Waste

Questions asked in ETO COC orals Exam, Kochi MMD.
External Surveyor: Sri.Muraleedharan.
1: What are the specific machineries/equipment installed on board tanker ships differing from
other ships?
Answer: IGG, Fixed Gas Sampling System, ODME, Tank Cleaning Equipment, Hose Handling Crane
and Cargo Discharging System
2: What is Fixe gas Sampling System and what are the gases it is monitoring?
Answer: Fixed Gas Sampling system continuously monitoring the sample gases withdrawn from the
ballast tanks, void spaces and accommodation A/C intake for the presence of explosive gases and
generate alarm in case hydrocarbon gases present.
3: What is LEL of explosive gases?
Answer: The minimum concentration of a particular combustible gas or vapour necessary to support
its combustion in air is defined as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas. The maximum
concentration of a gas or vapour that will burn in air is defined as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) for
that gas. The LEL and UEL vary with each combustible gas or vapour.
Acetylene LEL=2.5, UEL=100
Hydrogen LEL=4, UEL=75
Methane LEL=5, UEL=15
Butane LEL=1.8, UEL=8.4
All concentrations are percentage by volume. Modern terminology for LEL is Lower Flammable Limit
(LFL) and for UEL is Upper Flammable Limit (LFL).
4: At what percentage of LEL, the alarm is set for?
Answer: The Alarm is set for 10% of LEL. Test gas is Butane and concentration of Test Gas is 35% of
LEL.
5: Explain UEL (UFL) and LEL (LFL) with diagram.
Answer: Separate drawing attached.
6: Explain what is “ppm” terminology and where is this terminology using?
Answer: PPM stands for ParticlesPer Million. Ppm is the mass of any contaminate per unit volume of
water or air. Million stands for 1 litre volume of water or airand 1 particle representing 1 millionth of
that volume. 1 milligram is 1/1000 gram and 1 gram is 1/1000 Kg/litre. 1000 x 1000 is 1000000
milligram is 1 litre/kg.
7: What is TLV and where is this terminology using?
Answer: TLV stands for Threshold Limit Value. TLV is an indicator to measure the concentrations of
toxic gases and many other substances which can harm humans or animals. Sometimes TLV is
referred to as Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). It is expressed in ppm.
8: Testing of HC, H2S and other toxic gases, Explain.
Answer: Presence of Hydrocarbons (HC) can be tested by Explosimeter, Tankscope, Inferometer or

Infrared Instruments.
Presence of H2S like toxic gases can be tested by Chemical Indicator Tubes and Electrochemical
Sensors. For different type toxic gases, separate type indicator tubes are available.
9: For safe man entry to an enclosed space, what can be the LEL percentageof an HC gas inside?
Answer: As per ISGOTT requirements, LEL should be less than 1% of LEL, Oxygen content should be
21% and no Toxic gases or other contaminant present for a man entry.
10: What is peculiarity of safety torches which is using on board tanker ships?
Answer: Safety torches are made to use in hazardous areas where explosive gases/vapour are
present.
11: What is the peculiarity of its body?
Answer: Its body is made with Robust and Antistatic Thermoplastic material which will not allow the
dangerous static charges to accumulate on its body. Moreover it is soft in nature and will not create
spark in the event it falls to hard surfaces.
12: What is the difference of Intrinsic safety and Explosion proof terminology?
Answer: “Explosion Proof” (Exd)terminology used to indicate the ability of an apparatus which is
designed to use in hazardous area to withstand an explosion inside this apparatus. An explosion
inside this apparatus will not be transmitted to the external flammable atmosphere. The external
surface temperature of the enclosure must remain below the ignition temperature of the
surrounding gas under all operating conditions.
Intrinsically safe (Exi) means, that particular equipment is low power operated, less than 30V and
less than 50mA.
13: What are the dangers of High Voltage?
Answer: Shock hazard, Arcing Hazard and Arc Blast hazard.
14: What are the advantages of High voltage system?
Answer: High voltage system giving the flexibility of transmission through lower gauge cables and
lower current rated control devices compared to Low voltage system for a given load requirement.
The size of the generator as well as motors of high voltage system for a given load will be
considerably smaller than low voltage system.
15: What are the disadvantages of high voltage system?
Answer: High voltage system requires higher degree of insulation for all its control devices,
transmission systems as well as motors and generators.
16: What is the safe distance for high voltage?
Answer:Safe approach limits for people
Voltage 214V to 11KV 33KV 66KV 132KV 275KV

415 V
Person using manually operated tool 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Meter Meter Meter Meter Meter Meter
Person using power operated tool 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Meter Meter Meter Meter Meter Meter
Source: Indian Electricity Regulations.
17: What is polarization index?
Answer: Polarization index is the ratio of megger value taken for 10 minutes to the megger value
taken for 1 minute.
It is always desired to have polarization index of an electrical insulator more than 2. It is hazardous
to have polarization index less than 1.5.
18: What are the components of leakage current?
Answer: The leakage current inside a motor/generator is due to four components.
1: Resistive component or conductive component,
2: Capacitive component,
3: Surface leakage component,
4: Polarization component.
19: What is Polarization component?
Answer: Every insulator is hygroscopic in nature. Some contaminant molecules and mainly moisture
in insulator are very polar. When an electric field is applied across insulator the polar molecules align
themselves along the direction of electric field. The energy required for this alignment of polar
molecules, comes from voltage source in form of electric current. This current is called polarization
current. It continues until all the polar molecules aligned themselves along the direction of electric
field. It takes around 10 minutes to align the polar molecules along electric field and that is why if we
take Megger result for 10 minutes, there would be no effect of polarizing current in Megger result.
20: How to take High Voltage Motor Insulation?
Answer: To apply a Polarization Index test of a high voltage motor, a motor driven generator or an
electronic convertor powered from a local 220 V AC supply will have to use. Before applying an IR
test to HV equipment, it’s power supply must be switched off, Isolated, confirmed dead by using an
approved live line tester. Then the conductors must be earth down for complete safety.
An EPTW should be issued.
Then connect the IR tester to the circuit/equipment under test. Disconnect the earth down cable by
using an insulated extension tool. Now the IR test voltage can be applied and note down the
readings. After taking the readings, again connect back the earth down cable by using the insulated
extension tool. After earth down, disconnect the IR tester. This safety routines must be applied for
each separate IR test.
21: What is the voltage of HV Megger?
Answer: 2.5 KV or 5 KV. 5000 V DC Megger can be used for 6.6KV installations. Similarly 2500 V DC
Megger can be used for 3.3KV installations.
22: What is the HV live line tester?
Answer: HV Live line tester is used to check the presence of High Voltage. It is a higher grade, high
voltage insulated cable with a large crocodile clip at one end and testing probe at the other end. The
test probe having a long insulated shaft, an indicator, a handle with finger guard and a brass tip. This
tester should be always tested with a known HV test proving unit before using for an actual test.
23: What are the safe work requirements for high voltage systems?
Answer: 1. Person should be trained and certified for the high voltage system job safely.
2: Access to high voltage system should be strictly controlled by “Permit To Work” scheme. Electrical
Permit To Work (EPTW).
3: Live line test should be done.
4: Before any work starts, “Earthing down” of the high voltage conductors should be done.
5: Always two persons should be there while working on high voltage equipment.
24: How do you remove a casualty from electric shock?
Answer: Before attempting to remove a casualty from electric shock condition, disconnect the
power to the particular machinery/cable. Extreme cases can make a complete black out also in a
hurry. By using insulation gloves and standing on insulation rubber mats also can try to remove the
casualty from the current flowing condition. Once the casualty is removed to safety, if he/she is
unconscious, immediately to give artificial respiration.
25: What are the safeties provided for MSBD?

Answer: Over load protection, Over/under frequency protection, under voltage protection, over
voltage protection, reverse power protection and preferential trip protection. Continuous insulation
monitoring also provided.
26: What is the IP degree of protection provided for MSBD?
Answer: IP21
27: What are the safety protections provided by ACB?
Answer: Adjustable Long Time Delay Trip – LTD
Adjustable Short Time Delay Trip – STD
Adjustable Instantaneous Trip – INST
Adjustable Pre Trip Alarm – PTA
Adjustable Ground Fault Trip – GFT
Under Voltage Trip- UVT
28: What are the survey requirements for MSBD?
Answer: 1. Visual examinations of ACB.
2. ACB Close and Trip operations in its isolated position.
3: All functioning of ACB Mechanism and condition inside.
4: Circuit breaker time delay mechanism (Dash Pot) if any.
5: MSBD cleanliness.
6: Inspection of hot spots.
7: Bus bar supports, insulators’ condition.
8: Earth bar inside the Panels, proper bonding.
9: Hinged panel doors’ bonding with Switch board frame.
10: Reverse power tripping, Preferential tripping.
11: Synchronising and load sharing controls.
12: Earth leakage-MSBD insulation resistance.
13: All visual indicators.
14: Standby starting of generators and sequential starting of ancillary equipment.
29: Explain with the help of a drawing, how is the earth leakage detector working?
Answer: Drawing in separate sheet.
30: What is reverse power? How it is going to affect the prime mover if it is not tripped during
reverse power condition?
Answer: Reverse power situation arises due to some fault in the prime mover. When the generator
prime mover is unable to run in its synchronous RPM due to some mechanical failure or Clogged F.O
Filters, governor will not be able to restore the RPM and speed of the engine will tend to drop. But
the generator is synchronise generator and as long as it is connected to a multi grid or common
busbar where more than one generators are connected, it will not allow to rotate RPM below than
its Synchronise Speed. When the prime mover fails to rotate at enough speed, generator will start
withdrawing power from the multi grid/common bus and continue to rotate at the same RPM as a
synchronise motor. At this condition the generator is no more delivering power to the multi
grid/common bus, instead it is withdrawing power from the grid/bus to maintain its RPM. This is
called reverse power.
Engine driven generators have mechanical protection systems that shut down the drive in the event
of mechanical failures such as bearing overheating, luboil low pressure or cooling water high
temperature. During the reverse power situation, the generator turned motor will drag the
troubled/crippled prime mover to rotate at its synchronous speed which will result with further
damage to the engine. Motoring these units also poses a danger of explosion and fire because of
unburnt fuel.At this condition the generator turned motor will draw huge current from the Bus bar
and cause over current tripping of the healthy generators which will eventually end up with black
out.
31: How the reverse power is detecting?
Answer: It is difficult to determine the direction of AC to make a tripping of generator during

motoring. For this purpose, the reverse power relay utilise the technique of monitoring current
lagging direction to voltage. During sourcing (Generating), the current will lag the voltage by some
angle in positive way relative to the Reverse Power Relay. During motoring of generator this positive
lagging to voltage will changes to negative lagging to voltage. This change in phasor angle will cause
the aluminium disc inside the relay to rotate to the opposite direction and the same will make a
contact to trip the ACB.
32: What will happen if a 3 phase alternator rotates in opposite to its normal direction? Assume.
Answer: If the 3 phase alternator rotates to opposite of its normal direction, the phase sequence will
change and all connected 3 phase motors will run in opposite direction too. If the generator
arranged to synchronise with other generators in a common bus or multi grid network, this
generator cannot synchronise with them. For a synchronism, the voltage, frequency, phase angle
and phase sequencemust be identical.
33: What are the causes of a generator for not building up voltage?
Answer: The most common reason forStatic excited compound brushless alternators for not
producing voltage can be due to the loss of residual magnetism of the field core. If the cables leading
from AVR tothe exciter field (DC) breaks due to some reason, also no voltage will be produced. The
DC connection after the rotating rectifiers to the main rotor fields breaks also, no voltage will be
produced.
For Rotary excited brushless alternators (PMG Type), the reason can be wire breaks in the output
from PM Generator to AVR, DC output from the AVR to the exciter field or DC connection from the
output of rotating rectifiers to the main field rotor. If the rotary exciter is commutatortype, then the
most common reason can be the failure of carbon brushes.
34: What is flashing of generators? Why it is required to disconnect AVR connections while
flashing? If not removed AVR connections, what will happen? Why?
Answer: Flashing is sometime required only in Static Excited compound generators. These type
generators, the residual magnetism left over with the exciter field pole material initialising the
building up of voltage while starting. If the generator not used for a long time or during the major
repair/maintenance of alternator, heating the field winding to improve insulation resistancemay also
result in losing these residual magnetism.
In such situation, magnetising the field poles by giving external DC (12V) is required and the same is
called flashing of generators. Remove the wires F+ and F- from AVR terminals and connect a 12 volt
battery to the stationary exciter field by observing the polarity. Keep connected for about 10
minutes. After 10 minutes, disconnect the battery and connect back the AVR leads. Start the engine
and monitor the voltage building up in the generator. If not, repeat the same procedure again until
voltage starts building up.
During flashing, it is important to disconnect the leads from AVR to protect its’ components from
damage by the battery voltage which is appearing in the AVR outputs since the flashing battery also
coming in parallel.
35: What are the setting values of reverse power relay? What is determines these values?
Answer: Reverse power relay settings will be depends upon the motoring power requirements for
the engine when no cylinders are firing. Diesel generators with no cylinders firing, require about 15%
KW for four stroke engine and 25% for two stroke engine for motoring at its synchronise speed.
Steam turbines under full vacuum require 0.5 to 3% KW for motoring. Manufacturers should be
consulted for exact motoring power requirement and the maximum permissible motoring time.
36: Where is the regulations regarding electrical installations on board ships can be found?
Answer: SOLAS Chapter II-1, Part D, Regulations 40, 41,42,43,44 and 45.
Regulation 40: General.
Regulation 41: Main Power Source.
Regulation 42: Emergency Power Source for Passenger Ships.
Regulation 43: Emergency Power Source for Cargo Ships.
Regulation 44: Starting Arrangement for Emergency Generator.

Regulation 45: Precautions against Shock, Fire and other Hazards of Electrical origin.
37: What are the SOLAS regulation requirements for GMDSS Batteries?
Answer: SOLAS Chapter IV, Part C, Regulation 13.
1 hour if the ship is equipped with emergency generator which is fully complies with the regulations
of Chapter II-1, Part D, Regulation 42 and 43.
6 hours in case if the ship is not provided an emergency generator which is complies the regulations
of Chapter II-1, Part D, Regulations 42 and 43.
38: How the preferential trip mechanism works?
Answer: Dash Pot Mechanism were using earlier. Now the PLC or Embedded system based Power
Management System (PMS) is monitoring and controlling the entire operations of MSBD.
39: How you will determine the condition (Efficiency) of Lead Acid Batteries?
Answer: To determine the efficiency of lead acid batteries, we can use HRD Testers. HRD Testers are
a device with a Voltmeter and a low value Shunt Resistor as dummy load connected across its
terminals. This type of tester is used to check the internal resistance of each individual cell. The
voltmeter is a bidirectional type and pointer in centre of the scale can deflect to both directions.
While connecting to the cell terminals, heavy current will flow through the tester. If the internal
resistance of the cell is good, the voltage will read more than 2 Volt and if the internal resistance is
weak, then the pointer will read below 2V depends upon the internal resistance. This device should
not connect to the cell for more than 10 seconds.
Modern HRD Testers are coming for 12V and 24V batteries direct testing, not individual cells.. At the
end of the test duration, tester will calculate/indicate the efficiency of the battery under test. The
dummy load will be selectable for different discharge currents for different capacity batteries.
Another way to find out the efficiency is to allow the battery voltage to drop 80% of the output
nominal voltage (Initial Voltage at fully charged condition) under constant current discharge
condition. Note down the duration of the battery under test can supply constant current before it
falls to 80% of the nominal fully charged voltage. Compare this duration with the expected duration
of the battery under test and calculate the efficiency.
40: What are the different kinds of maintenance free secondary type batteries?
Answer: 1. Sealed Lead Acid Maintenance free Batteries, 2. Nickel Cadmium Batteries, 3. Nickel
Metal Hydride Batteries, 4. Lithium Iron batteries.
41: How is the charge indicator on maintenance free batteries works?
Answer: Drawing Attached.
42: How doesthe viscosity controllerworking and what is the viscosity of Fuel oil at room
temperature?
Answer:There are two types of Viscosity controllers used on board ships. The earlier type viscosity
controllers are using Differential Pressure Transducers to measure the viscosity and modern type
Viscosity controllers are using Torsion Pendulum Sensors for measurements.
DP Transmitter type: Viscosity of the fluid to be measured is passed through a fine fixed dimension
capillary tube and pressure drop across the capillary tube is measured. Pressure drop across the
capillary is proportional to the viscosity of fluid if the capillary dimension is fixed. The pressure drop
across the capillary is send to the Differential Pressure transducer which will convert it to a 3 to 15
psi signal. This signal will be send to a PID controller to regulate the heater to maintain the viscosity
at set value. The difference in pressure can be converted to a 4-20 mA signal also to use with
electronic PID controllers for regulating the heating.
Torsion Pendulum Sensor Type: The sensor consists of a stainless steel driver/ sensor head attached
to the base plate by means of a tubular torsion spring will be immersed in the fluid of which viscosity
is to be measured. In the head, one pair of Piezo elements (Driver Piezos) actuates the pendulum at
its torsional resonance frequency, while another pair (Receiver Piezos) probe the actual movement
of the head. In a low viscosity medium, like air, the resonance frequency is in the range of 1600 Hz.
In a high viscosity medium, the movement of the head is damped by the liquid. Consequently, the
resonance frequency slightly shifts towards lower frequencies, whilst the width of the resonance
peak increases, which is a measure for the viscosity.This shift in frequency according to the viscosity
of the fluid will be processed and converted to a corresponding 4-20 mA signal which will be sent to
a PID controller to regulate the heater to maintain the viscosity at set value.
43: What is static electricity and how it is dangerous on board tanker ships
Answer: Static electricity is the imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.
Static electricity produced due to the following phenomenon.
1. Pressure induced charge separation: Piezoelectric Effect. Applied mechanical stress

generates a separation of charge in certain types of crystals and ceramics.
2. Heat induced charge separation: Pyro electric Effect. Heating generates a separation of
charge in the atoms or molecules of certain materials. (Example: Hair dryer).
3. Charge induced charge separation: Electrostatic Induction. A charged object brought into
the vicinity of an electrically neutral object, will cause a separation of charge within the
conductor. Example: Computer boards and electronic components keeping inside the
antistatic packing. This packing acts as a Faraday’s cage that surrounds the material inside
and keeps charge from entering or leaving from the material.
4. Contact Induced Charge Separation. Electrons can be exchanged between materials on
contact. Materials with weakly bond electrons tend to lose them, while material with
sparsely filled outer shells tends to gain them. This is known as the triboelectric effect and
results in one material becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged.
Example: Rubbing different material together causes the static charge to accumulate on the
surfaces of materials.
Static electricity presents fire and explosion hazards during the handling of petroleum and
other tanker operations such as tank cleaning, dipping, ullaging and sampling. Certain
operations can give rise to accumulations of electric charge which may be released suddenly
in electrostatic discharges with sufficient energy to ignite flammable hydrocarbon gas/air
mixtures. There is, of course, no risk of ignition unless a flammable mixture is present. There
are three basic stages leading up to a potential static hazard:
1. Charge separation;
2. Charge accumulation; and
3. Electrostatic discharge.
44: What is the working principle of VFD? Explain with a block diagram.
Answer:
45: What is the functioning of breaking resistor in VFD?
Answer: Braking Resistors are used in Variable Frequency Drives to dissipate the energy released by
the motor into the power system. The Braking Resistors perform the duty of absorbing the power
from the rotor when the VFD reduces the speed to zero and preventing rotor heating. They also
prevent the rotor from exceeding the synchronous speed set by the Variable frequency drive.
A variable Frequency drive consists of three main components - the rectifier which converts the AC
supply into DC, the DC Bus bars and the inverter which converts the DC supply into a variable AC
supply. The VFD varies the speed of the motor by varying the frequency of the AC supply applied at
the motor terminals.
When the motor is required to be stopped suddenly, the Variable frequency drive reduces the
supply frequency to 0 HZ. In this condition, the rotor is rotating at speed higher than the
synchronous speed. This causes the motor to behave like a generator and send power in the reverse
direction, into the DC bus bars. During this time, the voltage across the DC Bus bars can rise to very
high levels. The braking resistors absorb power in this situation and prevent the voltage from rising
beyond limit and damaging the Drive.
The value of the resistances determines the rate of fall of the motor speed (braking).
Special provision is made for cooling the resistors which can generate a huge amount of heat when
in operation.
46: What are the different types of Frequency convertors? Draw block diagram.
Answer: Mainly there are three types of Frequency Convertors. Synchro converters (AC-DC-AC),
Cycloconvertors (AC-AC) and Pulse Width Modulation Type (PWM) (AC-DC-AC).
Block Diagram Attached.
47: Explain the Winch motor system working principle with a VFD.
Answer:
48: How is the Pump room ventilation system provided on board tanker ship?
Answer: SOLASChapter II-2: Construction- Fire Protection, Fire detection and Fire Extinction.
5.4 Ventilation
5.4.1 Ventilation systems in cargo pump-rooms
Cargo pump-rooms shall be mechanically ventilated and discharges from the exhaust fans shall be
led to a safe place on the open deck. The ventilation of these rooms shall have sufficient capacity to
minimize the possibility of accumulation of flammable vapors. The number of air changes shall be at
least 20 per hour, based upon the gross volume of the space. The air ducts shall be arranged so that
all of the space is effectively ventilated. The ventilation shall be of the suction type using fans of the
non-sparking type.
BV Class requirements: In addition to the provisions of Chapter 7, Sec 2, [2.3.3], the ventilation of
the cargo pump room is to comply with the following provisions:
a. Cargo pump rooms are to be mechanically ventilated and discharges from exhaust fans are
to be led to a safe place on the open deck. The ventilation of these rooms is to have
sufficient capacity to minimize the possibility of accumulation of flammable vapors. The
number of changes of air is to be at least 20 per hour, based upon the gross volume of the
space. The air ducts are to be arranged so that all of the space is effectively ventilated. The
ventilation is to be of the suction type using fans of the non-sparking type.
b. The ventilation ducts are to be so arranged that their suction is just above the transverse
floor plates or bottom longitudinal in the vicinity of bilges.
c. An emergency intake located about 2.20 m above the pump room lower grating is to be
provided. It is to be fitted with a damper capable of being opened or closed from the
exposed main deck and lower grating level.
Ventilation through the emergency intake is to be effective when the lower intakes are
sealed off due to flooding in the bilges.
d. The foregoing exhaust system is in association with open grating floor plates to allow the
free flow of air.
e. Arrangements involving a specific ratio of areas of upper emergency and lower main
ventilator openings, which can be shown to result in at least the required 20 air changes per
hour through the lower inlets, can be adopted without the use of dampers. When the lower
access inlets are closed then at least 15 air changes per hour should be obtained through the
upper inlets.
49: Explain the OWS working principle. What are the different types of OWS used on board ships?
Answer: Oily Water Separator is required on board ships as per the MARPOL Annex-1
There are mainly two types of oily water separators are used on board ships.
1: Coalesces type Oily Water separator (Gravity Type),
2: Centrifuge Type Oily Water Separator.
Electrochemical and Bioremediation type are in research stage.
OWS consists of mainly three segments:
1: Separator unit
This unit consists of catch plates which are inside a coarse separating compartment and an oil
collecting chamber.
Here the oil having a density which is lower than that of the water, which makes the former rise into
the oil collecting compartment and the rest of the non-flowing oil mixture settle down into fine
settling compartment after passing between the catch plates.
After a period of time more oil will separate and collect in the oil collecting chamber. The oil content
of water which passes through this unit is around 100 parts per million of oil.
A control valve (pneumatic or electronic) releases the separated oil in to the designated OWS sludge
tank.
Heater may be incorporated in this unit for smooth flow and separation of oil and water.
First stage helps in removing some physical impurities to achieve fine filtration in the later stage.
2: The Filter unit
This is a separate unit whose input comes from the discharge of the first unit.
This unit consists of three stages – filter stage, coalescer stage and collecting chamber.
The impurities and particles are separated by the filter and are settled at the bottom for removal.
In second stage, coalesces induces coalescence process in which oil droplets are joined to increase
the size by breaking down the surface tension between oil droplets in the mixture.
These large oil molecules rise above the mixture in the collecting chamber and are removed when
required.
The output from this unit should be less than 15 ppm to fulfil legal discharge criteria.
If the oil content in water is more than 15 ppm, then maintenance work such as filter cleaning or
renewal of filters is to be done as required.
3: Oil Content Monitor and Control Unit
This unit functions together in two parts – monitoring and controlling.
The ppm of oil is continuously monitored by Oil Content Monitor (OCM); if the ppm is high it will give
alarm and feed data to the control unit.
The control unit continuously monitors the output signal of OCM and if alarm arises, it will not allow
the oily water to go overboard by means of operating 3 way solenoid valve.
There are normally 3 solenoid valves commanded by control unit. These are located in the first unit
oil collecting chamber, second unit oil collecting chamber and one in discharge side of the oily water
separator which is a 3 way valve.
The 3 way valve inlet is from the OWS discharge, where one outlet is to overboard and second outlet
is to OWS sludge tank.
When OCM gives alarm, 3 way valve discharges oily mixture in the sludge tank.
50: Explain the working principle of OMD Sensor.
Answer: The atmosphere of the crankcase compartments are continuously drawn out by means of
headers and direct through an optical opacity measuring track. In this measuring track the opacity
(Turbidity) of the drawn crankcase atmosphere is determined by means of infrared light.
51: Explain enclosed space entry procedures.
Answer: Before allowing the access to the enclosed space, the responsible officer should ensure
that:
1. Appropriate atmospheric checks have been carried out.

2. Piping, inert gas and ventilation system have been isolated.
3. Effective ventilation will be maintained continuously while the enclosed space is occupied.
4. Fixed lighting such as air turbo lights are ready for extended periods.
5. Approved, self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and resuscitation
equipment is ready for use at the entrance to the space.
6. A rescue harness, complete with lifeline is ready for immediate use at the entrance to the
space.
7. Fully charged safety torch is ready for immediate use at the entrance to the space.
8. A responsible member of the crew is in constant attendance outside the enclosed space, in
the immediate vicinity of the entrance and in direct contact with the responsible officer.
These persons should be trained in the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency.
9. Lines of communication have been clearly established and are understood by all concerned.
The personnel undertaking the task should ensure that such safeguards are put into effect prior to
entering the space.
The personnel protective equipment to be used by people entering the space must be prescribed.
The following items should be considered.
1. Protective clothing including work clothing or protective suits, safety boots, safety helmets,
gloves, safety glasses.
2. For large spaces, or where climbing access will be undertaken, the wearing of safety harness
may also be appropriate.
3. Approved safety torches.
4. Approved UHF Radio.
5. Personal Gas detector or an area gas detector and an alarm.
6. Emergency Escape Breathing Device.
52: Circuit diagram reading- Shown winch motor control circuit with VFD
Answer:
53: Foam systems, Expansion Ratio.
Answer: There are two types of foam systems using for fire fighting. One is high expansion foam type
system for Engine room and confined spaces. For open deck fire fighting, low expansion ratio types
foams are using.
High expansion ratio 1:600
Mixing Ratio: 2% foam liquid and 98% sea water in volume.
54: Which foam type used for deck and what expansion ratio?
Answer: MOUSSOL APS 3/3 (Alcohol and Hydrocarbon resistant foam). Low Expansion Ratio. Less
than 1:12. Ratio of mixingis 3% foam liquid and 97% sea water in volume.
55: Draw a PLC block diagram.
56: What is scan cycle of PLC and what is the duration of a scan cycle?
Answer: The process of sequentially reading the inputs, executing the program, and updating the
outputs are known as the scan cycle. Scanning cycles will be continuously performed as long as the
PLC is in RUN mode. Each cycle starts with Input scan first, where the CPU will check the statuses of
all input field devices connected to the Input modules. This information will be transferred to the
input image memory of CPU. After the input scan, CPU will perform the Process Scan, where it will
compare the input information with the stored program instructions and prepare the new set of
output instructions. This new instructions will be transferred to the output image memory of the
CPU. After the completion of Program Scan, it will perform the Output Scan or Updating scan. This
period, PLC will write off all new instructions in the output image memory to the output modules
connected and here these modules will make the necessary physical changes to the output field
devices connected. Before going to start the next scan cycle, a small duration is used for
housekeeping scan. During this scan period, PLC will check its own internal healthiness and generate
an alarm if anything find wrong.
Scan cycle duration will be depends upon the number of instructions given in the program as well as
the speed of the processor. Generally it can be from 3 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds.
57: What type of signal is used for signal processing in PLCs?
Answer: Discrete signals or discrete time signals. Both are same.
58: If the PLC fails in a control system, can you operate the machinery/process?
Answer: If the system is provided with redundancy scheme (Emergency operation), we can change
over to this scheme and operate the machinery/process. Critical machineries like Boiler and Framo
Cargo Pumping system have different stages of bypassing the PLC and Manual Overriding of the
bypassed functions.
If the systems doesn’t have redundancy scheme provided, then functioning of machinery/process
will not be possible.
59: A fire detection and alarm system explain with a simple drawing.

60: Different types of fire fighting systems, Explain.
Answer:
61: Explain with a diagram, Boiler water level controller using DP Transmitter.
62: Two generators are running in parallel, KW is same but current is different why?
Answer: This phenomenon is due to the improper reactive load sharing. This kind of situation, the
individual output voltages of the alternators will be different. While running single, this
voltage difference will not be a problem. But while running in parallel, they will not share the
reactive load equally. For to make the reactive load sharing equally, we will have to adjust
slightly one generator’s output voltage while they are running parallel until we see the
current also sharing equally.
63: Draw a Life boat engine starter circuit diagram.
Answer: Separate drawing attachment.
64: Why life boat starter circuit negative grounded?
Answer: The life boat starter wiring diagram is like automotive wiring diagram only. The negative
supply to the engine starting motor and from the Alternator are connected to the metal
body of the engine only to reduce the wiring as well as to improve the conductivity. Only the
positive supply is controlled through the starting/stopping control relays. Wherever negative
is not possible through the lifeboat boat body, separate cables are pulled for lighting circuits.
65: What is an optocoupler?How does it works? Where is its application?
Answer: Optocoupler is an electronic component which is coupling an input signal to its output by
means of optical way. It is a combination of an LED in the input section and a photo
transistor at the output section. Basically it is electrically isolating the input to its output, but
coupling the input signal to its output. All Digital input modules and Digital output modules
in the PLC are using optocouplers. Similarly in the SMPS power supplies, for the feedback
signal to the oscillator section also done through optocouplers only.
66: Differentiate discrete signal, digital and analogue inputs of PLC.
Answer: Discrete signals or discrete time signals are the output signals from the Analogue to Digital
Converters which are digital signals only with distinct values by sampling and quantization to
represent the analogue signals. The analogue input signals cannot read or process by
computers or PLCs working by Digital electronics. So the Analogue signals to be converted to
digital signals for reading and processing by a computer or PLCs. This conversion of Analogue
to Digital has been done by the A/D Converters. The A/D converters will digitise the time
variable of the analogue signals, a process called sampling and digitise the instantaneous
amplitude of the analogue signal, a process called quantization.In a discrete time signal the
number of elements in the set as well as the possible values of each element are finite,
countable and can be represented with computer bits.Digital signals are the binary type
signal which is having only two states, either LOW or HIGH. Analogue signals are those
signals which is having an amplitude depends upon the measured quantity and continuous
in time. It is a time varying voltage signal.
67: UMS requirements by SOLAS.
Answer:
SOLAS Chapter 2-1, Part E
Regulation 47: Fire Precautions. Fire detection system is to be fitted. Main Engine should be fitted
with Oil Mist Detector.
Regulation 48: Protection against flooding to be provided. Bilge alarms and sufficient capacity of
bilge well for the normal unmanned period duration.
Regulation 49: Control of propulsion machinery form navigation bridge should be possible.
Regulation 50: Communication. Telephone facility between control room, navigation bridge and
engineers’ cabins.
Regulation 51: Alarm System should be provided for all vital parameters of the safe functioning of
Engine room.
Regulation 52: Safety System. Shutdown, slowdown of M/E and boiler in cases of very serious fault
conditions.
Regulation 53: Special requirements for Machinery, Boiler and Electrical Installation. Automatic
standby starting of generators and sequential starting of ancillary propulsion systems.
Centralised M/E control position and alarm monitoring location should be provided. Alarm
repeater panels should be fitted all engineers’ cabins. Audible and visual alarms should be
available on navigating Bridge.
Regulation 54: Special consideration in respect of passenger ships.
68: Different types of fire detectors and principle.
Answer:
69: Explain High voltage testing electrode working principle?
Answer: To determine the dielectric strength of air for different Surface designs.
70: LNG ships, for deck fire fighting is dry powder and N2. Why not CO2?
Answer:
71: Speed and frequency relations.
Answer: Number of Cycles per revolution=Number of Poles/2, That is P/2
Number of revolutions per second=RPM(N)/60,
So Frequency f= (P/2) X (N/60)
F=PN/120.
72: How is the crane’shoist motor protected from freefalling during lowering a weight?
Answer: The controlled lowering of weight by the hoist motor of a crane is done by a breaking
mechanism called “mechanical load break”. In the lowering direction, this mechanism allows the
hoist winch drumto rotate according to the rotation of the motor only. This mechanism working in
such a way that the load will be always squeezing the break due to the freefalling tendency and the
motor will be continuously releasing the break while rotates in the lowering direction as a result the
load will go down in a controlled way. This mechanism will not allow the driven force to drive the
driving force while lowering the weight.Basically the motor is using to release the mechanical load
break while lowering. During hoisting a load, this mechanism allows the drum to rotate against the
weight freely which is made possible by a pawl and ratchet in the mechanism.
73: Reading a two speed motor starter diagram, draw equivalent drawing.
Answer:
74: What is differential pressure transmitter? Where it can be used?
Answer: Differential pressure transmitters are the pressure transducers which can sense the
difference in pressures of two inputs and accordingly to produce an output signal which will
represent the difference in pressure. This output signal can be 3-15 psi pneumatic signal or
4-20 mA current. Differential pressure transmitters are used for Water level controllers in
boilers, for viscosity measurement in viscosity controllers and for Flow rate measurement of
liquids in various requirements.
75: How is the boiler drum pressure controlled?
Answer: Fuzzy logic program and Combustion curve programmed in the PLC is controlling the drum
pressure. The CPU is monitoring the steam demand, production of steam and using the fuzzy
logic for regulating the combustion rate.
76: How is the boiler combustion pressure controlled?
Answer: Fuzzy logic program and Combustion curve programmed in the PLC is controlling the
combustion rate. The CPU is monitoring the steam demand, production of steam and using
the fuzzy logic for regulating the combustion rate. Actually combustion rate is regulated
according to the steam consumption to maintain the set steam pressure.
77: What is the difference of Explosimeter and Tankscope?

Answer:Explosimeters are Catalytic heated filament type combustible gas (Hydro Carbons) indicating
devices which can measure HC level where more than 11% oxygen by volume is present. It
makes this instrument not suitable for inerted atmosphere measurements.
Tankscopes are Non-Catalytic heated filament Gas Indicating device for HC. In this type instrument,
the composition of surrounding gas determines the rate of loss of heat from the filament.
The loss of heat is the measure of the concentration of HC in this instrument not the
oxidation unlike in the Tankscope. This advantage makes suitable Tankscop to use for
measurements in interted atmosphere too.
78: Explain what are ODME and the working principle.
Answer: Oil Discharge Monitoring Control System (ODMCS) sometimes referred as Oil Discharge
Monitoring Equipment (ODME), is used to discharge the slop on board tanker ships to sea by
controlling, monitoring and recording. The separation of oil from water is by natural gravity
only. Pump will take suction from the bottom of slop tank and oil will be settled on the top
surface of water.
This is a requirement for tanker ships by MARPOL 73/78 Annex-1, Prevention of pollution by oil from
ships.
ODCS monitoring the PPM content of oil discharged to the sea and in the event of ppm increases
above 1000, overboard valve closes and recirculation valve opens.
MARPOL 73/78 permits a total volume of 30 l/nm oil discharge to sea provided that ship should be
moving.
Formula for calculating the total discharge per nautical mile is R = C x Q / V x 1000.
Whereas R= Total volume discharge of oil per nautical mile.
C = Rate of ppm oil content discharging.
Q = Rate of Volume of slop discharge in m³/h.
V = Ship speed in nautical miles.
Example: (1000 ppm x 400 m³/h) / (14 knots x 1000)
That is = 400/14, = 28.57 l/nm. Which is below than permitted volume.
Overall Discharged Oil = R x V x T, Whereas R is the discharge rate per nautical mile, V is the Ship’s
speed, T is the Total time of discharge in hours.
ODMCS utilising the light scatter technology for measuring oil content.
79: What is Marpol Annex- IV?
Answer: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
Annex-I: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil from ships.

Annex-II: Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk.
Annex-III: Regulations for the prevention of harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form.
Annex-IV: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
Annex-V: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships.
Annex-VI: Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships.
80: What are the air pollutants emitted from your ship?
Answer: SOX and NOX. Marpol Annex- VI, Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships.
81: Reading of hydraulic diagram
82: Explain a Two speed motor diagram how to connect for LOW and HIGH speed.
Answer: Separate Drawing.
83: Read steering gear motor control diagram and identify the alarm contacts. (An old drawing
showing)
Questions asked by external surveyor C/E Sri.Dennis
1: What is Electronic Governor and how it is controlling Main Engine Speed?
Answer: M/E Electronic governor is an Electronic PID controller to Control the RPM of M/E precisely
at the set value. It is forming part of the bridge manoeuvring system (BMS). Main parts of an
electronic governor are,
A:Main control unit: This is the CPU based process unit which is controlling the Engine RPM. The
inputs to this unit are the speed order signal from the operator, Actual RPM Signal from the Pickups
and Scavenging air pressure signal from Scavenge Air receiver. The output signal from this section
goes to the Servo controller.
B: Servo Controller: This unit receiving signal from the Control unit and giving an output voltage to
the Servo Motor.
C: This servo motor is regulating the fuel rack to maintain the set RPM by the operator. A feedback
signal from a Resolver which is forming part of the actuator will be given to the servo driver to
position the servo motor shaft at correct angle.
D: RPM Pickups: Which are sensing the real time RPM and giving to Main control unit for comparison
with set value.
E: Pressure transducer: This pressure transducer converts the scavenge air pressure to a 4-20 mA
signal and giving to Main control unit for regulating the fuel according to the combustion curve
stored in the CPU.
2: What are the advantages of Electronic governor?
Answer:
1. Visible governor control conditions from Control Room Display.

2. Easy change of governor properties through the set parameters with sufficient
protection to prevent wrong or mis-settings.
3. Arbitrarily controllable maximum fuel supply.(Chief Limit).
4. Easy checking of governor output conditions from control room display by
simulation test.
5. Constant amount supply control from control room (Fuel mode).
6. Fuel Rack control from control room (Direct Mode).
7. Stabilized fuel rack with no fluctuation under abnormal conditions that can affect
the engine running speed.
8. Easier installation owing to downsized motor driven actuator and
9. Easier actuator maintenance owing to brushless motor adoption.
3: What is dead weight break in life boat winch?
Answer: All types of winches using for lowering or hoisting a weight should have two types of
breaking system. One is stop break and the other is for the controlled lowering of the weight.
Manual brakes shall be so arranged that the brake is always applied unless the operator, or a
mechanism activated by the operator holds the brake control in the “OFF” position (Dead-Man
Type). For controlled lowering of life boats, Governor Breaks (Centrifugal Mechanism Breaks) are
provided. At certain preset speed of the motor shaft (10 meters per minute lowering speed of Life
boat), the fly out mechanism will be opening and breakwill be applying with the stationary drum.
This break will not be allowing the winch motor to be driven by the driving force uncontrollably.
4: Explain the Autopilot System?
Answer: Autopilot System is an Electronic, CPU based PID controller to steer a ship in the set course
by the operator. The main parts of an Auto Pilot System are Gyro compass, Automatic processing
Unit, Steering wheel, Rudder Servo Amplifier, Steering Gear Control System, Hydraulic Power Pack
and Hydraulic Rudder Actuator.
5: CO₂Total flooding type Fire Extinguishing System, Nozzles are fitted in discharge side. Why?
Answer: Compressed CO₂ in the cylinders are in liquid form. While releasing to the protected space,
the moment CO₂ leaves the cylinder, it will start violently boiling and changing its state as it
advances through the pipe works. This will cause the pipe lines to frozen and moistures inside the
pipe works get condense, solidify and block the flow of CO₂. By providing the nozzles at all discharge
ports, these nozzles will make sure that the pressure inside the all pipeline work will remain same
and the CO₂ will remain as liquid until it leaves the discharge Nozzles. The equal pressure inside the
pipeline work will make sure that CO₂ will be distributed and discharged evenly in all platforms of
protected spaces.
6: Why lock out valve is providing in the discharge line of CO₂ total flooding type fire extinguishing
system?
A lock out valve should be provided with all systems where CO₂ could migrate creating a hazard to
personnel. The valve is used to prevent accidental or deliberate discharge when persons not familiar
with the systemand presented in the protected space. This valve shall be maintained in the open
condition.This valve position should be continuously monitored at the control panel and is equipped
with a pad locking device to lock the valve in the open or closed position.
7: PLC System block diagram and how the analogue signals converted into digital signal?
Answer: PLC cannot analyse or process analogue signals and these signals should be converted to
digital signals before giving to CPU. These conversions of analogue to digital signals are done by A/D
converter input modules.
8: What is a PID Controller? Explain in detail.
Answer: PID controller is a Process control device which will automatically maintain the process
value (PV) at the set value (SV) all the time by Proportional, Integral and derivative control actions.
There are pneumatic and electronic type PID controllers available for different process control
purposes.
9: What is open loop control and close loop control?
Answer: In open loop control system the process information is measured and passed to the
controller, forwarded to the control element which takes the corrective action. In open loop control
system the controller never aware about the result of its control actions.
Examples: The speed control of a ship is an open loop control system. The speed information of the
ship is never fed back to engine.
Starting and running of fresh water generator. The production quantity of fresh water is never feed
back to the generator.
In closed loop system the process value is fed back to the controller continuously and the controller
will be taking corrective action to maintain the process value at set value all the time.
10: How the Boiler DP transmitter calibrate? Explain?

Answer: The DP cell can be calibrated in place by using a pressure calibrator and Digital multimeter
which can measure less than 30 mA precisely.
Procedure: Break the current signal loop and connect the multi meter by observing the correct
polarity at ammeter range, suitable for measuring 4-20 mA precisely. Disconnect the high pressure
side and low pressure side connections after isolating the DP Cell. Now the current on the meter
display should read 4 mA. Connect the pressure calibrator to high pressure side and low pressure
side to remain open to atmosphere. Slowly press up the calibrator to the DP Cell’s maximum
differential pressure range by taking care not to overshoot the pressure. At this pressure, the meter
should read the current as 20 mA.
Offset Adjustments: When both the sides are vented at atmospheric pressure, the meter should
read 4 mA. If there is any offset, adjust the zero adjusting potentiometer with a small screw driver.
After adjusting zero, press up the calibrator to maximum range and if the meter is reading more or
less than 20 mA, then turn the span adjusting screw slowly to read this pressure as 20 mA.
Whenever span is adjusted the zero also will be shifted little. So zero checking and correction again
has to perform. Similarly the span checking and fine adjustment has to perform again. This zero,
span checking and adjustments to do again until an acceptable accuracy achieved. Once the zero and
span has been set, the linearity of the transducer has to be checked in minimum 4 steps, say at
25%,50%,75% and 100%. The linearity can be checked with more steps for better accuracy. The
same way, hysterysis of the transducer also has to be checked in steps.
11: Components of VDR with functions. Which are the signals connected to VDR?
Answer: VDR stands for Voyage Data Recorder. This VDR receives vital operating information from
various machineries and equipment and continuously record on its hard disc. In the event of any
mishaps these information can be retrieved and analysed to determine the vey cause of accidents.
The main parts of the VDR is that a data collection unit with a computer and a Data Recorder Unit
which will be fitted on top of the monkey island.
The various Input signals to the VDR are as follows.
1. M/E remote control system alarms and operating parameters.

2. Gyrocompass signal.
3. Auto pilot signal.
4. Steering control system status.
5. GPS Signal.
6. Alarm monitoring system- alarms.
7. Speed log.
8. Echo Sounder.
9. Anemometer signal.
10. X Band Radar Signal- Analogue RGB Signals.
11. VHF-1 Audio Signal.
12. VHF-2 Audio Signal.
13. Audio Signals from 4 Microphones fitted on navigating Bridge.
12: How shaft grounding system works?

Answer: The voltage developed between the propeller and hull due to dissimilar materials immersed
in sea water, will be grounded by this system. This voltage is very harmful to the Main Engine
bearings. While running engine, the crank shaft will be floating and lub oil in between the bearings
and shaft will provide an electrical insulating layer between the bearings and shaft. If the voltage
developed is higher than certain level, it will start spark discharge between the bearings, shaft and
cause pitting to the white metal of bearings. Shaft grounding device will keep this voltage below
than the spark discharge level to protect the bearings. Similarly shaft grounding system will provide
the same degree of hull protection from ICCP to the propeller too.
13: Explain excitation system with AVR of a generator?
Answer: There are two different types of excitation systems utilised in generators. They are the
Static Excited compound generators and Rotary excited generators. Both cases can be brush type or
brushless type. Static exciters are using Measuring Transformers, Current transformers, Rectifier
transformer, Intermediate Transformer and reactor for deriving the controlled excitation voltage.
Further fine trimming will be done by the electronic AVR to regulate the output voltage precisely at
set voltage. Whereas the rotary type exciters uses a PMG which is mounted on the same alternator
shaft for generating excitation voltage. This voltage will be finely regulated by AVR to control the
output voltage at set value. The transient voltage response of static exciter is much better than
rotary exciters. For a voltage dip of 15%, the static exciter type generator will restore the voltage in
0.1 second whereas Rotary excited generators need 1 second to restore the voltage back to normal
level for the same dip.
14: ICCP draw and explain.
Answer: Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) is a system to protect ship’s hull immersed in
sea water from rusting.
Dissimilar metals, variations in structural and chemical uniformity in hull plates and welding,
differences in paint thickness and quality, water temperature, salinity and aeration all combine to
cause areas of hull to become either anodic (Positive) or negative (Negative). In a corrosion cell, the
electrons flow from anode to cathode leaving positively charged iron ions(Fe) at the anodic area. At
the cathode, the effects of the arrival of electrons are to produce negatively charged hydroxyl irons
(OH) by electrolysis of sea water. These negative hydroxyl ions flow through the sea water to the
Anodic area where they combine with positive iron ions (Fe) to form ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)₂. This
ferrous hydroxide further oxidised by dissolved oxygen to form Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)₃ which is
rust.
This naturally corrosive action can be overcome if the complete hull is made negative (Cathodic)
forcibly by applying a negative voltage to hull with respect to an insulated artificial Anode fitted
outside the hull.This way, electrons are allowed to arrive at the hull surface and produce negative
hydroxyl ions but no electrons will leave the hull surface to produce positive iron ions.
The value of the protection current must be critically controlled to just prevent corrosion. As beyond
this value, the increase in the rate of release of hydroxyl ions will cause sponginess and flaking of the
antifouling paint.
The correct value of protection current can be determined by reference electrodes. These are either
of zinc or silver attached to the hull, but insulated from it, below the water line. When satisfactorily
protected, the protection current will make the hull 200 mV more negative. This means, a zinc
reference electrode will register 250 mV negative to hull and silver 800 mV more positive to hull.
This reference electrode voltage is used as the signal source to automatically regulate the value of
protection current.
15: NOX explain in detail.
MARPOL Annex-VI.Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships.
Answer: Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emission control from ships is governed by the Marpol Regulation 13
of Annex VI. All marine engines which are above 130 KW power are subject to this regulation.
Exceptions to this regulation are the life boat engines and emergency generator engines which are
forming part of life saving equipment.
The NOx emission control is basically achieved by the designing stage of engines. All parts of an
engine which are directly a part of combustion are subject to this regulation requirements. After the
design and manufacture of an engine, on the test bed, IMO will monitor the NOx emission levels
from the engine and will assign a unique identity to each part identified for NOx emission control
such as, Fuel pumps, piston crown, exhaust valve, fuel injectors etc. which control combustion. This
number is imprinted on the part for its identification
In batch or subsequent engine productions, as long as the design parameters of parts do not change
and conform to the original parent engine, which was assigned the IMO number, they can be used
and further testing is not required.
Any subsequent renewal of parts on an engine, which are having an IMO number should be
procured from the maker only and should have the same number imprinted. This number is
guaranteeing that the performance of this part will exactly match to the original test bed records
and the emission levels at the test bed time. Maintenance or repair of these parts should be
recorded in the Technical file and must be signed by the Chief Engineer only.
Related Emission Control Regulations:
Regulation 12: Ozone depleting Substances like CFC Refrigerants and Halon type fire extinguishers.
Regulation 14: Sulphur Oxides (SOX) and particulate matter emission control.
General: Fuel oil with Sulphur content 3.5% mass/mass should be used on board ships on or after 1st
January 2012 and 0.5% mass/mass on or after 1st January 2020.
Emission Control area: In ECA, the fuel used on board ships must be 0.10% mass/mass on or after 1st
January 2015. The ECA implemented countries and geographical area are provided in the Appendix
VII to this Annex.
Regulation 15: Volatile Organic Compounds emission. Example: Vapour Recovery System on board
tankers is under this regulation.
Regulation 16: Incinerator related regulation. According to this regulation, residues of any
substances which are specified in Annex I, II and III are not permitted to incinerate including plastics.
16: Explain Boiler water level control system. How PID acts on this?
Answer: Boiler water level is controlled by an electronic PID controller for regulating the feed valve
and a DP transducer for sensing the water level inside the boiler Drum. The output from the DP Cell
is a 4-20 mA current signal which is representing the water level inside drum and will be fed to PID
controller. Minimum level will be represented by 4 mA and Maximum level will be represented by 20
mA. The operating range of the DP cell will be very small, say 400 mmWG. The high pressure side of
the DP Cell will be connected to the minimum water level has to be maintained. The low pressure
side will be connected to the steam drum section of the boiler.
The maximum pressure difference between the low pressure side and high pressure side at any
given point of time will be the difference of (Steam drum pressure + Hydrostatic pressure) at the
high pressure side - Steam drum pressure at low pressure side. Basically the water level signal will be
the Hydrostatic pressure in the range between minimum level to be maintained and the maximum
allowable level.
17: What is Critical speed and Why? How it can overcome?
Answer: Any object, under self or induced vibration will have some natural frequency of vibration.
When the induced vibration frequency equals to the natural frequency of vibration of that object,
then the amplitude of vibration will increase to infinity. This condition is called resonance and at
which speed of an engine resonance occurs is called the Critical Speed or Critical RPM of that engine.
18: Explain IG system with deck seal?
Answer:
19: What are the High Voltage risk factors?
Answer:
20: What is Viscosity and how does Viscosity controller works?
Answer: Viscosity of a liquid is the resistance of that liquid to flow. Viscosity high means that the
liquid will be thicker than low viscosity liquids. Viscosity of HFO at 50⁰ C can be 180 CST to 720 CST
depends upon the quality/property of that oil. For using this fuel on engines, we will have to heat it
up to get a viscosity of 11 CST. The heating temperature can vary from 132⁰C to 154⁰C depends on
the properties of the fuels.
There are two types of Viscosity controllers used on board ships. The earlier type viscosity
controllers are using Differential Pressure Transducers to measure the viscosity and modern
electronic type Viscosity controllers are using Torsion Pendulum Sensors for measurements.
DP Transmitter type: Viscosity of the fluid to be measured is passed through a fine fixed dimension
capillary tube and pressure drop across the capillary tube is measured. Pressure drop across the
capillary is proportional to the viscosity of fluid if the capillary dimension is fixed. The pressure drop
across the capillary is send to the Differential Pressure transducer which will convert it to a 3 to 15
psi signal. This signal will be send to a PID controller to regulate the heater valve to maintain the
viscosity at set value. The difference in pressure can be converted to a 4-20 mA signal also to use
with electronic PID controllers for regulating the heating.
Torsion Pendulum Type Sensor: The sensor consists of a stainless steel driver/ sensor head attached
to the base plate by means of a tubular torsion spring will be immersed in the fluid of which viscosity
is to be measured. In the head, one pair of Piezo elements (Driver Piezos) actuates the pendulum at
its torsional resonance frequency, while another pair (Receiver Piezos) probe the actual movement
of the head. In a low viscosity medium, like air, the resonance frequency is in the range of 1600 Hz.
In a high viscosity medium, the movement of the head is damped by the liquid. Consequently, the
resonance frequency slightly shifts towards lower frequencies, whilst the width of the resonance
peak increases, which is a measure for the viscosity. This shift in frequency according to the viscosity
of the fluid will be processed and converted to a corresponding 4-20 mA signal which will be sent to
a PID controller to regulate the heater controller to maintain the viscosity at set value.
21: What is thesafety interlocks provided in boiler?
Answer: For equipment safety, the interlocks are provided as follows.
1. ATOMIZING STEAM PRESS. LOW

2. F.O TEMP. LOW
3. STEAM PRESS. HIGH
4. TOO LOW WATER LEVEL
5. EMERGENCY STOP
6. F.D FAN OVERLOAD
7. F.O PRESS LOW.
8. COMB. AIR PRESS. LOW
9. FLAME FAIL.
10. WINDBOX TEMP. HIGH
11. INSTRUMENT AIR PRESS. LOW
12. GUN NOT INSERT
13. PLC FAIL.
22: What is Proximity switch and how it is working?
Answer: Proximity switches are the sensors to detect the presence of an object without having
physical contact. There are several types of proximity sensors/switches and these are named after
the technique what the sensor is employed to detect the presence of nearby objects. The main
proximity sensors are as follows.
1. Inductive proximity sensors: These type of sensors utilising the change in inductance to
detect when a Ferromagnetic type object come closure to the sensor.
2. Capacitive Proximity Sensors: These type sensors utilising the change in capacitance to
detect the object nearby or its surrounding medium. Because it can sense its surrounding
medium, these type sensors are utilised to detect oil in water and level sensing of liquids.
3. Photoelectric Sensors: These type sensors utilising a light beam to the nearby object to see
whether it is there or not.
4. Infrared Type Proximity sensors: These type sensors utilising the IR Spectrum lights to
transmit and detect the object by comparing the phase of the reflected light from the object.
All the above type proximity sensors are available in PNP Transistor switching for Sinking type Input
Modules and NPN Transistor switching for Sourcing Type input Modules.
23: What is strain gauge? How it is working?
Answer: Strain gauges are resistive type sensing elements of which resistance will change according
to the strain or stress applied on it. For measuring stress or strain, this element will form part as an
arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Under balanced conditions, the voltage across all resistors will
be equal and no voltage difference will be at the opposite sides of bridge circuit. When a strain or
stress applied to the strain gauge, its resistance will change and this change in resistance will cause
an imbalance in the Wheatstone bridge circuit. Due to this imbalance, a voltage difference will
happen across the opposite sides of the bridge circuit and a current can flow to the monitoring
circuits. This current will be a measure to the stress or strain applied to it and can amplify, process
convert into desired kind of signals.
24: Deck crane counter balance valve, with diagram?
Answer: Counter balance valves in any hydraulic cranes are used to provide hydraulic lock condition
to its motors, Pistons or actuators, when there is no operating pressure given. They are pilot
operated check valves connected in pressure (P) and tank (T) lines before the loads.
25: Explain Emergency manoeuvring?
Answer:
26: M/E starting diagram. Reading.
27: What are the Different types of hydraulic motors used in deck cranes?
Answer: Majority of the hydraulic crane motors are Axial Piston Motors. Where a variable speed and
torque is required, then a swash plate type axial piston pump will be employed. Where heavy
torques is required, then Radial Piston Type Motors will be used. Bent Axial Rotary types are the
most common motor used for hydraulic cranes.
28: How will you come to know life boat engine is not starting?
Answer: Weekly routine inspections are conducting to check the readiness of all emergency
equipment.
29: How is the air fuel ratio controlled for a boiler?
Answer: Combustion ratio curve is prepared for the optimum combustion and programmed in the
PLC. According to the consumption of steam, the fuzzy logic program will increase the combustion
capacity through the programmed curve. Separate fuel regulator and air damper controller will be
there, which will be operating according to the signal from the PLC. These actuators will be providing
feedback signal of its real time position to PLC for maintaining the combustion curve.
30: Steering gear system auto isolation system.
Answer: Auto isolation systems in steering gears are given to provide protection from complete
failure due to hydraulic leakages from individual units and its associated lines. Since the rudder
actuators are common and power packs are two independent systems, leakages from one system
can cause the healthy unit also to lose hydraulic oil through the defective unit. To prevent this from
happening, the auto isolation valves are provided which will isolate the defective unit in the event of
a low level alarm condition. In Rotary vane type Rudder actuators, the auto isolation valves are pilot
operated check valves and these valves providing the hydraulic lock to the actuators too. In Ramp
Piston type actuators, auto isolations are provided by solenoid operated valves in the P and T lines of
individual units before them connecting to the actuators. Hydraulic locks to actuator are provided by
the solenoid operated direction control valves only.
31: High voltage fault current limiting and safety procedures.
Answer: NER
32: How and why harmonics is generated in the system?
Answer:
33: How the harmonics are reduced to minimum?
Answer: By designing and using proper Harmonic Suppressors, (LC networks) these can be
minimised.
34: PLC probable faults and fault finding?
Answer:
35: How to change input points in PLC?
Answer:
36: What will happen if the rotating diodes of a generator fail?
Answer:
37: What are the different types of Excitation for Generators?
Answer: Static Excited compound generators and Rotary excited generators. Both cases can be brush
type or brushless type. Static exciters are using Shunt Transformers (Voltage Transformers or
Reactors), Series Transformers (Current transformers) and Compounding Transformer (Rectifier
transformer) for deriving the excitation voltage. Whereas the rotary type exciters uses a PMG which
is mounted on the same alternator shaft for generating excitation voltage. The transient voltage
response of static exciter is much better than rotary exciters. For a voltage dip of 15%, the static
exciter type generator will restore the voltage in 0.1 second. Whereas Rotary excited generator can
do this in 1 second only.
Questions asked at Kochi MMD during March ETO Exam.
Surveyor: Mr.Sudarshan
1: SOLAS explain?
Answer: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international
maritime safety treaty. It ensures that ships flagged by signatory States comply with minimum safety
standards in construction, equipment and operation. The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is
generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of
merchant ships.The first version of the treaty was passed in 1914 in response to the sinking of the
RMS Titanic. It prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety
procedures, including continuous radio watches. The 1914 treaty never entered into force due to the
outbreak of the First World War. Even though the Convention was updated and amended numerous
times, the Convention in force today is sometimes referred to as SOLAS, 1974.
2: What is ISPS? What is the importance?
Answer: The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is an amendment to the Safety
of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974/1988) on minimum security arrangements for ships, ports
and government agencies. Having come into force in 2004, it prescribes responsibilities to
governments, shipping companies, shipboard personnel, and port/facility personnel to "detect
security threats and take preventative measures against security incidents affecting ships or port
facilities used in international trade."
3: Different security levels. Explain?
Answer:
LEVEL 1 – Normal Level
In normal level, both ships and port operations are carried out in general way.
Minimum security measures are always maintained on board and in port.
Ship and port operation are carried out as per ship and port facility security plan.
Port facility ensures to keep the ‘no access’ areas under surveillance at all times.
Ship and port authority mutually supervise loading and unloading operation of cargo and stores,
ensuring access control and other minimum security criteria.
Minimum access in the ship is maintained at all times.
LEVEL 2- Heightened Risk
In level 2, the threat to the security is higher than the normal level.
All the routine and cargo operations are carried out with an increase in security measures in both
ships and ports.
Look-outs in no access zone and waterside area are to be increased by port and ship authorities.
Access control is maintained all the time with escorting the visitors and use of security equipment
like metal detector etc.
Communication between port authority and ship administration is always maintained in case of
increase in security level.
Preparing a full or partial search operation of the ship.
A declaration of security is undertaken between port state and ship administration.
LEVEL 3 – Imminent danger
Level 3 is imposed when the probability of security threat to ship or port authorities are highest or
imminent and specific protective measures are to be maintained.
In level 3 all ship and port operations are stopped and frequent security rounds and duties are
carried out by both ship staff and port authorities. Boat patrol is done by port state on the water
side.
Main propulsion plant is always kept ready for moving the ship out of port if require.
No personal is allowed to access the ship without the authorization of port state official.
Only one access point is maintained on board at all time.
Preparing a full search operation of ship or under water hull search operation with port facility.
Preparation for evacuation of ship by its staff.
A declaration of security is undertaken between port state and ships administration.
4: Auto pilot with diagram?

5: Auto isolation arrangement in steering gear?
Answer: On board Ships, the rudder actuator for steering the vessel will be only one unit and two
units of hydraulic power packs will be provided for 100% redundancy. If any leaks develops in the
associated hydraulic piping of any individual unit, the standby unit will start and its oil also leaks
through the defective unit since the actuator is common.
To prevent these kinds of leakages, an auto isolation system is provided to isolate the defective unit
from the actuator.
In piston type actuators, solenoid operated isolation systems are provided. In rotary wane type
actuators, hydraulic pilot operated check valves are provided.
6: Oily Water Separator, explain.
Answer: Oily Water Separator is required on board ships as per the MARPOL Annex-1
There are mainly two types of oily water separators are used on board ships.
1: Coalesces type Oily Water separator (Gravity Type),
2: Centrifuge Type Oily Water Separator.
Electrochemical and Bioremediation type are in research stage.
OWS consists of mainly three segments:
1: Separator unit
This unit consists of catch plates which are inside a coarse separating compartment and an oil
collecting chamber.
Here the oil having a density which is lower than that of the water, which makes the former rise into
the oil collecting compartment and the rest of the non-flowing oil mixture settle down into fine
settling compartment after passing between the catch plates.
After a period of time more oil will separate and collect in the oil collecting chamber. The oil content
of water which passes through this unit is around 100 parts per million of oil.
A control valve (pneumatic or electronic) releases the separated oil in to the designated OWS sludge
tank.
Heater may be incorporated in this unit for smooth flow and separation of oil and water.
First stage helps in removing some physical impurities to achieve fine filtration in the later stage.
2: The Filter unit
This is a separate unit whose input comes from the discharge of the first unit.
This unit consists of three stages – filter stage, coalescerstage and collecting chamber.
The impurities and particles are separated by the filter and are settled at the bottom for removal.
In second stage, coalesces induces coalescence process in which oil droplets are joined to increase
the size by breaking down the surface tension between oil droplets in the mixture.
These large oil molecules rise above the mixture in the collecting chamber and are removed when
required.
The output from this unit should be less than 15 ppm to fulfil legal discharge criteria.
If the oil content in water is more than 15 ppm, then maintenance work such as filter cleaning or
renewal of filters is to be done as required.
3: Oil Content Monitor and Control Unit
This unit functions together in two parts – monitoring and controlling.
The ppm of oil is continuously monitored by Oil Content Monitor (OCM); if the ppm is high it will give
alarm and feed data to the control unit.
The control unit continuously monitors the output signal of OCM and if alarm arises, it will not allow
the oily water to go overboard by means of operating 3 way solenoid valve.
There are normally 3 solenoid valves commanded by control unit. These are located in the first unit
oil collecting chamber, second unit oil collecting chamber and one in discharge side of the oily water
separator which is a 3 way valve.
The 3 way valve inlet is from the OWS discharge, where one outlet is to overboard and second outlet
is to OWS sludge tank.
When OCM gives alarm, 3 way valve discharges oily mixture in the sludge tank.
7: 15 ppm sensor on board calibration?
Answer: MAPOL: 4.2.5 states that, it should not be necessary to calibrate the 15 ppm alarm on board
ship, but on board testing according to manufacturers’ instruction shall be permitted.
MARPOL 4.2.11: The accuracy of the 15 ppm bilge alarm should be checked at IOPP certificate
renewal surveys according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Alternatively the unit may be replaced
by a calibrated 15 ppm bilge alarm. He calibration certificate for the 15 ppm bilge alarm certifying
the date of last calibration check should be retained on board for inspection purposes. The accuracy
checks can only be done by the manufacturer or persons authorised by the manufacturer.
8: MSBDsafeties.
Answer: Over load protection, Over/under frequency protection, under voltage protection, over
voltage protection, reverse power protection and preferential trip protection. Continuous insulation
monitoring also provided.
9: What are the different type Fire alarm sensors?

Answer: Smoke detectors, flame detectors and heat detectors.
1. Smoke detectors: 1: Optical type 2: Ionisation type detectors.

2. Heat detectors: 1: Rate of rise 2: Normal by metallic type.
3. Flame detectors: 1: Infrared Type 2: Ultra violet Type.
Optical type smoke detector uses the light scattering principle, i.e., the
Light emitted from the light source (light emitting element) is scattered by
Smoke particles, reaching the light receiving element.
Ionisation Type Smoke Detectors using the Absorption of ions by smoke in its monitoring chamber.
Normal monitoring period, the ions produced by the radioactive material in the measuring chamber
allows a constant current flows through the ionised atmosphere between the electrodes of the
detector. When smoke enters between these electrodes, it absorbs the ions and current conduction
between the terminals decreases. This reduction in current will trigger the circuit to make the alarm.
Rate of Rise Type Heat Detectors will not respond to the slow rise of ambient temperature to cause
a fault alarm. One set bimetal strip will be thermally insulated and other set will be exposed to
atmosphere. These types will respond to the fast changes in temperature due to actual fire only.
10: How to increase starting torque electrically and mechanically?
Answer: Electrically- By adding external resistance to wound rotor type motors for improving its
power factor. Mechanically by making the rotor slots skewed and thereby increasing the length to
increase the rotor impedance. Note that different constructions of the rotor bars, with different
resistances are used to permanently affect the torque curves of many motors.
11: Generator paralleling using voltmeter?
Answer: Volt meter connects across the ACB terminals of incoming generator on same phase and
when the voltage coming close to minimum during the oscillations, close the breaker. Use an
analogue multi meter for this purpose since its pointer movement is easy to determine the minimum
voltage time. Since it is risky and impossible to connect the multi meter probes directly to the ACB
terminals, identify the same leads which are connecting to synchroscope andconnect the multi
meter leads to monitor the voltage.
12: What are VCB and SF6 breakers?
Answer: Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCB) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF₆) Circuit breakers are the most
commonly used Medium Voltage (3.3 kV to 11kV) Interrupters in Marine Applications.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker is the best and easy for maintenance. The contact gap required for a 15 kV
system is 1 cm and for 3 kV is only 2mm.
Vacuum integrity should be tested for any suspected leaks. For this purpose after isolating and
removing the VCB out of panel, connect a high voltage megger- 5000 V for 6.6kV rated breaker,
across each poles for a period of 1 minute. After 1 minute also if the megger reading resistance in
order of Giga Ohms, means the vacuum integrity is good.
Sulphur Hexafluoride type circuit breakers are using the gas filled chamber for voltage
interruption.The chamber is maintaining about 5 kg/cm² pressure and a pressure switch is
monitoring the gas pressure. If any leakages of the gas will activates the pressure switch and thereby
tripping the beaker. They are very good in arc quenching but this gas is expensive and monitoring is
required since it is a greenhouse effect gas.
13: Explain ELCB, MCCB and MCB?
Answer: ELCB: Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker. Phase(line), neutral and earth wire are connected
through ELCB. ELCB is a voltage operated device and no longer in use. It has been replaced by RCCBs.
RCCB is a current operated safety device and having connection of phase and neutral only. It is
monitoring the difference in current through phase and neutral by means of an impedance
transformer. Any difference in the entering current and leaving current is a measure to leakage and
RCCB will trip if the difference exceeds 30mA.
RCCB using a Core Balance Current Transformer (CBCT) to detect the difference in current and
associated electronics will activate the trip relay.
MCCB: Moulded Case Circuit Breaker. MCCBs are used for distribution boards to connect various
loads. Rated current is up to 1000A. Trip current may be adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic
operation.
MCB: Miniature Circuit Breaker. MCB are used to connect the light loads from local DBs. Rated
current is not more than100A. Thermal or thermal magnetic operation.
14: Ballast water regulations and why it is made?
Answer: International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and
Sediments (BWM). Adoption: 13 February 2004; Entry into force: 12 months after ratification by 30
States, representing 35 per cent of world merchant shipping tonnage.
The Ballast Water Management Convention, adopted in 2004, aims to prevent the spread of harmful
aquatic organisms from one region to another, by establishing standards and procedures for the
management and control of ships' ballast water and sediments
Under the Convention, all ships in international traffic are required to manage their ballast water
and sediments to a certain standard, according to a ship-specific ballast water management plan. All
ships will also have to carry a ballast water record book and an international ballast water
management certificate. The ballast water management standards will be phased in over a period of
time. As an intermediate solution, ships should exchange ballast water mid-ocean. However,
eventually most ships will need to install an on-board ballast water treatment system.
A number of guidelines have been developed to facilitate the implementation of the Convention.
The Convention will require all ships to implement a Ballast Water and Sediments Management Plan.
All ships will have to carry a Ballast Water Record Book and will be required to carry out ballast
water management procedures to a given standard. Existing ships will be required to do the same,
but after a phase-in period.
15: How to adjust unequal kvar load on two parallel running generators?
Answer: Slightly vary the voltage adjusting potentiometer of AVR of any one of the generator until
both generators’ reactive power (kvar) become eaqual.
16: Draw circuit diagram of Zener barrier?
Answer: In separate Note Book.
17: What are the different Types of AVRs?
Answer: Carbone Pile Type, Magnetic Amplifier Type and Electronic Type.
18: Can three phase induction motor start with single phase supply?
Answer: Yes. Connect the missing phase from one available phase through one capacitor which is
having enough capacitance.
19: Boiler alarms?
Answer:
1. ATOMIZING STEAM PRESS. LOW

2. F.O TEMP. LOW
3. STEAM PRESS. HIGH
4. TOO LOW WATER LEVEL
5. EMERGENCY STOP
6. F.D FAN OVERLOAD
7. F.O PRESS.
8. COMB. AIR PRESS. LOW
9. FLAME FAIL.
10. WINDBOX TEMP. HIGH
11. INSTRUMENT AIR PRESS. LOW
12. GUN NOT INSERT
13. PLC FAIL.
14. Water Level Low.
15. Water Level High.
16. Steam Pressure Low.
17. Smoke Density High.
20: Emergency mode of boiler firing,which all alarms can be bypassed?
Answer: In emergency mode of firing the following alarms will be active.
1. Too low water level trip alarm.

2. Emergency stop.
3. Ignition Failure.
4. Flame Failure.
5. Steam Pressure High.
6. If the PLC is functioning and the problem is there only with combustion control, then other
alarms also will be available.
21: Explain soft starter with the help of a diagram?
Answer: Drawing in separate Note Book.
Soft starters are Power Electronics employed motor starters. During starting the voltage will be
applied minimum and slowly increase it until motor reaches to its rated RPM. Once the motor
reached its rated speed, the electronic section will be bypassed and direct voltage will be applied to
the motor through contactors. SCRs in back to back configuration or Triacs will be used to drive the
motor during starting. Electronic circuits will be used to control the conduction angle of SCRs/Triacs.
The conduction angle will be increased slowly in a pre set time by the electronics until reaches to full
cycle. By adjusting the conduction angle, actually the average voltage appears in the motor will be
varying.
22: How to check flame sensor,heat sensors of fire alarm system?
Answer: Flame sensor- UV test lamp or IR test lamp, depends upon the type of sensor.
Heat Sensors: Test lamps with Extension rods or hot air blower.
23: What is ODMCS?
Answer: Oil Discharge Monitoring Control System (ODMCS) sometimes referred as Oil Discharge
Monitoring Equipment (ODME), is used to discharge the slop on board tanker ships to sea by
controlling, monitoring and recording. The separation of oil from water is by natural gravity only.
Pump will take suction from the bottom of slop tank and oil will be settled on the top surface of
water.
This is a requirement for tanker ships by MARPOL 73/78 Annex-1, Prevention of pollution by oil from
ships.
ODMCS monitoring the PPM content of oil discharged to the sea and in the event of ppm increases
above 1000, overboard valve closes and recirculation valve opens.
MARPOL 73/78 permits a total volume of 30 l/nm oil discharge to sea provided that ship should be
moving.
Formula for calculating the total discharge per nautical mile is R = C x Q / V x 1000.
Whereas R= Total volume discharge of oil per nautical mile.
C = Rate of ppm oil content discharging.
Q = Rate of Volume of slop discharge in m³/h.
V = Ship speed in nautical miles.
Example: (1000 ppm x 400 m³/h) / (14 knots x 1000)

That is = 400/14, = 28.57 l/nm. Which is below than permitted volume.
Overall Discharged Oil = R x V x T, Whereas R is the discharge rate per nautical mile, V is the Ship’s
speed, T is the Total time of discharge in hours.
ODMCS utilising the light scatter technology for measuring oil content.
24: What all the Alternator routines?
Answer:
1. Cleaning/renewal of air filters.

2. Megger testing.
3. Air gap inspection.
4. Inspection of terminals for their integrity.
5. NDE bearing oil renewal.
6. General cleaning inside alternator.
7. Checking the integrity of rotating diodes.
25: What all the Transformer routines?
Answer: Visual inspection, monitoring temperature, general cleaning inside by compressed air,
looking for hot spots and oil level in case of oil cooled transformers.
26: What are all the battery room safeties?
Answer: Presence of hydrogen gas is likely very high. Ventilation should be kept open for all the
time. Before starting any maintenance work, proper ventilation should be done. Normal flash lights
or static charge accumulating tools should not be used inside battery room. While attending directly
the maintenance of batteries, safety precautions should be taken like aprons, safety goggles
preferably helmet with wiser and chemical resistant gloves. While fastening or loosening battery
terminals, always use insulated spanners to avoid short circuit of terminals. Battery room light
fittings will be the type of Exd class fittings. All electrical safety procedures should be followed while
attending maintenance/repair of these light fittings. The flame path of the enclosures should not be
blocked after the maintenance/repair.
27: What is the life boat regulation and launching procedure?
Answer: SOLAS Chapter III is dealing with lifesaving appliances and stowing arrangements on board
ships.
Regulation 13: Stowage of survival craft
1 Each survival craft shall be stowed:
1. So that neither the survival craft nor its stowage arrangements will interfere with the
operation of any other survival craft or rescue boat at any other launching station;
2. As near the water surface as is safe and practicable and, in the case of a survival craft other
than a life raft intended for throw over board launching, in such a position that the survival
craft in the embarkation position is not less than 2 m above the waterline with the ship in
the fully loaded condition under unfavourable conditions of trim of up to 10° and listed up to
20° either way, or to the angle at which the ship's weather deck edge becomes submerged,
whichever is less;
3. In a state of continuous readiness so that two crew members can carry out preparations for
embarkation and launching in less than 5 min;
4. Fully equipped as required by this chapter and the Code; and
5. As far as practicable, in a secure and sheltered position and protected from damage by fire
and explosion. In particular, survival craft on tankers, other than the life rafts required by
regulation 31.1.4, shall not be stowed on or above a cargo tank, slop tank, or other tank
containing explosive or hazardous cargoes.
Regulation 19
Emergency training and drills
3 Drills
3.1 Drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there were an actual emergency.
3.2 Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill every
month. The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 h of the ship leaving a port if more than 25%
of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that particular ship in the
previous month. When a ship enters service for the first time, after modification of a major character
or when a new crew is engaged, these drills shall be held before sailing. The Administration may
accept other arrangements that are at least equivalent for those classes of ships for which this is
impracticable.
28: What all the precautions will take before working on Main Engine overhead crane?
Answer:
1. Working Aloft permit should be prepared.

2. Electrical isolation certificate should be prepared.
3. Lock out and tag out of circuits to be done.
4. Duty engineers should be informed.
5. All safety gears should be used.
6. Crane should be arrested for free movements.
29: What is the difference between power transformer and distribution transformer?
Answer:
1. Power transformers are used in the transmission network of higher voltages for step up and
step down application (400kV, 220 kV 110 kV, 66kV and 33kV) and are generally rated above
200 MVA. Whereas the distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution
networks as a means to end user connectivity (11kV, 6.6kV, 3.3kV, 440V and 230V) and are
generally rated less than 200MVA.
2. Power transformers are used for the transmission purposes at heavy load, high voltage
greater than 33kV and 100% capacity. Whereas the distribution transformers are used for
the distribution of electrical energy at low voltage as less than 33kV in industrial purposes
and 440-230V in domestic purposes. It works at low capacity at 60-70%, small in size, easy in
installation, having low magnetic losses and it is not fully loaded all the time.
3. Power transformers, the average loads are nearer to full load and these are designed in such
a way that maximum efficiency at 100% load. Distribution transformers are not fully loaded
all the time of the day and average loads are about 75% of its capacity. It is designed in such
a way that maximum efficiency occurs at 75% of its capacity.
4. Power transformers generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper
losses are minimal. However a distribution transformer is always online and operated at
loads less than full load for most of time. Hence it is designed such that core losses are
minimal.
5. In power transformers, the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer.
30: What is NER and rating? How to calculate NER Value? Explain.
Answer: Separate in Note Book.
31: Why kw/kvarating used in transformers?
Answer: Since Iron losses depend upon the voltage and copper losses on current so we can infer that
the total loss of a transformer is dependent on 2 values that are voltage and current but not on the
phase angle between voltage and current which is also known as ‘power factor’. KVA does not
include the term power factor in it while KW does. So since the total loses are dependent only on
Voltage and Current values (not on power factor), the ratings of the transformers are also given in
terms of VA or KVA.
32: Navigation Light Regulation?
Answer: COLREG. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972.
33: What all the precautions will take while doing maintenance/repair on explosion proof fittings?
Answer: Explosion Proof fittings will be fitted in atmosphere where chances of having the presence
of hazardous gases are likely very high. Before opening for maintenance/Repair of these fittings the
power should be isolated and an electrical isolation certificate should be prepared. A risk assessment
is also to be carried out.
While doing repair, original spares from the maker only to be used. No modifications or temporary
repairs are allowed. While boxing up the fittings, the controlled flame pathshould not to be
obstructed. The grease using for threads must be a type approved by the maker. Tightening torque
of the cover/bolts also should be as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. If doubtful about the
integrity of the fitting replace with new one.
34: What is the programming method of PLC?
Answer:
1. Ladder Logic.
2. Structured text.
3. Instruction List.
4. Sequential Function Chart.
5. Function Block Diagram.
35: RPM pick up sensors working and explanation?
Answer: Induction proximity sensors and Hall effect sensors.
36: Explain Enclosed space entry procedures?
37: All gas checking methods in tankers?
Answer: Presence of Hydrocarbons (HC) can be tested by Explosimeter, Tankscope, Inferometer or

Infrared Instruments.
Presence of H2S like toxic gases can be tested by Chemical Indicator Tubes and Electrochemical
Sensors. For different type toxic gases, separate type indicator tubes are available.
38: What are the different types of excitation used in generators?
Answer: Static Excited compound generators and Rotary excited generators. Both cases can be brush
type or brushless type. Static exciters are using Voltage Transformers, Current transformers and
reactors for deriving the excitation voltage. Whereas the rotary type exciters uses a PMG which is
mounted on the same alternator shaft for generating excitation voltage. The transient voltage
response of static exciter is much better than rotary exciters. For a voltage dip of 15%, the static
exciter type generator will restore the voltage in 0.1 second. Whereas Rotary excited generator can
do this in 1 second only.
39: Draw a simple AVR and explain the components of comparator in AVR?
Answer: Drawing in separate note book.
Automatic Voltage Regulators are basically Electronic PID controllers where the controlling process is
the output voltage of Generators. The comparator section of AVR always comparing the output
voltage of an alternator with a reference voltage and any change in this referred voltage, an error
signal will produce and this error signal will be amplified and utilised to regulate the SCR output
voltage to the exciter stationary field windings. Operational amplifiers are employed in AVR for
comparator.
40: What are the different types of 3 phase transformer connections?
Answer: Star connection and Delta connection.
41: UMS alarms and explain 3 monthly alarm checking?
Answer: SOLAS Chapter 2-1, Part E
Regulation 47: Fire Precautions. Fire detection system is to be fitted. Main Engine should be fitted
with Oil Mist Detector.
Regulation 48: Protection against flooding to be provided. Bilge alarms and sufficient capacity of
bilge well for the normal unmanned period duration.
Regulation 49: Control of propulsion machinery form navigation bridge should be possible.
Regulation 50: Communication. Telephone facility between control room, navigation bridge and
engineers’ cabins.
Regulation 51: Alarm System should be provided for all vital parameters of the safe functioning of
Engine room.
Regulation 52: Safety System. Shutdown, slowdown of M/E and boiler in cases of very serious fault
conditions.
Regulation 53: Special requirements for Machinery, Boiler and Electrical Installation.
Automaticstandby starting of generators and sequential starting of ancillary propulsion systems.
Centralised M/E control position and alarm monitoring location should be provided. Alarm repeater
panels should be fitted all engineers’ cabins. Audible and visual alarms should be available on
navigating Bridge.
Regulation 54: Special consideration in respect of passenger ships.
All machinery alarms connected to the Alarm Monitoring System should be tested once in three
months intervals. These testing can be segregated in machinery basis to cover all alarms in 3
months.
42: What is the function of FET and MOSFET? While handling MOSFET what all precautions to be
taken? What is IGBT?
Answer: FET stands for field effect transistor. As the name suggests, it is a field controlled device.
Depends upon the input voltage the output current varies. This means it is a voltage control device.
Always input junction is connecting in reverse bias, so that input impedance is very high. Since there
is no junction in between drain and source, it can be used for very high frequency applications. Since
the input impedance is very high and so that input current is very less, amplification factor is very
high. This very high input impedance makes them very sensitive to input voltage signals, but the
price of this high sensitivity also means that they can be easily damaged by static electricity.
P Channel FET and N channel FET.
The IGFET or MOSFET is a voltage controlled field effect transistor that differs from a JFET in that it
has a “Metal Oxide” Gate electrode which is electrically insulated from the main semiconductor n-
channel or p-channel by a very thin layer of insulating material usually silicon dioxide, commonly
known as glass.
This ultrathin insulated metal gate electrode can be thought of as one plate of a capacitor. The
isolation of the controlling Gate makes the input resistance of the MOSFET extremely high way up in
the Mega-ohms (MΩ) region thereby making it almost infinite.
As the Gate terminal is isolated from the main current carrying channel “NO current flows into the
gate” and just like the JFET, the MOSFET
Also acts like a voltage controlled resistor were the current flowing through the main channel
between the Drain and Source is proportional to the input voltage. Also like the JFET, the MOSFETs
very high input resistance can easily accumulate large amounts of static charge resulting in the
MOSFET becoming easily damaged unless carefully handled or protected.
Like the previous JFET tutorial, MOSFETs are three terminal devices with a Gate, Drain and Source
and both P-channel (PMOS) and N-channel (NMOS) MOSFETs are available. The main difference this
time is that MOSFETs are available in two basic forms:
• 1. Depletion Type – the transistor requires the Gate-Source voltage, ( VGS ) to switch the
device “OFF”. The depletion mode MOSFET is equivalent to a “Normally Closed” switch.
• 2. Enhancement Type – the transistor requires a Gate-Source voltage, ( VGS ) to switch the
device “ON”. The enhancement mode MOSFET is equivalent to a “Normally Open” switch.
The symbols and basic construction for both configurations of MOSFETs are shown below.
IGBT: The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, (IGBT) uses the insulated gate (hence the first part of its
name) technology of the MOSFET with the output performance characteristics of a conventional
bipolar transistor, (hence the second part of its name). The result of this hybrid combination is that
the “IGBT Transistor” has the output switching and conduction characteristics of a bipolar transistor
but is voltage-controlled like a MOSFET.
IGBTs are mainly used in power electronics applications, such as inverters, converters and power
supplies, were the demands of the solid state switching device are not fully met by power bipolars
and power MOSFETs. High-current and high-voltage bipolars are available, but their switching
speeds are slow, while power MOSFETs may have high switching speeds, but high-voltage and high-
current devices are expensive and hard to achieve.
The advantage gained by the insulated gate bipolar transistor device over a BJT or MOSFET is that it
offers greater power gain than the bipolar type together with the higher voltage operation and
lower input losses of the MOSFET. In effect it is an FET integrated with a bipolar transistor in a form
of Darlington configuration as shown.
The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor can be used in small signal amplifier circuits in much the same
way as the BJT or MOSFET type transistors. But as the IGBT combines the low conduction loss of a
BJT with the high switching speed of a power MOSFET an optimal solid state switch exists which is
ideal for use in power electronics applications.
43: What is the Gyro voltage and Frequency?
Answer: 100V, 400 Hz. The ship’s standard power supply 110V/220V, 50/60 Hz will be rectified to DC
24 V. Back up emergency DC 24 V also will be provided to the power supply. The invertor section of
the gyro power supply, convert it into 100V, 400 Hz AC to apply for the Gyro rotor.
44: Radar Block diagram and precautions while doing maintenance?
Answer: Separate drawing.
1. Electrical Isolation Certificate should be issued.

2. Risk assessment to be carried out. Static charge should be discharged.
3. While handling Magnetron care to be taken not to bring close to metal objects.
4. While working aloft, PTW to be obtained from C/O.
5. Safety harness should be wearing.
6. Scanner should be secured by means of rope to prevent from rotation during rolling.
7. Preferably, the isolation switch on the radar pedestal should be kept OFF.
45: Earth fault detector drawing?
46: Star delta drawing?
47: MSBD survey, what all arrangement you will take?
Answer:
1. Visual examinations of ACB.
2. ACB Close and Trip operations in its isolated position.
3: All functioning of ACB Mechanism and condition inside.
4: Circuit breaker time delay mechanism (Dash Pot) if any.
5: MSBD cleanliness.
6: Inspection of hot spots.
7: Bus bar supports, insulators’ condition.
8: Earth bar inside the Panels, proper bonding.
9: Hinged panel doors’ bonding with Switch board frame.
10: Reverse power tripping, preferential trip.
11: Synchronising and load sharing controls.
12: Earth leakage-MSBD insulation resistance.
13: All visual indicators. Activate lamp/buzzer test switch and check the lamps and buzzer.
14: Standby starting of generators and sequential starting of ancillary equipment.
15: Integrity of the insulation mat in front and rear of MSBD.
16: High Voltage insulation gloves.
48: Garbage management?
Answer:
1. Ships outside special areas: Food waste comminuted or ground Discharge permitted ≥3 nm
from the nearest land and en route. Ships within Special Areas: Discharge permitted ≥12 nm
from the nearest land and en route. Offshore platforms and all ships within 500 m of such
platforms: Discharge permitted ≥12 nm from the nearest land.
2. Food waste not comminuted or ground: Ships outside special areas: Discharge permitted
≥12 nm from the nearest land and en route. Ships within Special Areas: Discharge
prohibited. Offshore platforms and all ships within 500 m of such platforms: Discharge
prohibited.
3. Cargo residues1 not contained in wash water: Ships outside special areas: Discharge
permitted ≥12 nm from the nearest land and en route. Ships within Special Areas: Discharge
prohibited. Offshore platforms and all ships within 500 m of such platforms: Discharge
prohibited
For more details, see the attached garbage management plan.
49: Generator not developing voltage, AVR ok, what action you will take?
Answer: Flashing.
50: How phase failure alarm works in steering gear motor, circuit explain?
Answer:
51: What all PTW are there using on board?
Answer: Enclosed space entry permit, Working aloft permit, Hot work permit, Cold work permit,
Electrical Isolation and Work Permit.
52: Percentage of oxygen need for man entry in enclosed space?
Answer: 21% by volume.
53: What should be the hydrocarbon percentage in enclosed space for man entry?
Answer: Less than 1% of LEL
54: Life boat davit motor IP rating and explanation?
Answer: IP 56 or higher (Insulation Class F). First digit 5- Means, the Protection against Dust ingress.
Not Complete Dust Proof, but the entered dust cannot harm the safe functioning of the motor. The
second digit 6- Means, Protection against Heavy Seas. Water jets projected from powerful nozzles or
splashing waves from heavy seas cannot enter inside in a harmful level.
Complete List of Ingress Protection
The first Digit is to indicate the Degree of Protection from Solid Objects.
0: Not Protected.
1. Protection against objects having a diameter more than 50 mm, Example-Hand.

2. Protection against objects having diameter more than 12 mm, Example- Fingers.
3. Protection against objects having diameter more than 2.5 mm, Example- Screw drivers,
Wires etc.
4. Protection against objects having diameter more than 1 mm, Example- Wire strands.
5. Dust Protected. It will not be dust proof, but the entered quantity of dust is not sufficient to
effect the satisfactory operation of the motor.
6. Dust Proof.
The Second Digit is to indicate the Degree of Protection from liquids.
0: No Protection.
1. Protection against dripping water from top.

2. Protection against dripping water when the motor is tilted up to 15⁰.
3. Protection against spraying water.
4. Protection against splashing water.
5. Protection against water jets.
6. Protection against Heavy Seas.
7. Protection against partial conditional immersion.
8. Protection against submersion.
55: Explain Life boat launching procedure?
Answer:
1. Remove the toggle pin at the break lever.

2. Remove the harbour safety pin/cradle stopper.
3. Remove the gripes/lashing device (This will release automatically too when removing the
Harbour safety Pin)
4. Release the break slowly to bring out the boat from securing position to embarkation deck.
5. Embark all the crew inside life boat.
6. Close the hatch door.
7. All crew to seat and fasten the seat belts.
8. The boat commander to release the break slowly by pulling the remote control wire and
bring the boat up to water level.
9. Once the boat is water bone release the boat hook.
10. Start the engine.
11. Release the forward painter and move away from the ship.
However, for training and drills no people will be boarding the life boat during lowering in order to
avoid the risk of accidents. The boat will be lowered to sea water and then people will be boarding
through embarkation ladder that is also by wearing safety harness and safety line attached to it.
Recovery of the lifeboat is performed by operating the boat winch with the push-button switch box.
When the davit arm reaches a prescribed position, the boat winch is automatically stopped by the
limit switch. After the activation of the limit switch, the boat winch is operated manually to wind up
the lifeboat to its stowage position. The boat winch is provided with a safety device to prevent the
reverse operation of the manual handle. The lifeboat is equipped with on-load/off-load release gear
which complies with the requirements of the IMO Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code. The release
gear system is equipped with a hydrostatic interlock system so that it will normally not release the
hooks until the boat is waterborne.
Purpose of on-load release, the IMO LSA Code requires, among other things, that the lifeboat be
fitted with “on-load release capability which will release the lifeboat with a load on the hooks. The
release mechanism shall be so designed that crew members in the lifeboat can clearly observe when
the release mechanism is properly and completely reset and ready for lifting….”
On-load release is needed for launching when there is a current, when the ship is making way, or
potentially if there are waves which cause the hydrostatic interlock to only release intermittently.
On-load release also allows an empty or fully loaded boat to drop from any height, which can kill or
seriously injure the occupants. Therefore it is critical to know that the release gear is properly reset
and the release handle secured.
56: Fire safety items of life boat, explain?
Answer: Hull and rigid cover of lifeboats shall be constructed of approved fire-retardant or non-
combustible materials. (LSA 4.4.1.4.+ MSC/Circ.1006).
A fire-protected lifeboat will normally be a totally enclosed lifeboat with self-contained air support
system. When waterborne, the lifeboat shall be capable of protecting the number of persons it is
permitted to accommodate when subjected to a continuous oil fire that envelops the lifeboat for a
period of not less than 8 minutes. (LSA 4.9.1) A lifeboat with a self-contained air support system shall
be so arranged that, when proceeding with all entrances and openings closed, the air in the lifeboat
remains safe and breathable and the engine runs normally for a period of not less than 10 minutes.
During this period the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat shall never fall below the outside
atmospheric pressure nor shall exceed it more than 20 mbar. The system shall have visual indicators
to indicate the pressure of the air supply at all times. (LSA 4.8)
Fire-protected lifeboats shall have a water spray fire protection system complying with the
following:
1. Water for the system shall be drawn from the sea by a self-priming motor pump. It shall be
possible to turn “on” and turn “off” the flow of water over the exterior of the lifeboat. (LSA
4.9.2.1)
2. The seawater intake shall be so arranged as to prevent the intake of flammable liquids from
the sea surface. (LSA 4.9.2.2)
3. The system shall be arranged for flushing with fresh water and allowing complete drainage.
(LSA 4.9.2.3)
4. The starting and stopping of the water pump and of the water flow over the exterior of the
lifeboat shall be easily possible for one person, preferably from near the steering position.
The pump for the drenching system shall be capable for dry running.
A portable fire extinguisher is there inside the lifeboat.
The following items will be there inside the life boat.
1. Oars.
2. Boat hooks
3. Buoyant bailer
4. Buckets
5. Survival manual
6. Compass
7. Sea-anchor
8. Painters
9. Hatchets
10. Watertight receptacle and fresh water
11. Dipper with lanyard
12. Graduated drinking vessel
13. Food ration in watertight container
14. Rocket parachute flare
15. Hand flare
16. Buoyant smoke signal
17. Waterproof electric torch
18. One daylight signalling mirror
19. One copy of life-saving signals
20. One whistle
21. A first-aid kit
22. Anti-seasickness medicine
23. One seasickness bag for each person
24. A jack knife
25. Three tin openers
26. Two buoyant rescue quoits
27. A manual pump
28. One set of fishing tackle.
29. Portable fire-extinguishing equipment.
30. A radar reflector.
31. Thermal protective aids.
32. A means for collecting rainwater.
33. A boarding ladder.
34. Water resistant instructions.
57: Hazardous area equipment and their rating?
Answer: Hazardous Zones.
1. Zone 0: An explosive gas-air mixture is always present or present for longer periods.
Example: Inside Cargo Tanks, cargo pipes and cargo pumps etc.
2. Zone 1: An explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operation. Example-
Enclosed or semi enclosed spaces on the deck of a Tanker.
3. Zone 2: An explosive gas air mixture not likely to occur in normal operation. If it occurs will
exist only for a short time. Example: Open spaces on the deck of a Tanker.
Zone 20, 21 and 22 replaces the gas with combustible dust concentration.
1. Apparatus Gas Group: The flammable gases in which explosion protected electrical
equipment may have to operate are grouped according to the amount of electrical energy,
in the form of an arc, which is needed to ignite the gas. Gases associated with mining
industry are fire classed as Group-I. All other industrial gases are group-II. Example:
Hydrogen- Group II-C.
2. Temperature Class: This defines the maximum surface temperature of the components in
the electrical equipment under normal and fault conditions. This maximum surface
temperature must not exceed the gas ignition temperature.
Temperature Class codes are as follows.
T1: 450 °C
T2: 300 °C
T3: 200 °C
T4: 135 °C
T5: 100 °C
T6: 85° C.
3. Types of Explosion protection: There are different constructional techniquesemployed in
preventing electrical equipment causing explosions in hazardous area. Some techniques
such as Flameproof Enclosures (Exd), Intrinsic Safety (Exi) and Increased Safety (Exe) are
common.
“Explosion Proof” (Exd) terminology used to indicate the ability of an apparatus which is
designed to use in hazardous area to withstand an explosion inside this apparatus. An
explosion inside this apparatus will not be transmitted to the external flammable
atmosphere. The external surface temperature of the enclosure must remain below the
ignition temperature of the surrounding gas under all operating conditions.
Intrinsically safe (Exi) means, that particular equipment is low power operated, less than 30V
and less than 50mA. At this voltage and current a fault in the system cannot cause an
explosion.
Increased safety equipment is based primarily on the elimination of open sparking as at relay
and switch contacts or on the commutators or slip-rings of motors and generators, and on
the close control of surface temperatures. Also, the construction of the equipment is to a
very high standard to prevent faults developing. Extra insulation is used, creepage distances
between bare terminals are made longer and special enclosures to protect against damage
due to entry of moisture and mechanical damage are also specified. The enclosure is made
to withstand impact and to prevent ingress of solids and liquids. Applications include cage-
rotor induction motors, luminaires and connection boxes. Special Exe cable glands, metal or
plastic, are used with Exe apparatus.
58: Exd flame proof explanations?
Answer: “Flame Proof” (Exd) terminology used to indicate the ability of an apparatus’ enclosure
which is designed to use in hazardous area to withstand an explosion inside this apparatus. An
explosion inside this apparatus will not be transmitted to the external flammable atmosphere. The
external surface temperature of the enclosure must remain below the ignition temperature of the
surrounding gas under all operating conditions.
59: Lead Acid battery discharging and charging, why specific gravity drops?
Answer: In a lead acid battery, Anode plate is Lead Peroxide PbO₂ and Cathode Plate is Spongy Lead
Pb. Electrolyte is H₂SO4 diluted with water in a ratio of 3:1. (3 part water and 1 part H₂SO4). PbO₂ is
dark Chocolate Brown in colour and Pb is Slate grey in colour. When it is completely discharged, both
the plates will become PbSO4 which is whitish in colour.
Discharging: When the cell is discharging, the H₂SO4 dissociated into positive H₂ ions and Negative
SO4 ions As the current within the cell is Cathode to Anode, the +H₂ ions move to Anode and –SO4
ions move to Cathode.
Discharging, at Anode: PbO₂ + H₂ + H₂SO4 > PbSO4 + 2H₂O.
At Cathode: Pb+SO4 > PbSO4.
After discharging both the electrodes become PbSO4 and whitish in colour. As a part of H₂SO4 is
converted into water while electrodes changed to PbSO4, the specific gravity of electrolyte
decreases.
Charging, at Anode: PbSO4+ SO4 + 2H₂O >PbO₂ + 2H₂SO4
At Cathode: PbSO4 + H₂ >Pb + H₂SO4
Since the chemical reaction is reversible, other way of Chemical expression is as follows.
PbO₂ + Pb + H₂SO4 >< PbSO4 + 2H₂O + PbSO4.
60: GMDSS battery test procedure as per SOLAS?
Answer: SOLAS Chapter IV, Regulation 13, 6.2 states that,
1. 6: Where a reserve source of energy consists of a rechargeable accumulator battery or

batteries:
2. 1: a means of automatically charging such batteries shall be provided which shall be capable
of recharging them to minimum capacity requirements within 10 h; and
3. 2: the capacity of the battery or batteries shall be checked, using an appropriate method, at
intervals not exceeding 12 months, when the ship is not at sea.
One method of checking the capacity of an accumulator battery is to fully discharge and
recharge the battery, using normaloperating current and period (e.g. 10 h). Assessment of the
charge condition can be made at any time, but it should be donewithout significant discharge of
the battery when the ship is at sea.
61: Explain Doppler Speed Log working?
Answer: The Doppler speed log measures ship's speed by using the Doppler Effect, which is observed
as a frequency shift resulting from relative motion between a transmitter and receiver or reflector of
acoustic or electromagnetic energy. A common example of the Doppler Effect is a train. When a
train is approaching, the whistle has a higher pitch than normal. You can hear the change in pitch as
the train passes. The DS-80 has a pair-beam, one directed in the fore direction and the other in the
aft direction, which emits ultrasonic waves at an angle of θ to the waterline towards ship’s fore and
aft directions. The frequency of the received signal is then compared with that of the transmitted
frequency to measure doppler shift to calculate ship’s speed. The relative motion causes the Doppler
shift and the ultrasonic waves reflected at the watermass (plankton or any underwater objects) are
received at the frequency of fr = fo + fd where fd is the number of frequency shifts counted at the
receiver circuit. To calculate ship’s speed, the following formula is used.
V = fd/fo • c/2sinθ
Where c: Underwater velocity
Note that the sound velocity in water changes with water temperature and water pressure but the
DS-80 readout is automatically compensated for change by using a temperature sensor.
Working Depth Water depth greater than 3 m beneath the keel.
62: Gyro working and supplies and specifications?
Answer: A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc

and rotation of the Earth to automatically find geographical direction. Although one important
component of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built
to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic
effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant
advantages over magnetic compasses:
1. They find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and
navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and
2. They are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the
magnetic field
A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered,
fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilizing the basic physical
laws, influences of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find the true north. The Gyroscope in the
Gyrocompass is mounted in such a way so that it can move freely about three mutually
perpendicular axes and is controlled as to enable its axis of spin settled parallel with the true
meridian, influenced by the Earth’s rotation and gravity. The Gyro compass system applications are
based upon two fundamental characteristics, which are:
1. Gyroscopic Inertia: The tendency of any revolving body to uphold its plane of rotation.
2. Precession: A property that causes the gyroscope to move, when a couple is applied. But
instead of moving in the direction of the couple, it moves at right angles to the axis of the
applied couple and also the spinning wheel.
These two properties and the utilization of the Earth’s two natural forces, rotation and gravity,
enacts the Gyrocompass seek true north. Once settled on the true meridian the rotor indefinitely
will remain there as long as the electrical supply of the ship remains constant and unaltered and
unaffected by external forces.
100V, 400 Hz. The ship’s standard power supply 110V/220V, 50/60 Hz will be rectified to DC 24 V.
Back up emergency DC 24 V also will be provided to the power supply. The invertor section of the
gyro power supply, convert it into 100V, 400 Hz AC to apply for the Gyro rotor.
63: All types of temperature sensors, RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouple. What is Seebeck effect?
Answer: RTD- Resistance Temperature Detectors, Thermistor- PTC Type material, Thermocouple-
Chromel-Alumel (Chromium+Nickel and Aluminum+Nickel) widely known as K-Type Thermocouples.
Nickel alloy Thermo couples,
Platinum/rhodium alloy thermocouples
Tungsten/rhenium alloy thermocouples
Seebeck effect: Seebeck effect is the phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two
dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two
substances. Seebeck effect is responsible for the behaviour of thermocouples.
64: Explain Water mist system activation?
Answer: Fire alarm systems’ both smoke sensor and flame sensor designated to particular machinery
must activate to start the automatic activation of system. In case auto detection system fails or see
the fire before the intervention of auto system, the zones can be activated manually too.
System pressure for Hyper Mist system is about 70 bar. Some systems works on 12 bar too, in this
case the water will be releasing in the form of fine sprays.
65: VFD explanation with drawing?
A variable Frequency drive consists of three main components - the rectifier which converts the AC
supply into DC, the DC Bus bars and the inverter which converts the DC supply into a variable AC
supply. The VFD varies the speed of the motor by varying the frequency of the AC supply applied at
the motor terminals.
When the motor is required to be stopped suddenly, the Variable frequency drive reduces the
supply frequency to 0 HZ. In this condition, the rotor is rotating at speed higher than the
synchronous speed. This causes the motor to behave like a generator and send power in the reverse
direction, into the DC bus bars. During this time, the voltage across the DC Bus bars can rise to very
high levels. The braking resistors absorb power in this situation and prevent the voltage from rising
beyond limit and damaging the Drive.
The value of the resistances determines the rate of fall of the motor speed (braking).
Special provision is made for cooling the resistors which can generate a huge amount of heat when
in operation.
66: Star/Delta and Auto Transformer starter explanation and applications?
Answer: Star delta starters and Auto transformer starters are using for high power drawing motors
to reduce the voltage dip causing to bus bar during starting. For a given power installation when a
load introduces the voltage should not dip more than 15% maximum in any case. To limit this dip we
select the mode of starting of motors. Stat/Delta is cheaper than Transformer type starters.
67: What areROM, PROM and EEPROM?
Answer: MEMORY TYPES:
The storage and retrieval requirements for the executive and application memory sections are not
the same; therefore, they are not always stored in the same type of memory. For example, the
executive requires a memory that permanently stores its contents and cannot be erased or altered
either by loss of electrical power or by the user. This type of memory is often unsuitable for the
application program.
Memory can be separated into two categories: volatile and Non Volatile: Volatile memory loses its
programmed contents if all operating power is lost or removed, whether it is normal power or some
form of backup power. Volatile memory is easily altered and quite suitable for most applications
when supported by battery backup and possibly a disk copy of the program. Non Volatile memory
retains its programmed contents, even during a complete loss of operating power, without requiring
a backup source. Non Volatile memory generally is unalterable, yet there are special Non Volatile
memory types that are alterable. Today’s PLCs include those that use Non Volatile memory, those
that use volatile memory with battery backup, as well as those that offer both.
There are two major concerns regarding the type of memory where the application program is
stored. Since this memory is responsible for retaining the control program that will run each day,
volatility should be the prime concern. Without the application program, production may be delayed
or forfeited, and the outcome is usually unpleasant. A second concern should be the ease with which
the program stored in memory can be altered. Ease in altering the application memory is important,
since this memory is ultimately involved in any interaction between the user and the controller. This
interaction begins with program entry and continues with program changes made during program
generation and system start-up, along with on-line changes, such as changing timer or counter Pre
Set values.
The following discussion describes six types of memory and how their characteristics affect the
manner in which programmed instructions are retained or altered within a programmable
controller.
READ-ONLY MEMORY:Read-only memory (ROM) is designed to permanently store a fixed program

that is not alterable under ordinary circumstances. It gets its name from the fact that its contents
can be examined, or read, but not altered once information has been stored. This contrasts with
memory types that can be read from and written to (discussed in the next section). By nature, ROMs
are generally immune to alteration due to electrical noise or loss of power.
Executive programs are often stored in ROM.
Programmable controllers rarely use read-only memory for their application memory. However, in
applications that require fixed data, read-only memory offers advantages when speed, cost, and
reliability are factors. Generally, the manufacturer creates ROM-based PLC programs at the factory.
Once the manufacturer programs the original set of instructions, the user can never alter it.
Thistypical approach to the programming of ROM-based controllers assumes that the program has
already been debugged and will never be changed. This debugging is accomplished using a random-
access memory– based PLC or possibly a computer. The final program is then entered into ROM.
ROM application memory is typically found only in very small, dedicated PLCs.
RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY:Random-access memory (RAM), often referred to as read/write

memory(R/W), is designed so that information can be written into or read from the memory storage
area. Random-access memory does not retain its contents if power is lost; therefore, it is a volatile
type of memory. Random-access memory normally uses a battery backup to sustain its contents in
the event of a power outage.
For the most part, today’s programmable controllers use RAM with battery support for application
memory. Random-access memory provides an excellent means for easily creating and altering a
program, as well as allowing data entry. In comparison to other memory types, RAM is a relatively
fast memory. The only noticeable disadvantage of battery-supported RAM is that the battery may
eventually fail, although the processor constantly monitors the status of the battery. Battery-
supported RAM has proven to be sufficient for most programmable controller applications. If a
battery backup is not feasible, a controller with a Non Volatile memory option (e.g., EPROM) can be
used in combination with the RAM. This type of memory arrangement provides the advantages of
both volatile and Non Volatile memory.
PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY:Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a special type

of ROM because it can be programmed. Very few of today’s programmable controllers use PROM for
application memory. When it is used, this type of memory is most likely a permanent storage backup
for some type of RAM. Although a PROM is programmable and, like any other ROM, has the
advantage of non-volatility, it has the disadvantage of requiring special programming equipment.
Also, once programmed, it cannot be easily erased or altered; any program change requires a new
set of PROM chips. A PROM memory is suitable for storing a program that has been thoroughly
checked while residing in RAM and will not require further changes or on-line data entry.
ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY:Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM) is a specially designed PROM that can be reprogrammed after being entirely erased by an
ultraviolet (UV) light source. Complete erasure of the contents of the chip requires that the window
of the chip be exposed to a UV light source for approximately twenty minutes. EPROM can be
considered a semi- permanent storage device, because it permanently stores a program until it is
ready to be altered.
EPROM provides an excellent storage medium for application programs that require Non Volatility,
but that do not require program changes or on-line data entry. Many OEMs use controllers with
EPROM-type memories to provide permanent storage of the machine program after it has been
debugged and is fully operational. OEMs use EPROM because most of their machines will not require
changes or data entry by the user.
An application memory composed of EPROM alone is unsuitable if on-line changes or data entry are
required. However, many controllers offer EPROM application memory as an optional backup to
battery-supported RAM. EPROM, with its permanent storage capability, combined with RAM, which
is easily altered, makes a suitable memory system for many applications.
ELECTRICALLY ALTERABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY:Electrically alterable read-only memory (EAROM) is

similar to EPROM, but instead of requiring an ultraviolet light source to erase it, an erasing voltage
on the proper pin of an EAROM chip can wipe the chip clean. Very few controllers use EAROM as
application memory, but like EPROM, it provides a Non Volatile means of program storage and can
be used as a backup to RAM-type memories.
ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY:Electrically erasable

programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is an integrated circuit memory storage device that was
developed in the mid- 1970s. Like ROMs and EPROMs, it is a Non Volatile memory, yet it offers the
same programming flexibility as RAM does. Several of today’s small and medium-sized controllers
use EEPROM as the only memory within the system. It provides permanent storage for the program
and can be easily changed with the use of a programming device (e.g., a PC) or a manual
programming unit. These two features help to eliminate downtime and delays associated with
programming changes. They also lessen the disadvantages of electrically erasable programmable
read-only memories
One of the disadvantages of EEPROM is that a byte of memory can be written to only after it has
been erased, thus creating a delay. This delay period is noticeable when on-line program changes
are being made. Another disadvantage of EEPROM is a limitation on the number of times that a
single byte of memory can undergo the erase/write operation (approximately 10,000). These
disadvantages are negligible, however, when compared to the remarkable advantages that EEPROM
offers.
68: Networking protocols used on board?
Answer: Ethernet over twisted pair cabling and Wi-Fi are the two most common transmission
technologies in use for local area networks. Historical technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring, and
AppleTalk.
In some situations, a wireless LAN, or Wi-Fi, may be preferable to a wired LAN because of its
flexibility and cost. Companies are assessing WLANs as a replacement for their wired infrastructures
as the number of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices proliferates
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It

formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a
computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data communication
equipment), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The
standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the
physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface
between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary
Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to
modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices.
However, RS-232 is hampered by low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large standard
connectors. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral
interface roles. Many computers do not come equipped with RS-232 ports and must use either an
external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to
connect to RS-232 peripherals. Nevertheless, RS-232 devices are still used, especially in industrial
machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments.
RS-232 is for Single Ended communication, means One Driver One Receiver, 50 feet maximum
transmission length and 20 Kb/sec.
RS422 (differential) was designed for greater distances and higher Baud rates than RS232. In its
simplest form, a pair of converters from RS232 to RS422 (and back again) can be used to form an
"RS232 extension cord." Data rates of up to 100K bits / second and distances up to 4000 Ft. can be
accommodated with RS422. RS422 is also specified for multi-drop (party-line) applications where
only one driver is connected to, and transmits on, a "bus" of up to 10 receivers.
EIA-485 or RS-485 is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use
in balanced digital multipoint systems. The standard is published by the Telecommunications
Industry Association/Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA). Digital communications networks
implementing the EIA-485 standard can be used effectively over long distances and in electrically
noisy environments. Multiple receivers may be connected to such a network in a linear, multi-drop
configuration. These characteristics make such networks useful in industrial environments and
similar applications.
RS-485 enables the configuration of inexpensive local networks and Multi drop communications
links. It offers data transmission speeds of 35 Mbit/s up to 10 m and 100 Kb/s at 1200 m. Since it
uses a differential balanced line over twisted pair (like RS-422), it can span relatively large distances
up to 1,200 m (4,000 feet). A rule of thumb is that the speed in bit/s multiplied by the length in
meters should not exceed 108. Thus a 50 meter cable should not signal faster than 2 Mb/s.
69: Different types of cable insulations used on board, skin effect? Why PVC is not used, explain?
Answer: Butyl Rubber is the most commonly used cable insulations on board. It is tough and
resilient, has good heat, moisture and ozone resistance. They have good electrical insulation
properties but not mechanically strong or resistant to oil. That is why a sheath of PCP (Poly
Chloroprene) or CSP (ChloroSulphonatedPolyethelene).
EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber) insulation is now replacing Butyl Rubber. EPR also having the same
electrical and physical properties of Butyl Rubber but with moisture and ozone better resistance. It
also should not be exposed to oil and grease.
XLPE (Cross Linked Poly Ethylene) is also used as an insulator but has inferior mechanical and
thermal properties when compared with EPR.
PVC is not used on board cable insulations though it is very common for shore wirings. PVC tends to
soften and flows at higher temperature (Melts at 150⁰ C) and hardens and cracks at lower
temperature (-8⁰C). Even at normal temperatures PVC tends to flow and distorted under mechanical
stress. Example: Necking occurs at cable glands and loses its water tight integrity.
Skin effect is a tendency for alternating current (AC) to flow mostly near the outer surface of an
electrical conductor, such as metal wire. The effect becomes more and more apparent as the
frequency increases. To reduce the skin effect for AC multi strand cables will use for transmission.
70: Fixed CO₂ activation, explain?
Answer: SOLAS 73/78, Chapter II-2 Pat C, Regulation 10. Fire fighting.
Releasing of CO₂ to the engine room should be performed only by the Chief Engineer, if considering
it is the only way left to extinguish the fire.
Location of the CO₂ room, as per the SOLAS Requirements, should be outside a protected space. It
shall be stored in a room which is located behind the forward collision bulkhead.
Safety Precautions are to be taken before releasing CO₂ to engine room.
1. Before initiating the release of CO₂ to engine room, chief engineer should take a head count
and make sure that all personal are present.
2. If any persons are missing, all efforts should be made to locate him before the release of
CO₂.
3. If the missing person is in engine room, fire team members to be sent inside with all fire
protection gears until find out and recover him to safety or such a search a search and
rescue become impossible.
4. Before releasing CO₂ all ventilation system should shut down and all openings from engine
room should be closed.
5. Emergency stop of all pumps in engine room to be activated.
6. Then, still after consultation with Maser, Chief Engineer can initiate the releasing of CO₂.
While open the control box of Release mechanism, the engine room siren will be sounding. Upon
hearing the siren, all personal should evacuate immediately the engine room to muster station. Chief
engineer will take a head count and after making sure that all personal are present, he will operate
the pilot pressure bottle for the main valve actuator. This pressure will open the main line valveand
a switch associated with this valve makes its contact once the valve opens and trips all ventilation
system. In some installations, the door switch itself will activate the ventilation system to shut down
along with the siren.
There is a time delay provided for the bottles’ valves to open to make sure that the main line valve
will open before CO₂ arrives there. Once the CO₂ arrives there, then opening of the main line valve
may become impossible due to freezing.
71: If there is fire in starter panel at lower platform, what will be your actions?
Answer:
72: MARPOL Annex 6, what are the documents you maintain onboard?
Answer: Technical file for NOX Emission Control, ODS Register, ECAData Collection, SOX control file,
73: What is compounding in Static Exciters? If AVR is defective what will happen?
Answer: In this type of excitation method, the excitation voltage is derived from compounding the
voltage component from a shunt transformer and current component from a series transformer. No
load excitation voltage will be provided by the Shunt transformer and load current representing
voltage will be provided by Series transformer (Reactor). Both these voltages will be compounded by
the compounding transformer and the output voltage will be rectified and given to the stationary
field of exciter. The output voltage will be finely trimmed by the AVR to maintain the set voltage.
In this type of exciters, the role of AVR is only to trim the excitation voltage finely. Without the AVR
also generator will produce the output voltage, but with larger regulations. The less expensive
generators are not employing electronic AVRs, but carefully selecting the reactor tapping and proper
compounding ratio, so that the output voltage will be maintained within acceptable level in its all
operating load range.
Static exciters are using Shunt Transformers (Voltage Transformers or Reactors), Series Transformers
(Current transformers) and Compounding Transformer (Rectifier transformer) for deriving
theexcitation voltage.
75: Explain High Voltage protections, including bus bar protections.
74: SOLAS 73/78, Main 5 Chapters?
Answer:
1. Chapter I: General provisions.

2. CHAPTER II-1: Construction - Structure,subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical
installations.
3. CHAPTER II-2: Construction - Fire protection, firedetection and fire extinction.
4. CHAPTER III: Life-saving appliances and arrangements.
5. CHAPTER IV: Radiocommunications.
6. CHAPTER V: Safety of navigation.
75: How two different capacity generators can be connected for parallel load sharing?
Answer: PARALLELING DIFFERENT SIZE GENERATORS
When generators of different KVA are paralleled, each generator will have a different line current.
To share the load according to their respective capacity, each generators’ droop charecteristic
should be identical. For droop operation, the droop adjustment is used so that each generator
droops are like amount at its rated load. Then, the generators can be paralleled and each generator
can be adjusted to carry its proportional share of the active load. For generators paralleled with
reactive differential compensation, equal currents are needed to cancel opposite currents so that no
droop in the generating system is present. The unequal currents presented by the current
transformers will force the cross-current loop to operate at an imbalance and maintain circulating
currents. To decrease the imbalance of current through the cross-current loop, have all burden
resistors set at maximum resistance. Then the burden resistor across the current transformer with
the smallest secondary current should be adjusted for a smaller resistance so more current can flow
through the resistor. The burden resistor should only be adjusted for a small amount. Decreasing the
burden resistance causes the response of the generator to be less sensitive to imbalances in the loop
due to reactive loading. The burden resistor should only be adjusted a small amount so as to
maintain proper control of circulating currents and also to decrease the current imbalance of the
loop due to the current transformers. It must be pointed out that if current transformer secondary
current among generators varies only by a few tenths of an ampere, conditions will be such that the
imbalance injected into the cross-current loop or parallel droop circuits will be negligible.
PARALLELING GENERATORS: To illustrate the considerations and paralleling equipment necessary to

parallel generator sets, the two following examples of parallel three generator systems are
presented. Two generating systems composed of three generators connected for parallel operation
are illustrated in Figures 34 and 35. In Figure 35, the three generators are connected for parallel
droop compensation; and in Figure 34, the three generators are connected for cross-current
compensation. Both parallel generator systems have two 625 KVA generators with a kilowatt rating
of 500 kW and one 125 KVA generator with a kilowatt rating of 100 kW.
Each generator has a line-to-line voltage of 480 volts so the generators can be connected to a
common bus. From the given information about the generators, the current for each generator is
calculated from the apparent power (KVA) of the generator. KVA = 3 IL VL
The current for the 500 KVA generators is 752 Amperesand the current for the 125 KVA Generator is
150 Amperes. The voltage regulators chosen for the generators operating with parallel droop
compensation were selected to illustrate that voltage regulators do not necessarily have to be the
same to operate with parallel droop. Both the 625 KVA generators are regulated with Basler SSR
regulators, and the 125 KVA generator is regulated with a generic voltage regulator. Basler voltage
regulators and paralleling modules feature a built-in isolation transformer for cross-current
compensation. The isolation transformer is necessary to prevent the sensing circuit of the regulators
from being paralleled by the cross-current connections between generators.
To further illustrate paralleling different size generators in the cross-current mode, two Basler SSRs
with a regulator of a different manufacturer or a Basler regulator with a different burden resistor
value. To allow these generators to be connected in cross current, the burden resistors must match.
Isochronous kW and kVAR load sharing:Isochronous load sharing control systems are active control
systems that actively calculate the percentage of real and reactive load on a specific generator set,
compare those values to the percentage of real and reactive load on the system, and then provides
control to the fuel and excitation system of the generator to drive the percentage of load on the
generator to the same value as the percentage of load on the system. Load sharing is critical to
paralleling compatibility, because the load sharing communication is the only point where generator
controls interact with each other.
When trying to interface dissimilar load sharing equipment from different suppliers, it is also
possible to configure the system so that some of the generator sets in the system operate at a base
load level, and others operate in a load share state. The base load machines operate at a constant
load, while the generators operating in isochronous load sharing mode will “float” with the balance
of the available load. Occasionally the total load on the base-load machines will be manipulated by a
PLC. This system is viable when there are not sudden large load changes in a system.
To provide load sharing functions, each generator set in the system must have controls that will
calculate the total percentage of kW and kVAR load on the machine, and then have a means to
compare that value to that of the system as a whole. Several approaches are available in the
marketplace to provide this interface. In general, they can be broken into two large groups:
1. Systems that use analogue signals for load sharing

2. Systems that use digital communication signals forload sharing (such as CAN, RS485 or
Ethernet)
Analogue control systems often respond faster than digital communication/control systems and can
often be made to be compatible between different manufacturers. Cummins manufactures an
analogue isochronous load sharing interface (ILSI) module that can be used for interfacing Cummins
PowerCommand® systems with other load sharing controls that use analogue signals. Digital
communication/control systems are different for every supplier, so any system that uses them needs
to have load sharing control functions done by the same make and model of equipment. The newest
integrated paralleling controls (those that provide all the paralleling functions on a single circuit
board) almost all use proprietary digital communication/control signals for load sharing. As a result,
as a new supplier approaches an existing generator set with paralleling equipment in place, the
typical recommendation will be to replace the existing paralleling controls with new controls all from
the same supplier. This has been particularly common as the cost of these single board controllers
has dropped dramatically compared with historical control systems for load sharing and other
paralleling functions. While this may seem excessiveor difficult (in the past it would have been), in
fact itmay be the most reasonable approach to managingthe load sharing interface. The latest digital
controllers integrate all the paralleling functions into a single control board, which has a common
load sharing interface (speed bias to governor control and voltage bias to the AVR), making the
controls easy to interface with nearly any generator set. At least one supplier offers a load sharing
interface module (gateway) for use with digital communication.
www.cumminspower.com
©2010 Cummins Power Generation.

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Questions asked in ETO COC orals Exam, Kochi MMD.

External Surveyor: Sri.Muraleedharan.

3: What is LEL of explosive gases?

Acetylene LEL=2.5, UEL=100

Hydrogen LEL=4, UEL=75

Methane LEL=5, UEL=15

Butane LEL=1.8, UEL=8.4

4: At what percentage of LEL, the alarm is set for?

5: Explain UEL (UFL) and LEL (LFL) with diagram.

Answer: Separate drawing attached.

6: Explain what is “ppm” terminology and where is this terminology using?

8: Testing of HC, H2S and other toxic gases, Explain.

Answer: Presence of Hydrocarbons (HC) can be tested by Explosimeter, Tankscope, Inferometer or

11: What is the peculiarity of its body?

13: What are the dangers of High Voltage?

Answer: Shock hazard, Arcing Hazard and Arc Blast hazard.

14: What are the advantages of High voltage system?

16: What is the safe distance for high voltage?

Answer:Safe approach limits for people

Voltage 214V to 11KV 33KV 66KV 132KV 275KV

Source: Indian Electricity Regulations.

17: What is polarization index?

18: What are the components of leakage current?

Answer: The leakage current inside a motor/generator is due to four components.

1: Resistive component or conductive component,

3: Surface leakage component,

19: What is Polarization component?

An EPTW should be issued.

21: What is the voltage of HV Megger?

22: What is the HV live line tester?

3: Live line test should be done.

24: How do you remove a casualty from electric shock?

25: What are the safeties provided for MSBD?

26: What is the IP degree of protection provided for MSBD?

27: What are the safety protections provided by ACB?

Answer: Adjustable Long Time Delay Trip – LTD

Adjustable Short Time Delay Trip – STD

Adjustable Instantaneous Trip – INST

Adjustable Pre Trip Alarm – PTA

Adjustable Ground Fault Trip – GFT

Under Voltage Trip- UVT

28: What are the survey requirements for MSBD?

Answer: 1. Visual examinations of ACB.

2. ACB Close and Trip operations in its isolated position.

3: All functioning of ACB Mechanism and condition inside.

4: Circuit breaker time delay mechanism (Dash Pot) if any.

6: Inspection of hot spots.

7: Bus bar supports, insulators’ condition.

8: Earth bar inside the Panels, proper bonding.

9: Hinged panel doors’ bonding with Switch board frame.

10: Reverse power tripping, Preferential tripping.

11: Synchronising and load sharing controls.

12: Earth leakage-MSBD insulation resistance.

13: All visual indicators.

14: Standby starting of generators and sequential starting of ancillary equipment.

31: How the reverse power is detecting?

Answer: It is difficult to determine the direction of AC to make a tripping of generator during

Regulation 40: General.

Regulation 41: Main Power Source.

Regulation 42: Emergency Power Source for Passenger Ships.

Regulation 43: Emergency Power Source for Cargo Ships.

Regulation 44: Starting Arrangement for Emergency Generator.

Answer: SOLAS Chapter IV, Part C, Regulation 13.