

43. The persistence of the other behavioral patterns cannot be attributed to the presence of androgen from

adrenal origin.

44. Libido and the ability to ejaculate are gradually lost after castration.

45. Female sexual behavior depends on as appropriate endocrine balance resulting in the development of the

ovarian follicles.

46. When estrogen are injected during proestrus, sexual receptivity is hastened.

47. During the luteal phase of the cycle, the inhibitory action of progesterone prevents an estrus response.

48. The effects of hormonal treatment during anestrus are similar to those observed in spayed females.

49. Maximal estrogen levels in the blood of the ewe & sow occurs about 24 hours before onset of estrus.

50. The physiological signal that initiates sexual motivation is by the secretion of steroid hormones.

51. The role of the hypothalamus in reproduction involves both the triggering effect of steroid hormones on

52 Sexual behavior and simultaneously the control of the secretion of pituitary gonadotrophins

53.The postural reflexes of mating behavior are organized in the spinal cord of adult female mammals.
54.The intensity of certain reactions of male & females with transaction of spinal cord appears to be under the

influence of sexual steroids.

55. Erection of penis predominantly under the influence of the parasympathetic system.

56. Drugs that‘s that affect the autonomic nervous system can be used to alter the ejaculatory process.

57.Atropine reduces the volume of the ejaculate by blocking the secretion of the bulbourethral glands of the

boar and the bull.

58.Elecrical stimulation of the sacral nerves causes erection and/ or ejaculation process

59.The bull, ram & boar have a fibroelastic penis that is relatively small in diameter and rigid when non-

erection.

60.Stallion has a typical vascular penis with no sigmoid flexure.

61.The function of the penis as an organ of intromission depends on the power of erection as a result of sexual

excitement.

62.Intromission and ejaculation are elicited by tactile stimuli( warmth of vagina & slipperiness of mucus) acting

on the penile receptors.

63.The penis of the bull and the ram is sensitive to temperature, whereas that of the stallion is more sensitive to

pressure exerted by the vaginal wall.

64.In the boar, the corkscrew-shaped tip of the penis is engaged in the cervix during mating.

65.Sexual activity of the male increases when new females in the herd become receptive.

66. Seasonal variations in sexual behavior of sheep, goats and horses are mostly due to seasonality of pituitary

function controlling the secretion of gonadal hormones.

67. Mating affects the time of ovulation in species that ovulate spontaneously, such as rats & sheep.

68. A neural pathway exists between the reproductive system and hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the cow.

69.Natural mating affects ovulation in the sow by shortening the interval from onset of estrus to ovulation and

by reducing the interval from the first to last ovulation

70.Naturally mated sows have higher concentrations of plasma LH immediately after mating.

71.Permanent association with the male hastens LH release and ovulation in the ewe & sow

72.Stimulation of the genitalia or precoital stimuli cause contraction of the cervix and uterus of the ewe and cow

, as result of the release of Oxytocin.

73. Oxytocin release often occurs before actual coitus has taken place.

74. Precoital stimulation affects both composition of the ejaculate and androgen secretion.

75.A period of restraint for 2 to 20 minutes causes an increase in semen volume and concentration and number

of sperm in bulls, with sperm motility being unaffected.

76. False mounts cause increases in semen characteristics.

77. Homosexuality, hypersexuality, hyposexuality and autoerotic behavior are not uncommon.

78. Hyposexuality is characterized by abnormalities in the ejaculatory pattern.

79. Masturbaion is less common in rams and most common among bulls on high protein ration.

80. The most common abnormal female behavior is nymphomania in cattle.

81. Split esturs and prolonged estrus are common in mare.

82. In cattle , it is when the first ejaculate contains 50 million spermatozoa with at least 10% progressive

motility.

83. chromosome number

Cattle - 60

Swamp buffalo - 48

Water buffalo - 50

84.LH stimulate leydig cells to secrete testosterone, which is needed for differentiation of sertoli cells an

spermatogenesis.

85.Two waves of follicular activity occur during the bovine estrous cycle. First wave occurs early in the cycle

and second wave occurs at midcycle.

86.If follicle does not ovulate, it secretes similar levels of estradiol as an ovulatory follicle.

87.A pale vascular area on the Graafian follicle, the stigma marks the ovulation site from which the ovum and

follicular contents are slowly released.

88.The CL reaches maturity about 7 days after ovulation and functions for a further 8 or 9 days before it finally

regresses.

89.The CL changes color during the cycle, being brick-red early in the cycle, golden yellow at midcycle and

yellowish white at end of cycle.

90.The Old CL appears on the surface of the ovaries as white scars, called corpora albicantia.

91. Follicular growth, ovulation and luteal function are regulated by Hypothalamic-pituitary –ovarian axis.

92.The graafian follicle secretes estrogens, particularly estradiol-17- beta.

93.The raising levels of estadiol induce behavioral estrus and combined with declining levels of progesterone,

trigger the LHsurge.

94.If mature follicle is present, the LH surge causes ovulation about 24 hours later.

95.Physicochemical properties of cervical mucus are altered under the influence of estrogens.

96. Cervical mucus is less viscous on the day of estrus and hangs as a stings of clear mucus from the vulva.

97.In cattle when a CL start functioning, cervical mucus becomes opaque & inspissated.

98.Estogen improves the contractility or tonicity of the uerus.

94. The uterus is flaccid and lack tone during the luteal phase, whereas its tone peaks during estrus and then

decreases after ovulation.

95.Snice uterus tone is good indicator of estrus and can be detected by rectal palpation.

96.Esturs increase vascular growth of the endometirum.

97. The sudden withdrawal of estrogen secretion following ovulation causes petechial hemorrhage in the

endometrium (metestrous bleeding) and the presence of blood in the vulval discharge.

98. Metestrus bleeding bears no relationship to conception.

99. During the luteal phase, cervical mucus is thick and tenacious, the cervical canal is tightly closed, and the

myometrium relax.

100.Progestrone levels in plasma are closely correlated with growth, maintenance and regression of the CL.

1. LH, the luteotrophic hormone in cattle, increases the synthesis of progesterone by the CL.

2. Luteal regression at the end of the estrous cycle is caused by PGF2alpha of uterine origin

3. Cattle are unique among farm animals in that they ovulate 10 to 12 hours after the end of standing estrus or on

the average 30 hours after the onset estrus.

4. Follicles ovulate on the right ovary about 60% of the time and on the left ovary about 40% of the time.

5. The duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium is 13.5 days for bulls.

6. Approximately 61 days (4.5 cycles seminiferous epithelium) are required for completion of spermatogenesis.

7. The efficiency of spermatozoal production in cattle is less than in other domestic animals.

8.The bull ejaculates 4 to 10 ml of semen containing 0.8 to 2.0 billion sperm per milliliter.

9.The bull‘s penis is of the fibroelastic type, relatively small in diameter and rigid when non-erect.

10. The bull identifies the estrus cow by licking or smelling around her external genitalia and curling his upper

lip in a characteristic manner “flehman‖.

11.Mating in cattle is brief (less than 5 seconds) when compare to horse and swine

12.In bull just before mound accessory fluid dribbles from the penis which was secreted form bulbourethral

glands.

13. The ejaculatory thrust of bull deposits the semen in the anterior vagina near the external os of the cervix.

14.Characteristic cattle buffalo

Age of puberty 10 to 12 24 to 30

Duration of seminiferous epithelial cycles 13.5 days 8.6 days

Semen volume (ml) 4 to 10 ml 2 to 5 ml

Concentration (billion per ml) 0.8 to 2.0 0.3 to 1.5

15.The ovary is the major source of progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy in the cow

16. The cow ovariectomized before 200 days abort, but after 200 days they able to maintain pregnancy.
17. Fetal cortisol triggers parturition, probably by stimulating the conversion of progesterone to estrogen.

18.The rising levels of estrogen also induce the release of PGF2alpha from the endometrium and cause the

termination of luteal function.

19.Gestation length of cow ranges from 276 to 295 days and lengths are longest in Brown swiss & Brahman

20. Amnion is also called second water bag.

21. Normally cows takes about 4 to 6 hours to expel the placenta.

22. The uterine involutes most quickly in primiparous cows and cows that are suckling calves.

23. In the post partum cow multiparous cows ovulate earlier than primiparous cows.

24. In cow usually, estrus is observed for the first time at about 35 days postpartum in dairy cows.

25. The conception rate is lower at first postpartum estrus than at subsequent estrous period.

26. The optimal calving interval for both beef and dairy cattle is 12 months,

27.To maintain a 12 month calving interval in a dairy herd, at least 90% of cow should show standing estrus by

60 days postpartum and conceive by 85 days postpartum.

28.The conception rates were lower when cows were bred earlier than a 60-days postpartum interval than later

intervals.

Buffalo reproduction

29. Water buffalo attains puberty at a later age than cattle.

30. The river type exhibits estrus earlier (15 to 18 months) than the swamp type (21-24 months).

31.In buffalo first conception occurs at an average body weight 250 to 275 kg, which is usually attained at 24 to

36 months of age.

32.The testes of the buffalo descend into the scrotum at 2 to 4 months of age.

33.Spermatogenesis commences at 12 to 15 months, but the ejaculate contains viable spermatozoa only when

animals are about 24 months old.

34.Water buffalo, like cattle, are polyestrous and breed throughout the year.

35.The length of the estrus cycle is about 21 days & estrus lasts about 12 to 30 hrs.

36.Overt signs of estrus are less intense than in cattle.

37.Acceptance of the male is the most reliable sign of estrus in the buffalo.

38.Ovulation as in cattle occurs 15 to 18 hrs after the end of estrus or about 35 to 45 hrs after the onset of estrus.

39.The testes, accessory sex glands and the penis of the water buffalo are smaller than those of cattle.

40.The sheath of the penis adheres close to the body in the swamp buffalo, whereas it is more pendulous in the

river buffalo.

41. The water buffalo, among farm animals except the boar, has one of the shortest spermatogenic cycle.

42.The durations of the seminiferous epithelial cycle and spermatogenesis are 8.6 days & 38 days respectively .
43.In general the frequency of cell stages in the water buffalo & cattle are similar.

44. The normal ejaculate is grayish to milky white, rarely exceeds 5 ml a sperm concentration between 300 to

1500 million cells per ml

45.Sperm motility is lower than in cattle.

46.Male sexual behavior is similar but less intense than in the bull.

47.The ejaculatory thrust is less marked than in the bull.

48.The water buffaloes have a longer gestation period than cattle.

49.The gestation length ranges from 305 to 320 days and from 320 to 340 days for the swamp buffalo.

50. Stages of labor duration

First stage 1 to 2 hrs

Second stage 30 to 60 min

Third stage 4 to 5 hrs.

51.In buffalo fetal membranes are expelled 4 to 5 hrs after delivery of the fetus.

52.Uterine involution is completed by 28 days for the suckled swamp buffalo as compared to 45 days for the

hand- milked river buffalo.

53.The postpartum interval to first ovulation is longer in buffalo than in cattle.

54.In buffalo first estrus is observed at 2 to 3 months after parturition.

55.In dairy buffalo herds using AI or hand matings conception rates are 50 to 60%with child semen; 25 to 45%

with frozen semen and over 60% with natural service.

56.The highest percentage of conception occurred 2 to 5 months after the peak rainfall.

57. Blastocyst transport to uterus (Reference Hafez 7th edition page no:111 )

Species cell stage hours

Cattle 8- 16 72- 84

Horse blastocyst 140-144

Sheep 8-16 66-72

Swine 4 46- 48

58.Gamete longevity (hours) (Reference Hafez 7th edition page no:111)

Species sperm ovum

Cattle 30-48 20-24

Horse 72- 120 6-8

Sheep 30-48 16-24

Swine 34-72 8-10

1. Anestrus denotes a state of complete sexual inactivity with no manifestation of estrus

2.Anestrus observed during certain physiological states such as before puberty, during pregnancy, lactation and

seasonal breeds.

3.Ovarian hypoplasia occurs in Swedish mountain cattle, affected animals have infantile reproductive tract

never exhibit estrus.

4. Freemartins are heifers born co-twin to bulls, have poorly developed ovaries & fail to show estrus.

5. Persistence of CL associated with uterine pathology these condition includes pyometra, mucometra, fetal

mummification or maceration

6. Anovulatory estrus is more common in swine and horse than in cattle and sheep

7. During anovulatory estrus the animal shows normal behavioral estrus and ovarian follicle reaches

preovulatory size but does not rupture.

8. Cystic ovarian disease affected animals show the symptoms of nymphomania & anestrus.

9. Luteal cyst contain a thin rim of luteal tissue fail to ovulate, but persist but persist for a prolonged period.

10. Cystic ovaries are also frequently encountered in dairy cows fed higher levels of nutrients and during the

winter.

11.hCG and GnRH are equally effective for the treatment of follicular cyst.

12.PGF2alpha or its analogs are effective for treatment of luteal cyst.

13. Cystic ovarian disease is common in dairy cattle and swine but in rarely encountered in other species.

14.White heifer disease in cattle in which the prenatal development of mullerian ducts is arrested , and vagianl

canal is obstructed by the presence of an abnormally developed hymen.

15. Aging of ovum& sperm leads to polyspermy

16.Early embryonic mortality or termination of pregnancy before MRP in which case length of cycle is not

affected .

17.Embryonic mortality denotes the death of fertilized ova and embryo up to the end of implantation

18. About 25 to 40% of embryos are normally lost in farm animal species.

19.In cattle most embryonic deaths occurs between day 8 & 16 during hatching of the blastocyst and

implantation without affecting estrus cycle length.

20. period of maximal embryonic mortality

Cattle - 8 to 16 days of gestation

Sheep - 9 to 15 days of gestation

Swine - 8 to 16 days of gestation

Horses - 30 to 36 days of gestation

21. The number of embryos that survive and the stages of pregnancy determine the effect of embryonic

mortality on the estrus cycle.

22.In swine at least four living blastocysts are needed by day 10 of pregnancy to counteract the uterine

luteolytic effects.

23. Acritical period of embryonic survival is the late blastocyst stage.

24.Breeding of mare at foal heat chance of early embryonic mortality is more.

25.Sow bred after weaning at 7 days of lactation suffer high embryonic losses between day 9 & 20 days of

pregnancy.

26.A higher incidence of embryonic mortality is observed in gilts and in sows after fifth gestation.

27.In cattle embryo transfer experiments have shown a higher embryonic mortality rate in recipients which

received two embryos in a single uterine horn.

28. Equal distribution of embryos in the two horns sow is important to prevent embryonic mortality.

29. Pig embryos are susceptible to heat stress before 18 days of pregnancy.

30.In Swine, semen stored for 3 days before insemination produced zygotes much more susceptible to early

embryonic death.

31.In cattle homozygosity for certain blood groups and certain substances related to transferrin ( beta-

globulin) and J- antigen in sera are associated with increased embryonic loss as well as decreased fertilization

rate.

32. A repeat-breeder cow exhibits normal signs of estrus every 18 to 24 days but requires more than three

services to become pregnant.

32. Both fertilization failure and embryonic mortality occur at a much higher rate than in normal cows 5 to 6

weeks post insemination.

33.The incidence of repeat breeding is higher in dairy herd using artificial insemination rather than natural

service.

34.Repeat breeding is due to early embryonic mortality occurs in mare affected by contagious equine metritis.

35. In mare contagious equine metritis caused by Taylorella equigenitalis.

36. Abortion: Termination of pregnancy with the expulsion of a fetus recognizable size before it viable.

37. Noninfectious abortion are more prevalent in cattle, particularly dairy cattle than sheep or mare.

38.Mare seem to be endocrinologically susceptible to abortion between the 5th & 10th months of pregnancy.

39.Twin pregnancy is the most common cause of abortion in Mare

40. Neospora caninum is a major cause of bovine abortion in many country, Most commonly occurs between 3

to 8 month of gestation

41.Transmission of brucella abortus in cattle through ingestion

42. Transmission of Trichomonas fetus in cattle through venereal

43. Transmission of Vibriosis (Camphylobacter fetus) in cattle through venereal

44. The five bacteria most commonly associated with bovine abortion or stillbirth

Actinomyces pyogens, Bacillus spp, Listeria spp, E-coli and Leptospira interrogans

45. Enzootic abortion of ewe caused by Chlamydia psittaci

46. Transmission of brucella suis in swine through venereal

47. Epizootic abortion in mare caused by Equine herpesvirus-1

48. Transmission of contagious equine metritis & equine viral arthritis in mare through venereal

49.Fetal mummification is characterized by resorption of placental fluids, dehydration of the fetus and its

membranes leads to a uterus which is tightly wrapped around the fetus.

50.In cattle fetal mummification mainly occurs from 5th to 7th months of gestation in all breeds of cattle.

51. In cattle fetal mummification most case they carried many months beyond the gestation period because

the CL persists.

52. Fetal maceration: in case of incomplete abortion , bacteria enter through a partially dilated cervix to

autolyze fetal soft tissues leaving fetal bones floating within the uterine lumen.

53. A high incidence of fetal mummification in the jersey & Guernsey breeds to support a hereditary influence.

54. In sow virus causing mummification is SMEDI virus

55. Perinatal mortality refers to death of the offspring shortly before, during or within the first 48 to 72 hrs of

life at normal term. 56.Perinatal mortality which includes stillbirths ( born dead), accounts for most of the losses

between birth & weaning.

57.Two types of stillbirth occurs in swine:

1.first type: which is usually due to infectious causes, fetus die prepartum,

2.second type: due to non-infectious causes, piglet die during parturition

58. Neonatal mortality: death of the neonate during the first few weeks of life.

59.Maternal cause of dystocia occurs frequently primiparous animals & in animals with multiple young.

60. Primary uterine inertia that is due to excessive stretching is common in multiple pregnancy in cattle & in

large litters in swine.

61. Secondary uterine inertia is due to exhaustion of the uterine muscle secondary to obstructive dystocia.

62. Fetopelvic disproportion is a common cause of dystocia is cow, ewe carrying single lambs & sow with

small litter size.

63. Fetopelvic disproportion accounts for about 30% of all bovine dystocia

64. The factor that contribute to fetopelvic disproportion are small pelvic area of the dam large size of the calf.

65. RFM common during post partum complication in ruminants particularly in cattle.
66.RFM beyond 12 hours in cattle is considered pathologic and is primarily due to either uterine inertia or an

inflammation of the placenta, which in turn results in a failure of the fetal villi to detach themselves from the

maternal crypts.

67.RFM occurs more frequently in dairy than beef breeds.

68. Manual removal of RFM causes prolong the interval from calving to first functional CL by 20 days.

69.Endomeritis is a very common sequel to RFM.

70. In mare RFM thought to be a serious problem because it often leads to laminitis.

71. Hydramnions is less common than hydrallantois.

In Dog the placental border is green this colour is produced by the breakdown of haemoglobin.

In Cat the placental border is brown .the first week the lochia is amber to red in colour and by the 2nd week

it should be normal clear mucus.

Uterine mucosa of the Ewe completely involuted by 30 days after parturition.

Dystocia is much more common in primipara than in pluripara.

The incidence of dystocia is greater in pregnancies that terminate early due to uterine disease, foetal

death & twining or the terminate after a prolonged gestation period due to excessive size of the fetus.

The term dystocia comes from the Greek and means difficult birth.

Eutocia is safe, easy, natural or physiological parturition.

Dystocia often results at parturition due to the increased size of the fetus or certine of its parts.

Dystocia due to the small size of the dam is frequently observed in primipara.

The balance between fetal size & pelvic or genital tract diameters is thus upset and dystocia is favoured.

Overly fat, under exercised sows & dogs often develop dystocia possibly due to uterine inertia.

In general rule it is best to withhold breeding in the mare until the 2nd estrum or about 30 days after

parturition and in cows until after 50 to 60 days.

Twisting of birth passage is a common cause of dystocia in the dairy cow & a less common cause in the

other species.

Primary uterine inertia is seen most often in the dog: secondary uterine inertia is seen in all other species of

animals.

Secondary uterine inertia is frequently followed by uterine infection, septic metritis , RFM and failure of the

normal involution of the uterus.

The weight of the fetus in unipara animal is between 6 & 10% of the dame‘s weight.

The incidence of dystocia in the purebred births was 4.7% & the crossbred births 1.5%.

Incidence of dystocia in cattle was about 3.3%. in horses the incidence was about 1.1%.
 In 95% causes of dystocia in cattle reported by wright 25% were due to maternal cause & 75% due to fetal

causes.

Ring womb in ewe: failure of cervix to dilate.

In uniparous animals twining is considered a maternal cause for dystocia since it is usually due to double

ovulation.

73. Hydramnion is observed more often in cattle than sheep or swine and is associated with certain cranial

abnormalities of the fetus.

74. Hydrallantois occurs in cattle, especially in twin pregnancy.

75. In the cow, the sequel of twinning includes shortened gestation period, abortion, stillbirth, dystocia, & RFM.

76. Neonatal mortality in sheep is greater among twins than among singles.

77. In ewe carrying twins are more susceptible to pregnancy toxemia (twin-lamb disease)

78. In mares, a high percentage of twin fetus are aborted.

79. Postpartum uterine infections occurs commonly in the cow & mare as sequelae to the retention of fetal

membranes and dystocia.

80.Endometritis is the inflammation of the endometrium, whereas metritis involves the entire thickness of the

uterus.

81. Pyometra is the accumulation of purulent exudates within the uterus.

82.The most common bacterial pathogen causing uterine infection is Actinomyces pyogenes.

83. Both cow & mare resist uterine infection during estrogenic phase & but very susceptible to uterine infection

during progesterone phase.

Sheep and goat reproduction

1.Domestic sheep: Ovis aries

2.Domestic goat : Capra hircus

3.Both sheep & goats are seasonally polyestrous

4.Thi seasonality is governed by photoperiodicity with estrus activity commencing during a period of

decreasing day length.

5.Genotype influences the sexual season in the ewe & doe.

6.Characteristic sheep goat

Chromosome number 54 (2n) 60 (2n)

Taxonomy Ovis aries Capra hircus

World population 1.2 billion 500 million

Tail length short short

Tail carriage Downward Upward

Male scent gland absent present

Face & foot gland present absent

Lacrimal pits present absent

Beard absent present

Body coat wool hair

7.Melatonin levels are high during dark periods & low during light periods.

8.Decreasing (or short) day lengths stimulate the secretion of LH, FSH & Testosterone in ram

9. Age at first ovulation, occurs at 5 to 7 months in doe & 6 to 9 months in ewes

10. Parameter Ewe Doe

Sexual season fall fall

Age of puberty (months) 6 to 9 5 to 7

Estrus cycle length (days) 17 (14 to 19) 21 (18 to 22)

Estrus (hours) 24 to 36 24 to 48

Life span of CL 14 days 16 days

Fertilizable life of ova 10 to 25 hrs -

Entry of ova into uterus 72 hrs after ovulation -

Gestation length 149 days 149 days

Post partum uterine involution 27 days -

First ovulation < 20 days -

11.Length of normal estrus cycle is 17 days for sheep & 21 days for goat

12.Duration of estrus lasts 24 to 36 hours in the ewe & 24 to 48 hrs in the doe

13.Wool breeds have longer estrous periods than meat breeds.

14.Angora goats have a shorter duration of estrous 22 hrs than the dairy goat breeds.

15.Signs of estrus are more conspicuous in does than ewes.

16. Ram effect stimulates ewes to ovulate is not known, but ovulation is preceded by LH peaks that occurs

within 48 hrs after ram introduction.

17.The response of anovular ewes to the ram is due to an androgen dependent pheromone.

18.The ewe normally ovulates near the end of estrus about 24 to 27 hrs after the onset of estrus.

19.Flushing or increasing the level of nutrition before mating is commonly practiced in sheep in order to

increase ovulation rate.

20.The penis of sheep & goat is fibroelastic and does not enlarge during erection.

21. The time spent on precoital courtship is relatively shorter, and the frequency of copulation is higher in rams

bucks than in boars & stallion.

22. Reproductive characteristic of the Ram & Buck

Characteristic Ram Buck

Age at puberty (month) 4 to 6 4 to 6

(spermatogenesis)

Duration of seminiferous epithelial cycle 10.3 days

Semen volume (ml) 0.8 to 1.2 ml 0.1 to 1.5 ml

Concentration (billion/ ml) 1.5 2- 6

Mating (male: females) 1:30 1:50

23. Both the ram and the buck ejaculate a small volume of semen with a semen a high concentration of

spermatozoa.

24.In sheep & goat eggs enter the uterus about 72 hrs after ovulation.

25.Gestation length of Black Bengal breed which averages 144 days .

26.The CL of pregnancy persists throughout gestation, but the two species differ in the source of progesterone

for pregnancy maintenance.

27.The sheep is a placenta-dependent species; whereas the goat is a CL dependent species.

28.During the first trimester, both species depend upon the CL. The placenta becomes the primary source of

progesterone in the sheep, whereas the CL continues as the major source in the goat.

30. Ovariectomy in the goat at any stage of pregnancy causes abortion.

31. In sheep, uterine involution is completed by 27 days and precedes the first estrus postpartum.

32.The first postpartum ovulation in ewe that lamb during the breeding season occurs within 20 days and is not

associated with overt estrus.

First recorded offspring produced by artificial insemination using frozen- thawed semen in different

species

Species Date Reference

Cows 1951 Stewart

Buffalos 1964 Basirov

Sheep 1967 Salmon & Lightfoot

Pigs 1957 Hess et al.

Horses 1957 Barker & Gandier

Humans 1953 Bunge & Sherman

Dog 1969 Seager et al.

33. Stallion semen has been successfully cryopreserved by Pickett & Amann in the year 1993.
1300 A.D- The first reported use of AI, although not documented. In Arab countries artificial insemination was

carried out in Arab horse breeders. According to an Arabian book published in 14th century; an Arab chief of

Darfur put a ball of cotton in the vagina of a mare which was recently bred by a famous stallion belonging to an

enemy cheiftan during night time. After 24 hours, he then hurried to home and introduced the cotton ball into

vagina his own mare. The mare became pregnant and gave birth of a foal.

1677 - A major technological breakthrough in the study of reproductive physiology was made by a Dutch

Scientist named van Leeuwenhoek, who developed a simple microscope. A medical student suggested to van

Leeuwenhoek that semen might contain living cells using his microscope; van Leeuwenhoek observed semen

and discovered that it contained small particles that moved about. He referred to these particles as

“animalcules” and published a paper on his observations in 1677.

1780- An Italian physiologist, Lazzaro Spallanzani reported first successful use of AI. After success with

several amphibian animals, he started experiment with dog. Dogs were confined in his house. When one bitch

manifested the signs of heat, he used semen at body temperature to inseminate the bitch. Sixty-two days later

she gave birth to three pups. He is also called “Father of modern artificial insemination”.

1803- Spallanzani reported cooling of semen prolong the sperm life. Further development did not occur for a

very long time.

1914- G. Amantia, professor of human physiology at University of Rome developed the first artificial vagina

for collection of semen from dog.

1937- Danish veterinarians developed the first rectovaginal/cervical fixation method of AI.

1940- Philips and Lardy developed egg yolk phosphate diluter for preserving fertility and motility of

refrigerated bull spermatozoa.

1941- Salisbury et al. developed egg yolk citrate diluter.

1948- Sorenson first time used large sized straws (12mm) made up of polyvinyl chloride.

1949- Polge, Smith and Parkes discovered cryoprotective effect of glycerol in frozen semen technology. This

is most important milestone in the history of artificial insemination.

1951- Steward reported the birth of first calf from insemination with frozen semen in cooperation with

Polge and Smith.

1963- Nagase and Niwa developed the technique of freezing bull semen in pellet form in Japan.

1964- Cassou improved the straws by reducing their size and named it as medium French straws.The size of

the straw was 135 mm long and 2.8 mm diameter with 0.5 ml semen capacity.

1968-Cassou further reduced the size of the straws to the diameter of 2 mm with a capacity of 0.25 ml and

named it as mini French straws.

1974- Japanese Scientist Nishekawa et al. first time frozen the semen in liquid helium at -265oC.
1972-A plastic straw called mini tube or German straws or „Lanshut system‟ was developed inGermany.

These straws are sealed by metallic or glass or plastic balls.

1960-Adler developed the first technique for freezing of semen in straws using liquid nitrogen vapour.

Work done in India

1939-In India, first time, AI was done by Sampat Kumaran at ‗Palace Dairy Farm Mysore‖. He inseminated

large number of Halliker cows with semen of Holstein Friesian and got 33 cows pregnant.

1942-A pilot project was started at Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) to study the feasibility of AI

under the guidance of Dr. P. Bhattacharya with the team consisting of Dr. S.S. Prabhu, Dr. D.P. Mukherjee, Dr.

S.N. Luktuke, Dr. A roy and Dr. Garjan Singh. This team approved that this technique could be used in Indian

Condition since then, this technique has come into general use as a regular practice of breeding for cattle and

buffaloes.

1942-Four regional centres were established at Bangalore, Calcutta, Patna and Montgomery (Now in Pakistan)

by Govt. of India.

1943-The first buffalo calf through AI was born at the Allahabad Agricultural Institute.

1951-56-In the first five-year plan (1951-56) the Government of India introduced 150 key village centres to

improve cattle and buffaloes in this country.

1956-61-The second five-year plan (1956-61) gave a boost to AI work by implanting it in 400 key village

centres.

1956- The first successful freezing of buffalo semen was reported by Roy et al. (1956).

The OPU technique was first used in buffaloes by Boni et al . Birth of the first buffalo calf using OPU-IVEP

was reported by Galli et al.

Production of the first viable ovum pick-up and in vitro embryo produced (OPU-IVEP) buffalo calf in India

is live male calf weighing 25 kg. Currently, the calf (named ―Saubhagya”) was reported by Shiv Prasad et al.

In 1949, Polge et al. (1949) First successfully cryopreserved the avian spermatozoa using glycerol as a

cryoprotectan.

Egg yolk is the most efficient protection agent of the sperm cells against cold shock

The ram sperm cells have a total length of 70-80μm,

The mitochondrion provides energy (ATP) for spermatozoa motility.

The ROS attack on the sperm mitochondria leads to the decrease of energy which is also reflected on the

decrease of motility.

Plasma membrane which is the primary site of injury in cryopreserved spermatozoa

The first extender was a heated skimmed milk (95°C for 10 minutes and cooled to 37°C before use).
 First successful cryopreservation of bull semen (Polge et al., 1949)

The mammalian spermatozoon contains approximately 72-80 mitochondria (72/bovine spermatozoa) in the

mitochondrial sheath of the midpiece (Bahr and Engler, 1970; Alcivar et al, 1989).

Mitochondria, located within the sperm mid piece (Bahr and Engler, 1970; Alcivar et al, 1989).

The sperm plasma membrane is one of the key structures affected by cryopreservation

Fertility potential of cryopreserved mammalian spermatozoa is lower than that of fresh sperm

The protective antioxidant systems in sperm are primarily of cytoplasmic origin and sperm discard most of

their cytoplasm during terminal stages of differentiation

Enzymatic antioxidants are composed of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase

(GPx), and the protection of spermatozoa against ROS, in case of exposure to aerobic conditions and the

freezing—thawing process.

The susceptibility of ruminant spermatozoa to oxidative stress is a consequence of the abundance of

PUFAs in sperm plasma membrane.

ROS generated by spermatozoa play an important role in normal physiological processes such as, sperm

capacitation, acrosome reaction, maintenance of fertilizing ability, and stabilization of the mitochondrial capsule

in the mid-piece in bovine.

Excessive ROS impairs motility and capacity of fertilization.

ROS cause adverse effects on the sperm plasma membrane, DNA, and physiological processes, thereby,

affecting the quality of spermatozoa.

The effects of lipid peroxidation include irreversible a loss in motility, damage to the sperm DNA, and

fertility.

Oxidative stress causes DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa (PhD entrance exam)

ROS molecules can cause damage to sperm motility, plasma membrane, acrosomal and DNA integrity.

Buffalo sperm plasma membrane have high content of PUFA than cattle bull spermatozoa that makes it

highly susceptible to the oxidative stress during freeze/thawing process due to the presence of double bonds.

Buffalo semen is equipped with endogenous antioxidant system consisted of enzymatic and non-enzymatic

antioxidative agents but this is not sufficient for sperm protection during cryopreservation (Kumar et al., 2011).

The involvement of free radicals in the reduction of sperm motility was first reported by Jones in 1979

Egg yolk has a lipoprotein fraction with low high density (LDL) which interacts with the cell surface during

cryopreservation, protecting thus the plasmatic membrane (Moussa et al., 2002)

The first reports regarding oxidative stress and its involvement in male infertility date back to 1943,

andrologist John MacLeod

 The SOD enzymes (Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD) are present in larger quantity in the middle piece compared

to the head and the tail of the sperm cell.

GPx activity is relatively low in the human and ram seminal plasma and absent in the boar and stallion

seminal plasma

In birds, both the sperm cells and the seminal plasma contain SOD and GPx (Surai et al., 2000) The history

of the development and use of artificial insemination in domestic animals is a long and varied one.

1300 A.D- The first reported use of AI, although not documented. In Arab countries artificial insemination

was carried out in Arab horse breeders. According to an Arabian book published in 14th century; an Arab chief

of Darfur put a ball of cotton in the vagina of a mare which was recently bred by a famous stallion belonging to

an enemy chieftain during night time. After 24 hours, he then hurried to home and introduced the cotton ball

into vagina his own mare. The mare became pregnant and gave birth of a foal.

1677 - A major technological breakthrough in the study of reproductive physiology was made by a Dutch

Scientist named van Leeuwenhoek, who developed a simple microscope. A medical student suggested to van

Leeuwenhoek that semen might contain living cells using his microscope; van Leeuwenhoek observed semen

and discovered that it contained small particles that moved about. He referred to these particles as

“animalcules” and published a paper on his observations in 1677. They believed that sperm (animalcule) is a

tinny form of a fully formed human.

1780- An Italian physiologist, Lazzaro Spallanzani reported first successful use of AI. After success with

several amphibian animals, he started experiment with dog. Dogs were confined in his house. When one bitch

manifested the signs of heat, he used semen at body temperature to inseminate the bitch. Sixty-two days later

she gave birth to three pups. He is also called “Father of modern artificial insemination”.

1803- Spallanzani reported cooling of semen prolong the sperm life. Further development did not occur

for a very long time.

1890- Repiquet a French Vet. Used AI in mares.

1890- Heape done the first successful embryo transfer in Rabbits.

1897- Heape did AI in Bitches.

1897- Hunter produced pregnancy in Human being through AI.

1897- Devenport reported revival of human spermatozoa after freezing at -17°C.

1899- E. I. Ivanoff (Russia) a leading pioneer to undertake successfully the AI research in birds, Horses,

cattle, and sheep.

1902-Sand and Stribolt(Denmark) reported four successful conceptions after A.I. in 8 mares.

1912- Ivanoff established first A.I.center in Russia.

 A real credit goes to him to intensifying the use of AI on large scale in Russia about1 lakh sheeps & 20

thousand cows in 1931.

1914- G. Amantia, professor of human physiology at University of Rome developed the first artificial

vagina for collection of semen from dog.

1932- Kumorov & Nagev introced the use of AV for semen collection in Bull.

1936- Gunn et al. introduced the tech. of Electro-ejaculation for Rams, & further Thibault et al. (1948)

modified this tech for bulls.

1937- Danish veterinarians developed the first rectovaginal/ cervical fixation method of AI.

1938- Luyet and Hodapp reported revival of larger % of frozen Frog spermatozoa.

1940- Luyet and Gehenia – Postulated that if living cells could be cooled below zero, that was called the

―vitrification zone― , then the metabolic process of the cell would be so reduced as to enable it to be stored for

an indefinite period.

Luyet also reported that preservation of life at low temp depends on preventing the formation of intra-

cellular ice-crystals, either by dehydrating the cells before freezing or by very rapid cooling and rewarming.

Concentrated sugar solutions were used by many earlier workers for dehydration of the cells and tissues.

1940- Philips and Lardy developed egg yolk phosphate diluter for preserving fertility and motility of

refrigerated bull spermatozoa.

1941- Salisbury et al. developed egg yolk citrate diluter.

1941- Shaffner et al. frozen the fowl semen to - 70°C after partially dehydrating it and adding levulose.

1941- Luyet and Hartung found ethylene glycol useful as a dehydrating agent in the freezing of eel worms.

1946- Rostand reported that addition of 10% glycerol protected frog spermatozoa against the effect of low

temp (- 4° to -6°C.)

1948- Sorenson first time used large sized straws (12mm) made up of polyvinyl chloride.

1949- Christopher Polge et al. discovered the Glycerol accidentally as cryoprotectant to protect cells from

freezing injury during deep freezing of Fowl spermatozoa at -79°C by solid CO2. This is most important

milestone in the history of artificial insemination.

This, however, was done by unknowingly using a bottle containing glycerol and allowing the semen to remain

in glycerolized extender for 18 h (―glycerol equilibration time‖). Thus, frozen semen technology was

developed without much knowledge of the physiology of spermatozoa or the events leading to fertilization.

Sperm motility was then, and largely remains, the main criterion upon which success or failure of the freezing

procedure is evaluated in the laboratory. Sperm motility, however, proved to be of very little value in predicting

the success of freezing swine semen. Polge had already shown in 1956 that the glycerol concentration in liquid

semen was inversely related to its fertility. Glycerol concentrations of less than 2% were necessary to achieve
good fertility also after freezing of boar semen, although maximum sperm motility was seen at a concentration

of 7% glycerol.

1950- A.U.Smith and Polge obtained the best survival rates by dilution of the Bull semen in a Sodium

Citrate Buffer (3.9%) containing 15% glycerol and by slowly cooling the ampoules of diluted semen to -79°C

January 1951, the first calf was reported born from semen that had been frozen in England by D.L. Stewart

using procedures that included the addition of glycerin to the extender described by A.U. Smith and Chris Polge

in 1950.

1952- Polge and Rowson – Proposed the Concept of Equilibration for 18 hr at 5°C.

1954- Macpherson,VanDemark and Kinnoy – introduced the method of freezing of semen in glass

ampoules.

1955-Parkes used pellets as packaging material.

1957- O’Dell and Almquist developed whole milk-glycerol as a good medium to cryopreserve bull sperm.

In 1957- Canadians Barker and Gandier reported the first foaling following insemination with frozen

epididymal spermatozoa.

1960- Foote gave Cornell University Extender.

1960- John Rockefeller Prentice and his staff recognized the properties of liquid nitrogen as being

advantageous (at -1960 c) and non-flammable (for safety point of view)

1960- Adler developed the first technique for freezing of semen in straws using liquid nitrogen vapour.

1963- Davis et al. Prepared “Tris-buffered egg yolk-glycerol” diluents which also provided excellent

protection for sperm either frozen or unfrozen.

This soon became the most commonly used medium worldwide for cryopreservation of bull sperm and

sperm from several other species (Iritani, 1980).

1963- Nagase and Niwa developed the technique of freezing bull semen in pellet form in Japan.

1964- Cassou improved the straws by reducing their size and named it as medium French straws. The size

of the straw was 135 mm long and 2.8 mm diameter with 0.5 ml semen capacity.

1968-Cassou further reduced the size of the straws to the diameter of 2 mm with a capacity of 0.25 ml and

named it as mini French straws.

1972-A plastic straw called mini tube or German straws or „Lanshut system‟ was developed in

Germany. These straws are sealed by metallic or glass or plastic balls.

1974- Japanese Scientist Nishekawa et al. first time frozen the semen in liquid helium at -265oC.

Work Done in India :-

 1939- first time, AI was done by Sampat Kumaran at ‗Palace Dairy Farm Mysore‖. He inseminated large

number of Halliker cows with semen of HF and got 33 cows pregnant.

1942-A pilot project was started at IVRI to study the feasibility of AI under the guidance of Dr. P.

Bhattacharya with the team consisting of Dr. S.S. Prabhu, Dr. D.P. Mukherjee, Dr. S.N. Luktuke, Dr. A roy

and Dr. Garjan Singh.

1942- Four regional centres were established by Govt. of India, at :-

Bangalore

Calcutta

Patna

Montgomery (Now in Pakistan)

1943-The first buffalo calf through AI was born at the Allahabad Agricultural Institute.

1951-56-In the first 5-year plan (1951-56) the GOI introduced 150 key village centres to improve cattle and

buffaloes.

1956-61-The second 5-year plan (1956-61) gave a boost to AI work by implanting it in 400 key village

centres.

1965-The first Semen Freezing Station was started under the Indo-Swiss project in kerala.

Another station at Ptiala.

Central Frozen Semen Bank was established at Hessarghatta, Karnataka.

Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation Urlikanchan extended the field application of frozen semen on large

scale.

1990- Sahni and Mohan examined various level

The sperm plasma membrane is one of the key structures affected by cryopreservation

Fertility potential of cryopreserved mammalian spermatozoa is lower than that of fresh sperm

The protective antioxidant systems in sperm are primarily of cytoplasmic origin and sperm discard most of

their cytoplasm during terminal stages of differentiation

Enzymatic antioxidants are composed of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase

(GPx), and the protection of spermatozoa against ROS, in case of exposure to aerobic conditions and the

freezing—thawing process.

The susceptibility of ruminant spermatozoa to oxidative stress is a consequence of the abundance of PUFAs

in sperm plasma membrane.

ROS generated by spermatozoa play an important role in normal physiological processes such as, sperm

capacitation, acrosome reaction, maintenance of fertilizing ability, and stabilization of the mitochondrial capsule

in the mid-piece in bovine.

 Excessive ROS impairs motility and capacity of fertilization.

ROS cause adverse effects on the sperm plasma membrane, DNA, and physiological processes, thereby,

affecting the quality of spermatozoa.

The effects of lipid peroxidation include irreversible a loss in motility, damage to the sperm DNA, and

fertility.

Oxidative stress causes DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa (PhD entrance exam)

ROS molecules can cause damage to sperm motility, plasma membrane, acrosomal and DNA integrity.

Buffalo sperm plasma membrane have high content of PUFA than cattle bull spermatozoa that makes it

highly susceptible to the oxidative stress during freeze/thawing process due to the presence of double bonds.

Buffalo semen is equipped with endogenous antioxidant system consisted of enzymatic and non-enzymatic

antioxidative agents but this is not sufficient for sperm protection during cryopreservation (Kumar et al., 2011).

Veterinary obstetritics
 Progesterone content of the blood plasma declined from 19 to 6 ng/ ml in the last month before calving

and then very low level of 0.5 to 3 ng/ml at calving.

In mare waxing of teat usually observed in 95% of mares 6 to 48 hrs before foaling.

Within 4 hrs of parturition slight sweating in the flank region & behind the elbows is frequently noticed.

In the mare & ewe the corpora lutea are not necessary during the latter half of pregnancy and they

involute.

First stage of labor apparent for longer periods in primiparous than pluriparous.

Breech presentation: Posterior longitudinal presentation, dorso sacral position, with the hind limbs retained

or extended beneath the body.

Poll presentation: Anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso sacral position, with the head flexed beneath

the neck.

When the foetal head starts through the vulva and at this point the greatest & strongest abdominal straining

in the birth process usually occurs.

In bitch the greenish – black fluid that is discharged following the fetal membranes is normal and is due to

the breakdown of blood resulting in the presence of bile like pigments, uteroverdin, around the edges of the

placental zone of attachment.

First stage of labor – Contraction of uterus & cervical dilatation

Second stage of labor – Expulsion of fetus

Third stage of labor - Expulsion of fetal membrane & involution of uterus

No maternal tissue is shed in the afterbirth of cattle

There is no muscular tissue in the caruncles

Early parturition, twin pregnancy or a shortened gestation period has frequently been observed

associated with retained placenta.

In dog & cat the fetal membranes are usually expelled irregularly between the foetuses.

In cow & ewe the time required for expulsion of the fetal membranes is ½ to 8 hrs.

The mare normally expel the fetal membranes within 0.5 to 3 hrs after the birth of foal

Domestic animals with the exception of the mare will eat the expelled fetal membranes.

Multipara usually eats the fetal membranes as well as any fetal cadavers.

In the mare, commonly bred 9 to 30 days after foaling

In many mares the endometrium must be largely restored by the 3rd to 4th day of foal heat. Or 9 to 12 days

post partum as conception often occurs from service at this estrum. By 13 to 25 days after parturition the

endometrium was fully restored in all normal foaling.

 The rapid involution of the endometrium in the mare & sow is probably related to the simple diffuse

placental attachment.

In the cow the uterine muscle cells shortened from 750 microns to 400 microns one day later.

The dissolution & and sloughing of the caruncle was generally completed by 12th day after parturition.

By about 25 to 30 days postpartum, epithelium covered the caruncles and repair was complete.

The lochia in the bovine uterus:

After 48 hrs – 1400 to 1600 ml

By 8th day - 500 ml

By 14 to 18 days – only few ml

The size of the bovine uterus decreased slowly between the 4th & 9th days postpartum. By 10th day the

involution uterus could be completely defined by rectal palpation.

In general the major gross palpable or physical involution of the uterus occurred by 25 to 30 days

postpartum.

Majority of authors reporting complete regression between 42 & 47days.

Involution was more rapid for suckled animals than for nonsuckled animals from day 1 to day 30

postpartum.

Primparous cows‘ uteri involuted slightly more rapidly than pluriparous cows

During the spring & summer months uteri involuted more rapidly than cows calving during the fall or winter

months.

Normally regressing uterus did not become histologically normal until 50 to 60 days postpartum

1 When polyspermy occurs the male pronuclei formed are smaller in size True

2 The penis of stallion is fibroelastic False

3.The urethral process is present in goat and bull. It is found in both species. False

4. The seminal vesicle is temporary storage of sperm and in case of stallion is compact and vesicular False

5.Tunica dartos, pampiniform plexus, absence of subcutaneous fat and presence of sweat glands in scrotal skin

are the thermoregulation of testis in bull True

6. Testis of boar are nearly vertical True

7.The prostatic ducts open into extrapelvic portion of urethra by about 30 ducts in row on colliculus seminalis

False

8. seminal vesicles are absent in camels. True

1. Sigmoid flexure of camel is: Pre scrotal

2. Sigmoid flexure of bull is: Post scrotal

3. In case of bull cavernosum penis are small. Walls of cavernous space are: Fibroelastic not muscular.

4. In the stallion a prominent urethral process is encircled by a shallow groove the fossa glandis. A dorsal

diverticulum from the fossa the: Sinus urethralis is an important site of infection in stallions carrying the

organism causing contagious equine meteritis.

5. Tunica albugenia of penis of bull is very thick and composed of dense white fibrous tissue.

6. In case of horse & dog the erectile tissue predominates in penis.

7.In case of dog the corpus cavernosum which has ossified is called as ospenis.

8.Disseminate type of prostate gland is found in sheep & goat

9. Spermatozoa from cauda epididymis are cable of fertilization when inseminated without the addition of

accessory sex glands secretion

10. Caput , corpus and cauda epididymis are clearly differentiated in stallion than in other farm species, and in

foal the attachment is very loose.

11. In Elephant testis are within their body cavity.

12.The extra inguinal part of spermatic cord of bull is about 20-25 cm in length.

13. Interstitial cells ( Leydig cells) secrete testosterone

1. The primordial germ cells originate from: Endoderm of yolk sac

2.The Interstitial cells of Leydig cells are specifically abundant in : Bull

3. The wall of semeniferous tubules is made up of a single layer of contractile cells in : Rodents

4. Androgen binding proteins is secreted by the : sertolicells

5.Gynaecomastia is a condition developing as a result of the hyperactivity of the: sertoli cells.

6.Spermiogenesis is the process of conversion of : spermatid into spermatozoa

7.the equatorial segment in the spermatozoa is the part of : Acrosome

8. the diffuse arm like structures of the microtubules of the sperm tail are made of the protein: Dynein

9.the number of spermatids produced from one primary spermatocyte is : 4

10.the spermatogenic cells which is very short lived and enters next phase of division immediately after its

formation is: Secondary spermatocyte

1. Anestrus denotes a state of complete sexual inactivity with no manifestation of estrus

2.Anestrus observed during certain physiological states such as before puberty, during pregnancy, lactation and

seasonal breeds.

3.Ovarian hypoplasia occurs in Swedish mountain cattle, affected animals have infantile reproductive tract

never exhibit estrus.

4. Freemartins are heifers born co-twin to bulls, have poorly developed ovaries & fail to show estrus.

5. Persistence of CL associated with uterine pathology these condition includes pyometra, mucometra, fetal

mummification or maceration

6. Anovulatory estrus is more common in swine and horse than in cattle and sheep

7. During anovulatory estrus the animal shows normal behavioral estrus and ovarian follicle reaches

preovulatory size but does not rupture.

8. Cystic ovarian disease affected animals show the symptoms of nymphomania & anestrus.

9. Luteal cyst contain a thin rim of luteal tissue fail to ovulate, but persist but persist for a prolonged period.

10. Cystic ovaries are also frequently encountered in dairy cows fed higher levels of nutrients and during the

winter.

11.hCG and GnRH are equally effective for the treatment of follicular cyst.

12.PGF2alpha or its analogs are effective for treatment of luteal cyst.

13. Cystic ovarian disease is common in dairy cattle and swine but in rarely encountered in other species.

14.White heifer disease in cattle in which the prenatal development of mullerian ducts is arrested , and vagianl

canal is obstructed by the presence of an abnormally developed hymen.

15. Aging of ovum& sperm leads to polyspermy

16.Early embryonic mortality or termination of pregnancy before MRP in which case length of cycle is not

affected .

17.Embryonic mortality denotes the death of fertilized ova and embryo up to the end of implantation

18. About 25 to 40% of embryos are normally lost in farm animal species.

19.In cattle most embryonic deaths occurs between day 8 & 16 during hatching of the blastocyst and

implantation without affecting estrus cycle length.

20. period of maximal embryonic mortality

Cattle - 8 to 16 days of gestation

Sheep - 9 to 15 days of gestation

Swine - 8 to 16 days of gestation

Horses - 30 to 36 days of gestation

21. The number of embryos that survive and the stages of pregnancy determine the effect of embryonic

mortality on the estrus cycle.

22.In swine at least four living blastocysts are needed by day 10 of pregnancy to counteract the uterine

luteolytic effects.

23. Acritical period of embryonic survival is the late blastocyst stage.

24.Breeding of mare at foal heat chance of early embryonic mortality is more.

25.Sow bred after weaning at 7 days of lactation suffer high embryonic losses between day 9 & 20 days of

pregnancy.

26.A higher incidence of embryonic mortality is observed in gilts and in sows after fifth gestation.

27.In cattle embryo transfer experiments have shown a higher embryonic mortality rate in recipients which

received two embryos in a single uterine horn.

28. Equal distribution of embryos in the two horns sow is important to prevent embryonic mortality.

29. Pig embryos are susceptible to heat stress before 18 days of pregnancy.

30.In Swine, semen stored for 3 days before insemination produced zygotes much more susceptible to early

embryonic death.

31.In cattle homozygosity for certain blood groups and certain substances related to transferrin ( beta-

globulin) and J- antigen in sera are associated with increased embryonic loss as well as decreased fertilization

rate.

32. A repeat-breeder cow exhibits normal signs of estrus every 18 to 24 days but requires more than three

services to become pregnant.

32. Both fertilization failure and embryonic mortality occur at a much higher rate than in normal cows 5 to 6

weeks post insemination.

33.The incidence of repeat breeding is higher in dairy herd using artificial insemination rather than natural

service.

34.Repeat breeding is due to early embryonic mortality occurs in mare affected by contagious equine metritis.

35. In mare contagious equine metritis caused by Taylorella equigenitalis.

36. Abortion: Termination of pregnancy with the expulsion of a fetus recognizable size before it viable.

37. Noninfectious abortion are more prevalent in cattle, particularly dairy cattle than sheep or mare.

38.Mare seem to be endocrinologically susceptible to abortion between the 5th & 10th months of pregnancy.

39.Twin pregnancy is the most common cause of abortion in Mare

40. Neospora caninum is a major cause of bovine abortion in many country, Most commonly occurs between 3

to 8 month of gestation

41.Transmission of brucella abortus in cattle through ingestion

42. Transmission of Trichomonas fetus in cattle through venereal

43. Transmission of Vibriosis (Camphylobacter fetus) in cattle through venereal

44. The five bacteria most commonly associated with bovine abortion or stillbirth

Actinomyces pyogens, Bacillus spp, Listeria spp, E-coli and Leptospira interrogans

45. Enzootic abortion of ewe caused by Chlamydia psittaci

46. Transmission of brucella suis in swine through venereal

47. Epizootic abortion in mare caused by Equine herpesvirus-1

48. Transmission of contagious equine metritis & equine viral arthritis in mare through venereal

49.Fetal mummification is characterized by resorption of placental fluids, dehydration of the fetus and its

membranes leads to a uterus which is tightly wrapped around the fetus.

50.In cattle fetal mummification mainly occurs from 5th to 7th months of gestation in all breeds of cattle.

51. In cattle fetal mummification most case they carried many months beyond the gestation period because

the CL persists.

52. Fetal maceration: in case of incomplete abortion , bacteria enter through a partially dilated cervix to

autolyze fetal soft tissues leaving fetal bones floating within the uterine lumen.

53. A high incidence of fetal mummification in the jersey & Guernsey breeds to support a hereditary influence.

54. In sow virus causing mummification is SMEDI virus

55. Perinatal mortality refers to death of the offspring shortly before, during or within the first 48 to 72 hrs of

life at normal term. 56.Perinatal mortality which includes stillbirths ( born dead), accounts for most of the losses

between birth & weaning.

57.Two types of stillbirth occurs in swine:

1.first type: which is usually due to infectious causes, fetus die prepartum,

2.second type: due to non-infectious causes, piglet die during parturition

58. Neonatal mortality: death of the neonate during the first few weeks of life.

59.Maternal cause of dystocia occurs frequently primiparous animals & in animals with multiple young.

60. Primary uterine inertia that is due to excessive stretching is common in multiple pregnancy in cattle & in

large litters in swine.

61. Secondary uterine inertia is due to exhaustion of the uterine muscle secondary to obstructive dystocia.

62. Fetopelvic disproportion is a common cause of dystocia is cow, ewe carrying single lambs & sow with

small litter size.

63. Fetopelvic disproportion accounts for about 30% of all bovine dystocia

64. The factor that contribute to fetopelvic disproportion are small pelvic area of the dam large size of the calf.

65. RFM common during post partum complication in ruminants particularly in cattle.
66.RFM beyond 12 hours in cattle is considered pathologic and is primarily due to either uterine inertia or an

inflammation of the placenta, which in turn results in a failure of the fetal villi to detach themselves from the

maternal crypts.

67.RFM occurs more frequently in dairy than beef breeds.

68. Manual removal of RFM causes prolong the interval from calving to first functional CL by 20 days.

69.Endomeritis is a very common sequel to RFM.

70. In mare RFM thought to be a serious problem because it often leads to laminitis.

71. Hydramnions is less common than hydrallantois.

73. Hydramnion is observed more often in cattle than sheep or swine and is associated with certain cranial

abnormalities of the fetus.

74. Hydrallantois occurs in cattle, especially in twin pregnancy.

75. In the cow, the sequel of twinning includes shortened gestation period, abortion, stillbirth, dystocia, & RFM.

76. Neonatal mortality in sheep is greater among twins than among singles.

77. In ewe carrying twins are more susceptible to pregnancy toxemia (twin-lamb disease)

78. In mares, a high percentage of twin fetus are aborted.

79. Postpartum uterine infections occurs commonly in the cow & mare as sequelae to the retention of fetal

membranes and dystocia.

80.Endometritis is the inflammation of the endometrium, whereas metritis involves the entire thickness of the

uterus.

81. Pyometra is the accumulation of purulent exudates within the uterus.

82.The most common bacterial pathogen causing uterine infection is Actinomyces pyogenes.

83. Both cow & mare resist uterine infection during estrogenic phase & but very susceptible to uterine infection

during progesterone phase.

84. page no 277.

1.Domestic sheep: Ovis aries

2.Domestic goat : Capra hircus

3.Both sheep & goats are seasonally polyestrous

4.Thi seasonality is governed by photoperiodicity with estrus activity commencing during a period of

decreasing day length.

5.Genotype influences the sexual season in the ewe & doe.

6.Characteristic sheep goat

Chromosome number 54 (2n) 60 (2n)

Taxonomy Ovis aries Capra hircus

World population 1.2 billion 500 million

Tail length short short

Tail carriage Downward Upward

Male scent gland absent present

Face & foot gland present absent

Lacrimal pits present absent

Beard absent present

Body coat wool hair

7.Melatonin levels are high during dark periods & low during light periods.

8.Decreasing (or short) day lengths stimulate the secretion of LH, FSH & Testosterone in ram

9. Age at first ovulation, occurs at 5 to 7 months in doe & 6 to 9 months in ewes

10. Parameter Ewe Doe

Sexual season fall fall

Age of puberty (months) 6 to 9 5 to 7

Estrus cycle length (days) 17 (14 to 19) 21 (18 to 22)

Estrus (hours) 24 to 36 24 to 48

Life span of CL 14 days 16 days

Fertilizable life of ova 10 to 25 hrs -

Entry of ova into uterus 72 hrs after ovulation -

Gestation length 149 days 149 days

Post partum uterine involution 27 days -

First ovulation < 20 days -

11.Length of normal estrus cycle is 17 days for sheep & 21 days for goat

12.Duration of estrus lasts 24 to 36 hours in the ewe & 24 to 48 hrs in the doe

13.Wool breeds have longer estrous periods than meat breeds.

14.Angora goats have a shorter duration of estrous 22 hrs than the dairy goat breeds.

15.Signs of estrus are more conspicuous in does than ewes.

16. Ram effect stimulates ewes to ovulate is not known, but ovulation is preceded by LH peaks that occurs

within 48 hrs after ram introduction.

17.The response of anovular ewes to the ram is due to an androgen dependent pheromone.

18.The ewe normally ovulates near the end of estrus about 24 to 27 hrs after the onset of estrus.

19.Flushing or increasing the level of nutrition before mating is commonly practiced in sheep in order to

increase ovulation rate.

20.The penis of sheep & goat is fibroelastic and does not enlarge during erection.

21. The time spent on precoital courtship is relatively shorter, and the frequency of copulation is higher in rams

bucks than in boars & stallion.

22. Reproductive characteristic of the Ram & Buck

Characteristic Ram Buck

Age at puberty (month) 4 to 6 4 to 6

(spermatogenesis)

Duration of seminiferous epithelial cycle 10.3 days

Semen volume (ml) 0.8 to 1.2 ml 0.1 to 1.5 ml

Concentration (billion/ ml) 1.5 2- 6

Mating (male: females) 1:30 1:50

23. Both the ram and the buck ejaculate a small volume of semen with a semen a high concentration of

spermatozoa.

24.In sheep & goat eggs enter the uterus about 72 hrs after ovulation.

25.Gestation length of Black Bengal breed which averages 144 days .

26.The CL of pregnancy persists throughout gestation, but the two species differ in the source of progesterone

for pregnancy maintenance.

27.The sheep is a placenta-dependent species; whereas the goat is a CL dependent species.

28.During the first trimester, both species depend upon the CL. The placenta becomes the primary source of

progesterone in the sheep, whereas the CL continues as the major source in the goat.

30. Ovariectomy in the goat at any stage of pregnancy causes abortion.

31. In sheep, uterine involution is completed by 27 days and precedes the first estrus postpartum.

32.The first postpartum ovulation in ewe that lamb during the breeding season occurs within 20 days and is not

associated with overt estrus.

Animal Reproduction

1. Early luteinization of follicle before ovulation occurs in ………………..

a . Mare b. Sow c. Cat d. Bitch

2. Species in which unfertilized eggs are remain for several months ……………..

A. Sow b. Ewe c. Mare d. cattle

3. The diameter of the mature CL is larger than that of mature graafian follicle except ………………… species

in which it is smaller

a. Mare b. Sow c. Ewe d. Bitch

4. Most of the species ovum is second meiotic division at the time of ovulation where as in …………………

species it release as a first meiotic division at the time of ovulation.

a. Mare b. Bitch c. Fox d. all the above

5……………….. species in which testosterone also secreted from seminiferous tubules and epididymis

a. Stallion b. Bull c. Buck d. Ram

6. ………………… Hormone having growth hormone like structure as well as biological properties

a. Prolactin b. Estrogen c.Relaxin d. Oxytocin

7. ………………… Hormone having structurally similar with insulin, but biological actions is different.

a. Relaxin b. Activin c. Estrogen d. Inhibins

8. ……………….. Species elongated of blastocyst always aligned with the uterine attachment of the broad

ligament

a. Porcine b. Ovine c. Bovine d. Equine

9. Elongation of conceptus absent in ………………. Species

a. Mare b.Sow c. Bovine d. Ovine

10. Zonary type of placenta seen in ………………. Species

a. Elephant b. Dog c. Cat d. all the above

11. Early pregnancy factor (ECF) was first identified in mouse by ……………….

a. Morton et al(1974) b. Sousa et al (2001) c. Sasser et al (1987) d. du Vigneaud et al (1953)

12. ……………. Hormone used for estrus synchronization animal must be cyclical

a.PGF2α b. Progesterone c. GnRH d. Estrogen

13. The commonest neoplasm of the ovary is …………………

a. Granulosa cell tumours b. Lymphosarcoma c. Leiomyoma d. adenocarcinomas

14. ……………. Condition does not affect general health

a. Endometritis b. Metritis c. septicmetritis d.Puerperal metritis

15. Transient endocrine gland are …………………….

a. Placenta b. CL c. Endometrial cups d. all the above

15. Necrotic endometritis in bovine caused by ……………………. Pathogen

a. BHV-1 b. BVD c. Tritrichomonas fetus d. Campylobacter fetus subsp. Fetus

16. Micro organism causing abortion at any stage of gestation ……………….

a. Salmonella spp b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis c. BVDV d. all the above

17. Site for application of Hobday’s or whelping forceps during dystocia in bitches ………...

a. Jaw (upper& lower) b. head c. leg d. nose e. a&b

18. Simple diffuse & microtyledonary type of placenta present in ………………. Species
a. Sow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Cow

19. ……………… hormone promote the growth of mammary gland alveolar duct

a. Estrogen b.Progesterone c. Prolactin d. Oxytocin

20………………….. hormone promote the growth of mammary gland alveoli

a. Estrogen b.Progesterone c. Prolactin d. Oxytocin

21. …………….. in which a tough, elastic glycoprotein capsule surrounds the blastocyst between 6 and 23 days

after ovulation.

a. Sow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

22. The organism causing abortion at last trimester or late pregnancy in bovine ………………….

a. Leptospira pomona b. Trichomonas fetus c. Camphylobacter fetus d. IBRT

23. …………………… organism causes contagious equine metritis

a. Equine herpesvirus b. Equine viral arteritis virus c. Streptococcus equi d.Taylorella equigenitalis

24 Which one of species of brucella will transmitted through venereal ……………….

a.B ovis b. B suis c.B abortus d. B melitensis

25. Most frequently encountered pathogenic organism during uterine infection in cow is………………………..

a.Actinomyces pyogenes b. Camphylobacter fetus c. .Brucella abortus d. Aspergillus absidia

26. Which one of the following mineral as well as vitamin deficiency causes RFM in cattle…………………

a. vit A & magnesium b.vit E &Selenium c. vit K & copper d.vit D & phosphorus

27. Minimum level of progesterone is essential for maintenance of pregnancy 5 to 7 days after fertilization in

cattle ………………………..

a. more than 6ng/ml b. less than 6ng/ml c. less than 4ng/ml d. more than 4ng/ml

28. Cocking of the tail is a characteristic pregnancy behavior exhibited by…………………….

a. Mare b. Donkey c. Camel d. giraffe

29…………………….. Hormone is called as pregnancy specific hormone in bitch

a. Progesterone b. Prolactin c. LH d. Relaxin

30. ………………….. Only ungulate family the copulation will take place in a recumbent position

a. Camel b. Equine c. Caprine d. bovine

31.Endocrine-Exocrine model of maternal recognition of pregnancy was observed in …………………….

Species.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Camel d. Bitch

32. ……………………….. species of animal’s developing conceptus produce estrogen is the signal for

maternal recognition of pregnancy.

a. Sow b. Mare c. Cow d. Ewe

33. Fetal fluids increase throughout gestation in all species, but in the ……………… animal species tend to

decline at term.

a. Ewe b. Mare c. Sow d. Cattle

34. The volume of allantoic fluid is relatively higher than amniotic fluid during pregnancy , the exception being

the ……………. Animal species at midgestation.

a. Ewe b. Sow c. Cow d. Mare

35. Dribbling of accessory fluid from the prepuce prior to mounting are secreted from ……………… accessory

sex gland.

a. Seminal vesicles b. Prostate c. Vasdeferens d. Bulbourethral glands

36. Glans penis absent in ………………………… species

a. Boar b. Cat c. Stallion d. a&b

37. Sigmoid flexure is absent in ………………………….

a. Stallion b. Boar c. Ram d .Bull

38. Flehmen’s reaction absent in ………………………

a. Stallion b. Boar c. Ram d. Bull

39. ………………….. Species often coiling their penis during ejaculation

a. Bull b. Ram c. Stallion d.dog

40. …………. Protein binds with estrogen to prevent the aromatization process in female animals.

a. α fetoprotein b. β fetoprotein c. delta fetoprotein d .gamma fetoprotein

41. Location of castration cell …………………….

a. Ovary b. Testis c. Uterus d. anterior pituitary e. Posterior pituitary

42. Development of male reproductive tract requires the presence of …………………..

a. TDF b. Mullerian hormone c. Estrogen d. Progesterone

43………………. Does not have prostatic body

a. Ram c. Doe c. Stallion d. Dog

44. ……………………….. Does not have disseminate prostate

a. Ram c. Doe c. Stallion d. Dog

45. Male dog - Cartilaginous process

Tomcat - Os penis

Alpaca - Corkscrew penis

Boar - Penile papillae

46. In cattle post estrus bleeding is occurs due to with drawal of ……………………. Hormone

a. Estrogen b. Progesterone c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

47. In primates menstruation occurs due to withdrawal of…………………… hormone

a. Estrogen b. Progesterone c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

48. ………………… used for prevent or control habitual abortion

a. Estrogen b. Progesterone c. Oxytocin d. PRL

49. The acceptance of the male during estrum is due to the effect of …………………. Hormone on the CNS.

a. Estrogen b. Progesterone c. Oxytocin d. PRL

50. …………………… Hormone used in Rig test

a. hCG b. eCG c. hMG d. Prolactin

51. Reflex ovulators are …………………..

a. Cat b. Rabbit c. Ferret d. Camel e. All the above

52. Species in which progesterone profile is very similar for pregnant, non-pregnant and hysterectomized

conditions……………………..

a. Mare b. Ewe c. Bitch d. cat

53. Necrotic vaginitis caused by …………………… microorganism

a. Fusobactrium necrophorum b. Campylobacter fetus c. .Brucella abortus d. Aspergillus absidia

54. Infusion of ………………… enzyme into the stumps of the umbilical arteries of the retained membranes is

the effective treatment for RFM

a. Hyalluronidase b. Lipases c. Arylsulfatase d. Collagenase

55. …………………….species are unique in that there is an extra membrane which derived from the epidermis

of the fetus that covers the entire fetal body and is attached at the mucocutaneous junction.

a. Mare b. Donkey c. Sow d. Camel e. Cat

56. ………………………. Species in which during 180 – 200 days of pregnancy the progesterone level will be

below 1ng/ml they remain up to 300 days of gestation period.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Ewe d. Cow

57. Positive signs of pregnancy …………………

a. Amniotic vesicles b.Double sliping of fetal membrane c.Palpation of placentomes d.Palpation of fetus e. All

the above

58. ………………….. Species in which the plasma estrogen assay will done earliest from 20 days of gestation

onwards.

a. Mare b. Ewe c. Cattle d. Sow

59.A recto-abdominal palpation technique is used for pregnancy diagnosis in ……………….. species.

a. Ewe b. Sow c. Mare d. Cow

60. Trans uterine migration of embryo was observed more predominantly in ……………… species.
a. Mare b. Sow c. bitch d. Ewe e. Cattle

61. By using USG, the earliest gestational of pregnancy has been conformed in ……………… species in 9 to 11

days of gestation where the conceptual vesicle appears as a black sphere of about 3mm diameter.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Ewe d. Cattle e. Bitch

62. Termination of unwanted pregnancy in bitch within first 5 days ………………. Drug used

a. Estradiol b.PGF2α c. Cabergoline d. Bromocriptine

63. During 3 month of pregnancy the foetal calf size will be …………………..

a. Mouse b. Rat c. Small cat d. Large cat e. Beagle dog

64. Production of estrogens by the developing conceptuses is the signal for MRP in the

…………………………….. Species.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Bitch d. Ewe e. Cattle

65……………………. Species in which at least two conceptuses must be present in each uterine horn in order

to prevent the release of PGF2α.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Bitch d. Ewe e. Cattle

66. ………………. Species the conceptus elongation occurs by cellular reorganization& remodeling rather than

cellular hyperplasia occurs in other animals.

a. Mare b. Sow c. Ewe d. Cattle

67. The CL is persists throughout pregnancy in all farm animals except in ……………. Species

a. Cow b. Goat c. Sow d. Mare

68. …………… & ………….. Species the ovariectomy can be done during second half of gestation the

pregnancy will be maintained.

a. Mare&Ewe b. Cow&Sow c. Bitch &Doe d. Cow &Ew

69.Endometerial cups are a unique feature of the ……………………. Placenta

a. Bovine b. Canine c. Ovine d. Equine

70.The farm animals which show estrus (anovulatory) within 48 to 72 hours post partum is in

a. Camel b. Mare c. Swine d. Sheep

71…………. Species in which the progesterone level will be gradually decreased from30 days of gestation.

a. Cow b. Ewe c. Doe d. Bitch

72. The canine placenta does not produce gonadotrophic hormones but it does produce ……………………

hormone.

a. PRL b. Relaxin c. Progesterone d. Estrogen

73. Sexual differentiation occurs in bovine at ………………….

a.30days b.35 days c.45days d. 40 days

74. Time of ovulation in cow …………………

a. 1 to 2 days before the end of estrum b.12 to 24 hrs after the end of estrum c.12 to 24 hrs before the end of

estrum d.1 to 2 days after the onset of true estrum

75. In the amniotic fluid following one of the element is in the high level

a. Glucose b. Na c. K d. Mg

76. In the allantoic fluid following one of the element is in the high level

a. Glucose b. Na c. K d. Mg

77. ………………….. corpora lutea contain no pigment

a. Bitch b. Cow c. Ewe d. Mare

78.Female that have never conceived or carried young one called ………..

a. Nullipara b. Primipara c. Pluripara d. None

79. Twin pregnancy is the most common causes of abortion in ………………….. species

a. Mare b. Sow c. Cow d. Bitch

80………………….. Hormone called as chorionic somato mammotropin

a. Estrogen b. Prolactin c. Relaxin d. Placental lactogen

81. Freshly formed CL - Corpus luteum spurium

Cyclical CL - Corpus luteum haemorrhagicum

Pregnancy CL - Corpus luteum albicans

Regressing CL - Corpus luteum verum

82. Site for fertilization - Isthmic

Site of sperm reservoir - Ampullary isthmic junction

Cite for capacitation - Uterotubal junction

Primary organ of reproduction – Uterus

Organ of sperm reservoir - Ovary

Organ of copulation - Cervix

Organ of gestation - Vagina

83. Transverse presentation more commonly occurs in …………………………………

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

84. Wryneck more commonly observed in ……………………………

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

85. Primary uterine inertia more commonly observed in …………………….

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

86. Super fecundation more commonly occur in ………………………

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

87. Persistence of penile frenulum leads to ……………………..

a. Lateral deviation of penis b. dorsal deviation of penis c. Ventral deviation of penis

d. Medial deviation of penis

88. ……………… species removal of ovaries even after 66 days gestation did not cause abortion

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Sow

89.Lenth of seminiferous tubules

Boar - 5,000 meters

Bull - 6,000 meters

Ram - 125 Meters

Dog - 4,000 meters

Cat - 25 meters

90. The relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam ………………..

a. Presentation b. Position c. Posture d.Version

91. All domestic will eat their expelled fetal membrane except ………………..

a. Cow b. Mare c. Ewe d. Bitch

92. Uterine torsion more commonly observed in ………………….

a. Buffalo b. Cow c. Mare d. Ewe

93. TVT is a unique tumor of dog it has usually ………………… number of chromosome

a. 59 (57 to 64) b. 45 c.70 d. 78

94. Glycerylphosphorylcholine secreted from …………………

a. Seminal vesicle b. Prostate c. Bulbourethral glands d. Epididymis

95. The major storage site for spermatozoa is ………………….

a. Tail of Epididymis b. Body of Epididymis c. Neck of Epididymis d. All

96. Rectal copulation in boar is called ………………………

a. Onanism b. Pederasty c. Balling up d. All the above

1. The female reproductive tract originate from paramesonephric duct T/F

2. Segmental aplasia involving one uterine horn is called as uterus didelphys T/F

3. Mares in estrus shows homosexual desire and mount other mares T/F

4. Mare is a long - day breeder T/F

5. Cystic corpora luteum does not have any influence on the reproductive performance of the cow T/F
6. Vincristine sulfate is the drug of choice for non-surgical treatment of TVT in bitches T/F

7. In cows, a female born co-twin with a male will be a freemartin T/F

8. Cystic ovaries are more common in under- nourished animals T/F

9. The gonad in true hermaphrodite is ovotestes T/F

10. The interval between calving to first fertile service is called inter- calving period T/F

11. Impaired thyroid function due to iodine deficiency causes anestrum in cattle T/F

12. The onset of puberty is more closely related to age than to body weight T/F

13. Puberty occurs earlier in gilts housed in a group than those housed alone T/F

14. Malnutrition is the most common cause of anestrous condition in rural cattle and buffalo T\F

15. Ventral bulging of the uterine horn is a diagnostic feature in the early regnancy during rectal palpation in

buffaloes T/F

16. Attainment of puberty does not signify full reproductive capacity T/F

17. Immobilization reflex and lordosis are characteristic symptoms of estrus in mare T/F

18. Superfecundation is observed more commonly in uniparous animals T/F

19. Fossa cysts are common in the region of the ovulation fossa in older infertile mares T/F

20. Split estrum is more common mares T/F

21. Anomalies of the genital tract are higher in swine than in other species of farm animals T/F

22. Palpation of placentomes and fetal membrane slip are some of the positive signs of pregnancy in mare. T/F

23. Metestral bleeding in cow is due to withdrawal of progesterone T/F

24. Manganese deficiency affects steroidogenesis T/F

25. eGC is the preferred hormone for superovulation in mare T/F

26. Surgical method of embryo transfer is normally followed in goats T/F

27. The first successful embryo transfer in cattle was performed by walter HeapeT/F

28. Fremitus can be best felt within 30 days of conception in buffaloes T/F

29. Failure to return to estrus follow AI is a correct way for declaring a cow pregnant T/F

30. Vaginal biopsy can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in sows. T/F

31. The average sperm concentration of bull semen is 1200 millions per ml T/F

32. Testicular size varies throughout the year in seasonal breeders like ram and stallion T/F

33. Insulation of testicles for longer duration induces testicular degeneration T/F

34. In the horse intromission lasts for about 2 seconds while in the bull lasts for several minutes T/F

35. Thawing of semen straw is performed for 30 seconds at 370C . T/F

36. Most un-ejaculated spermatozoa are gradually eliminated by excretion into the urine T/F
37. Spermatozoa do not attain their full capacity for fertilization until they are transported in the female

reproductive tract T/F

38. About 80% testicular weight is made up of seminiferous tubles T/F

39. The cap phase of spermiogenesis is characterized by a spreading of the adherent acrosomal granule over the

surface of the spermatic nucles. T/F

40. The recto-vaginal method of AI in cattle was first adopted in 1937 in Denmark T/F

41. Best results of semen collection by electro-ejaculation techniques T/F

42. Sperm have greater longevity in the sheep reproductive tract T/F

43. In an eosin-nigrosin smear for live and dead count the live spermatozoa take up no colour T/F

44. The length of seminiferous cycle during spermatogenesis in bull is 14 days T/F

45. A successful freezing of semen was achived in 1949 by polge and co-worker T/F

46. In male , the hormones responsible for contraction od epididymis and vas deferens to facilitate sperm

transport is Oxytocin T/F

47. The major action of androgens is on the germ cells rather than directly on the sertoli cells T/F

48. Spermiogenesis is controlled by the hormone-testosterone T/F

49. Testicular spermatozoa are transported from the testis through a highly convoluted duct knows as the

epididymis T/F

50. Structurally the penesis is musculovascular in bull, ram ans boar where as it is fibroblastic in stallion and

dog T/F

51. During embryonic development of a male the mesonephric duct system regresses and remains as vestige T/F

52. The testicular weight in bull and buffalo bull is approximately same. T/F

53. The sigmoid flexure of the penis is post-scrotal in bull and ram whereas it is pre-scrotal in boar T/F

54. The caput epididymis is the chief stroe of spermatozoa in a bull. T/F

55. In case of phimosis and paraphymosis in bull, amputation of the prepuce is indicated T/F

56. The presence of proximal protoplasmic body indicates complete maturity of the spermatozoa T/F

57. The fracture of penis usually occurs at its glans region in bull. T/F

58. Semen collected by massage techinique in similar in quality with that of the spermatozoa T/F

59. Leydig and sertoli cells are highly resistant to irradiation T/F

60. Prepubic desmorrhexic of pregnancy is more common in pigs T/F

61. Uterine tortion is commonly observed in the early pregnancy period T/F

62. Rift valley fever virus causes abortion in swine T/F

63. Zona hatching is helped by blastolemmase enzyme in mouse T/F

64. The inner cell mass is otherwise known as embryoblast T/F

65. Middle uterine artery is the branch of internal iliac artery T/F

66. Less than two embryos in each horn causes embryonic mortality in bitches T/F

67. Mold abortions usually occur from 4-8 month of gestation in equine T/F

68. As in cattle vibriosis in sheep in sheep is considered to be venereal disease T/F

69. Implantation in domestic animals is of non-invasive type T/F

70. Ultrasonography is a useful tool to diagnose advance pregnancy T/F

71. Crown rump length measurement is obtained to obtained to determine the age of the fetus T/F

72. Accessory corpora lutea were seen during pregnancy in swine T/F

73. Blood flow in adjacent maternal and fetal vascular channel is of counter current type in sheep T/F

74. Androstenedione is converted to estrogen by the enzymes called 17-20 lyase T/F

75. Placental lactogen is first detected in the placental tissue of sheep on day 61 T/F

76. A cell mediated immunogenic response is necessary for preventing trophoblastic rejection in equines. T/F

77. eCG is secreted from the binucleated cells of trophoblast T/F

78. Rupture of prepubic tendon is rare in bovine because of the sub pubic tendon support T/F

79. In mare a rotated or compound bicornual pregnancy may be confused with extra uterine pregnancy T/F

80. Seminal vesicles are absent in dogs T/F

81. Corpus luteum can secrete prolactin T/F

82. The longevity of cow and ovum in cow ia about four days T/F

83. The most common abnormalities of fertilization are polygyny and polyspermy T/F

84. Stallion oscillates the pelvis for the engorgement and erection of penis T/F

85. The duration of estrus in mare is 3-7 days T/F

86. The length of sperm about 50- 70 microns T/F

87. Free-living nonpedigree cats are seasonally polyestrus T/F

88. Leydig cells are located between the seminiferous tubules in the testis T/F

89. Fructose is the sugar provides energy for spermatozoa T/F

90. In swine the uterus is bicornuate type T/F

91. The endometrial glands open all over the endometrial surface in sow T/F

92. Arterial blood flow the ovary varies in proportion to luteal activity T/F

93. The cumulus oophorus is detached in tertiary follicle T/F

94. The cervix mare consist of muscular fibrous transverse annular folds T/F

95. The accessory genital glands are under the control of FSH T/F
96. Environmet and genetic factors do not influence the onset of puberty in domestic animals T/F

97. Oogenesis is completed before or shortly after birth in all domestic animals T/F

98. Mediastinum testis is absent in ram T/F

99. Winkiling of clitoris is an important signs of estrus in goat T/F

1. The two fairly simple tests available to assess the patency of the uterine tube in cattle is

………………………… and ……………………………tests

2. The ………………………. Artery supplies blood to the uterus which enlarges during middle and late

pregnancy and can be palpated as an aide in pregnancy diagnosis in cows.

3. Age at which first expressed estrus with ovulation is defined as …………………………in farm animals.

4. The longer half life eCG when compared to FSH is due to high content of ………………………………..

5. Permanent loss of fertility is called………………………………

6. In cattle fetal membrane clinically recognized during rectal palpation as fetal membrane slip is

………………………………….

7. Small, thin narrow or cord like feeling of ovary on rectal examination of cow is characteristic sign of

…………………………………… ovaries.

8. The cause for repeat breeding syndrome in cows can be divided into ………………………………….. and

……………………………………

9. Placenta in bovine is cotyledonary and in sows it is ………………………………. Type

10. ……………………… is called as a stress hormone

11. Habit of ingestion of placenta after parturition in cows and buffaloes is called as ……………………………

12. ……………………… is the brief period of sexual rest.

13. Incomplete dilatation of cervix in ewes is term as……………………..

14. ………………….. includes two important movements repulsion and rotation

15. Accessory corpora lutea are found in the ovaries of pregnant………………..

16. The rotation of fetus on its transverse axis in anterior or posterior presentation is designated as

………………………………………

17. …………………………… has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

18. ………………………… controls the life span of CL during the estrous cycle

19. The type of placenta in a mare is …………………………… type

20. ………………………. bleeding is seen in bovines

21. ………………………….. is defined as the relation of spinal axis of fetus to that of dam

22. ……………………….. type of mummification is seen in bovines

23. The uterus of mare is ……………………………. Shape

24. In buffaloes cervix is …………………………. As it do not undergo physiological hypertrophy.

25. In mare, ovaries are bean shaped having …………………………… fossa

26. ……………………… is avoided by zona reaction

27. Follicular fluid consists of ……………………….. activity

28. ………………………… means expulsion of fetus of recognizable size before term.

29. ABR test is carried out for the diagnosis of ………………………..

30. Monozygotic twins carry ………………………………. Sex

31. In mares ………………………… is preferred when fetus is dead than that of cesarean section.

32. ………………………….. is the study of assessment of diameters of pelvis

33. Appearance of ………………………. Bag through vulval lips indicates initiation of 2nd stages of

parturition in cows.

34. The process of parturition in ewes is termed as………………………….. .

DIVISION OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

1 most stillbirths occur intrapartum as a result of dystocia

a. sow b. bitch c. mare d. cow

2.Transverse presentation is more common in

a. mare b. cow c. sheep d. bitch

3.Bilateral hip flexion also called

a. breech presentation b. butt presentation c. vertex posture d. breast head posture

4.Oblique ventroveritcal presentation also called

a. dog sitting posture b. butt presentation c. vertex posture d. breast head posture

5. Wryneck is more common in

a. mare b. cow c. sow d. bitch

6. primary uterine inertia more common in

a. mare b. cow c. sow d. bitch

7.Alter the position of a fetus in to longitudinal axis called

a. rotation b. extension c. traction d. version

8. Alteration of transverse or vertical to longitudinal presentation called

a. rotation b. extension c. traction d. version

9.forward extension of the hind limbs beneath the fetal body

a. dog sitting posture b. butt presentation c. vertex posture d. breast head posture

10.placenta is retained longer than………………… hours is considered pathological

A.8 to 12 hours b. 3 to 8 hours c. 12 to 24 hours d. all the above

11. Uterine torsion is more commonly observed in

a. pluriparous b. primiparous c. all the above d. non

12……………… side of uterine torsion is more common

a. right side b. left side c. all the above d. non

13 Uterine torsion more commonly occurred during………………… period

14. in bitches the vaginal prolapse most commonly occur during ……………… period

a. Proestrus b. estrus b. metestrus d. all the above

1.Testes of a cock are located ……………………………………………..

2. Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules secrete ………………………………………………………

3. LH is chemically …………………………………………………..

4. Mammalian epididymis plays an important role in fertility of spermatozoa because

……………………………………………………………………

5. ……………………………………………………………………………… having os penis

6. Relaxin is an ovarian hormone that is necessary for ………………………………………..

7.The length of estrus cycle of a cow is much longer than that of mare T/F

8. Adrenal cortex secretes androgen under the stimulatory effect of ACTH T/F

9. GnRH is a hormone secreted from the hypothalamus which selectively cause the release of FSH from anterior

pituitary T/F

10. Testosterone is secreted by ……………………… cell of testis and ………………………………….. area of

adrenal cortex.

11. Prolactin secreted from ………………………………………

12.Animal whose uterus would capacitate sperm from any other species is Rabbit

13. The only morphological correlation of sperm capacitation is Acrosome reaction

14.After ejaculation in to the vagina, sperm can be found in at the site of fertilization in about

10 minis

15. Sperm fallow a path of ……………………… through the cervical mucus

16. Using AI of a cow, massaging of cervix leads to release of Oxytocin hormone which improve sperm

transport

17. Heterologus sperms do not bind to zona pellucid of ova because of the reasons of species specific sperm

receptors on zona.

18. Sperm enzymes which causes dispersal of cumulus cells of ova is Hyalluronidase

19. Farm animals in which the vitelline blood is poor is sow

20. The process of cell division with progressive decrease in cell size at each subsequent division is called

cleavage

21. Blastocysts of ewe are known to produce an Antiluteolytic agent.

22. An animal whose embryos could not frozen stored so far is Sow

23. Out of the two types of cryoproductives only permeating types could productive mammalian embryo during

freezing.

24. An amino acid which is essential for in-vitro development of rabbit embryo is methionine

25. The gaseous atmosphere used for out Turing mammalians embryos 5% co2 in air.

26. Method of employed for embryo sexing in bovine embryos involves Karyotyping

27. Ovine & bovine embryo are sexed at the age of …………… to ……………….. days

28. Implntation involves burrowing of embryo in to the uterine epithelium in primates

29. Suckling causes delayed implantation

30. Placenta is a temporary endocrine organ in the female

31. Type of placenta in farm animals Allantochorion

Division of Animal Reproduction

1. Ampulla comprising about half of the oviductal length

2.Progestrone is secreted by the lutein cells as granules

3.The CL develops after the collapse of the follicle at ovulation

4. The diameter of the mature CL is larger than that of a mature graafian follicle except in the mare in which it

is smaller.

5.The bovine CL of the estrus cycle beings to regress 14 to 15 days after estrus

6.Maternal recognition of pregnancy occur between 15th and 17th days of gestation(Hafez)

7. An embryo must be in the uterus of ewe on 12th day & 13th day of gestation in Ewe.

8. PGF2alpha is a potent naturally occurring luteolysin in sheep

9.An embryo must be in the uterus of ewe on 12th day & 13th day after mating in order for the CL maintained.

10.The eggs are transported to the Ampulla where fertilization and early cleavage of fertilized eggs take place.

11.The embryo remain in the oviduct for 3 days before they transported to the uterus

12. In swine the uterus is Bicornuate type uterine horn length 4 to 5 feet or 40 to 65 cm

13 in cattle, sheep& horses the uterus is bipartite type

14 Uterus receives its blood and nerve supply through the broad ligament

15. The middle uterine artery is a branch of either internal iliac artery or external iliac artery

16.suckling will delay the uterine involution

17.Caruncular tissues are sloughed off and expelled from the uterus 12 days after calving

18 Regeneration of the surface epithelium over the caruncles occurs by growth from surrounding tissue and is

completed 30 days after calving

19. Cow – usually four rings( 2-5 annular rings)

20 Ewe – they fit into each other to close the cervix securely

21 sow – Rings are in a corkscrew arrangement adapted to spiral twisting of the tip of the penis

22. Mare – conspicuous folds in the mucosa and the projecting folds into the vagina

23. Fern pattern of cervical mucus due to high chloride content of the mucus

25. Functions of cervix: sperm transport, sperm reservoir, selection of viable sperm

26.Vagina having stratified squamous epithelium

27.vagina having no glands

28.vagina is more exposed to sperm antigen than the uterus & oviduct

29.The pH of the vaginal secretion is unfavorable to spermatozoa

30 vagina is a copulatory organ in which semen is deposited

31. Clitoris is well developed in mare

VGO

1.ovulation takes place in mare at

2.length of estus cyle in ewe

3.diameter of graffian follicle

4.diameter of bovine embryo

5.fish hook vulva in pig

6. in bitch the event which is responsible for pregnant changes

7.regression of cl at which day of est cycle

8.in 2 waves estcycle graafian follicle formed at which stage

9.prgnancy diagnostic hormone in bitch

10.name the glands which is present in the vestibular area of female genitalia

11.why brucella have high affinity towards placenta

12.expulsion of dead fetus at term is called

1) Ovulation takes place at the end of estrus period in:

a) Canine

b) Bovine

c) Ovine

d) Caprine

2) Camel is

a) Spontaneous Ovulator

b) Induced Ovulator

c) Silent Ovulator

d) None

3) Which one is exocrine gland

a) pineal

b) hypothalamus

c) sweat gland

d) adrenal gland

4) Rumen gas largely consists of Carbon dioxide and methane in the proportion of

a) 65:35

b) 10:90

c) 50:50

d) 80:20

5) The first hormone ever discovered was

a) Insulin

b) secretin

c) Oxytocin

d) testosterone

6) Toxic amino acid present in subabul is

a) Gossypol

b) mimosine

c) ricin

d) oxalates
6) Chief VFA in rumen is

a) Acetic acid

b) butyric acid

c) propionic acid

d) none

7) Pica is due to deficiency of

a) Iron

b) Copper

c) phosphorus

d) calcium

8) One gram of hemoglobin can bind with maximum of ................ml oxygen

a) 2

b) 1.34

c) 5

d) 9

9) Low land abortion or Marsh land abortion is due to

a) Fescue poisoning

b) Leptospirosis

c) nitrate poisoning

d) None of the above

10) Optimum pH of silage is

a) 6.5- 7.5

b) 3.8- 4.2

c) 2- 3.5

d) 8- 9

11) Parakeratosis in swine is due to deficiency of

a) Zinc

b) Phosphorus

c) Sulphur

d) Cobalt

12) Crazy chick disease is caused by deficiency of

a) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin B

c) Vitamin E

d) Vitamin C

13) Daily production of saliva in cows comes around ..................................litres

a) 100-200

b) 5-75

c) 1-2

d) 500-1000

14) In ruminants, the placenta is of ...................... type

a) Epitheliochorial

b) Endotheliochorial

c) Hemochorial

d) None of the above

15) Grass staggers is due to deficiency of

a) Magnesium

b) Calcium

c) Zinc

d) Iron

16) Curled toe paralysis is caused by the deficiency of

a) Vitamin B2

b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin B12

d) Vitamin A

17) Potato soup pyometra or post service pyometra occurs in

a) Trichomoniasis

b) Vibriosis

c) Brucellosis

d) Listeriosis

18) Sigmoid flexure is pre-scrotal in which species

a) Bull

b) Ram

c) Dog

d) Boar

19) Thumps in piglets is due to deficiency of

a) Calcium

b) Cobalt

c) Iron

d) Zinc

20) Ovulation of “primary oocyte” occurs in

a) mare and bitch

b) sow

c) cow and doe

d) all of the above

DR.Balamurugan Shark’s-07 DR.Sivasuriyan

balavet07@gmail.com appuvet7@gmail.com

Summer sore ; Habronema spp

Summer bleeding ; parafilaria bovicola

Summer pink eye; IBRT

Summer cold ; parascaris equorum

Summer itch ; non humans schistosomes spp

Summer mange ; Onchocerca spp

Oriental sore ; leishmaniya tropica

Hump sore& Leg sore; stephanofilaria assamnesis

Summer sore ; Habronema spp

Ear sore ; stephanofilaria zaheeri

Box car bacillus ; Bacillus anthracis

Preisz nocard bacillus ; corynebacterium pyogenes

Timothy grass bacillus; Mycobacterium phlei

Fried landers bacillus ; Klebsiella pneumonia

White mores bacillus ; Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Vole bacillus ; Mycobacterium murium

Big head in horse ; Osteodystrophia fibrosa

Big head of Rams ; Clostridium novyi type A

Big head of sheep; Pithomyces charatarum

Black head in turkey; Histomonas meleagridis DR.BALA

Black quarter ; Clostridium chavouei DR.BALA

Black disease ; clostridium novyi type B

Inverted firtree appearance – Bacillus anthracis

Firtree appearance – clostridium tetani

Bottle brush type growth –Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Lumpy skin disease ; Capri pox

Pseudo lumpy skin disease ; Bovine herpes virus-2

Lumpy jaw; Actinomyces bovis

Lumpy wool ; Dermatophillus congolensis

Lock jaw ;Clostridium tetani

Sleepy foal disease ;E-coli, Actinobacillus equali

Shaker foal syndrome ;Clostridium botulinum

Sleepers ; Haemophilus somnus

Sweetish odour ;Pasteurella multocida

Earthy odour;Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Berry odour ;Candida albicans

Epidemic typhus;Rickettsia prowazekii

Epidemic typhus ;Rickettsia mooseri

Scrub typhus ; Rickettsia tustsugamushi

Canine typhus ; Ehrlichia canis

Potamac horse fever ; Ehrlichia risticii

Rocky mountain spotted fever ;Rickettsia rickettsii DR.BALA

Trench fever ; Rochalimae Quintana DR.BALA

Q-fever ; coxiella burnetti

Grazing fever ; Ehrlichia phagocytophilia

Blue eye ; Canine adenovirus- 1(ICH)

Blue wing ; Chicken anaemia virus (Gyro virus)

Blue comb; Coronavirus

Blue tongue ; Orbivirus

Pseudocow pox ; Para pox virus

Pseudo rabies ; Porcine herpesvirus-1

Pseudo tuberculosis;

Pseudo lumphy skin disease; Bovine herpes virus-2

Pseudo FMD in cattle;

Pseudo FMD in goat ;

Pseudo fowl pest

Pseudo fowl plaque;

African tryphanosome transmitted by ; Glossina

African swine fever;

Europian swine fever ;

African horse sickness ;

African sleeping sickness ; Tryphanosoma gambiensi

Tryphanosoma rhodasiensi DR.BALA

Horner’s syndrome ; the palpebral fissue of eye is narrow due to sympathetic

paralysis DR.BALA

Hoflund syndrome ;Vagal indigestion

Sleeping syndrome ; haemophilus somnus

Shaker foal syndrome ; clostridium botulinum

Fading kitten syndrome ;Feline panleukopenia

Cattle plaque;

Goat plaque

Swine plaque;

Horse plaque;

Dog plaque ;

Cat plaque ;

Rabbit plaque;

Fowl plaque ;

Pseudo fowl plaque; .Duck plaque; Duck herpes virus -1

.Tetanus ;Clostridium tetani

Lactation tetany in MARE; Hypocalcemia

Lactation tetany in cattle;Hypomagnesemia

Puerperal tetany in bitch;Hypocalcemia

Made cow disease; Bovine spongy form encephalopathy

Made sheep disease; Scrapie

Made dog disease; Rabies

Made itch; Pseudorabies DR.BALA

Canine distember; DR.BALA

Feline distember; Feline panleukopenia virus

Equine distember ;Streptococcus equi

Red nose ;IBRT(Bovine herpes virus-1)

Bull nose; Spherophorus necrophorus

Rubber nose; Hypocalcemia, Hyperphosphatemia

Snotty nose; Oestrus ovis

Pyknosis-Condensation of nucleus

Karyorehexis- Fragmentation of nucleus

Chromatolysis-Disappearance of nucleus

Agenesis-Without beginning

Hypoplasia-Organ fail to develop their full normal size

Atrophy- Decrease in the size of a tissue after ti has attained tis full growth

Red clot –Occurs due to the formation of fibrin in the meshes of which

erythrocytes are trapped

White clot-Formed by the conglutination of the platelets

Valvular thrombi-Common in pigs ;swine erysipelas(endocarditis)

Mural thrombi-common in cattle;Black quarter

Arterial thrombi –Equine-Strongylus vulgaris(Anterior mesenteric artery)

-Dog-spirocerca lupi (Aorta)

Cattle-Onchocerca armillata

First degree Burn-Erythema formation DR.BALA

Second degree Burn-Bullae or vesicles formation DR.BALA

Third degree Burn-Destruction of epidermis and dermis

Fourth degree Burn-Extended to the subcutaneous tissue,facia and deeper tissues

Clonorchis sinensis -Cholangiocarcinoma

Gnathostoma spinigera –Gastric tumor

Habronema megastoma – Gastric tumor

Opisthorchis tenuicollis – Carcinoma of liver or pancreas

Schistosoma hematobium –Carcinoma of urinary bladder

Taenia taeniaformis –Fibro sarcoma

Spirocerca lupi – Fibro sarcoma&Osteo sarcoma of esophagus

Eimeria stiedae – Papilliferous cystadenoma

Gongylonema neplosticum-Papilloma&Squamous-cell carcinoma of stomach

Dirofilaria immitis- Right ventricle of (Dog)

Sarcocystic tenella-Muscle fibers of heart( cattle,sheep,pig)

Toxoplasma gondii- Heart muscle fibers as pseudocysts

Arteriosclerosis=Hardening of artery

Atherosclerosis=Softening of artery

Aneurysm =Localised dilatation of an artery

Varicose veins=Dilated tortuous veins

Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis=Medium size artery are affected

Polyartheritis nodosa=Inflammation involving all layers of arteries

Stages of hemopoiesis development DR.BALA

Early fetal life- Yolk sac DR.BALA

Mid fetal life- Liver&spleen

After birth- Bonemarrow

Poly cythemia= Increase number of erythrocytes

Oligocythemia= Decrease number of erythrocytes

Anaemia = Reduction in the quality&quandity of erythrocytes

Leucocytosis= Increase number of white blood cells

Leukopenia= Decrease number of white blood cells

Lymhpocytosis=Increase number of lymphocytes

Caries =Decay of teeth

Epulis=Fibroblastic tumor of gums

Ranula=Cyst in the salivary gland

Chock=Intra luminal obstruction of esophagus

Ectasia=Dilatation of esophagus

Colon=colitis

Caecum=Typhlitis

Rectum=Proctitis

Amyelia=Absence of spinal cord

Rachicele=Hernia of spinal cord

Amelia=Absence of Limbs

Abrachia=Absence of anterior limbs

Apodia=Absence of posterior limbs DR.BALA

Polio malacia=Softening of Gray matter DR.BALA

Lecomalacia=Softening of white matter

Ovine white liver disease= Cobalt deficiency

White spotted kidney=Focal interstitial nephritis

White spots in comb=Favus infection

White muscle disease=Vitamin E &Selenium deficiency

Black tongue=Niacin deficiency

Red tongue=Biotin deficiency

Wouden tongue=Actinomyces bovis

Blue tongue= Orbivirus (Reoviridae)

Posthitis=inflammation of prepuce

Balanitis=Inflammation of gland penis

Balanoposthitis=Inflammation of Prepuce&Gland penis

Kyphosis=Dorsal bending of spinal column

Lardosis=Ventral bending of spinal column

Scoliosis=Lateral bending of spinal column

Torticolis=Twisting of the neck with a unnatural position of the neck(wryneck)

Vitamin A=Proliperation&invation of capillaries

Vitamin C=Normal formation of the osteoid

Vitamin D=Calcification over the osteiod

Osteoblasts=Bone forming cells DR.BALA

Osteoclasts= Bone resorption cells DR.BALA

Osteoclasts=Phagocytic cells

Osteitis=Inflammation of bone

Periostitis=Inflammation of bone marrow

Spondylitis= Inflammation of vertebrae

Ring bone=Exostosis is found on the 1st or2nd phalanx

Splint=Exostosis at the end of meta carbal or metatarsal bone

Spavin=Exostosis on the medial portion of the Distal bones

Byssinosis=Cotton dust or Lint dust

Anthracosis= Carbon particles

Silicosis=Stone deposition

Siderosis=Iron dust deposition

Chalicosis=cement deposition

Asbestosis=Asbestos dust

Estrogen=Mammary alveolar duct development

Hormones involved in milking process

Progesteron=Mammary alveolar gland development

Prolactin=Keep the alveoli as functionally

Oxytocin=Milk letdown process

Hemlock poisoning=Arsenic&Mice smell

Cyanide poisoning= Bitter almond smell

Phosphorus=Garlic odor

Hydrogen sulfied=Rotten eggs odor DR.BALA

Selenium toxicity=Rotten garlic odor

Urea toxicity=Strong ammonical odor in Rumen

Zinc phosphide toxicity=Acetylene odor

Ketosis=Fruity odor
Rubber jaw=Calcium deficiency in Dog

Bottle jaw=Amphistomiasis,Fasciolosis,Hook worm infection

Lumpy jaw=Actinomyces bovis

Honey combed jaw=Actinomyces bovis

Lock jaw=Clostridium tetani

Lower jaw paralysis=Rabies

Xylazine=Yohimbine

Diazepam=Flumazenil

Amitraze=Athifamazole

Ivermectin=Picrotoxin

Etorphine=Diprenorphine/Naltrexone

Barbiturates=Bemergride

Cor rugosum=Adhesion between the parietal surface of pericardium and epicardium

Cor bovinum=Very great dilatation of the heart

Cor pulmonale=Dilatation of the heart that is a sequel to stasis in pulmonary circulation DR.BALA

Cardiac tamponade=Accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac. If the clot is completely encloses the heart is

called cardiac tamponade

Thrush-breast heart=Fatty degeneration

Shaggy heart, bread and butter appearance=Fibrinous pericardium

Mulberry heart disease=Dietary deficiency of vitaminE&Selenium

Round heart disease=A diet rich in carbohydrate and poor in protein diet source, zinc poisoning

Shaggy(bun-butter)pericardium&epicardium=If the fluid in the pericardial sac persists for a long time it gives

this shape

Xiphidocercous cercaria=Dicrocoelium dentriticum

Gymnocephalous cercaria=Fasciola gigantic

cercaria pigmentata=Amphistome cercaria

Furcocercous cercaria=Schistosoma

Microcercous cercaria=Paragonimus westermanii

Hammer- shaped hooks=Davainea proglottina

Spanner shaped hooks=Hymenolepis carioca

Rose thorn shaped hooks= Dipylidium caninum

Pen-knife-shaped hooks= Taenia hydatigena

Pen-knife shaped hooks=Taenia saginata

Hooks are absent= Taenia hydatigena

Hooks are absent=Mesocestoides lineatus

Scolex is unarmed(Almond leaves in shaped)=Diphyllobothrium latum

Anti nutritional factors

1,Lucerne – Saponins

2,Desmodium- Alkaloids

3,Sorghum,Tapioca leaves-NCN

4,Oats, paragrass- Nitrate

5, Napier grass, pear millet= Oxalic acid

6, Soobabul= Mimosine

7,Tamarined seed,Banana leaves,

Stems spentted leaves – Tannins

Caul fat =Omental fat

Leaf fat= peritoneal fat

Suet = Kidney fat

Cutting fat= Back fat

Poultry fat=Greeze

Pig fat called=Lard

Cattle fat called=Tallow

Cattle =Beef

Buffalo = Cara beef/Buff/Buffen

Sheep = Mutton

Goat = Chevon

Pigs =Pork

Poultry = Chicken meat

Deer =Venison

Calf =Veal

Acute mastitis =Streptococcus dysagalactiae

Chronic mastitis=Streptococcus agalactiae

Dry cow mastitis= Streptococcus uberis

Summer mastitis =Corynebacterium pyogenes

Environmental mastitis= E-coli

Cold mastitis = Leptospirosis

Enterocele =Intestine

Epiplocele =Omentum

Enteroepiplocele=Intestine plus omentum

Reticulocele = Reticulum

Hysterocele =Uterus

Vesicocele =Urinary bladder

Bubonocele =Inguinal hernia

Oscheocele =Scrotal hernia

Inspection =Observing through eyes

Palpation =Feeling through hands

Percussion =Tapping through fingers

Auscultation=Listening through stethoscope

Tactile percussion=Combination of palpation and percussion

Protein urea=Albumin in urine

Crystaluria =Crystal(caco3) in urine

Pyuria = pus in urine

Hb urea =Hemoglobin in urine

Haematuria= Blood in urine

Glucosuria = Glucose in urine

Ketanuria =Keton body in urine

Pavementing=Adherence of the leucocytes to the wall

Emigrating=Process of leucocytes moving outside the blood vessels

Chemotaxis=The force that attracts leucocytes in to the inflammatory areas

Diapedesis=

Rhexis

Labile cells= Reneuing cell population

Static cells=Expanding cell population

Permanent cells=Static cell population

Fibroblasts=Proliferation of young connective tissue cells

Angioblasts=Proliferation of young blood-vascular endothelial cells

Heparin=Natural anticoagulant

Acid citrate=Blood transfusion

Sodium fluoride=Blood glucose estimation

EDTA =Blood morphological studies&Blood collection

Stratum cyclindricum=Columnar cells

Stratum spinosum=Prickle cells

Stratum granulosum=Rhomboid cells

Stratum lucidum=Flattened cells

Stratum corneum=Dead cells

Holocrine gland Sebaceous gland

Merocrine gland=Salivary gland

Apocrine gland=Mammary gland

Target organs/Tissues Toxins

Vascular system Aflatoxins

GI system

Mucous membrane t2 toxin(Trichothecane)

Urinary system Ochrotoxin

Reproductive system Zearalenone (Fusarium toxin)

Cutaneous system Sporidesmin

Anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri=Motor area

Coronal gyrus =Somaesthetic area

Post sylvian gyrus=Auditory area

Lingual gyrus= Visual area

Gyrus fornicates=Taste area

Normal Blood calcium level=8.4 to 10.5mg/100 ml of blood

Ionised calcium=4.3 to 5.1mg

Phosphorus =4.5to 6 mg

Magnesium =1.5 to 3 mg

Vitamin A= Anti-infectious vitamin

Vitamin D=Anti-Rachitic factor

Vitamin E =Anti-Sterility factor

Vitamin C =Anti ascorbic factor or Anti stress vitamin

Thiamine =Anti neuritic orAnti beri-beri factor

Niacin =Anti-Pellagra- factor

Vitamin B12=Anti pernicious,Anaemia factor

Vitamin K1=Phylloquinone
Vitamin K2=Menaquinone

Vitamin K3= Menadione(water soluble)

Tupted down feathers=Zinc deficiency

Cloubed down feathers=Riboflavin deficiency

Curld toe paralysis

Clutching of Toes =Marek’s disease

Vitamin-A- sparer=Vitamin E

Vitamin-E-sparer=Selenium

Protein sparer=Growth hormone

Fat sparer = Insulin hormone

ATP sparer =Creatinine phosphate

Rhinorrhagia=Large quantity Bleeding from nostrils

Haemoptysis=Bleeding from lung

Haematemosis=Bleeding from stomach

Osteoclastomas=Egg-shell crackling

Or Giant cell tumors

SHARKS ‘07

Dr. Balamurugan Dr. Sivasuriyan

balavet07@gmail.com appuvet7@gmail.com

1 , Bence-jones proteins in urine during =plasma cell myeloma(Ewing‘s tumor)

2, Light chains of immunoglobulins also called Bence jones proteins

2 , Reed-stenberg cell seen in= Hodgkin‘s disease

3 , Brisket disease =Decreased atmospheric pressure

4 , Caisson disease=Increased atmospheric pressure

5. Excess of calcium interferes with the action of zinc leads to parakeratosis in swine

6, Excess of molypdenum causes deficiency of copper leads to secondary hypocuprosis

7, Infarction is more common in Braine, heart, spleen, kidney.

8, Chlorinated naphthalens prevent the conversion of carotene in to vitamin A

9,Carotene if feed in large quntitises as lush green feed has Anti vitamin D potency.

10,Excessive sulphur replaces the phosphorus leads to Sulphur rickets

11,Tumors arises from smooth muscle called Leiomyoma

12, Tumors arises from striated muscle called Rhabdomyoma

13,Erythropoietin produced from granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus 14,Hypoxia stimulate the

erythropoietin production

15,Anisocytosis-variation in size of erythrocytes Dr.BALA

16,Poikilocytosis variation in shape of erythrocytes

17, Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of RNA&DNA Dr.BALA

18,Purpura accumulation of blood under the skin

19,Anasarca-accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous tissue

20,Shift to left –More number of immature neutrophils in the circulation

21,Shift to right- More number of mature neutrophils in the circulation

22,Cleft palate or palatoschisis –Abnormal connection between the nasalcavity&mouth leads to aspiration

pneumonia

23,Bronchostenosis-Narrowing of bronchial lumen

24,Bronchiectasis-Dilatation of bronchus

25,Atelectasis-failure of alveoli to open and contain air

26,Emphysema-Increased air in the lung

27,Chronic alveolar emphysema=Broken wind or heaves in horse

28,Bronchopneumonia –more commonest type of pneumonia in animal

29,Lobar pneumonia- more commonest type of pneumonia in human

30,Other name for interstitial pneumonia is-Giant cell pneumonia

31,The characteristic feature of interstitial pneumonia –Presence of Hyaline membranes covering over the

alveolar epithelium.

32, Brooder pneumonia=Aspergillus fumigates

33,Actinomyces=Asteroid Body

34‘Total number of amino acids in one molecule of haemoglobin 574

35,Cell eating is called as =Phagocytosis

36,Cell drinking is called as =Pinocytosis

37, The process of gradual death of body cells are Necrobiosis Dr.BALA

38,Local death of cells or tissue in a living body is Necrosis

39,Death of whole body is called Somatic death

40,Father of cellular pathology;Rudolph Virchow

41,Father of exfoliative pathology;Papanicolaou

42,Microphage of metchinikoff is ;Neutrophil

43‘Macrophages of metchinikoff is; Monocytes

44,Inflammation of gall bladder;Cholecystitis

45, Inflammation of Bile duct; Cholangitis

46,Inflammation of the dura mater of brain is Pachymeningitis

47,Inflammation of the Pia mater of brain is Leptomeningitis

48,Interstitial nephritis=Leptospirosis

49,Interstitial pneumonia=Canine distemper

50,Congenital lack of feathers in fowls called Apnennosis

51,Increased secretion of sebum called Seborrhoea

52,Perosis or slipped tendon in chicks caused by deficiency of 1 Manganese 2 Choline 3 Biotin 4 Folic acid 5

vitamin B12

53, Inclusion bodies present in the Astrocytes called as Gemistocytes in canine distemper

54,Endometeritis Inflammation restricted to the endometerium

55,Perimeteritis Inflammation of serosa is called

55,Wolf tooth present only in Pig&Camel

56,Canine teeth also known as Fangs or Tusks

57,Hardest portion of the teeth tissue is called Enamel Dr.BALA

57,Carnassial or sectorial teeth present only in canine

58,Parotid duct is called Sten son‘s duct

59,Mandibular duct is called Wharton‘s duct

60,Largest salivary gland in horse Parotid salivary gland

61,Largest salivary gland in ox Sub maxillary or mandi bular salivary gland

62,Abdominal cavity is the Largest of the body cavity

63,Pelvic cavity is the smallest body cavity

64,The abdomen is lined by the serous membrane is called as Peritoneum

65,A double fold attached to form the stomach to the other viscera is an omentum

66,A double fold which attaches the intestine to the dorsal wall is Mesentary

67,A double fold which attaches the viscera other than parts of the digestive tube to the wall is called Ligament

68,Canine teeth is absent in Mare&cattle

69,Canine teeth of pig is called as Tushes

70,Wolf teeth First premolar of upper jaw in Horse

71,Exudate=Discharge due to inflammatory processes

72,Transudate=Discharge due to non- inflammatory processes

73,Phlegmon= Purulent infiltration is spread over the connective tissue

74,Dysphagia= Difficulty in swallowing

75,Dyspnoea=Difficulty in breathing

76,Prolong vomition causes=Metabolic alkalosis

77,Prolong diarrhoea causes=Metabolic acidosis

78,Horse flesh consumption= Hippophagia Dr.BALA

79,Dog flesh consumption = Kynophagia

80,Largest organ in the Body=Skin

81,Largest gland in the body=Liver

82,Largest lymphoid organ in the Body=Spleen

83,Abdominal salivary gland=Pancreas

84,Duct of gall bladder is called=Cystic duct

85,Duct of liver= Hepatic duct

86,Crackling noise of muscle due to=Clostridium welchii

87, Egg-shell crackling noise of bone=Osteoclastoma or Giant cell tumor

88,Hotis test=For staphylococcus aureus

89,Dick Test= For Streptococcus pyogens

90,CAMP Test=Streptococcus agalactiae

91,Optochin test=Difference between the Pneumococcus & str.viridans

92,Cortico-steriod therapy are contraindicated in Demodicosis

93,Acidic PH will favour the absorption of calcium from the intestine(Duodenum)

94,Paird muscle =Ischiocavernosus

95,Unpaird muscle=Diaphragm

95,Shortest cranial nerve=Vestibulocochlear

96,Longest cranial nerve=Vagus

97,Trematodes have no bodycavity

98,In trematodes excretory function is cariedout by flame cells

99,Trematodes have no Anus

100,All trematodes are hermaphrodite excepts Schistosomes Dr.BALA

101,Anterior sucker called as

102, Ventral sucker called as Acetabulum

103,In some species the sinus or Atrium is developed in to sucker known as Genital sucker Ex: Cotylophoran

cotylophorum
104,Generally the trematode eggs are hatch in the water but in Dicrocoelium dendriticum The egg hatch only

after ingested by the second intermediate host(snail)

105,Usually the trematode egg have Operculum but schistosome egg has Terminal spine

106, The trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum require Two intermediate host

First I/H:snail, Secound I/H:Brown Ant

107,Radial stage- absent in Dicrocoelium dendriticum

108,Both Radial stage &Metacercarial stages are absent in Schistosome species

109,No sporocyst stage the Redia is produced directly by Miracidium :Ex Nanophytes salmincola

110,The Each slime balls contains 200-400 cercaria

111,The most common liver fluke found in temperate countries and in Hilly tract Fascioloa hepatica

112,Occasionally in cattle the immature liver flukes may found in LUNGS

113,Drug of choice for acute fasciolosis 1,Diamphenethide 2,Triclabendazole

Fasciola egg Amphistome egg

1 Composite egg 1 Egg shell is thin&clear contain early

2 Have yolk cells&Hexogonal shaped segmentation

Germ cells 2 Eggs have small knob at posterior end

3 Operculum indistinct 3 Distinct operculum Dr.BALA

114,Mostly amphistomes found in GI tract except Gigantocotyl explanatum present in the Bile duct in liver

115,Bile duct/Liver amphistome:Gigantocotyl explanatum

116,Very large ventral sucker=Gigantocotyl explanatum

117,Crossing over of uterus from one side to another:Gastrothylax crumenifer

118,Pouched amphistomes

1.Gastrothylax crumenifer

2.Fischoederius elongates

3.Fischoederius cobboldi

119,Intestinal Amphistomes of Equines/Elephants:gastrodiscus secundus

120,Intestinal caeca extending up to the posterior end:Fischoederius cobboldi

121,Intestinal Amphistomes of equines/pigs:Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus

122,Caecal fluke of man/Colon fluke of pig:Gastrodiscoides hominis

123,Caecal/colon fluke of Equines:Pseudodiscus collinsi

124, Out break amphistomosis occur in:Summer/drier months

125,Immature amphistomes found in:Duodenum and upper ileum

126,Immature amphistomes are: Plug feeders

127,Schistosoma spp Egg‘s shape

1.Schistosoma nasale Palanquin/boomerang

2.Schistosoma spindale Napoleon hat shape

3.Schistosoma indicum Oval in shape

Schistosoma incognitum

128,Site of predilection Dr.BALA

1.Schistosoma nasale Nasal vein

2,Schistosoma incognitum Portal vein

3,Schistosoma spindale Mesenteric and portal vein

4,Schistosoma indicum

129,Infective stage of schistosomiasis=Cercaria

130,Pathogenic stage of schistosomiasis=Egg

131,Dicrocoelium dendriticum=1st I/H- Land snail

2nd I/H-Brown ant (formica fusca)

132,Opisthorchis tenuicollis=1st I/H – Snail

Opisthorchis felineus =2nd I/H- Cyprinid fish

133,Paragonimus westermani=1st I/H –aquatic or amphibian snails

2nd I/H-Crayfish or Crab

134,Prosthogonimus spp =1st I/H- Water snail

2nd I/H – Dragonfly naiads(nymph)

135,Prosthogonimus = Radial stage is absent

136,Dicrocoelium =Radial stage is absent

135,Schistosomiasis =Radial& Metacercarial stage is absent

136,Nanophytes salminicola=Sporocyst absent

137,Nodular tapeworm of Ruminants=Stilesia globipunctata

138,Nodular tape worm of poultry= Railletina echinobothridia

139,Double pored ruminant tapeworm=Moniezia expansa

140,Double pored poultry tapeworm=Cotugnia diagnopora

141. Double pored Dog tape worm =Dipylidium caninum Dr.BALA

142,Nematode have Pseudo coelom

143,Strongylidse = Lips are absent

144,Plug at one end=Oxyuris equi‘s egg

145,Plug at both end=Trichuris ovis& Capillarida annulat.

146,In Ascarid the egg hatch only after tngested by the D/H.

147,In Spirocerca lupi The egg hatch only after ingested by the I/H-(Coprophagous beetles)

149,Strongylus spp- Egg hatch in the environment,that is out side the host

150,In most of the nematode species L3 is the infective stage where in Ascarids L2 is the infective stage

151,Toxocara vitulorum Prenatal and trans mammary routes are major source of infection to calves

152,Toxocara vitulorum egg develop in to infective stage in about 15days

153,Visceral larval migrans

1.Toxocara cati

2.Toxocara leonine

3.Capillaria hepatica

4.Lagochilascaris major

154,VLM causes Eosinophilic granulomatous lesion in the liver

155,In Ascardia galli,Heterakis gallinarum Earthworm act as a transport host

156,Hetrakis gallinarum act as a carrier for the protozoa=Histomonas meleagridis

157,Histomonas meleagridis causes disease called 1.Black head 2.Entero-hepatitis disease in turkey

158,In Strongyloididae family:Oesophagus is Rhabditiform is free living and Filariform is parasitic phase

159,In strongyloides papillosus pathogenesis causes skin penetration by infective larvae may cause an

erythematous reaction the condition is called as Larva curens

160, Life cycle of strongyloides papillosus

Homogonic cycle:L1 may develop either directly to become L3 infective stage

Heterogonic cycle: Developed to free living female and male, which may subsequently produce infective larvae

161,Syngamus trachea=Earthworm,snail&slug act as a transport host

162,Clinical signs of syngamus trachea

1. Birds shakes and tosses the head

2. Coughing and extending of neck may occur

3. Birds may opens the mouth and perform Gaping movements(Gapes)

163,Ancylostoma caninum Female lays about 16,000 eggs per day

Ancylostoma braziliense DR.BALA

164,Ancylostoma species suck the blood 0.001 ml per day DR.BALA

165,Haemonchus suck the blood 0.05 ml per day

166,Ancylostoma species causes Microcytic hypocromic anaemia

167,Cutaneous larval migrans (creeping erupton CLM)

1.Anchylostoma caninum

2.Anchylostoma brazilanse

3.Anchylostoma duodenale Dr.BALA

4.Necator Americana

5.Bunostomum trigonocephalum

6.Gnathostoma spinigerum

168.Ring worm lesion produced by Trichostrongylus axis(finger print like lesion)

169.Protein losing gastro enteropathy caused by in horse Trichostrongylus axei

170.Haemonchus contortus causes Dyshaeopoiesis due to defiency of iron reserve

171.Pathogenesis of lung worm (Dictyocaulus filaria)

1.Parasitic catarrhal bronchitis

2.Verminous bronchitis(Hoose or husk)

3.Atelectasis (Trapping of air in the lungs)

172.Commercial vaccine available for lung worm infection: Dictol (contain

irradiated larvae)

173.Metastrongylus elongates introduce: Swine influenza virus

174.Habronema megastoma causes Tumor in the stomach of horse

175.Habronema causes:Granular conjunctivitis (wart like)

176.Spirocerca lupi in Dog: I/H=Coprophagous beetles

Paratenic host=Garden lizard,chicken,mice

178.Egg of spirocercalupi=Gelatin capsule shaped

179.Pathognamanic lesion for Spirocerca lupi is

1.Scaring of thoracic arota

2.Fibrosarcoma or osteo sarcoma in oesophagus

180. Location of Tetrameres mohtedai is:Proventriculus&Gizzard Dr.BALA

181.Commonest nematode of( Desi fowl or country fowl in india(TN) is Tetrameres mohtedai

182.Sexual dimorphism noticed nematode is:Tetrameres mohtedai

183.Egg shape of Ganathostoma spinigerum

1.Small cap at the anterior pole

2.Egg contains one cell or morula stage

184.Ganathostoma spinigerum causes :Yellow mosaic marking of liver tissue

185.Heart worm of dog: Dirofilaria immitis

Location= Right ventricle,pulmonary artery

I/H= Mosquitos

Diagnosis=1.Blood smear 2.knots method

186.Guinea worm =Dracunculus medinensis

187.Garbage worm=Trichonella spiralis

188.Whip worm = Trichuris ovis

189. Largest nematode= Dioctophyma renale

190.Longest name‘s nematode =Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceus

191.Largest nematode in poultry=Ascardia galli

192.Pathogenesis of Schistosomiasis

1.Schistosomula =Pneumonia

2.Acute Schistosome=Phlebitis

3. Eggs = Actinobody formation

193.Solution used for parasitological examination

For flotation techniques Dr.BALA

1.Saturation salt (or) sugar solution

2. Saturated magnesium sulphate or

3. Saturated zinc sulphate solution

For sporulation of Eimeria Oocyst

1. 2.5% Potassium dichromate solution

194.Larval culture in feces done by: Bearman technique

193.Fillecting-Amputation of Digit in canine

194.Dental tartar= Grayish brown or grayish yellow deposit on the teeth

195.Dental caries=Progressive destruction of Tooth substance

196. pyorrhoea=Alveolar periostitis in carnivorous animals

197.Dental fistula( Pus in the antrum)

Dental fistula affecting the 4th upper cheek tooth in Dog, usually result of Alveolar periostitis

198.Bishoping=Infundibulum makes are artificially made in an aged horse

199.Tushes=Canine teeth of pigs are commonly called=Tushes

200.Anal adenitis=Inflammation of Anal sac

201.Anal sac=It is a modified sebaceous gland located on either side of the anal opening

202.Haemorrhoids (piles) =Dilatation of heamorrhoidal veins in the rectum

203.Castration of dogs also called (10 to 12 month old uaually)

1.Orchiectomy 3.Sterilization

2.Testectomy 4.Neutering

204.Castration of horse also called 1.Emasculation 2.Gelding Dr.BALA

3.Cutting 4.Neutalising

205.Castration with Sheep&Goats (Elastrator,Rubber rings)

206.Castration of cryptrochid testes in horse also called

1Rig castration 2.Castration of Rig 3.Castration of the Rigling

207.A Cryptorchid horse is called- Rig & Rigling

208.Forssel‘s operation- For Recto-Vaginal fistula in cow/mare

209.Boccar‘s operation-Stringhalt Peroneal tenotomy in equine

210.Cherry‘s operation- For Blemished knee in equine

211. Deutectomy-Surgical removal of yolk sac

212. Caslick‘s operation-To prevent the wind—sucking or pneumovagina in mare/cow

213.Ovariotomy-Removal of diseased ovary

214.Panhysterectomy-Removal of normal uterus

215.Hobdaying-Roaring operation

1.Ventriculectomy 2.Stripping of ventricles 3.Hobdaying in horse

216.Laryngeal hemiplegia=Paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve

217.Laparotomy-Coeliotomy

218.Zepp‘s operation- For chronic otorrhoea

219.Petellar desmotomy-medial patellar desmotomy

220.Sphincterostomy-Operation for stricture of teat in cow

221.Peotomy=Amputation of penis

222.Dubbing =Amputation of comb

223.Cropping=Amputation of wattles Dr.BALA

224.Spider teats- Membraneous obstruction of the teats

225.Vasectomy-Ligation of vas deference

226.Castration – Removal of testicles

227.Pinioning of birds- Operation of the wing of birds to prevent the flying

228.Dropping of eyelids-

Dropping of Ear - Paralysis of facial nerve

Stupid look -

229.Dropped jaw-Paralysis of trigeminal nerve

230.Sweeny(Shoulder slip)-Paralysis of supra-scapular nerve

231.Dropped elbow-Paralysis of radial nerve

232.Dropped stifle-Paralysis of crural nerve

233.Flexon of the fetlock& pasterns-Paralysis of peroneal nerve

234.Paralysis of Tongue=Paralysis of Hypoglossal nerve

235.Father of pharmacology-Rudolph buccheim

236.Father of modern pharmacology-Oswald schmiedeberg

237.Father of modern veterinary pharmacology-L meyer jones

237.Father of American pharmacology-John Jacob abel

238.Father of Indian pharmacology-Ram nath chopra

239.Materia medica-Discorides

240.Father of poly pharmacy-Galen

241.Experimental pharmacology- Samuel Hahnemann

242.Father of veterinary pharmacology – Mayers&johnes

243.Naso labial glands helps to kept cool and moist of muzzle Dr.BALA

244.The external surface of the lower lip has round prominence is called-Chin

245.In ox a large papilla the papilla salivalis is about the level of the Upper 5th cheek tooth opening of the duct

called:Stenson‘s duct

246.Stenson‘s duct is a duct of the:Parotid salivary gland

247.In dog the papilla salivalis is at the level of upper 3rd cheek tooth open in to the Zygomatic gland or dorsal

buccal glands of other animals

248.The papilla incisive presents the oral opening of the:Ductus incisivus (in OX)

249.Ductus incisivus called as:Naso-palatine duct

250.The papilla incisive do not contain the openings of the ductus incisivus in Horse

251.In dog the papilla incisive incisive open the Nasopalatine ducts

252.The space between the anterior and the posterior pillars on either side is deeply concave the:Tonsillar sinus

253.The fungi form papillae and circumvallate papillae are fushed with form:tast buds

254. In Ox Caruncula sublingulis or barb through which the ducts of the mandibular and sublingual salivary

gland open in the mouth

255.The Isthmus faucium is the orifice of communication between the Mouth& pharynx

256.Horse the shape of the tongue is Spatula like

257.Foliate papillae present in the Horse & Dog contains numerous ―Taste buds‖

258.In dog‘ s tongue-Lyssa present,it is a fusiform cord

259.Premolars and molars ( from the cheek teeth) which form the dental arch

260.The vestigial first Premolar is known as: Wolf tooth

261.Wolf tooth present only in Pig& Camel Dr.BALA

262.Canine Teeth also known as Fangs &Tusks

263.The Hardest portion of the teeth is called as: Enamel tissue

264 In Ox – Incisors teeth is absent

Canine teeth is absent

265. In Dog – Carnassial or sectorial teeth

266.The parotid duct called=Stenson‘s duct

267.Mandibular duct called=Wharton‘s duct

268.Largest salivary gland in Horse-Parotid salivary gland

269.Largest salivary gland in Ox- Submaxilary orMandibular

270.At the level of the 4th cervical vertebra Esophagus is passes in to the Left of the trachea &contuniues this

relation on the Left side of the neck enters the Thoracic cavity

271.At the level of the 3rd Thoracic vertebra esophagus is gains the Dorsal face of the trachea passes backwards

and crosses the Right side of the Aortic arch

272.Abdominal cavity is the Largest body cavity

273.Pelvic cavity is the Smallest body cavity

275.The abdomen is lined by the serous membrane is called as:peritoneum

276.The wall of the abdominal cavity are pierced by 5 openings

3 of the Diaphragm& 2 of the Inguinal canals

4.In foetus there is a addition called Umblical opening

277.In male animal the abdominal cavity is completely closed

278.In female there 2 small opening in it and these are abdominal openings of the oviducts

279.Rumen -7th or 8th Inter costal space Dr.BALA

280.Reticulum – 6th to 8th Inter costal space

281.Omasum - 7th to 11th Ribs

282.Canine teeth is absent in –Mare &Cattle

283.Tushes – is a canine teeth of Pig

284.Wolf teeth is a 1st premolar of upper jaw in Horse

285.Father of Toxicology- Paracelsus

286.Father of modern Toxicology- M.J.B.Orfilla

287. Father of Chemotherapy- Paul Ehrlich

288. Father of Homeopathy medicine-Samuel Hahnemann

290.Father of Ayurveda medicine- Charaka, Sushruta,Vagbhata

291. Father of Medicine- Hippocrates

292.Father of veterinary medicine-Renatus vegetius

293.Father of pharmacognosy-Theophrastus

294.Allopathy meaning is –Other suffering

295.Homeopathy- Similar suffering

296.Wallerian degeneration

When a nerve fiber (axon) gets severed from its cell body , the the distal part of the nerve fiber under going

degenerative changes

297.Nissl‘s degeneration

When a peripheral nerve is cut degenerative changes occurs in the neurons.

298.Zenker‘s degeneration

Muscle fiber atrophy: Ex. Equine azoturia Dr.BALA

299. Total Heat loss=About 70% lost through

1.conduction 2.convection 3. Radiation

About 25% lost through: Evaporation

About 3% lost through: Inhaled air

Rest of them through various excretion: like 1.Faeces 2.urine

300.Rect angle shape sperm: Buffalo

301.Sickle shape sperm: Rat

302. Needle shape sperm: Poultry

303.Os Iris catheter used for AI: Canine

304.Melrose catheter used for AI: Swine

305.First Embryo transfer technology done in: Rabbit

306. Tem of AV in Bull:39 to 45c (42c average)

307.Prasure is essential during semen collection is: Dog, Bore, Stallion.

308.Testicular degeneration is not affected by: Sexual libido

309. Goat semen contain Lipase & Phospholipase its secreted from Bulbourethral glands

310.Glyceral is a penetrating cryoprotectent

311.Normally glycerol is used as 7%

312.Mastipation of animal is called- Onanisam

313.In stallion mastipate because of secretion of Smegma it causes irritation

314.Rectal copulation of Boar is called as: Pedirasty

315.Bestiyallty is called as: Sodymi. it will be purnished under IPC 377

316.Deciduate type of placenta called :placentavera Dr.BALA

317.Artificial capacitation induced by using : Heparin

318.Polygainy: defined as failure to expel the 2nd pollarbody and failure to expel the Ovum

319.Parturization involved two enzymes: 17 alpha hydroxylase , Aromatase

320.Casting of calf bed or casting of withers is called: Total uterine prolapsed

321. After parturization the muconiam endirly covered over the fetus causes: Acute Aspexia

322.The Amniotic fluid contain Hair leads to the condition is called: Fetal sizantisam

323.Wry neck it is a congenital deformatie more commonly seen in: Equine

324.Wry neck is a fusion of Occibital atlandal joint it is characterized by: Lateral deviation of Head& Neck

325.Imperfect dilatation of cervix in EWE is called: Ringworm

326.Crenallation is a characteristic of : Good quality of semen

327. Ovulation in canine can be early find out by: Progesterone assay.

328.LH surge to cattle during ovulation duration is 27hrs

329.In cattle LH surge more commonly occurs during: Standing heat.

330.The cells of primary sex cords are Ancestors of Spermatozoa

331.The cells of secondary sex cords are Ancestors of Oocytes

332.Periods of uterine involution

Cattle=26-52 days following parturition

Mare = 32 days of parturition

Sheep& Goat= 26-52 days (similar to cattle)

Sow = 28-32 days Dr.BALA IVRI

Bitch= 4 to 5 weeks

333.Post partum estrus

Cattle - 33 to 90 days post partum

Mare - 5 to 12 days post partum (foal heat)

Sow - within 3 days post partum DR.BALA

334.In sow interval between fetal expulsion is: 10-40 min DR.BALA

335.Placentophage more common in :Dog

336.Foetophage more common in :Sow

337. Normal duration of placental expulsion

Cow- 0.5 hrs to 8 hrs

Ewe – 0.5hrs to 8 hrs (6 hrs)

Mare – 0.5 hrs to 3 hrs

338. Bitch& Cat Both fetus and the fetal membrane will be expelled out simultaneously

339.Sow : After expulsion of last fetus, within few hrs the entire fetal membrane will be expelled out

340.In Bitch the Lochial (or) Secundus color will be Green in color this due to Uteroverdin it is a breakdown

product of Haemoglobin

341. Dam decide the: time of birth

342.Fetus decide the: Day of birth

343.The main signs of parturition in mare is:

1. Waxing of teat 95% occur just 6 to 48 hrs before foaling Dr.BALA IVRI

2. Patchy sweating occur just 4 hrs prior to parturition

344.Fremitus can detected at 120 days or 4th months gestation onwards

345.During estrus synchronization the usage of prostaglandins the animal must be cyclical

346.PRID contain 1.55g of progesterone

347. CIDR contain 1.9 g of progesterone

348. Sterility : it is an absolute inability to reproduce

349.Infertility: It is a degree of reduced fertility

350. Freemartinism: result of vascular anastomosis of the chorioallantoic sac

351.White heifer disease: it is a segmental aplasia of the mullerian ducts

It is seen primarily in white shorthorn cattle leads to persistence of hymen

352.Paraovarian cysts: About 1 cm diameter and present in the mesosalpinx

353.Double external os of the cervix: this is due to the failure of the Mullerian ducts of fuse

354.Phenol sulphthalene dye test : used for asses the tubular patency.

355.Symdoms of cystic ovarian degeneration

Follicular cyst

Nymphomania

Bullers

Sterility hump

Swies chees appearance of endometerium

Luteal cyst

Anestrous

Adrenal virulism

356.Corynebacterium pyogene is a primary aerobic pathogen of the Bovine uterus

357.preovulatory lutinization of follicles most common in: Canine

358.Basenji breeds of canine come to estrum in once in a year

359.Mating in dogs is characterized by coital lock between male and female

360.Penis of dog has two parts: 1. parslonga glandis 2.bulbous glandis

361.The Bulbous glandis swell during full erection,responsible for coital lock

362.The Y chromosome contain genes which code for the production of a production of a protective factor the

H-Y (Histocompatibility-Y)

363.when a Y chromosome is present and when H-Y antigen is expressed the developing gonad will signal for

the formation of: Testes

364.In the absence of Y chromosome or when the H-Y antigen fails to express itself then the undifferentiated

will become an : Ovary

365.Madulla (medullary cords developed as male)

367.Cortex (cortical cords developed as female)

368.The cells of primary sex cords are Ancestors of: Spermatozoa

369.The cells of secondary sex cords of Ancestors of: Oocytes.

370.Sertolicells secrets

1.Mullerian inhibitory hormone

2.Androgen finding protein

3.Estrogen

4.Inhibin

371.Leydigcells secrets: Testosterone

372.Wolffian duct or Mesonephric duct developed as a:Male genital system

373.Mullerian duct Paramesonephric duct developed as a:Female genital system

374. Wolffian duct in female developed as: Gartner‘s duct

375.Mullerian duct in male developed as: Uterus masculine

376.Morula enters into the uterus in Sow:3rd day

377.Transport of morula to uterus in other species: 4-5th day

378. The fetal crudely heart beat is formed or developed at: 22 days of gestation

379. Largest cells in the body: Ovum

380.Yolk sac is a primary placenta it helps in early nutrient supply for early embryo

381.Amnion is a reservoir for urine and wastes

382.Embryonic attachment to the uterus

1.Cow- 12th day

2.Sow- 14th day

3.Ewe – 15th day

4.Dog& Cat -13-17th day

5.Mare- 25-30 days

383.Bacterial collagenase enzymes used to prevent the RFM through Umblical artery

384.Pseudopregnancy in Doe is called as: Cloudburst

385.Cloudburst can be diagnosed by: Ultrasonography by the lack of placentomes in the fluid filled uterus

386.The factor causing pseudo pregnancy is the Goat have not been established but ―Prolactin plays an

important luteotrophic role

387.Treatment for cloudburst is :both PGF2 alpha & oxytocin

388. Sperm reservoir Dr.BALA IVRI

1. cervical crypts: Ruminants

2.Uterotubal junction: Pig

3.Endometerial glands: Dog

389. Based on volume of ejaculate

1. None volume - Aspermia

2. Reduced volume- Hypospermia

3. More volume/Increase volume- Hyperspermia

390. Based on sperm concentration

1. No sperm cells/Zero - Azoospermia

2. Less number of spermcells/Reduced-Oligozoospermia

3. Normal concentration of sperm cells- Normozoospermia

4. Increased number of sperm cells – Polyzoospermia

391.Based on sperm motility

1.Less number of motile cells/decrease- Asthenozoospermia

392.Based on lives/Abnormal sperms

1.All dead sperms – Necrozoospermia

2.High percentage of abnormal sperms- Teratozoospermia

393. Amniotic plaque- Commonly found in Cow, Lesser degree in Mares & Ewes

Cervical star – present in mare

Endometerial cups- Present in Mare

Areole - Present in Sow

Hippomanes - Present mainly in Mare & Occasionally in other species

394. Endometerial cups is a: fetal origin, they are formed at the days of 40th days of gestation and persist still

day of 85th of gestation

395. Endometerial cups secret: PMSG or Ecg

396. PMSG has both FSH& LH like activity but FSH activity will be predominant

397. PMSG can be isolated from the blood of pregnant mare , but not found in

Urine

398. Half life of PMSG is: 7 days

399. High sialic acid content increases the circulating half life of PMSG

400. The functional unite of placenta in ruminants is called : Placentomes

401. The number of placentomes in cow- 70 to 120 in number

402. The number of placentomes in Ewe – 88 to 96 in number

403. The shape of caruncles in cow: Convex

404. The shape of caruncles in Ewe: Concave

405.Internally the endometerium of Mare have no caruncles but characterized by many endometrial folds

406.Fornix is absent in: Sow but prominent in: Mare

407.The fetal fluid increase throughout gestation in all species but in PIG the

Tend to decline at term

408. The volume of allantoic fluid is relatively higher than amniotic fluid during pregnancy except in: EWE at

mid gestation.

409. The total volume of fetal fluid increases with advancing age of the concepts but the separate fetal fluid

volumes show differential tendencies in case of: SHEEP

410. In cattle the total quantity of fetal fluid increases progressively throughout pregnancy.

411. The normal volume of amniotic fluid is : 4 to 8 litters

During hydro amnions the amniotic fluid increased gradually to: 20 to 120 litters.

412. In hydro amniotic condition the shape of the abdomen is : Pear shaped

In hydro allantoic condition the shape of abdomen is : Round shaped, distended &tense

413.During hydro amnions the rectal examination reviled

1. Uterine horn hard to palpate , not very dense

2. Placentomes & fetus may be palpated

414.CL-Dependent species are:1 Cow 2. Doe 3.Sow 4. Dog

415.CL- Independent species are: 1. Mare 2. Ewe

416.Hydroallantois associated with 1. Diseased uterus 2.Fetal kidney disease

417.Hydroallantois most commonly occurs those animal having

1.Advantitious placenta 2.Cattle carrying twin fetuses

418.Hydroallantois developed : Rapidly with 5-10 days

419.Hydroammnion developed : Slowly over weeks & months

420.Commen seqalae of Hydroallantois is: 1. RFM 2. Septic meteritis

421.In older cows lack of caruncles causes characteristic of Hydroallantois

422.Symptoms of hydroallantois affected animals looks: Bloated bull frog

423.The initiation of parturition induced by : Hypothalamo pituitary-adrenal axis

424.Maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine controlled by : Estrogen

423.Spermiopage more common in :Uterus

424: In case of cow Hyalluronidase present in the bull acrosome will causes cumulus Oophorus to disperse

425. In case of Sow Arylsulfatase from boar acrosome causes cells of the cumulus Oophorus to disperse

426. Failure of vitaline block & Zona block leads to: polyspermy

427. Aging of ova leads to polyspermy

428. Physiological polyspermy more common in : Birds & Reptiles

429. Pigs are more sustable to polyspermy due to: Improper detection of heat signs & Late breeding

429.Zona block very strong in :Sheep & Goat

430. Vitaline block very strong in : Rabbit

431. Androgenesis : development of an embryo that contain only paternal part of chromosomes

432.Gyanogenesis : development of an embryo that contain only maternal part of chromosomes

433.The species does not lick the fetus is: Sow

434.Uterine sand: placental hemorrhage in between cotyledons

435.The Boar saliva contain:3 alpha androstenol & 5 alpha androstenone

436.Pizzle rot in sheep caused by : Corynebacterium renale

437.Sperm mother cells called as : Sertolicells

438.Cervical mucous contain high amount of : Chloride ion

439. Cervical mucous

During luteal phase: Mucous is opaque &viscous

During Estrum : Mucous is copious & thin clear secretion

440. Fleman‘s reflex more prominent in: Ewe & Mare

441. Fleman‘s reflex is not applicable in: Swine

442.Extragonadal sperm reserve is : 1.Epidydidmis 2. Ampulla 3 . Isthmus

443.Urethral process present in:1. Ram 2. Gerapy

444.Urethral diverticulam present in: Stallion

445.Testicular torsion more common in stallion due to Horizontal position of Testes

446.In cattle & Ram one type-A spermatogonia produced 64 primary spermatocyte

447.In Boar & Rat one type-A spermatogonia produced 96 primary spermatocyte

448.In Stallion the Leydic cell secrete the: Estrogen

449. In Stallion the Epidydidmis secrete the :Testosterone

500.Split estrus more common in: Mare & Bitch(Germannsephard)

501.Duration of 2nd stage of labour in Mare : 20 to 30 min

502. Yolk sac is called: primary placenta

503. Yolk sac persist long duration in Mare 4 to 6 weeks then next Bitch, in all other species yolk sac disappears

very quickly

504. PGF2 alpha- Act local pathway in all animals but Mare PGF2 alpha- Act systemic pathway

505.Attachment of sperm to ovum occurs initially at Equitorial segments of sperm head

506. Elongation of concepters seen in: All species of animals

507. Sperical concepters seen in : Sow

508. Sperm productive productive factors present in egg yolk is

LDL, Lecithin

509.Sperm productive factor present in milk is : Lactenine

510.Lactenine can be destroyed by heating the milk at: 92 to 95 degree for 10 to 15 min

511.Before implantation nourishment of embryo done by :Histrodroph

512.In sow 4 cell stage reaches the uterus

513.In Mare – Blastocyst ender in to the uterus

514.In Ewe or other animal 4 to 8 cell stage reaches the uterus

515.In case of male embryo after sexual differentiation the LH surge will be prevented by : Acute phase protein

516.Short estrus cycle due to cystic ovarian degeneration mainly due to: Folicular cyst

517. Half life of reproductive hormones

Oxytocin - 30 sec

LH - 30 min

FSH - 2.5 hrs

GnRH -7 to 9 min

PMSG - 7 days

Progesterone – 22 to 36 min

Estrogen –

518.Temparature of solid co2 is: -79c

LN2 is: -196c

519. Pheromones

Bitch: Methyl- para- hydroxy benzoate

Sow: 3alphaandrostenol &5alphaandrostenone

520. Mediastinum testis absent in: Stallion

521. Ampulla is absent in : Dog & Cat

522. Seminal vesicle is absent in : Dog & Cat

523. Urethral gland is absent in : Bull & Stallion

524. Bulbourethral gland is absent in: Dog, but present in: Cat

525. Prostate glands are very great in: Dog

563. Sigmoid flexure is absent in : Stallion

564. Gland penis is absent in : Cat & Boar

565. Sperm mother cells is called : Sertolicells

566. Male reproductive organ consist of : Two testes or (Testicles) which are contained in the: Scrotum, Duct,

accessory sex glands, and the Penis

567. The Testis produces: 1.Spermatozoa 2.Sex hormone(Testosterone)

568.Scrotum helps in the: Maintaining optimum temperature for the sperm production

569.The Scrotum is a cutaneous pouch which is derived from: Skin & Fascia

570.Scrotum is Located

In between thigh: 1.Bull 2.Stallion 3. Ram 4. Dog

Caudal to the thigh: Boar & Cat

571.Scrotum consist of

1.Tunica dartos layer

2.Loose connective tissue layer

3.Vaginal process layer

4.Tunica albuginea layer

572.About 75% of the testicular mass is composed of : Seminiferous tubules

573.Seminiferous tubules are lined by : Germinal epithelium and produce : Spermatozoa

574.Rut is the certain defined period of sexual excitement.In some wild animals Ex: Deer,Camel,Elephant.in

these animals Spermatogenesis occurs only during this period

575.The Spermatic cord composed of

1.Internal spermatic artery

2.Internal spermatic vein

3.Vase deference

4.Renal & Caudal mesenteric plexus

5.Lymphatic vessels

6.Internal cremaster muscle

7.Tunica vaginalis propria

576.Testicules are placed in the scrotum

Vertically Horizontal Oblique

Bull Stallion Boar

Ram Dog

Buck Cat

577. Shape of Testicles

Stallion = Oval

Boar = Elliptical

Bull &Ram = Elongated to oval

Dog &Cat = Rounded to oval

578.The Scrotal Hairs present in: Ram & Cat

579.The Normal temperature of Testis is 2 to 5c below (or) Lower the body temperature

580.The scrotal skin have: lack of subcutaneous fat, Richly supplied with sweat glands

581.During cold weather : The Cremaster muscle & Dartos muscles contract and held close to the body

582.During Hot weather: the Cremaster muscle & Dartos muscle relax to Lower the body.

583.Tunica Dartos muscle is :Androgen dependent

584.Testostrerone is produced from the: Interstitial cells (Leydig‘s cells)

585.In Bulls about 12-17 million spermatozoa are produced per gram of Testicular tissue Daily

586.LH(ICSH) Controls the endocrine activity of the Leydig‘s cells to produce Testosterone

587.FSH control the Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

588.In cauda epididymis the Spermatozoa suspension is highly concentrated

589.Epididymis is a store house of spermatozoa

590.The terminal part of the Vasdeference is enlarge

591.The ampulla open in the cranial portion of the pelvic urethra through a rounded prominence called as:

Colliculus seminalis

592. The secretions of the Vesicular glands make up about:50% of the Total semen ejaculate

593. The vesicular secretion are more alkaline compare to prostatic secretions

594. In mammals most of the seminal Fructose come from the vesicular glands
595.Stallion: secretion of seminal vesicles constitue Gel to ejaculate

596.Boar: The secretion is a milky and highly viscous fluid

597.Boar: The vesicular secretion has High inosital contents & Ergothionine

598.Bull: The vesicular secretion is yellow due to: High Riboflavin contents

599.Prostategland

- Ram : The prostate gland has: No body

- Stallion: Prostate consist of two lateral Labes connected by isthmus

- Dog: Prostate glands are very great

- PH of Prostate secretion is 6.5 & no reducing sugar

And also contains Citric acid , Acid Phosphatase

600. Canine prostate secretion has high concentration of: Zinc

601.In bull the dribbling seen from the prepuce prior to mounting are secretions from the : Prostate and

bulbourethral glands

602.In Boar: The typical Rubber like white substance is filled in the cowper‘s glands of the boar that is essential

for: Gel formation in Boar semen

603.Urethral glands are seen in: Man

604.Urethral glands absent in : Bull, Stallion

605.Urethral glands are Distinct: Boar

606.Bull, Ram, Boar: the penis is characterized by ‗S‘ shaped curve sigmoid flexure DR.BALA IVRI

607. Ischiocavernosus muscle or Erector penis muscle is helps in penile erection& pumping action

608. Retractor penis muscle helps in Draws the penis back in to sheath by acting on sigmoid flexure

609. The penis of bull is Fibro elastic and erectile tissue is too less compared to Stallion

610. Penis of stallion has: Large amount of the erectile tissue

611 . In stallion there is a prominent urethral process in the glands penis.

Dr. B. Balamurugan, M. V. Sc., Scholar,

Division of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and obstetrics,

IVRI, IZATNAGAR.

Sharks ‗07

Dr. Balamurugan Dr. Sivasuriyan

balavet07@gmail.com appuvet7@gmail.com

Summer sore ; Habronema spp

Summer bleeding ; parafilaria bovicola

Summer pink eye ; IBRT

Summer cold ; parascaris equorum

Summer itch ; non humans schistosomes spp

Summer mange ; Onchocerca spp

Oriental sore ; leishmaniya tropica

Hump sore& Leg sore; stephanofilaria assamnesis

Summer sore ; Habronema spp

Ear sore ; stephanofilaria zaheeri

Box car bacillus ; Bacillus anthracis

Preisz nocard bacillus ; corynebacterium pyogenes

Timothy grass bacillus ; Mycobacterium phlei

Fried landers bacillus ; Klebsiella pneumonia

White mores bacillus ; Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Vole bacillus ; Mycobacterium murium

Big head in horse ; Osteodystrophia fibrosa

Big head of Rams ; Clostridium novyi type A

Big head of sheep ; Pithomyces charatarum

Black head in turkey ;Histomonas meleagridis

Black quarter ; Clostridium chavouei

Black disease ; clostridium novyi type Dr.BALA IVRI

Inverted firtree appearance – Bacillus anthracis

Firtree appearance – clostridium tetani

Bottle brush type growth –Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Lumpy skin disease ; Capri pox

Pseudo lumpy skin disease ; Bovine herpes virus-2

Lumpy jaw ; Actinomyces bovis

Lumpy wool ; Dermatophillus congolensis

Lock jaw ; Clostridium tetani

Sleepy foal disease ; E-coli, Actinobacillus equali

Shaker foal syndrome ; Clostridium botulinum

Sleepers ; Haemophilus somnus

Sweetish odour ; Pasteurella multocida

Earthy odour ; Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Berry odour ; Candida albicans

Epidemic typhus ; Rickettsia prowazekii

Epidemic typhus ; Rickettsia mooseri

Scrub typhus ; Rickettsia tustsugamushi

Canine typhus ; Ehrlichia canis

Potamac horse fever ; Ehrlichia risticii

Rocky mountain spotted fever ; Rickettsia rickettsii

Trench fever ; Rochalimae Quintana

Q-fever ; coxiella burnetti

Grazing fever ; Ehrlichia phagocytophilia Dr.BALA IVRI

Blue eye ; Canine adenovirus- 1(ICH)

Blue wing ; Chicken anaemia virus (Gyro virus)

Blue comb; Coronavirus

Blue tongue ; Orbivirus

Pseudocow pox ;Para pox virus

Pseudo rabies ; Porcine herpesvirus-1

Pseudo tuberculosis;

Pseudo lumphy skin disease; Bovine herpes virus-2

Pseudo FMD in cattle;

Pseudo FMD in goat ;

Pseudo fowl pest

Pseudo fowl plaque;

African tryphanosome transmitted by ; Glossina

African swine fever;

Europian swine fever ;

African horse sickness ;

African sleeping sickness ; Tryphanosoma gambiensi

Tryphanosoma rhodasiensi

Horner‘s syndrome ; the palpebral fissue of eye is narrow due to sympathetic paralysis

Hoflund syndrome ;Vagal indigestion

Sleeping syndrome ; haemophilus somnus

Shaker foal syndrome ; clostridium botulinum Dr.BALA IVRI

Fading kitten syndrome ;Feline panleukopenia

Cattle plaque;

Goat plaque

Swine plaque;

Horse plaque;

Dog plaque ;

Cat plaque ;

Rabbit plaque;

Fowl plaque ;

Pseudo fowl plaque; .Duck plaque; Duck herpes virus -1

.Tetanus ;Clostridium tetani

Lactation tetany in MARE; Hypocalcemia

Lactation tetany in cattle;Hypomagnesemia

Puerperal tetany in bitch;Hypocalcemia

Made cow disease; Bovine spongy form encephalopathy

Made shee p disease; Scrapie

Made dog disease;Rabies

Made itch; Pseudorabies

Canine distember;

Feline distember;Feline panleukopenia virus

Equine distember;Streptococcus equi

Red nose;IBRT(Bovine herpes virus-1)

Bull nose;Spherophorus necrophorus Dr.BALA IVRI

Rubber nose; Hypocalcemia, Hyperphosphatemia

Snotty nose; Oestrus ovis

Pyknosis-Condensation of nucleus

Karyorehexis- Fragmentation of nucleus

Chromatolysis-Disappearance of nucleus

Agenesis-Without beginning

Hypoplasia-Organ fail to develop their full normal size

Atrophy- Decrease in the size of a tissue after ti has attained tis full growth

Red clot –Occurs due to the formation of fibrin in the meshes of which

erythrocytes are trapped

White clot-Formed by the conglutination of the platelets

Valvular thrombi-Common in pigs ;swine erysipelas(endocarditis)

Mural thrombi-common in cattle;Black quarter

Arterial thrombi –Equine-Strongylus vulgaris(Anterior mesenteric artery)

-Dog-spirocerca lupi (Aorta)

Cattle-Onchocerca armillata

First degree Burn-Erythema formation

Second degree Burn-Bullae or vesicles formation

Third degree Burn-Destruction of epidermis and dermis

Fourth degree Burn-Extended to the subcutaneous tissue,facia and deeper tissues

Clonorchis sinensis -Cholangiocarcinoma

Gnathostoma spinigera –Gastric tumor Dr.BALA IVRI

Habronema megastoma – Gastric tumor

Opisthorchis tenuicollis – Carcinoma of liver or pancreas

Schistosoma hematobium –Carcinoma of urinary bladder

Taenia taeniaformis –Fibro sarcoma

Spirocerca lupi – Fibro sarcoma&Osteo sarcoma of esophagus

Eimeria stiedae – Papilliferous cystadenoma

Gongylonema neplosticum-Papilloma&Squamous-cell carcinoma of stomach

Dirofilaria immitis- Right ventricle of (Dog)

Sarcocystic tenella-Muscle fibers of heart( cattle,sheep,pig)

Toxoplasma gondii- Heart muscle fibers as pseudocysts

Arteriosclerosis=Hardening of artery

Atherosclerosis=Softening of artery

Aneurysm =Localised dilatation of an artery

Varicose veins=Dilated tortuous veins

Monckeberg‘s medial sclerosis=Medium size artery are affected

Polyartheritis nodosa=Inflammation involving all layers of arteries

Stages of hemopoiesis development

Early fetal life-Yolk sac

Mid fetal life-Liver&spleen

After birth- Bonemarrow

Poly cythemia=Increase number of erythrocytes

Oligocythemia=Decrease number of erythrocytes

Anaemia =Reduction in the quality&quandity of erythrocytes Dr.BALA

Leucocytosis= Increase number of white blood cells

Leukopenia=Decrease number of white blood cells

Lymhpocytosis=Increase number of lymphocytes

Caries =Decay of teeth

Epulis=Fibroblastic tumor of gums

Ranula=Cyst in the salivary gland

Chock=Intra luminal obstruction of esophagus

Ectasia=Dilatation of esophagus

Colon=colitis

Caecum=Typhlitis

Rectum=Proctitis

Amyelia=Absence of spinal cord

Rachicele=Hernia of spinal cord

Amelia=Absence of Limbs

Abrachia=Absence of anterior limbs

Apodia=Absence of posterior limbs

Polio malacia=Softening of Gray matter

Lecomalacia=Softening of white matter

Ovine white liver disease= Cobalt deficiency

White spotted kidney=Focal interstitial nephritis

White spots in comb=Favus infection

White muscle disease=Vitamin E &Selenium deficiency

Black tongue=Niacin deficiency Dr.BALA IVRI

Red tongue=Biotin deficiency

Wouden tongue=Actinomyces bovis

Blue tongue= Orbivirus (Reoviridae)

Posthitis=inflammation of prepuce

Balanitis=Inflammation of gland penis

Balanoposthitis=Inflammation of Prepuce&Gland penis

Kyphosis=Dorsal bending of spinal column

Lardosis=Ventral bending of spinal column

Scoliosis=Lateral bending of spinal column

Torticolis=Twisting of the neck with a unnatural position of the neck(wryneck)

Vitamin A=Proliperation&invation of capillaries

Vitamin C=Normal formation of the osteoid

Vitamin D=Calcification over the osteiod

Osteoblasts=Bone forming cells

Osteoclasts= Bone resorption cells

Osteoclasts=Phagocytic cells

Osteitis=Inflammation of bone

Periostitis=Inflammation of bone marrow

Spondylitis= Inflammation of vertebrae

Ring bone=Exostosis is found on the 1st or2nd phalanx

Splint=Exostosis at the end of meta carbal or metatarsal bone

Spavin=Exostosis on the medial portion of the Distal bones Dr.BALA

Byssinosis=Cotton dust or Lint dust

Anthracosis= Carbon particles

Silicosis=Stone deposition

Siderosis=Iron dust deposition

Chalicosis=cement deposition

Asbestosis=Asbestos dust

Estrogen=Mammary alveolar duct development

Hormones involved in milking process

Progesteron=Mammary alveolar gland development

Prolactin=Keep the alveoli as functionally

Oxytocin=Milk letdown process

Hemlock poisoning=Arsenic&Mice smell

Cyanide poisoning= Bitter almond smell

Phosphorus=Garlic odor

Hydrogen sulfied=Rotten eggs odor

Selenium toxicity=Rotten garlic odor

Urea toxicity=Strong ammonical odor in Rumen

Zinc phosphide toxicity=Acetylene odor

Ketosis=Fruity odor

Rubber jaw=Calcium deficiency in Dog

Bottle jaw=Amphistomiasis,Fasciolosis,Hook worm infection

Lumpy jaw=Actinomyces bovis

Honey combed jaw=Actinomyces bovis Dr.BALA IVRI

Lock jaw=Clostridium tetani

Lower jaw paralysis=Rabies

Xylazine=Yohimbine

Diazepam=Flumazenil

Amitraze=Athifamazole

Ivermectin=Picrotoxin

Etorphine=Diprenorphine/Naltrexone

Barbiturates=Bemergride

Cor rugosum=Adhesion between the parietal surface of pericardium and epicardium

Cor bovinum=Very great dilatation of the heart

Cor pulmonale=Dilatation of the heart that is a sequel to stasis in pulmonary circulation

Cardiac tamponade=Accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac. If the clot is completely encloses the heart is

called cardiac tamponade

Thrush-breast heart=Fatty degeneration

Shaggy heart, bread and butter appearance=Fibrinous pericardium

Mulberry heart disease=Dietary deficiency of vitaminE&Selenium

Round heart disease=A diet rich in carbohydrate and poor in protein diet source, zinc poisoning

Shaggy(bun-butter)pericardium&epicardium=If the fluid in the pericardial sac persists for a long time it gives

this shape

Xiphidocercous cercaria=Dicrocoelium dentriticum

Gymnocephalous cercaria=Fasciola gigantic Dr.BALA IVRI

cercaria pigmentata=Amphistome cercaria

Furcocercous cercaria=Schistosoma

Microcercous cercaria=Paragonimus westermanii

Hammer- shaped hooks=Davainea proglottina

Spanner shaped hooks=Hymenolepis carioca

Rose thorn shaped hooks= Dipylidium caninum

Pen-knife-shaped hooks= Taenia hydatigena

Pen-knife shaped hooks=Taenia saginata

Hooks are absent= Taenia hydatigena

Hooks are absent=Mesocestoides lineatus

Scolex is unarmed(Almond leaves in shaped)=Diphyllobothrium latum

Anti nutritional factors

1,Lucerne – Saponins

2,Desmodium- Alkaloids

3,Sorghum,Tapioca leaves-NCN

4,Oats, paragrass- Nitrate

5, Napier grass, pear millet= Oxalic acid

6, Soobabul= Mimosine

7,Tamarined seed,Banana leaves,

Stems spentted leaves – Tannins

Caul fat =Omental fat

Leaf fat= peritoneal fat

Suet = Kidney fat Dr.BALA IVRI

Cutting fat= Back fat

Poultry fat=Greeze

Pig fat called=Lard

Cattle fat called=Tallow

Cattle =Beef

Buffalo = Cara beef/Buff/Buffen

Sheep = Mutton

Goat = Chevon

Pigs =Pork

Poultry = Chicken meat

Deer =Venison

Calf =Veal

Acute mastitis =Streptococcus dysagalactiae

Chronic mastitis=Streptococcus agalactiae

Dry cow mastitis= Streptococcus uberis

Summer mastitis =Corynebacterium pyogenes

Environmental mastitis= E-coli

Cold mastitis = Leptospirosis

Enterocele =Intestine
Epiplocele =Omentum

Enteroepiplocele=Intestine plus omentum

Reticulocele = Reticulum Dr.BALA IVRI

Hysterocele =Uterus

Vesicocele =Urinary bladder

Bubonocele =Inguinal hernia

Oscheocele =Scrotal hernia

Inspection =Observing through eyes

Palpation =Feeling through hands

Percussion =Tapping through fingers

Auscultation=Listening through stethoscope

Tactile percussion=Combination of palpation and percussion

Protein urea=Albumin in urine

Crystaluria =Crystal(caco3) in urine

Pyuria = pus in urine

Hb urea =Hemoglobin in urine

Haematuria= Blood in urine

Glucosuria = Glucose in urine

Ketanuria =Keton body in urine

Pavementing=Adherence of the leucocytes to the wall

Emigrating=Process of leucocytes moving outside the blood vessels

Chemotaxis=The force that attracts leucocytes in to the inflammatory areas

Diapedesis=

Rhexis

Labile cells= Reneuing cell population

Static cells=Expanding cell population Dr.BALA IVRI

Permanent cells=Static cell population

Fibroblasts=Proliferation of young connective tissue cells

Angioblasts=Proliferation of young blood-vascular endothelial cells

Heparin=Natural anticoagulant

Acid citrate=Blood transfusion

Sodium fluoride=Blood glucose estimation

EDTA =Blood morphological studies&Blood collection

Stratum cyclindricum=Columnar cells

Stratum spinosum=Prickle cells

Stratum granulosum=Rhomboid cells

Stratum lucidum=Flattened cells

Stratum corneum=Dead cells

Holocrine gland Sebaceous gland

Merocrine gland=Salivary gland

Apocrine gland=Mammary gland

Target organs/Tissues Toxins

Vascular system Aflatoxins

GI system

Mucous membrane t2 toxin(Trichothecane)

Urinary system Ochrotoxin

Reproductive system Zearalenone (Fusarium toxin)

Cutaneous system Sporidesmin Dr.BALA IVRI

Anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri=Motor area

Coronal gyrus =Somaesthetic area

Post sylvian gyrus=Auditory area

Lingual gyrus= Visual area

Gyrus fornicates=Taste area

Normal Blood calcium level=8.4 to 10.5mg/100 ml of blood

Ionised calcium=4.3 to 5.1mg

Phosphorus =4.5to 6 mg

Magnesium =1.5 to 3 mg

Vitamin A= Anti-infectious vitamin

Vitamin D=Anti-Rachitic factor

Vitamin E =Anti-Sterility factor

Vitamin C =Anti ascorbic factor or Anti stress vitamin

Thiamine =Anti neuritic orAnti beri-beri factor

Niacin =Anti-Pellagra- factor

Vitamin B12=Anti pernicious,Anaemia factor

Vitamin K1=Phylloquinone

Vitamin K2=Menaquinone
Vitamin K3= Menadione(water soluble)

Tupted down feathers=Zinc deficiency

Cloubed down feathers=Riboflavin deficiency Dr.BALA IVRI

Curld toe paralysis

Clutching of Toes =Marek‘s disease

Vitamin-A- sparer=Vitamin E

Vitamin-E-sparer=Selenium

Protein sparer=Growth hormone

Fat sparer = Insulin hormone

ATP sparer =Creatinine phosphate

Rhinorrhagia=Large quantity Bleeding from nostrils

Haemoptysis=Bleeding from lung

Haematemosis=Bleeding from stomach

Osteoclastomas=Egg-shell crackling

Or Giant cell tumors