Raw Water Intake, Screening,

Aeration and Grit Removal

 Content
• Introduction
• Raw water intakestructures
– Types of intakestructures
– Intake site selection
– Intake-designconsideration

• Screening
– Types of screening
– Aeration
– Purpose of aeration
– Types of aerators
Introduction
 Raw Water Intake
• Raw water intakes withdraw water from a
river, lake, or reservoir over a
predetermined range of pool levels.
• Screens remove large floating objects
from the water – to protectpumping
equipment.
• Aeration removes gases and volatile
compounds and also to oxidize certain
dissolved metals.
Raw Water Intake Structures
• Control withdrawal of raw water from a
surface water source.
• Selectively withdraw the best quality
water while excluding fish, floating
debris, coarse sediment, and other
objectionable suspended matter.
• Intake contains gates, screens, control
valves, pumps, chemical feeders, flow
meters, offices and machine shop
 Types of Intake Structures
1. Floating intakes
 Types of intake structures
2. Submerged intakes
 Intake Site Selection
• Water quality
• Water depth
• Stream or current velocities
• Foundation stability
• Access
• Power availability
• Proximity to water treatment plant
• Environmental impact
• Hazard to navigate
 Intake Design Consideration
Intake velocities Intake-port location
• High velocities – head • Water quality in each
loss, entrain suspended stratum may vary.
matter ,trap fish, and • To achieve, multiple
other aquatic animals. intake ports set at
• Velocity below 8 cm/s various levels are
allows aquatic animals generally provided.
to escape, and • Top intake – less than2
minimize the m below normal level.
suspended matter. • Bottom intake – least1
m above the bottom
 Screening
• It is a unit operation that removes
suspended matter from water.
• Screens may be classified as coarse,
fine, or micro strainer, depending on
the size of material removed.
• Located at intake structure, raw water
pump station, or water treatment plant.
 Screening
1. Coarse screen or trash rack
• To prevent large object from entering the
conveyance system.
• Consists of vertical flat bars, or, in some
cases, round pipes spaced with 5 to 8 cm of
clear opening.
• Installed outside of any sluice gate.
• The velocity through the coarse screen is
generally less than 8 cm/s.
 Coarse Screens

Fixed coarse screen

Rotary coarse screen
 Screening
2. Fine screen
• To remove smaller objects that may damage
pumps or other equipment.
• Screens consists of heavy wire mesh with 0.5
cm square opening.
• The typical design velocity through the
effective area is in the range of 0.4 to 0.8
m/s.
• There are two types: Traveling screens and
passive screen installation.
Fine Screens
Fine Screens
 Aeration
Aeration involves bringing air or other gases in
contact with water.
The purpose of aeration are
1. Reduce the concentrations of taste and odor
causing substance by volatilization
2. To oxidize iron and manganese, rendering them
insoluble.
3. To dissolve oxygen in water to make it taste better
4. To remove compounds for better water treatment (
H2S removal before chlorination and CO2 removal
before softening)
 Types of Aerators
Cascade aerator

Water is sent down gravitically and

oxygenated as it come into contact
with the air bubbles caused by
turbulent flow.
 Types of Aerators
Diffused air aerators

Water is enriched with oxygen as it come into

contact with the air bubbles.
 Grit Removal System
• Grit chambers are designed to remove grit, consisting of
sand, gravel, sanders, or other heavy solid materials that
have specific gravities or setting velocities substantially
greater than those of organic particles in wastewater.
• Grit chambers are most commonly located after the
bar screens and before the primary sedimentation.
• These are just like sedimentation tanks, design mainly to
remove heavier particles or coarse inert and relatively dry
suspended solids from the wastewater.
– There are two main types of grit chambers like rectangular
horizontal flow types and aerated grit chambers.
– In the aerated grit chamber the organic solids are kept in
suspension by rising aerted system provided at the bottom of the
tank.
Grit Chambers: Velocity Controlled
 Grit Removal System
Grit chambers are provided to:
• Protect moving mechanical equipment
from abrasion and accompanying
abnormal wear.
• Reduce formation of heavy deposits in
pipelines, channels and conduits.
 Grit Removal System
• Horizontal flow (Rectangular or square)
(configuration type)

Designing a Rectangular horizontal flow type grit

chamber:
– Cross-sectional area, Ax = (Qdesign / Vh) for each unit
(Vh ≈ 0.3 m/sec), depth ≈ 1-1.5 m
– Assuming (tD = 1-2 minutes), determine the length L =
Vh * tD (Add 10% additional)
– Check the SLR (1200-1700 m3/m2-day) and Vs (≥
0.01 m/sec). Grit produced is about 1.5 ft3/ML of
wastewater flow. Add to depth {0.3 m free board +
grit}
Type I Settling -- Stokes’ Law
g ( ρ s − ρ )d 2
vs =
18µ
where
νs = settling velocity
ρs = density of particle (kg/m3)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
g = gravitational constant (m/s2)
d = particle diameter (m)
µ = dynamic viscosity (Pa—s)
Example: Grit Chamber Design
• Design a grit chamber to remove sand
particles (ρp = 2650 kg/m3) with a mean
diameter of 0.21 mm. Assume the sand
is spherical and the temperature of the
wastewater is 20 oC. The wastewater
flow is 10,000 m3/d. A velocity of 0.3
m/s will be automatically maintained,
and the depth must be 1.5 times the
width at maximum flow.
 Example
• Calculate settling velocity
g ( ρ s − ρ )d 2
vs =
18µ
m kg kg 
(
9.8 2  2650 3 − 998 3  2.1 × 10 m
s  m m 
-4
)2

vs =
 −3 kg 
181.00 ×10 
 m⋅s 
m
vs = 0.039
s
 Example
• Calculate the cross-sectional area
Q
Ax =
v
 m  s 
3
d  min 
Ax = 10,000    
 d  0.3 m  1440 min  60 s 

Ax = 0.39 m2
 Example
• Calculate the width and depth

Ax = W × 1.5W = 1.5W 2
0.5 0.5
 Ax   0.39 
W =  =  = 0.51 m
 1.5   1.5 

D = W ×1.5 = 0.51×1.5 = 0.76 m

 Example
• Determine the detention time required for a
particle to fall the entire tank depth

D 0.76 m
td = = = 19.4 s
vs 0.039 m/s
• Determine the length to achieve this
detention time

L = t d × v = 19.4 s × 0.3 m/s = 5.8 m

 Example
• Thus, the tank must have dimensions
W = 0.51 m
D = 0.76 m
L = 5.8 m
 Grit Removal System
Assignment
Will a grit particle with radius of 0.1 mm and
SG of 2.65 settled in a horizontal grit
chamber that is 13.5 m length if the average
flow, Q is 0.15 m3/s with the width of
chamber 0.56 m and horizontal velocity
0.25 m/s? Water temperature is 22oC,