Endocrine Disorders

(Worksheet #4; Long Exam #7)

Create your own diagram showing the endocrine glands and their functions should be
creative and understandable in one glance.

PITUITARY GLAND PARATHYROID GLAND

The pituitary gland is located at The parathyroid glands are two
the base of the brain beneath pairs of small glands
the hypothalamus and is no embedded in the surface of the
larger than a pea. thyroid gland, one pair on each
THYROID GLAND side. They release parathyroid
The thyroid gland is located in hormone, which plays a role in
the lower front part of the neck. regulating calcium levels in the
It produces thyroid hormones blood and bone metabolism.
that regulate the body's
metabolism. PANCREAS
The pancreas has digestive and
ADRENAL GLAND
The two adrenal glands are hormonal functions. secretes
triangular-shaped glands located hormones called insulin
on top of each kidney. and glucagon. These hormones
PARTS: regulate the level of glucose in
Outer Part - is called the the blood.
adrenal cortex. produces
hormones called corticosteroids,
which regulate the body's OVARIES
metabolism, the balance of salt produce estrogen and
and water in the body, the progesterone as well as eggs.
immune system, and sexual These hormones control the
function. development of female
Inner part - is called the adrenal characteristics (for
medulla, produces hormones example, breast growth), and
called catecholamines. PROSTATE GLAND
they are also involved in
secrete hormones called
reproductive functions (for
androgens; the most important
example, menstruation, pregna
of which is testosterone. These
ncy).
hormones affect many male
characteristics (for example, © PIA ACUSAR
sexual development, growth of
facial hair and pubic hair) as
well as sperm production.
2. Discuss the conditions affecting the glands of the endocrine system the discussion
should be straightforward and done with proper citation.

Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior portion of the lower neck below the larynx, on
both sides of and anterior to the trachea. The chief hormones produced by the thyroid are
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. (Snyder, 2013)

a. Hypothyroid
- This is a disorder of the Thyroid gland that results from insufficient thyroid
hormone, and creates a generalized depression of body metabolism. (Snyder,
2013)
- It is more common that it’s counterpart, Hyperthyroidism (which is discussed in the
next letter) and is more prone to affect women, which are 10 times more likely than
men to have hypothyroidism. (Snyder, 2013)
b. Hyperthyroidism
- This is another disorder of the Thyroid gland which is also known as Thyrotoxicosis
or Grave’s Disease, in which the thyroid gland secretes excessive amounts of
thyroid hormone. (Snyder, 2013)
- This disease creates a production of an excessive thyroid hormone which creates
a generalized elevation in body metabolism.

Parathyroid Glands
Two parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid
gland. These glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and
phosphorus metabolism. Parathyroid disorders include hyperparathyroidism and
hypoparathyroidism. (Snyder, 2013)

c. Hypoparathyroidism
- This is a disorder of the parathyroid gland which results in what is known as the
hypofunction of the parathyroid, or “insufficient secretion of PTH, most commonly
results from accidental removal or injury of the parathyroid gland during thyroid or
anterior.” (Snyder, 2013)

d. Hyperparathyroidism
- This is a disorder of the parathyroid gland which results in what is known as
“Hyperparathyroidism (hyperfunction)”, or the excessive secretion of PTH, which
“disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism.” (Snyder, 2013)
- The major cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a tumor of a parathyroid gland,
which results in the autonomous secretion of PTH.

Adrenal Glands
The adrenals are two small glands located on the upper part of each kidney. Each adrenal
gland consists of two relatively discrete parts: an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The
outer cortex is responsible for the secretion of mineralocorticoids (steroid hormones that
regulate fluid and mineral balance), glucocorticoids (steroid hormones responsible for
controlling the metabolism of glucose), and androgens (sex hormones). The centrally
located adrenal medulla is derived from neural tissue and secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine. Together, the adrenal cortex and medulla are major factors in the body’s
response to stress. (Snyder, 2013)

e. Cushing’s syndrome
- This is disease is characterized by the hypofunction of the adrenal gland is coined
as a general term for “increased secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.”
(Snyder, 2013)

f. Addison’s Disease
- Also known as Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, occurs when a disorder exists within
the adrenal gland itself. “This adrenal gland disorder results in decreased
production of cortisol and aldosterone, two of the primary adrenocortical
hormones.” (Snyder, 2013)
- This disease is an “adrenocortical insufficiency due to the destruction or
dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex. It affects glucocorticoid and
mineralocorticoid function.” (George T Griffing, MD, 2018)

g. Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

- Hyponatremia is a type of electrolyte abnormality that is characterized by a serum
sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L. (Eric E Simon, 2018)
- The signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea and body fatigue that
can lead to lethargy, decreased level of consciousness, headache, and if severe,
seizures and coma.

- Hypernatremia is another type of electrolyte abnormality that is characterized by

as a rise in serum sodium concentration to a value exceeding 145 mmol/L. (Ivo
Lukitsch, 2018)
- The signs and symptoms of this disease also include extreme thirst and urinary
incontinence.

h. Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

- Hypokalemia is another disease of the body metabolism that is a result from,
inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium excretion, or a shift of
potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular space. Increased excretion is
the most common mechanism. (Eleanor Lederer, 2018)

- Hyperkalemia is the counterpart of hypokalemia wherein there is an increased

potassium intake, decreased potassium excretion, or a shift of potassium from the
intracellular to the extracellular space. The most common causes involve
decreased excretion. (Eleanor Lederer, Hyperkalemia, 2018)
i. Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
- Hypocalcemia is a disease that can be cause by a number of predisposing factors
such as Vitamin D-deficiency, parathyroid related hypocalcemia and
hypoalbuminemia.
 - In a patient with hypocalcemia, measurement of the serum albumin is essential to
distinguish true hypocalcemia, which involves a reduction in ionized serum
calcium, from factitious hypocalcemia, meaning decreased total, but not ionized,
calcium. (Manish Suneja, 2018)

- Hypercalcemia happens when there is too much calcium that enters into the
extracellular fluid or when there is insufficient calcium excretion from the kidneys.
- Approximately 90% of cases of hypercalcemia are caused by malignancy or
hyperparathyroidism. (Mahendra Agraharkar, 2018)
j. Cretinism and Myxedema
- Cretinism is known to be an iodine deficiency syndrome that is classified by a
severe stunt in physical and mental growth that results in a untreated congenital
hypothyroidism usually due to maternal hypothyroidism.

- Myxedema is a characteristic sign of hyperthyroidism which is a result of an

alteration in the composition of the dermis and other tissues, causing connective
tissues to be separated by increased amounts of mucopolysaccharides and
proteins. (Snyder, 2013)

k. Dwarfism and Gigantism

- Dwarfism is a condition characterized abnormal growth of a

3. Choose one from the among the endocrine disorders and provide a rehabilitation
intervention implication and state the rehabilitation protocols observed in treating patients
with such condition.
References
Eleanor Lederer, M. (2018). Hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia.
Eleanor Lederer, M. (2018). Hypokalemia. Hypokalemia.
Eric E Simon, M. (2018). Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia.
George T Griffing, MD. (2018). Addison Disease. Addison Disease.
Ivo Lukitsch, M. (2018). Hypernatremia. Hypernatremia.
Mahendra Agraharkar, M. (2018). Hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia.
Manish Suneja, M. (2018). Hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia.
Snyder, C. G. (2013). Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists, Screening for
Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.
WORKSHEET #5

Urogenital Disorders

1.Draw and label the process of urine formation. Make sure to highlight the important
events that occur in each part of the nephron

2. What is the etiology, clinical manifestation and medical diagnosis for renal failure?

3. Give the rehabiliation consideratoin when treating patients undergoing dialysis.

4. Cite andexample Physical Therapy case for renal conditions.