2019 Anatomy & Physiology

(B & C)
Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto
National Bio Rules National Event
Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P
 Event Rules – 2019

DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using
draft rules. There may be some changes
in the final copy of the rules. The rules
which will be in your Coaches Manual and
Student Manuals will be the official rules.
 Event Rules – 2019

 BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2019

EVENT RULES FOR EVENT
PARAMETERS AND TOPICS
FOR EACH COMPETITION
LEVEL
 ROTATION SCHEME
Year 1 Skeletal Muscular Integumentary (2016 and 2020)
Year 2 Nervous Sense Organs Endocrine (2017 and 2021)
Year 3 Respiratory Digestive Immune (2018 and 2022)
Year 4 Cardiovascular Lymphatic Excretory (2019 and 2023)
 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Event Content: 2019– YEAR 4 OF 4 YR ROTATION
 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 Cardiovascular System

 Lymphmatic Organs

 Excretory System

 Major disorders

 Treatment and prevention of disorders

 PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences,

predictions, calculations, data analysis, and
conclusions.
 TRAINING MATERIALS
 Training Power Point – content overview
 Training Handouts – General and 3 Systems
 Sample Tournament – sample problems with key
 Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs,
and scoring tips
 Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science
Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event
Information
 Biology-Earth Science CD (2019), Anatomy/A&P CD
(updated 2016) as well as the Division B and
Division C Test Packets are available from SO store
at www.soinc.org
 CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto
National Bio Rules National Event
Committee Chairman Supervisor – Health
karenlancour@charter.net Science
Heart Anatomy
 Heart Anatomy
 Approximately the
size of your fist
 Location
 Superior surface of
diaphragm
 Left of the midline
 Anterior to the
vertebral column,
posterior to the
sternum
External Heart: Anterior
View
External Heart:
Posterior View
Gross Anatomy of Heart:
Frontal Section
Pericardial Layers of the
Heart
 Heart Wall
 Epicardium – visceral layer of the
serous pericardium
 Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer
forming the bulk of the heart
 Fibrous skeleton of the heart –
crisscrossing, interlacing layer of
connective tissue
 Endocardium – endothelial layer of
the inner myocardial surface
Microscopic Anatomy of
Heart Muscle
Coronary Circulation:
Arterial Supply
Coronary Circulation:
Venous Supply
Heart/Circulatory
Blood Flow through the Heart
Heart Valves
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valve
Function
Semilunar Valve Function
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Electrical System of Heart

1. Bundle of His
2. Sinoatrial Node
3. Intraatrial Pathway
4. Inernodal Pathway
5. Atrialventricular Node
6. Right Bundle Branch
7. Purkinje Fibers
8. Left Bundle Branch
Heart Physiology:
Sequence of Excitation
Pathway of Blood Through
the Heart and Lungs
 Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) = record of

spread of electrical activity through the
heart
 P wave = caused by atrial depolarization
(contraction)
 QRS complex = caused by ventricular
depolarization (contraction) and atrial
relaxation
 T wave = caused by ventricular
repolarization (relaxation)

ECG = useful in diagnosing abnormal heart

rates, arrhythmias, & damage of heart
muscle
Heart Excitation Related to
ECG
 Phases of
the Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
 Circulatory System
Relevant formulas
Stroke volume (SV) = milliliters of blood pumped per beat

Heart rate (HR) = number of beats per minute

Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate times stroke volume

CO = HR x SV

Pulse pressure (PP) = the difference between systolic pressure

(SP) and diastolic pressure (DP)
PP = SP – DP

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (2 equations):

Formula 1: MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
Formula 2: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic
pressure
 Regulation of Stroke
Volume
 SV = end diastolic volume (EDV)
minus end systolic volume (ESV)
 EDV = amount of blood collected in a
ventricle during diastole
 ESV = amount of blood remaining in a
ventricle after contraction
 Factors Affecting Stroke
Volume
 Preload – amount ventricles are
stretched by contained blood
 Contractility – cardiac cell contractile
force due to factors other than EDV
 Afterload – back pressure exerted by
blood in the large arteries leaving the
heart
 Extrinsic Factors
Influencing Stroke Volume
 Contractility is the increase in
contractile strength, independent of
stretch and EDV
 Increase in contractility comes from:
 Increased sympathetic stimuli
 Certain hormones
 Ca2+ and some drugs
 Extrinsic Factors
Influencing Stroke Volume

 Agents/factors that decrease

contractility include:
 Acidosis
 Increased extracellular K+
 Calcium channel blockers
 Cardiac Output (CO) and
Reserve
 Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute
 CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke

volume (SV)
 HR is the number of heart beats per minute

 SV is the amount of blood pumped out by a

ventricle with each beat

 Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting
and maximal CO
 Cardiac Output: Example

 CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV

(70 ml/beat)
 CO = 5250 ml/min (5.25 L/min)
 Factors Involved in
Regulation of Cardiac Output
 Flow of Blood
Through the Body
vena cava  right atrium  tricuspid
valve  right ventricle  pulmonary
valve  pulmonary artery  pulmonary
capillary bed pulmonary veins left
atrium  bicuspid (mitrial valve) 
left ventricle  aortic valve aorta
arteries arterioles  tissue capillaries
 venules  veins  vena cava
 Blood Vessels

 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Veins
 Venules
 Capillaries
 Functions of Blood

 Transportation:
 oxygen & carbon dioxide
 nutrients
 waste products (metabolic wastes, excessive
water, & ions)
 Regulation - hormones & heat (to regulate
body temperature)
 Protection - clotting mechanism protects
against blood loss & leucocytes provide
immunity against many disease-causing
agents
 Blood Components
Formed elements:
Red blood cells (or erythrocytes)
White blood cells (or leucocytes)
Platelets (or thrombocytes)
Plasma = water plus
dissolved
solutes
ABO Blood System
 Effects of Exercise
Decreases the risk of
atherosclerosis
Decreases BP or causes a
slower rise in BP
Decreases LDLs, decreases
cholesterol, and increases
HDLs
Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
 Major diseases of the
Cardiovascular System

 Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, high

blood pressure, high cholesterol,
stroke, and myocardial infarction, PEA,
congestive heart failure, atrial
fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia
 Symptoms of disorders
 Treatments and prevention
 Examples of
Congenital Heart Defects
 Age-Related Changes
Affecting the Heart

 Sclerosis and thickening of valve

flaps
 Decline in cardiac reserve
 Fibrosis of cardiac muscle
 Atherosclerosis
Congestive Heart Failure
(CHF)
 Congestive heart failure (CHF) is
caused by:
 Coronary atherosclerosis
 Persistent high blood pressure
 Multiple myocardial infarcts
 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) –
main pumping chambers of the heart
are dilated and contract poorly
Congestive Heart Failure
 Causes of CHF
 coronary artery disease, hypertension, MI, valve

disorders, congenital defects

 Left side heart failure
 less effective pump so more blood remains in
ventricle
 heart is overstretched & even more blood remains

 blood backs up into lungs as pulmonary edema

 suffocation & lack of oxygen to the tissues

 Right side failure

 fluid builds up in tissues as peripheral edema
 Coronary Artery Disease
 Heart muscle receiving
insufficient blood supply
 narrowing of vessels---
atherosclerosis, artery
spasm or clot
 atherosclerosis--smooth
muscle & fatty deposits
in walls of arteries

 Treatment
 drugs, bypass graft,
angioplasty, stent
 Clinical Problems

 MI = myocardial infarction
 death of area of heart muscle from lack of O2
 replaced with scar tissue
 results depend on size & location of damage
 Blood clot
 use clot dissolving drugs streptokinase or t-PA & heparin
 balloon angioplasty
 Angina pectoris
 heart pain from ischemia (lack of blood flow and oxygen ) of
cardiac muscle
By-pass Graft
Percutaneous Transluminal
Coronary Angioplasty
Artificial Heart
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto

National Bio Rules National Event
Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P
 Lymphatic System
 Components
 Lymph is the fluid
 Vessels – lymphatics
 Structures & organs
 Functions
 Return tissue fluid to the
bloodstream-
 Transport fats from the
digestive tract to the
bloodstream
 Surveillance & defense
 Lymph Tissue
 3 types
 Diffuse lymphatic tissue
 No capsule present
 Found in connective tissue of
almost all organs
 Lymphatic nodules
 No capsule present
 Oval-shaped masses
 Found singly or in clusters
 Lymphatic organs
 Capsule present
 Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
gland
 Lymphatic
System
 capillaries
 ducts
 nodes
 lymphoid
organs
 diffuse cell
pockets
 Lymph
Capillaries

extremely permeable
present throughout
body intermingle with
blood capillaries
not in CNS or
mineralized tissues
 Lymph Vessels
 Lymph vessels are thin walled, valved
structures that carry lymph
 Lymph is not under pressure and is
propelled in a passive fashion
 Fluid that leaks from the vascular system is
returned to general circulation via
lymphatic vessels.
 Lymph vessels act as a reservoir for plasma
and other substances including cells that
leaked from the vascular system
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Vessel Structure

 much like
veins
 more valves
 more
frequent
anastomoses
 Lymphatic - vessels
 Originate as lymph capillaries
 Capillaries unite to form
larger vessels
 Resemble veins in
structure
 Connect to lymph nodes
at various intervals
 Lymphatics ultimately deliver
lymph into 2 main channels
 Right lymphatic duct
 Drains right side of
head & neck, right
arm, right thorax
 Empties into the
right subclavian
vein
 Thoracic duct
 Drains the rest of
the body
 Empties into the
left subclavian vein
Major Lymphatic Vessels
of the Trunk
 Lymphatic Trunks
 Trunks anastomose
& enter veinous
return at junction of
subclavian & jugular
veins
 Trunks
 Lumbar

 Bronchomedias

tial
 Subclavian

 Jugular

 Intestinal
Lymphatic Ducts
 Lymph Nodes
 Oval structures located
along lymphatics
 Enclosed by a fibrous
capsule
 Cortex = outer portion
 Germinal centers

produce lymphocytes
 Medulla = inner portion
 Medullary cords

 Lymph enters nodes

through afferent
lymphatics, flows through
sinuses, exits through
efferent lymphatic
 Lymph Circulation

Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Lymph capillary → Afferent lymph

vessel→ Lymph node → Efferent lymph vessel → Lymph trunk →
Lymph duct {Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct (left side)}
→ Subclavian vein (right and left) → Blood → Interstitial fluid...
 Lymphoid
Organs
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s patches
 Appendix
 Spleen
 Largest lymphatic organ
 Located between the
stomach & diaphragm
 Structure is similar to a
node
 Capsule present

 But no afferent vessels

or sinuses
 Histology
 Red pulp contains all

the components of
circulating blood
 White pulp is similar to

lymphatic nodules
 Functions
 Filters blood

 Stores blood
 Thymus Gland
 Location – behind the
sternum in the
mediastinum
 The capsule divides it
into 2 lobes
 Development
 Infant –

conspicuous
 Puberty –

maximum size
 Maturity –

decreases in size
 Function
 Differentiation and

maturation of T
cells
 Thymus Functions
 primary function is in
early life
 Secretes thymosin and
thymopoietin which
causes T lymphocytes to
become
immunocompetent
 Lacks B cells (no
follicles)
 Atrophies with age:
prominent in newborns,
stops growth by
adolescence,
degenerates by old age
 Lymphoid Follicle Aggregates
 MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
includes:
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s Patches in intestines
 Appendix
 Small bronchiolar follicles
 MALT are positioned to:
 Destroy bacteria that breach the mucosal membrane
from outside
 Develop “memory” lymphocytes for long term immunity
 Tonsils
 Multiple groups of
large lymphatic
nodules
 Location – mucous
membrane of the oral
and pharyngeal cavities
 Palatine tonsils
 Posterior-lateral

walls of the
oropharynx
 Pharyngeal tonsil
 Posterior wall of

nasopharynx
 Lingual tonsils
 Base of tongue
 Tonsils

 Not encapsulated
 blind pouches – crypts
 bacteria can enter
 induced immune response
 Peyer’s Patches
 Small masses of
lymphmatic tissue found
throughout ileum region
of small intestine
 roughly egg-shaped
lymphatic tissue nodules
that are similar to lymph
nodes in structure
 analyze and respond to
pathogenic microbes in
the ileum
 Appendix
 The location of the appendix is
close to the junction of the large
intestine and the small intestine
 Most researchers agree that it
has a minor role in immune
function – store good bacteria
 Blockage of the appendix can
lead to appendicitis, a type of
inflammation that is painful and
potentially deadly- if it bursts it
releases dangerous bacteria into
the abdominal cavity
 Treated by surgical removal of
the appendix
 Disorders of the
Lymphatic System
 Edema as Elephantitis
 Metastatic Cancers
 Hodgkin Disease
 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
 Ruptured Spleen
 ELEPHANTIASIS

 A tropical disease caused by

lymphatic obstruction.
 Victim is bitten by a
mosquito infected with a
roundworm known as a
filarial worm.
 The resulting edema leads
to fibrosis and elephant-like
thickening of the skin.
 EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto

National Bio Rules National Event
Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P
 Organs of the Excretory
System
 Lungs - removal of excess carbon
dioxide
 Liver - produces urea and uric acid
as a by-product of the breakdown
of proteins
 Skin - removal of excess water, salt,
urea and uric acid
 Urinary System - kidneys filter the
blood to form urine, which is excess
water, salt, urea and uric acid
 Urinary System

 Humans produce waste products that

must be removed from their body.
 Most animals have a system that deals
with nitrogen-rich wastes from the
breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.
 Ammonia (NH3) is toxic.
 it helps maintain homeostasis – balancing
osmotic action and pH.
 Urinary System

Functions:
 Excrete toxins and nitrogenous waste

 Regulate levels of many chemicals in

blood
 Maintain water balance

 Helps regulate blood pressure

 Organs of
Urinary System

 Kidney – filters blood

and forms urine
 Ureter – carries urine to
bladder
 Bladder – stores urine
 Urethra – releases urine
URINARY BLADDER
KIDNEY STRUCTURE

human kidney
92
 Kidney
 Filtration

 Reabsorption

 Secretion

Nephron
The nephron
4 STAGES OF URINE
FORMATION

1. Glomerular filtration –
into Bowman’s Capsule

2. Solute Reabsorption –
from proximal tubule to
capillary

3. Water Reabsorption –
from proximal tubule
and Loop of Henle to
capillary

4. Tubular Secretion – from

capillary to distal tubule
 Blood vessels in the
glomerulus
Bottleneck Effect
The blood enters the
Bowman’s capsule by the
afferent arteriole and
leaves by the efferent
arteriole.
The diameter of afferent
arteriole is greater than
that of the efferent
arteriole.
Therefore, when the blood
enters the efferent
arteriole, it is under high
pressure as it tries to force
its way out of the smaller
efferent arteriole.
Nephron
 URINE FORMATION
• Glomerular Filtration
• substances move from blood in glomerulus to the
Bowman’s capsule
• Tubular Reabsorption
• substances move from renal tubules into blood of
peritubular capillaries
• glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine
• amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids
• phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium
ions
• Tubular Secretion
• substances move from blood of peritubular
capillaries into renal tubules
• drugs and ions
Composition
of Urine
HYDRATION
 Glomerular Filtration Rate
 GFR– amount of filtrate formed per minute in all
nephrons of both kidneys
• The amount of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's
space per unit of time.
• Renal capillaries are much more permeable than others.
• The flow rate is 180 L/day (125 ml/min) compared to 4 L/day
in the other capillaries.
• The entire plasma volume is filtered about 60 times a day!
Most is reabsorbed!

 GFR = UV = Urine concentration x Rate of Urine Flow = g/ml x ml/min = ml/min

P Blood Plasma Concentration g
 Excretory System
Problems
 Kidney stones – crystalized mineral salts
and uric acid salts in the urine. Stones block
flow of urine and cause excrutiating pain.
 Kidney failure - can be caused by long-term
diabetes, infections, physical injuries,
chemical poisoning. Causes toxic materials
to build up to lethal levels.
Dialysis or kidney transplant is the
treatment.
 Diseases of Excretory
System
 Obstructive Disorders
 Urinary tract infections (UTI)
 Glomerular Disorders
 Renal Failure
 Acute
 Chronic
 Treatment for Renal Failure
 Incontinence, Prostatitis, BPH
(national)