Clarger = 2 x Csmaller

Example: if Csmaller = 100, then Clarger = 200

therefore, the ratio is 100:200

in fraction, ½
in decimal, 0.5
in percent, 50%
For the given function to be undefined,
denominator must be zero.

Denominator  x-2 = 0
x = 0+2
x = 2
 (-4)∙3 = -12
x5∙x3 = x5+3 = x8
y3∙y2 = y3+2 = y5
z2∙z4 = z2+4 = z6

-12x8y5z6
 3 6

12 8
6

16
x  no. of ₽1000 bills
y  no. of ₽500 bills  y = x + 20
x + y = 140
x + (x + 20) = 140
2x + 20 = 140
2x = 120
x = 60 y = 60 + 20
y = 80
x  no. of ₽1000 bills
y  no. of ₽500 bills  y=x+20; x=y-20
x+y=140
for A, if y=40, then x=20; x+y ≠ 140 
for B, if y=70, then x=50; x+y ≠ 140 
for C, if y=80, then x=60; x+y = 140 
for D, if y=60, then x=40; x+y ≠ 140 
 8–5=3  11–8=3  14–11=3
common difference  d = 3, [Arithmetic S.]
number of terms  n = 30
formula: an = a1 + (n-1)d
a30 = 5 + (30-1)3
= 5 + (29)3
= 5 + 87
= 92
 x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
by factoring method:
x2 – 4x – 5 = (x – 5)(x + 1)
hence,
(x – 5)(x + 1) = 0
x – 5 = 0 x + 1 = 0
x = 5 x = -1
therefore,
x = 5,-1
y−3 y+6 y−3 4(y+6)
+ = +
4y y 4y 4y

y−3 4y+24
= +
4y 4y

5y+21
=
4y
let x be the number

7x – 3x = 12
4x = 12
x = 12/4
x = 3
cost of each mango  ₽29/4 = ₽7.25

1 doz. = 12 pcs.
2.5 doz. = 2.5(12) = 30 pcs.

cost of 2.5 doz. mangoes = 30 (₽7.25)

= ₽217.50
 Mean, a.k.a. Average

80+75+60+95+100 410
Mean = = = 82
5 5
 let x be the scale factor of the ratio
(1)x be the smaller angle, 4x be the larger

x + 4x = 90
5x = 90
x = 18
4x = 4(18)
= 72
 A

AB = 62 + 7 2
85
6
= 36 + 49

B 7 C = 85
let x be the no. of empty seats

x + 6 – 13 + 5 = 0
x – 2 = 0
x = 2
5 girls, 5 seats; Permutation

5 P5 = 120

or

5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120
 D I S T A N C E, in km.
TIME , in hr. Car A Car B Apart
1 50 60 110
2 100 120 220
3 150 180 330

The two cars will be 330 km apart in 3 hours.

 1 1 5 7 13 35
3 + 4 + 5 = + +
2 3 6 2 3 6

21 26 35 82
= + + =
6 6 6 6

2
= 13
3
 DECIMAL VALUES LEAST  GREATEST
1
= 0.5
2 0.4375, 0.5, 0.625, 1.2
5
= 0.625
8 7 1 5 6
6 , , ,
= 1.2 16 2 8 5
5
7
= 0.4375
16
 perpendicular lines have slopes that are
negative reciprocal with each other;
change 3x+4y to 4x–3y, solve for c

4x – 3y – c = 0  c = 4x – 3y
= 4(5) – 3(1)
= 20 – 3
= 17
4x – 3y – 17 = 0 
On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln
gave a speech that would be quoted for centuries
to come. Lincoln’s address starts with
“Four score and seven years ago…”

A score is equal to 20 years, so he was

referencing 87 years ago—1776, when the
Declaration of Independence was signed.

The speech was made, then, seven

score and sixteen years ago.
 pretzels #5, #10, #15, #20, #25
are tested for weight;
#3, #6, #9, #12, (#15), #18, #21 #24
are tested for size

13 pretzels, out of 25,

are NOT tested
 3 types of bedroom (BDR):
two-BDR, three-BDR and four-BDR types

2 types of bathroom (BTR):

one-BTR and two-BTR types

1 single garage

No. of ways to choose = 3(2)(1) = 6

 let N be the number

50% of N = 20
0.5N = 20
N = 20/0.5
N = 40
75% of N = 0.75(40)
= 30
 common difference, d = 32
number of terms, n = 6

Terms 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance 16 48 80 112 144 176

Arithmetic Sequence formula can also be used.

3x−9 3(x−3) 3
= =
x −9
2
(x+3)(x−3) x+3
 3(x-4y) – (4y-3x) – (2x+y)
= 3x – 12y – 4y + 3x - 2x – y
= 4x – 17y
let P passed both languages

P = (K+G) – (40-2)
= (30+36) – 38
= 66 – 38
= 28
 a+b a b
Recall that = +
c c c

417+419 417 419

hence, = + 17
417 4 17 4
= 40 + 4 2
= 1 + 16
= 17
 3a+5 = 50
3a = 50 – 5
a a 3a = 45
a = 45/3
a+5 a = 15

P = a+a+(a+5)  a+5
P = 3a+5 = 15+5
P = 50 = 20
let x be the lowest grade; x+42 be highest

x + (x + 42) = 138
2x + 42 = 138
2x = 138 – 42
2x = 96
x = 48 x + 42
= 48 + 42
= 90
let x be the highest grade; x-42 be lowest

x + (x - 42) = 138
2x – 42 = 138
2x = 138 + 42
2x = 180
x = 180/2
= 90
HIERARCHY OF PARALLELOGRAMS
40 hrs/wk x 2 weeks = 80 hrs

let P be the take home pay

P = (₽80/hr x 80 hrs) – ₽1400

= ₽6400 – ₽1400
= ₽5,000
 30<odd #<42

SUM OF DIGITS (must be 8):

A. 31  3+1 = 4 
B. 35  3+5 = 8 
C. 40  4+0 = 4 
D. 39  3+9 = 12 
 smallest product of 6,8,10 = LCM of 6,8,10

6 = 2 x3
8 = 2 x2 x2
10 = 2 x5
LCM = 2 x3 x2 x2 x5 = 120
let x be the scale factor of the ratio
5x be the longest part

3x + 4x + 5x = 96
12x = 96
x = 8 5x
= 5(8)
= 40
 (x1, y1) = (3, -5) (x2, y2) = (-2, 4)

formula for the slope:

y 2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
4 + 5 9 −9
= = or
−2 − 3 −5 5
 let A be the total area of A-Estates

A = 450 x 80 m2 = 36,000 m2

1 ha = 10,000 m2
1 ha
36,000 m x
2 = 3.6 ha
10,000 m 2
 let x be the measure of an angle;
90-x be its complement; 180-x, supplement
x = (90-x) + 14
x = 104 – x
2x = 104
x = 52 180 – x
= 180 – 52
= 128
 formula in finding the
8 8 Area of Eq. Triangle:
s2 3
A =
4
8 82 3
=
4
P = 24 cm; s = P/3 64 3
s = 24/3 =
4
s= 8 = 16 3
720 ÷ 2 = 360
÷2 = 180
÷2 = 90
÷2 = 45
÷3 = 15
÷3 = 5
Prime Factors: 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 5
or 24 · 32 ·5
THE PERCENTAGE PYRAMID

P R=0.52; P=104; B=?

B R P 104
B = = = 200
R 0.52
 4+6+7+8+10+18+24 77
Mean = = = 11
7 7
 doubled every year means
the previous one was half the present
Year 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Collection 2880 1440 720 360 180 90 45

Geometric Sequence: an=a1rn-1; a1=2880, r=½, n=6

a6 = 2880(½)5
= 2880(1/32)
= 2880/32
= 90
 let 100%N be the positive number

100%N+70%N = 170%N
170%N-50%(170%N)
= 170%N–85%N
= 85%N

netChange: 100%N  85%N

the first four numbers:
1 1 1 2
, , , the next three
6 3 2 3
numbers, therefore:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
or , , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 7
or , 1 ,
6 6
 for any set of THREE numbers, it must be
first assumed that these are measures of
the sides of a triangle; consequently, to
determine whether it is or not a triangle,
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM and/or
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM must be used.
Triangle Inequality Theorem: Pythagorean Theorem
a + b > c
a + c > b c 2 = a2 + b2
b + c > a
A. 20% of 100 = .20(100) = 20 
B. 25% of 200 = .25(200) = 50 
C. 40% of 500 = .40(500) = 200 
D. 50% of 600 = .50(600) = 300 
 range (R), commonly used as one of the
measures of dispersion/variability,
is the difference between the highest value
(HV) and the lowest value (LV)
HV = 5 LV = -6
R = HV – LV
= 5 – (-6)
= 5 + 6
= 11
1/3 of 302 ha.  coconut
2/3, therefore, of 302 ha.  mango, et al.

(2/3)(302) = 604/3 = 201.33 ha

 mode refers to the MOST frequently
appearing value in a given set, or any value
in a set that has the highest frequency

value 26 28 39 40 49 57
frequency 1 1 1 3 2 2
 A
leap year
is
always
divisible
by
4.
netCommission = commission – transpo
= ₽37,520 – ₽5,300
= ₽32,220

rateCommission = netCom / sales

= ₽32,220 / ₽258,000
= 0.1249
or 12.49%
balloon is spherical, use the formula:
V = 4/3 x π x r3
half of diameter is radius, use r = 12
V = 4/3 x π x 123
= 4/3 x π x 1728
= 6912/3 x π
= 2304 π
the wetted lawn forms a circle, use the
formula: A = π x r2; where r = 6.5
A = 3.14 x (6.5)2
= 3.14 x 42.25
= 132.66
area of the L/R  8m x 7m = 56 m2
netCost  ₽850 x 56 = ₽47,600
6% Sales Tax  ₽47,600(0.06) = ₽2,856
totalCost  ₽47,600 + ₽2,856 = ₽50,456
or
totalCost  ₽47,600(1.06) = ₽50,456
a r/carton is a rectangular prism whose
dimensions are: V=800, H=10, W=20, L=?
formula: V= L x W x H
800 = L x 20 x 100
800 = L x 200  200L = 800
800
L =
200
L = 4
given: r=7.5, h=20
formula: V= π x r2 x h
V = 3.14 x (7.5)2 x 20
= 3.14 x 56.25 x 20
= 3,532.5
 There are 52 cards in a deck, of which,
4 are Jacks, 4 are Queens and 4 are Kings;
a total of 12 face cards in a deck.

The probability, therefore, of getting a face

12 3
card is , or in lowest term,
52 13
A pair of dice, rolled DIE 1
∑
once, can have 1 2 3 4 5 6

6x6, or 36 possible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
outcomes. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DIE 2
Finding the probability 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of getting a sum of 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
or 11, we illustrate: 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 DICE 1 The probability,
∑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 therefore, of getting a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sum of 5 or 11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 is 6 out of 36,
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 or in simplest form,
DICE 2

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
“how much smaller” pertains to the
difference between the two numbers

798,567
– 758,567
40,000
 135 5 27
13.5% = 0.135 = ÷ =
1000 5 200
 “SOHCAHTOA”
opp
sin 30° =
wall (o)

hyp
adj
cos 30° =
30˚ hyp
8.5m (a)
opp
tan 30° =
adj
 adj
cos 30° =
hyp
wall (o)

8.5
0.866 =
h
30˚
8.5
8.5m (a) h =
0.866
= 9.8
 x
8 + = 11
5
x
= 11 – 8
5
x
= 3
5
x = 3(5)
x = 15 3x
= 3(15)
= 45
 5 a− b 5( a− b) 5( a− b)
· = =
a−b
a+ b a− b a2− b2
 5 3 5 3
=  =
2(x+1) (x+2) 2x+2 x+2
5(x+2) = 3(2x+2)
5x + 10 = 6x + 6
5x – 6x = 6 – 10
-x = -4
x = 4
(x-3)(x-1) = x2 – 4x + 3
Expected Population P (1+r)t
= 1,400 (1+0.05)2
= 1,400 (1.05)2
= 1,400 (1.1025)
= 1,543.5 or 1,544
 let P be the perimeter
1 1
7 P = P + P + 7
3 5
1 15P = 5P + 3P + 105
P
3
1 15P – 5P – 3P = 105
P
5 7P = 105
P = 15
 1 1 13 7
3 + 2  +
4 3 4 3
39 28 67
= + 
12 12 12

67 12
the reciprocal of 
12 67
 the next odd number is the fourth
let x be the first odd number
x+2, second; x+4, third; x+6, fourth
x+(x+2)+(x+4)
= 27
3
3x+6
= 27
3
3x + 6 = 81
3x = 75
x = 25 x + 6
= 25 + 6
= 31
 1 21
10 =
2 2
21 1 21 5 105 35
(1 – )  x = or
2 6 2 6 12 4

35 1 35 4
÷ = x
4 4 4 1
= 35
let x be the scale factor of the ratio
3x be the amount Carol will receive

8x + 7x + 3x = 90,000
18x = 90,000
x = 5,000 3x
= 3(5,000)
= 15,000
 16/4 = 4; 4/1 = 4; r = 4

number of terms, n = 6

Term 1 2 3 4 5 6
Value 1 4 16 64 256 1024

Geometric Sequence formula can also be used.

 pillow  24.95
painting  + 135.00
netCost  159.95
sales tax  x 1.07
171.15 (tax-included)
a @ b = 2 a b – b2
5 @ 2 = 2(5)(2)– 22
= 20 – 4
= 16
 PRODUCTS
means = extremes
2 : p = 6 : q 6p = 2q 
4 : p = 3 : q 3p = 4q 
6 : p = 2 : q 2p = 6q 
4 : q = p : 3 pq = 12 
(-1,4) (2,4)
D C AB=3 BC=4 AC=?
AC = 32 + 42
5
4
= 9 + 16

A
= 25
3 B
(-1,0) (2,0) = 5
average of consecutive numbers w/ d=1
is obtained using the formula:
an + a1
μ =
2

1 + 31 32
= =
2 2
= 16
 7th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
 x + 2y = (x – 2y) + 80
2y + 2y = x – x + 80
4y = 80
y= 80/4
y= 20
2 78 +6(86) 156+516
=
8 8

672
=
8

= 84
 let T be the number of
teacher-applicants
1 1 5
T (1 – ) – 10 = T T = 10
2 7 14
1 1 5T = 140
T – T = 10
2 7
T = 140/5
5
14
T = 10 = 28
 whole class attendees
girls  50 x 40% = 20
boys + 70 x 50% = + 35
120 55

r = 55/120
= 0.4583
≈ 46%
2(x+3) < 5x – 6
2x + 6 < 5x – 6
2x – 5x < -6 – 6
-3x < -12
x > -12 / -3
x > 4
solving for x by eliminating y:
[3x + 2y = 1] 3x + 2y = 1
[2x + y = 5]*(2) – 4x + 2y = 10
-x = -9
x= 9
solving for y by substituting x:
2(9) + y = 5  18 + y = 5
y= 5–18
y= -13
(9, -13)
 (3, 2) = (x, y)

2x + cy = c + 1
2(3) + c(2) = c + 1
6 + 2c = c + 1
2c – c = 1 - 6
c = -5
JOINT/COMBINED VARIATION
ky k(3)
x =  12 =
z 2
24 = 3k
8 = k
ky 8(6)
x =  x =
z 12
48
= = 4
12
3570404/33 = 108194.0606 
991111/33 = 30033.6667 
114345/33 = 3465 
135792/33 = 4114.909091 
48x2y3 = 2·2·2·2 ·3 ·x·x ·y·y·y
72x3y2 = 2·2·2 ·3·3 ·x·x·x ·y·y
36xy4 = 2·2 ·3·3 ·x ·y·y·y·y
GCF = 2·2 ·3 ·x ·y·y = 12xy2
 48 x2 y3
72 x3 y2
36 x y4
GCF: 12 x y2
 (-5,4) base (2,4)
7

height 3

(-5,1)
bh 7(3) 21
Area : = = = 10.5
2 2 2
x, first; x+2, second/middle; x+4, third
x + (x+2) + (x+4) = 150
3x + 6 = 150
3x = 150 – 6
3x = 144
x = 48  x + 2
= 48 + 2
= 50
 0.4 (35) = 14

14 / 140 = 0.1  10%

if r = 5w and 5w = 7a, then r = 7a
7a
also, if 5w = 7a, then w =
5
7a
r – w = 7a –
5
35a 7a 28a
= – =
5 5 5
 n(n+1)(2n+1)
=
6
5(5+1)(10+1)
=
6
5(6)(11)
=
6
330
= = 55
6
 h (b1+b2)
A =
2
12 (30+48)
=
2
= 6 (78)
= 468
 let x be the smaller number
1 : 4  x : 4x
x (4x) = 36
4x2 = 36
x2 = 9
x = 9
x = 3
 x be the first number; y be the second

solving for x by solving for y, when x=30,

elimination method: by substitution method:
x + y = 48 x + y = 48
+ x - y = 12 30 + y = 48
2x = 60 y = 48 – 30
x = 60/2 y = 18
x = 30
V = SA
e3 = 6e2
e3 6e2
=
e2 e2
e = 6
converting Area in hectares to m2:
6 hectares = 60,000 m2
reclamation area = Area x depth
Volume of sand = 60,000 (1.5)
= 90,000
 7 5
144 ( 1 - ) = 144 ( ) = 60
12 12
 let n be the no. of sides

original formula: ∑ = 180*(n-2)

we derive: n = (∑/180)+2
900
n = + 2
180
= 5 + 2
= 7
2 +5
3 6
4 − 1
5 3
4 +5 9
 6 6 = 6
12 − 5 7
15 15 15

9 7 9 15 135
÷ = x =
6 15 6 7 42
45
=
14
= 70 ÷ 7 ∙ 5 + 64 ÷ 4 ∙ 2
= 70 ÷ 7 ∙ 5 + 64 ÷ 4 ∙ 2
= 10 ∙ 5 + 16 ∙ 2
= 50 + 32
= 82
(f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

= f(2x+7)

f(2x+7) = 3(2x+7) – 5

= 6x + 21 – 5

= 6x + 16
 a1 = 3 d = 5 n = 9
Arithmetic Series:
n
Sn = 2a1+ n−1 d
2
9 9
S9 = 2(3)+ 9−1 5 = 6+ 8 5
2 2
9 9 414
S9 = 6+40 = 46 = = 207
2 2 2
x = 1; 3 + (1 – 1)5 = 3 Sum of all terms:
x = 2; 3 + (2 – 1)5 = 8
x = 3; 3 + (3 – 1)5 = 13
x = 4; 3 + (4 – 1)5 = 18 207
x = 5; 3 + (5 – 1)5 = 23
x = 6; 3 + (6 – 1)5 = 28
x = 7; 3 + (7 – 1)5 = 33
x = 8; 3 + (8 – 1)5 = 38
x = 9; 3 + (9 – 1)5 = 43
 “The sum of the lengths of any two sides
of a triangle must be greater than the third
side.” –Triangle Inequality Theorem

5, 4, 1 
5, 4, 6 
5, 4, 9 
5, 4, 10 
Special Product: (a+b)(a-b) = a2-b2
(2 7+ 3)(2 7- 3) = (2 7)2 – ( 3)2
= 4(7) – (3)
= 28 – 3
= 25
 1 1
log3x = -2  x = 3-2 = 2 =
3 9
1 1
log2y = -3  y = 2 = 3 =
-3
2 8
1 1 8 9 17
+  + 
9 8 72 72 72
“In a right triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.”
–Pythagorean Theorem

5, 6, 7 
7, 12, 13 
8, 15, 17 
3, 9, 12 
1 m = 100 cm

27 (100) = 2,700

66 (13.5) = 891

2,700 – 891 = 1,809

five terms, common ratio is 2

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 4 8 16 32
Square with side 22 cm 4(22) = 88 

Rectangle whose sides are

22 and 23 cm 2(22+23) = 90 

Circular pizza with

radius 13 cm 2(3.14)(13) = 82 

Equiangular triangle with

a 24-cm side 3(24) = 72 
Given that p = 5, then n = 3p
= 3(5)
= 15
therefore:
m = 3n – p
= 3(15) – 5
= 45 – 5
= 40
106 = 1,000,000

8.56 x 1,000,000

8,560,000