CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Module 10:

Masonry Building Systems

Subjected to Lateral Forces

Masonry Structures, slide 10-1

Damage to Parapets

1996 Urbana Summer

1994 Northridge Earthquake, Filmore

Masonry Structures, slide 10-2

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Damage Can Be Selective

1886 Charleston, South Carolina

Masonry Structures, slide 10-3

Damage to Corners

1994 Northridge Earthquake, LA

Masonry Structures, slide 10-4

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Damage to In-Plane Walls

1994 Northridge Earthquake, Hollywood

URM cracked pier, Hollywood

Masonry Structures, slide 10-5

Response of Building Systems

Response of an elementary cell to horizontal loading:
role of diaphragms and ring beams

Out-of-plane collapse Out-of-plane collapse Out-of-plane collapse

mechanism prevented, presence of ring prevented, rigid
beam (tie-beam), flexible diaphragm
diaphragm

Masonry Structures, slide 10-6

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Damage to Out-of-Plane Walls

1886 Charleston, South Carolina

1996 Yunnan Province Earthquake, Lijiang Masonry Structures, slide 10-7

Response of Building Systems

Response to horizontal loading : role of diaphragms and ring beams

•  Ring beams and diaphragms contribute to restrain the out-of-
plane deflections of walls and to avoid out-of-plane collapse (i.e
they “hold the box together”).
•  To exert an effective restraint ring beams and diaphragm must be
able to transmit tensile forces and tensile stresses and must be
effectively connected to the walls.
•  A ring beam connecting walls in the same plane confers
robustness and redundancy to the system, allowing force
redistribution among walls. (Note: a similar role, in part, is played by
tie-rods, used also in ancient buildings)

•  Rigidity of diaphragms affects horizontal load distribution among

shear walls

Masonry Structures, slide 10-8

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Response of Building Systems

Response to horizontal loading: role of tie-rods to prevent out-of-plane
collapse

Masonry Structures, slide 10-9

Response of Building Systems

Response to horizontal loading: role of tie-rods to improve in-plane response

urm with tie-rods

tie-rods to
restrain
overturning and
mobilitate in-
plane resistance
of walls.

urm without tie-rods (Giuffré, 1993)

Masonry Structures, slide 10-10
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Response of Building Systems

Example of reinforced concrete ring beam: PLAN VIEW
at corners

longitudinal
reinforcement,
min. 6-8 cm2

stirrups 6-8 mm dia. min., max.

spacing 25-30 cm

⎧ 2 Prescriptions suitable for general (non-

⎪ t ⎧ h seismic) design, low-rise buildings.
b 0 ≥ ⎨ 3 h 0 ≥ ⎨ More stringent requirements are
⎪⎩12 cm ⎩t/2 suggested for seismic design.

Masonry Structures, slide 10-11

Flexible Diaphragms
Distribution of Lateral Force to Shear Walls

L1 L2
F3
wall “1”

F1
wall “3”

F2 flexible
wall “2”

diaphragm

wind or earthquake forces = w

For fully flexible diaphragms, walls attract lateral forces based on tributary areas
F1 = wL1/2
F2 = wL1/2 + wL2/2
F3 = wL2/2

Masonry Structures, slide 10-12

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Flexible Diaphragms
Diaphragm Deflections
A
A
w
Em
Δ
L1 floor or roof
d 6t
Ei

L2
d brick or
A block
5 wL42 wall
Δ= t
384 E m I

bL31 Ei L1 Section A-A

I =n + ∑ Ad 2 n= d=
12 Em 2

Masonry Structures, slide 10-13

Flexible Diaphragms
Imposed Deflections on Out-of-Plane Walls

Δ = imposed from flexible diaphragm

H
Hh 3
Δ=
3 EI
h 3 E m IΔ
M = Hh =
h2

3 E m IΔ t
3 Em Δ
M h2 2 =F + f
fb = = = 2 t a
S S h
t 2
M ⎛ h ⎞
( Ft + f a )⎜ ⎟
Δ
= ⎝ t ⎠
t 1.5 E m

Masonry Structures, slide 10-14

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Flexible Diaphragms
Imposed Deflections on Out-of-Plane Walls

Values of allowable diaphragm deflection, Δ, divided by wall thickness, t*

h/t
Ft + fa
(psi) 10 15 20 25 30
20 0.00133 0.00300 0.00533 0.00833 0.01200
40 0.00267 0.00600 0.01067 0.01666 0.02400
60 0.00400 0.00900 0.01600 0.02500 0.03600
80 0.00533 0.01200 0.02133 0.03333 0.04800
100 0.00667 0.01500 0.02667 0.04166 0.06000
120 0.00800 0.01800 0.03200 0.05000 0.07200
140 0.00933 0.02100 0.03730 0.05833 0.08400

*based on Em = 1,000 ksi

Masonry Structures, slide 10-15

Example: Flexible Diaphragms

Determine deflections of the diaphragm in the north-south direction
north 80’-0”

two-wythe URM brick walls

10’-0” story height
30’-0”

timber floor f’m = 2000 psi

7.63” Type N mortar with masonry cement
fa dead = 47 psi

w = 400 lb/ft
nbl 13 5 wl24
I= + ∑ Ad 2 Δ=
12 384 EI
6 ( 7.63" )2
A = 6t 2 = = 2.43 ft 2 5 0.400 kip / ft ( 80' )4 x 12
144 Δ= = 0.0108"
384 1500 ksi x 144 ( 1094 ft 4 )
E m = 750 f 'm = 750 × 2.0 ksi = 1500 ksi
30'
d= = 15' ; ∑ Ad 2 = 2( 2.43 x 15 2 ) = 1094 ft 4
2
bl13
neglecting for simplicity I = 1094 ft 4
12
Masonry Structures, slide 10-16
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Flexible Diaphragms

Check Cracking of the Out-of-Plane Walls
h 120"
allowable deflection per Table for = = 15.7
t 7.63"
Ft = 15 psi, f a + Ft = 62 psi
Δ
= 0.00900 for E m = 1000 ksi
t

for E m = 1500 ksi

Δ 1000 ksi
= 0.00900 = 0.0060 ; Δ = 0.006 x 7.63 = 0.046" > 0.0108" ok
t 1500 ksi

Masonry Structures, slide 10-17

Flexible Diaphragms
Reducing Flexibility with Drag Struts

without strut with strut

B
B
A A drag strut

C C

w w

Masonry Structures, slide 10-18

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Flexible Diaphragms
Determine the lateral force attracted to each wall.

A w = 1.0 k/ft

lateral force, kips

24’-0”

wall w/o strut w/strut

drag strut A 33.0 12.0
B B 0.0 33.0
C 33.0 21.0
42’-0”

total 66.0 66.0

C

30’-0” 32’-0”

Masonry Structures, slide 10-19

Dynamic Response of Flexible Diaphragms

A more rigorous evaluation of the flexibility of diaphragms would be made

by an adequate dynamic global model.

(from Tena-Colunga & Abrams)

Masonry Structures, slide 10-20

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Measured Dynamic Response

1985 Nahanni Ground Acceleration History 1985 Nahanni Response Spectrum
1.2 RUN 1 12 1.4% damping
5

0.8
Sd (in)
Ground Acceleration (g)

0.4
3
0

2
-0.4

1
-0.8 Spa (g)

0
-1.2
0 4 8 12 16 20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec) STIFF Period (s) scaled in time

1992 Big Bear Ground Acceleration History 1992 Big Bear Response Spectrum
RUN 13 16 17 20 1.4% damping
0.6 5

0.4
4
Ground Acceleration (g)

0.2
3

0
Sd (in)
2
-0.2

1
-0.4 Spa (g)

-0.6
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec) STIFF FLEXIBLE Period (s)

Masonry Structures, slide 10-21

Rigid Diaphragms
Translation Without Rotation
symmetrical
about centerline analogy: springs in parallel
F1 F2 F1
Δ
wall “2”
wall “l”

wall “l”

k1 k2 k1
Δ

H
wind or earthquake forces
equilibrium
k i = lateral stiffness of wall
H = F1 + F2 + F1 = ∑ Fi
bEm
ki = 2
for solid, cantilever ed wall = k1Δ + k2 Δ + k1Δ = ∑ ki Δ
⎛ h ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎤
ki
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 4 ⎜ ⎟ + 3 ⎥ Δ=
Η
Fi = ki Δ = H
⎝ L ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ ∑ ki ∑ ki
or, summation of pier stiffnesses for perforated shear wall

Masonry Structures, slide 10-22

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Rigid Diaphragms
Translation with Rotation
y xr
xr1 center of stiffness
wall “1”
find center of stiffness :
yr1 ∑ k xi yi ∑ k yi xi
yr = xr =
∑ k xi ∑ k yi
ey
yr2 where :
yr Px k xi = lateral stiffness of wall " i"
parallel to x direction
wall “2” k yi = lateral stiffness of wall " i"

ex xr2 x parallel to y direction

Py xi , yi = distance from centroid of wall
" i" to some datum
Plan View of Roof or Floor System

Masonry Structures, slide 10-23

Rigid Diaphragms
Translation with Rotation ∑ Mo = 0
M ext = Py e x + Px e y = M int
y r 1Θ
considering in - plane stiffness only :
M int = [ Fx 1 y rl + F y 2 x r 2 ]
Fx 1 = k x 1 y r 1Θ
M int = [( k x 1 y rl Θ ) y rl + ( k y 2 x r 2Θ ) x r 2 ]
M int = J rΘ
Θ where J r = [ k x 1 y rl 2 + k y 2 x r 2 2 ]
ey o M
Θ=
Jr
Px
M
Fx 1 = k x 1 y rlΘ = k x 1 y rl ( )
Jr
x r 2Θ
M
F y 2 = k y 2 x r 2Θ = k y 2 x r 2 ( )
Py Jr
ex k xi yri k yi xri
Fy 2 = k y 2 x r 2 Θ Fxi = M ext Fyi =
Jr
M ext
Jr

Masonry Structures, slide 10-24

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Rigid Diaphragms
Translation with Rotation

Forces attracted to shear walls:

translatio n rotation
k xi k y
Fxi = ( ) Px + ( xi ri ) ( Py e x + Px e y )
∑ k xi Jr
k yi k yi x ri
Fyi = ( ) Py + ( ) ( Py e x + Px e y )
∑ k yi Jr
2 2
J r = ∑ k xi y ri + ∑ k yi x ri

Masonry Structures, slide 10-25

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine which wall is the most vulnerable to a NS wind load of 20 psf
A B
north 4” brick
70’-0”
a collar joint filled
30’-0” with mortar

1
9.25”
10’

a Section a-a
double wythe
brick wall 8”
50’-0”

CMU 8” concrete block

30’-0”

fully grouted
type N mortar

b b
7.63”

2 Section b-b

floor plan 10’

Walls of the one-story building are 15’ tall and the roof system has been strengthened to be rigid.
Assume f’m equal to 5333 psi for the brick, and 2667 psi for the block.

Masonry Structures, slide 10-26

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine center of stiffness.
wall Em b h/L kxi kyi yi xi kxyi kyxi
ksi inches kip/in. kip/in. feet feet kip-feet/in. kip-feet/in.

A 3000 9.25 1.5 - 1542 - 0 - 0

B 2000 7.63 0.5 - 7630 - 70 - 534,100

1 3000 9.25 0.5 13,875 - 50 - 693,750 -

2 2000 7.63 1.5 848 - 0 - 0 -

y ∑ kxi = 14,723 ∑ kyi = 9172 ∑ k xi yi = 693,750 ∑ k yi xi = 534,100

A B
70’
1 ∑ k yi xi 534,100
bEm xr = = = 58.2'
ki = 2 ∑ k yi 9172
⎛ h ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 4 ⎜ ⎟ + 3 ⎥
50’

⎝ L ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ ∑ k xi yi 693,750

yr yr = = = 47.1'
xr x Em = 750 f 'm < 3000 ksi ∑ k xi 14,723
2

Masonry Structures, slide 10-27

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine torsional constant.

2 2
torsional stiffness = J r = ∑ k xi y ri + ∑ k yi x ri

wall kxi yri kyi xri Jr

kip/in feet kip/in feet kip.ft2/in

A - - 1542 58.2 5,223,124

B - - 7630 11.8 1,062,401

1 13,875 2.9 - - 116,689

2 848 47.1 - 1,881,212

Jr = 8,283,426

Masonry Structures, slide 10-28

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine wall shear forces.
ki k y
Fxi = ( ) Px + ( xi ri )( Py e x + Px e y )
∑ ki Jr
ki k x ri
Fyi = ( ) Py + ( yi )( Py e x + Px e y )
∑ ki Jr

Wind in north-south direction will result in larger wall shears than for
wind in east-west direction because of larger wind surface area.
Px = 0
15'
Py = ( )( 70' )w = 525 w where w = wind pressure in psf = 20 psf
2
Py = 10.5 kips e x = 58.2' − 35.0' = 23.2'

Py e x ( 10.5 kips )( 23.2' ) 1

= = in/ft
Jr ( 8 ,283 ,426 kip − ft 2 / in .) 34 ,004

Masonry Structures, slide 10-29

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine wall shear forces.

wall direct shear torsional shear total shear Ae fv=V/Ae Fv(1) Fv/fv
kips kip kips inches psi psi

1542 1542(58.2)
A (10.5) = 1.76 = 2.64 4.41 1152 3.8 29.1 7.7
9172 34,004
governs
7630 − 7630(11.9)
B (10.5 ) = 8.73 = − 2.64 6.09 2776 2.2 30.6 13.6
9172 34,004

13,875( 2.9)
1 0 = 1.18 1.18 3372 0.35 29.1 83.1
34,004

− 848(47.1)
2 0 = − 1.18 1.18 945 1.25 30.6 24.5
34,004
(1)F = 1.33 x 0.3 f’m0.5 = 29.1 psi < 80 psi for brick wall
v
Fv = 1.33 x 23 psi = 30.6 psi for concrete block with Type N mortar

Masonry Structures, slide 10-30

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Determine wall flexural tensile stresses.

wall Sg shear fbi = Hih/Sg fa dead -fa + fb

inches3 kips psi psi psi

A 23,944 4.41 33.2 30.0 3.2

B 168,320 6.09 6.5 30.0 -23.5

1 204,967 1.18 1.0 30.0 -29.0

2 19,495 1.18 10.9 30.0 -19.1

worst case is flexural tension for wall A:

-30.0 + (w/20)(33.2) = Ft = 1.33 x 15.0 psi

maximum wind load, w= 30 psf

Masonry Structures, slide 10-31

Large-Scale Test of URM System

24’

photo from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 10-32

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Final Crack Pattern

Load Direction

slide from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 10-33

Final Crack Pattern

Load Direction

slide from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 10-34
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Results- Global Behavior

80

Wall 1 Force-Displacement Response

60

40
Base Shear (kip)

20

0
-0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
-20

-40

-60

-80

Roof Displacement (in)

Masonry Structures, slide 10-35

Overturning Effect (Vertical Stress)

Base strains recorded during loading in the push and pull direction
slide from Roberto Leon
Masonry Structures, slide 10-36
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Shaking Table Tests of URM System

12’

photos from S. Sweeney

US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

Masonry Structures, slide 10-37

Damage on North Wall

Final Cracking Pattern

Permanent offsets of 0.25” – 0.35”

due to rocking of pier.

slide from S. Sweeney

Masonry Structures, slide 10-38

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Peak Force vs. Deflection

North-South Uni-directional Motion
30

Base Shear (kip)

25
20 PGA = 0.33 g
PGA = 0.75 g
15
PGA = 0.98 g
10
PGA = 1.08 g
5
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175
Average First Floor Deflection (in)

East-West Uni-directional Motion

25
Base Shear (kip)

20
PGA = 0.30 g
15
PGA = 0.75 g
10 PGA = 1.09 g
5 PGA = 1.40 g
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Average First Floor Deflection (in)

slide from S. Sweeney Masonry Structures, slide 10-39